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Ali A, DiPersio JF. ReCARving the future: bridging CAR T-cell therapy gaps with synthetic biology, engineering, and economic insights. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1432799. [PMID: 39301026 PMCID: PMC11410633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, offering remarkable remission rates in otherwise refractory conditions. However, its expansion into broader oncological applications faces significant hurdles, including limited efficacy in solid tumors, safety concerns related to toxicity, and logistical challenges in manufacturing and scalability. This review critically examines the latest advancements aimed at overcoming these obstacles, highlighting innovations in CAR T-cell engineering, novel antigen targeting strategies, and improvements in delivery and persistence within the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss the development of allogeneic CAR T cells as off-the-shelf therapies, strategies to mitigate adverse effects, and the integration of CAR T cells with other therapeutic modalities. This comprehensive analysis underscores the synergistic potential of these strategies to enhance the safety, efficacy, and accessibility of CAR T-cell therapies, providing a forward-looking perspective on their evolutionary trajectory in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Ali
- Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - John F DiPersio
- Center for Gene and Cellular Immunotherapy, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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2
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Zhu Z, Li H, Lu Q, Zhang Z, Li J, Wang Z, Yang N, Yu Z, Yang C, Chen Y, Lu H, Wang W, Niu T, Nie C, Tong A. mRNA-Engineered CD5-CAR-γδT CD5- Cells for the Immunotherapy of T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400024. [PMID: 39013083 PMCID: PMC11425277 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Clinical trials of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have demonstrated remarkable success in treating both solid tumors and hematological malignancies. Nanobodies (Nbs) have emerged as promising antigen-targeting domains for CARs, owing to their high specificity, robust stability, and strong affinity, leading to significant advancements in the field of Nb-CAR-T. In the realm of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) targets, CD5 stands out as a potentially excellent candidate for T-cell-based CAR therapy, due to its distinct expression on the surface of malignant T-ALL cells. To mitigate graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic CAR-T, γδT cells are selected and stimulated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and γδT cells are engineered via CRISPR/Cas9 to eliminate fratricide, enabling the creation of fratricide-resistant CAR-γδTCD5- cells. In vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA is used to construct CAR-T, presenting a safer, faster, and cost-effective method compared to traditional viral vector approaches. In this study, a CD5-VHH library is constructed, and specific CD5-nanobodies are screened for subsequent use in CD5-CAR-γδTCD5- therapy. IVT-mRNA-CD5-CAR-γδTCD5- cells exhibited favorable functional characteristics and demonstrated antitumor efficacy against malignant T cell lines, underlining the potential for advancing mRNA-CD5-CAR-γδTCD5- therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hexian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qizhong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huaqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Niu
- Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunlai Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China
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3
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Mucha M, Štach M, Kaštánková I, Rychlá J, Vydra J, Lesný P, Otáhal P. Good manufacturing practice-grade generation of CD19 and CD123-specific CAR-T cells using piggyBac transposon and allogeneic feeder cells in patients diagnosed with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1415328. [PMID: 39192973 PMCID: PMC11347927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1415328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The non-viral production of CAR-T cells through electroporation of transposon DNA plasmids is an alternative approach to lentiviral/retroviral methods. This method is particularly suitable for early-phase clinical trials involving novel types of CAR-T cells. The primary disadvantage of non-viral methods is the lower production efficiency compared to viral-based methods, which becomes a limiting factor for CAR-T production, especially in chemotherapy-pretreated lymphopenic patients. Methods We describe a good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant protocol for producing CD19 and CD123-specific CAR-T cells based on the electroporation of transposon vectors. The lymphocytes were purified from the blood of patients undergoing chemotherapy for B-NHL or AML and were electroporated with piggyBac transposon encoding CAR19 or CAR123, respectively. Electroporated cells were then polyclonally activated by anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and a combination of cytokines (IL-4, IL-7, IL-21). The expansion was carried out in the presence of irradiated allogeneic blood-derived mononuclear cells (i.e., the feeder) for up to 21 days. Results Expansion in the presence of the feeder enhanced CAR-T production yield (4.5-fold in CAR19 and 9.3-fold in CAR123). Detailed flow-cytometric analysis revealed the persistence of early-memory CAR-T cells and a low vector-copy number after production in the presence of the feeder, with no negative impact on the cytotoxicity of feeder-produced CAR19 and CAR123 T cells. Furthermore, large-scale manufacturing of CAR19 carried out under GMP conditions using PBMCs obtained from B-NHL patients (starting number=200x10e6 cells) enabled the production of >50x10e6 CAR19 in 7 out of 8 cases in the presence of the feeder while only in 2 out of 8 cases without the feeder. Conclusions The described approach enables GMP-compatible production of sufficient numbers of CAR19 and CAR123 T cells for clinical application and provides the basis for non-viral manufacturing of novel experimental CAR-T cells that can be tested in early-phase clinical trials. This manufacturing approach can complement and advance novel experimental immunotherapeutic strategies against human hematologic malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Feeder Cells
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Electroporation
- Allogeneic Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mucha
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Štach
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Iva Kaštánková
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Rychlá
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Vydra
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Lesný
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Otáhal
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czechia
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4
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Spokeviciute B, Kholia S, Brizzi MF. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy: Harnessing extracellular vesicles for enhanced efficacy. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107352. [PMID: 39147005 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
A cutting-edge approach in cell-based immunotherapy for combating resistant cancer involves genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) lymphocytes. In recent years, these therapies have demonstrated effectiveness, leading to their commercialization and clinical application against certain types of cancer. However, CAR-T therapy faces limitations, such as the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) that can render CAR-T cells ineffective, and the adverse side effects of the therapy, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membrane-bound particles released into the extracellular environment by virtually all cell types. They are essential for intercellular communication, transferring cargoes such as proteins, lipids, various types of RNAs, and DNA fragments to target cells, traversing biological barriers both locally and systemically. EVs play roles in numerous physiological processes, with those from both immune and non-immune cells capable of modulating the immune system through activation or suppression. Leveraging this capability of EVs to enhance CAR-T cell therapy could represent a significant advancement in overcoming its current limitations. This review examines the current landscape of CAR-T cell immunotherapy and explores the potential role of EVs in augmenting its therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharad Kholia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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5
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Guinn MT, Fernandez R, Lau S, Loor G. Transcriptomic Signatures in Lung Allografts and Their Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1793. [PMID: 39200257 PMCID: PMC11351513 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a well-established method of lung preservation in clinical transplantation. Transcriptomic analyses of cells and tissues uncover gene expression patterns which reveal granular molecular pathways and cellular programs under various conditions. Coupling EVLP and transcriptomics may provide insights into lung allograft physiology at a molecular level with the potential to develop targeted therapies to enhance or repair the donor lung. This review examines the current landscape of transcriptional analysis of lung allografts in the context of state-of-the-art therapeutics that have been developed to optimize lung allograft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tyler Guinn
- Division of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Circulatory Support, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.G.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ramiro Fernandez
- Division of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Circulatory Support, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.G.)
| | - Sean Lau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Gabriel Loor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Transplantation and Circulatory Support, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.T.G.)
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6
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Song B, Wang X, Qin L, Hussain S, Liang W. Brain gliomas: Diagnostic and therapeutic issues and the prospects of drug-targeted nano-delivery technology. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107308. [PMID: 39019336 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common intracranial malignant tumor, with severe difficulty in treatment and a low patient survival rate. Due to the heterogeneity and invasiveness of tumors, lack of personalized clinical treatment design, and physiological barriers, it is often difficult to accurately distinguish gliomas, which dramatically affects the subsequent diagnosis, imaging treatment, and prognosis. Fortunately, nano-delivery systems have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities in diagnosing and treating gliomas in recent years. They have been modified and surface modified to efficiently traverse BBB/BBTB, target lesion sites, and intelligently release therapeutic or contrast agents, thereby achieving precise imaging and treatment. In this review, we focus on nano-delivery systems. Firstly, we provide an overview of the standard and emerging diagnostic and treatment technologies for glioma in clinical practice. After induction and analysis, we focus on summarizing the delivery methods of drug delivery systems, the design of nanoparticles, and their new advances in glioma imaging and treatment in recent years. Finally, we discussed the prospects and potential challenges of drug-delivery systems in diagnosing and treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqin Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
| | - Lijing Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Shehbaz Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Wanjun Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drugs of National Health Commission (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
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7
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Ercilla-Rodríguez P, Sánchez-Díez M, Alegría-Aravena N, Quiroz-Troncoso J, Gavira-O'Neill CE, González-Martos R, Ramírez-Castillejo C. CAR-T lymphocyte-based cell therapies; mechanistic substantiation, applications and biosafety enhancement with suicide genes: new opportunities to melt side effects. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333150. [PMID: 39091493 PMCID: PMC11291200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made significant strides in cancer treatment with strategies like checkpoint blockade antibodies and adoptive T cell transfer. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) have emerged as a promising approach to combine these strategies and overcome their limitations. This review explores CAR-T cells as a living drug for cancer treatment. CAR-T cells are genetically engineered immune cells designed to target and eliminate tumor cells by recognizing specific antigens. The study involves a comprehensive literature review on CAR-T cell technology, covering structure optimization, generations, manufacturing processes, and gene therapy strategies. It examines CAR-T therapy in haematologic cancers and solid tumors, highlighting challenges and proposing a suicide gene-based mechanism to enhance safety. The results show significant advancements in CAR-T technology, particularly in structure optimization and generation. The manufacturing process has improved for broader clinical application. However, a series of inherent challenges and side effects still need to be addressed. In conclusion, CAR-T cells hold great promise for cancer treatment, but ongoing research is crucial to improve efficacy and safety for oncology patients. The proposed suicide gene-based mechanism offers a potential solution to mitigate side effects including cytokine release syndrome (the most common toxic side effect of CAR-T therapy) and the associated neurotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Animals
- Genetic Therapy/adverse effects
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Sánchez-Díez
- ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cancer Stem Cell, HST group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Alegría-Aravena
- Grupo de Biología y Producción de Cérvidos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC)-Fundación Científica AECC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Josefa Quiroz-Troncoso
- ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cancer Stem Cell, HST group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara E. Gavira-O'Neill
- Laboratorio Cancer Stem Cell, HST group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Sección de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel González-Martos
- ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cancer Stem Cell, HST group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Castillejo
- ETSIAAB, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cancer Stem Cell, HST group, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Sección de Oncología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Zhang T, Tan S, Tang N, Li Y, Zhang C, Sun J, Guo Y, Gao H, Cai Y, Sun W, Wang C, Fu L, Ma H, Wu Y, Hu X, Zhang X, Gee P, Yan W, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Guo B, Wang H, Zhang YE. Heterologous survey of 130 DNA transposons in human cells highlights their functional divergence and expands the genome engineering toolbox. Cell 2024; 187:3741-3760.e30. [PMID: 38843831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Experimental studies on DNA transposable elements (TEs) have been limited in scale, leading to a lack of understanding of the factors influencing transposition activity, evolutionary dynamics, and application potential as genome engineering tools. We predicted 130 active DNA TEs from 102 metazoan genomes and evaluated their activity in human cells. We identified 40 active (integration-competent) TEs, surpassing the cumulative number (20) of TEs found previously. With this unified comparative data, we found that the Tc1/mariner superfamily exhibits elevated activity, potentially explaining their pervasive horizontal transfers. Further functional characterization of TEs revealed additional divergence in features such as insertion bias. Remarkably, in CAR-T therapy for hematological and solid tumors, Mariner2_AG (MAG), the most active DNA TE identified, largely outperformed two widely used vectors, the lentiviral vector and the TE-based vector SB100X. Overall, this study highlights the varied transposition features and evolutionary dynamics of DNA TEs and increases the TE toolbox diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shengjun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanqing Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenze Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Efficacy and Mechanism on Chinese Medicine for Metabolic Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanyan Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Rengene Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100036, China
| | - Yujia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chenxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liangzheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huijing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yachao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peter Gee
- MaxCyte Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Weihua Yan
- Cold Spring Biotech Corp., Beijing 100031, China
| | - Yahui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Baocheng Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yong E Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Anurogo D, Luthfiana D, Anripa N, Fauziah AI, Soleha M, Rahmah L, Ratnawati H, Wargasetia TL, Pratiwi SE, Siregar RN, Sholichah RN, Maulana MS, Ikrar T, Chang YH, Qiu JT. The Art of Bioimmunogenomics (BIGs) 5.0 in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Lymphoma Management. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:314-330. [PMID: 39206402 PMCID: PMC11347730 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lymphoma, the most predominant neoplastic disorder, is divided into Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma classifications. Immunotherapeutic modalities have emerged as essential methodologies in combating lymphoid malignancies. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells exhibit promising responses in chemotherapy-resistant B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases. Methods This comprehensive review delineates the advancement of CAR-T cell therapy as an immunotherapeutic instrument, the selection of lymphoma antigens for CAR-T cell targeting, and the conceptualization, synthesis, and deployment of CAR-T cells. Furthermore, it encompasses the advantages and disadvantages of CAR-T cell therapy and the prospective horizons of CAR-T cells from a computational research perspective. In order to improve the design and functionality of artificial CARs, there is a need for TCR recognition investigation, followed by the implementation of a quality surveillance methodology. Results Various lymphoma antigens are amenable to CAR-T cell targeting, such as CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, the kappa light chain, and ROR1. A notable merit of CAR-T cell therapy is the augmentation of the immune system's capacity to generate tumoricidal activity in patients exhibiting chemotherapy-resistant lymphoma. Nevertheless, it also introduces manufacturing impediments that are laborious, technologically demanding, and financially burdensome. Physical, physicochemical, and physiological limitations further exacerbate the challenge of treating solid neoplasms with CAR-T cells. Conclusion While the efficacy and safety of CAR-T cell immunotherapy remain subjects of fervent investigation, the promise of this cutting-edge technology offers valuable insights for the future evolution of lymphoma treatment management approaches. Moreover, CAR-T cell therapies potentially benefit patients, motivating regulatory bodies to foster international collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dito Anurogo
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90221, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Luthfiana
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Indonesian Institute of Bioinformatics (INBIO), Malang, East Java, 65162, Indonesia
| | - Nuralfin Anripa
- Department of Environmental Science, Dumoga University, Kotamobagu, South Sulawesi, 95711, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Apriliani Ismi Fauziah
- MSc Program in Tropical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807378, Taiwan
| | - Maratu Soleha
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Central Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
- IKIFA College of Health Sciences, East Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, 13470, Indonesia
| | - Laila Rahmah
- Department of Digital Health, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1416634793, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, 60113, Indonesia
| | - Hana Ratnawati
- Faculty of Medicine, Maranatha Christian University, Bandung, West Java, 40164, Indonesia
| | | | - Sari Eka Pratiwi
- Department of Biology and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, 78115, Indonesia
| | - Riswal Nafi Siregar
- National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Central Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Ratis Nour Sholichah
- Department of Biotechnology, Postgraduate School of Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55284, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Sobri Maulana
- Community Health Center (Puskesmas) Temon 1, Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, 55654, Indonesia
| | - Taruna Ikrar
- Director of Members-at-Large, International Association of Medical Regulatory Authorities (IAMRA), Texas, 76039, USA
- Aivita Biomedical Inc., Irvine, California, 92612, USA
- Chairman of Medical Council, The Indonesian Medical Council (KKI), Central Jakarta, 10350, Indonesia
- Adjunct Professor, School of Military Medicine, The Republic of Indonesia Defense University (RIDU), Jakarta Pusat, 10440, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University, Bandar Lampung, Lampung, 35152, Indonesia
| | - Yu Hsiang Chang
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
- Locus Cell Co., LTD., Xizhi Dist., New Taipei City, 221, Taiwan
| | - Jiantai Timothy Qiu
- International Ph.D. Program in Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110301, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Kong J, Liu G, Li Z, Xiao Y. Precise Gene Knock-In Tools with Minimized Risk of DSBs: A Trend for Gene Manipulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401797. [PMID: 38728624 PMCID: PMC11267366 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Gene knock-in refers to the insertion of exogenous functional genes into a target genome to achieve continuous expression. Currently, most knock-in tools are based on site-directed nucleases, which can induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the target, following which the designed donors carrying functional genes can be inserted via the endogenous gene repair pathway. The size of donor genes is limited by the characteristics of gene repair, and the DSBs induce risks like genotoxicity. New generation tools, such as prime editing, transposase, and integrase, can insert larger gene fragments while minimizing or eliminating the risk of DSBs, opening new avenues in the development of animal models and gene therapy. However, the elimination of off-target events and the production of delivery carriers with precise requirements remain challenging, restricting the application of the current knock-in treatments to mainly in vitro settings. Here, a comprehensive review of the knock-in tools that do not/minimally rely on DSBs and use other mechanisms is provided. Moreover, the challenges and recent advances of in vivo knock-in treatments in terms of the therapeutic process is discussed. Collectively, the new generation of DSBs-minimizing and large-fragment knock-in tools has revolutionized the field of gene editing, from basic research to clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Liu
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- Mudi Meng Honors CollegeChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Jianping Kong
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Gongyu Liu
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
| | - Zhaoxing Li
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical UniversityChongqing401135China
| | - Yibei Xiao
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing210009China
- Chongqing Innovation Institute of China Pharmaceutical UniversityChongqing401135China
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11
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Metanat Y, Viktor P, Amajd A, Kaur I, Hamed AM, Abed Al-Abadi NK, Alwan NH, Chaitanya MVNL, Lakshmaiya N, Ghildiyal P, Khalaf OM, Ciongradi CI, Sârbu I. The paths toward non-viral CAR-T cell manufacturing: A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art methods. Life Sci 2024; 348:122683. [PMID: 38702027 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Although CAR-T cell therapy has emerged as a game-changer in cancer immunotherapy several bottlenecks limit its widespread use as a front-line therapy. Current protocols for the production of CAR-T cells rely mainly on the use of lentiviral/retroviral vectors. Nevertheless, according to the safety concerns around the use of viral vectors, there are several regulatory hurdles to their clinical use. Large-scale production of viral vectors under "Current Good Manufacturing Practice" (cGMP) involves rigorous quality control assessments and regulatory requirements that impose exorbitant costs on suppliers and as a result, lead to a significant increase in the cost of treatment. Pursuing an efficient non-viral method for genetic modification of immune cells is a hot topic in cell-based gene therapy. This study aims to investigate the current state-of-the-art in non-viral methods of CAR-T cell manufacturing. In the first part of this study, after reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of the clinical use of viral vectors, different non-viral vectors and the path of their clinical translation are discussed. These vectors include transposons (sleeping beauty, piggyBac, Tol2, and Tc Buster), programmable nucleases (ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9), mRNA, plasmids, minicircles, and nanoplasmids. Afterward, various methods for efficient delivery of non-viral vectors into the cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yekta Metanat
- Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran
| | - Patrik Viktor
- Óbuda University, Karoly Keleti faculty, Tavaszmező u. 15-17, H-1084 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ayesha Amajd
- Faculty of Transport and Aviation Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Krasińskiego 8 Street, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
| | - Irwanjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Jain (Deemed-to-be) University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India; Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan-303012, India
| | | | | | | | - M V N L Chaitanya
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab - 144411, India
| | | | - Pallavi Ghildiyal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | | | - Carmen Iulia Ciongradi
- 2nd Department of Surgery-Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.
| | - Ioan Sârbu
- 2nd Department of Surgery-Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania.
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12
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Khawar MB, Afzal A, Si Y, Sun H. Steering the course of CAR T cell therapy with lipid nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:380. [PMID: 38943167 PMCID: PMC11212433 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have proven themselves as transformative actors in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, surpassing traditional methods and addressing challenges like immunogenicity, reduced toxicity, and improved safety. Promising preclinical results signal a shift toward safer and more effective CAR T cell treatments. Ongoing research aims to validate these findings in clinical trials, marking a new era guided by LNPs utility in CAR therapy. Herein, we explore the preference for LNPs over traditional methods, highlighting the versatility of LNPs and their effective delivery of nucleic acids. Additionally, we address key challenges in clinical considerations, heralding a new era in CAR T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Ali Afzal
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
- Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapeutics Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yue Si
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-Coding RNA Research Yangzhou, Yangzhou, China.
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13
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Moradi V, Khodabandehloo E, Alidadi M, Omidkhoda A, Ahmadbeigi N. Progress and pitfalls of gene editing technology in CAR-T cell therapy: a state-of-the-art review. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1388475. [PMID: 38912057 PMCID: PMC11190338 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1388475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy has shown remarkable promise in treating B-cell malignancies, which has sparked optimism about its potential to treat other types of cancer as well. Nevertheless, the Expectations of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors and non-B cell hematologic malignancies have not been met. Furthermore, safety concerns regarding the use of viral vectors and the current personalized production process are other bottlenecks that limit its widespread use. In recent years the use of gene editing technology in CAR-T cell therapy has opened a new way to unleash the latent potentials of CAR-T cell therapy and lessen its associated challenges. Moreover, gene editing tools have paved the way to manufacturing CAR-T cells in a fully non-viral approach as well as providing a universal, off-the-shelf product. Despite all the advantages of gene editing strategies, the off-target activity of classical gene editing tools (ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9) remains a major concern. Accordingly, several efforts have been made in recent years to reduce their off-target activity and genotoxicity, leading to the introduction of advanced gene editing tools with an improved safety profile. In this review, we begin by examining advanced gene editing tools, providing an overview of how these technologies are currently being applied in clinical trials of CAR-T cell therapies. Following this, we explore various gene editing strategies aimed at enhancing the safety and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Moradi
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Science Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Khodabandehloo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Alidadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Omidkhoda
- Hematology and Blood Transfusion Science Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Ahmadbeigi
- Gene Therapy Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Xu J, Liu W, Fan F, Zhang B, Sun C, Hu Y. Advances in nano-immunotherapy for hematological malignancies. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:57. [PMID: 38796455 PMCID: PMC11128130 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancies (HMs) encompass a diverse group of blood neoplasms with significant morbidity and mortality. Immunotherapy has emerged as a validated and crucial treatment modality for patients with HMs. Despite notable advancements having been made in understanding and implementing immunotherapy for HMs over the past decade, several challenges persist. These challenges include immune-related adverse effects, the precise biodistribution and elimination of therapeutic antigens in vivo, immune tolerance of tumors, and immune evasion by tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanotechnology, with its capacity to manipulate material properties at the nanometer scale, has the potential to tackle these obstacles and revolutionize treatment outcomes by improving various aspects such as drug targeting and stability. The convergence of nanotechnology and immunotherapy has given rise to nano-immunotherapy, a specialized branch of anti-tumor therapy. Nanotechnology has found applications in chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy, cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and other immunotherapeutic strategies for HMs. In this review, we delineate recent developments and discuss current challenges in the field of nano-immunotherapy for HMs, offering novel insights into the potential of nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China
| | - Fengjuan Fan
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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15
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Lang X, Wang X, Han M, Guo Y. Nanoparticle-Mediated Synergistic Chemoimmunotherapy for Cancer Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:4533-4568. [PMID: 38799699 PMCID: PMC11127654 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s455213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Until now, there has been a lack of effective strategies for cancer treatment. Immunotherapy has high potential in treating several cancers but its efficacy is limited as a monotherapy. Chemoimmunotherapy (CIT) holds promise to be widely used in cancer treatment. Therefore, identifying their involvement and potential synergy in CIT approaches is decisive. Nano-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs) are ideal delivery systems because they can simultaneously target immune cells and cancer cells, promoting drug accumulation, and reducing the toxicity of the drug. In this review, we first introduce five current immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blocking (ICB), adoptive cell transfer therapy (ACT), cancer vaccines, oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) and cytokine therapy. Subsequently, the immunomodulatory effects of chemotherapy by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), promoting tumor killer cell infiltration, down-regulating immunosuppressive cells, and inhibiting immune checkpoints have been described. Finally, the NDDSs-mediated collaborative drug delivery systems have been introduced in detail, and the development of NDDSs-mediated CIT nanoparticles has been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Lang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Wang F, Huang Y, Li J, Zhou W, Wang W. Targeted gene delivery systems for T-cell engineering. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024:10.1007/s13402-024-00954-6. [PMID: 38753155 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are indispensable for the host systems of defense against pathogens, tumors, and environmental threats. The therapeutic potential of harnessing the cytotoxic properties of T lymphocytes for antigen-specific cell elimination is both evident and efficacious. Genetically engineered T-cells, such as those employed in CAR-T and TCR-T cell therapies, have demonstrated significant clinical benefits in treating cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, the current landscape of T-cell genetic engineering is dominated by strategies that necessitate in vitro T-cell isolation and modification, which introduce complexity and prolong the development timeline of T-cell based immunotherapies. This review explores the complexities of gene delivery systems designed for T cells, covering both viral and nonviral vectors. Viral vectors are known for their high transduction efficiency, yet they face significant limitations, such as potential immunogenicity and the complexities involved in large-scale production. Nonviral vectors, conversely, offer a safer profile and the potential for scalable manufacturing, yet they often struggle with lower transduction efficiency. The pursuit of gene delivery systems that can achieve targeted gene transfer to T cell without the need for isolation represents a significant advancement in the field. This review assesses the design principles and current research progress of such systems, highlighting the potential for in vivo gene modification therapies that could revolutionize T-cell based treatments. By providing a comprehensive analysis of these systems, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the future development of T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaQian Li
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Ku KS, Tang J, Chen Y, Shi Y. Current Advancements in Anti-Cancer Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Immunotherapy and How Nanotechnology May Change the Game. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5361. [PMID: 38791398 PMCID: PMC11120994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy represents a cutting-edge advancement in the landscape of cancer treatment. This innovative therapy has shown exceptional promise in targeting and eradicating malignant tumors, specifically leukemias and lymphomas. However, despite its groundbreaking successes, (CAR)-T cell therapy is not without its challenges. These challenges, particularly pronounced in the treatment of solid tumors, include but are not limited to, the selection of appropriate tumor antigens, managing therapy-related toxicity, overcoming T-cell exhaustion, and addressing the substantial financial costs associated with treatment. Nanomedicine, an interdisciplinary field that merges nanotechnology with medical science, offers novel strategies that could potentially address these limitations. Its application in cancer treatment has already led to significant advancements, including improved specificity in drug targeting, advancements in cancer diagnostics, enhanced imaging techniques, and strategies for long-term cancer prevention. The integration of nanomedicine with (CAR)-T cell therapy could revolutionize the treatment landscape by enhancing the delivery of genes in (CAR)-T cell engineering, reducing systemic toxicity, and alleviating the immunosuppressive effects within the tumor microenvironment. This review aims to explore how far (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy has come alone, and how nanomedicine could strengthen it into the future. Additionally, the review will examine strategies to limit the off-target effects and systemic toxicity associated with (CAR)-T cell therapy, potentially enhancing patient tolerance and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S. Ku
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (K.S.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Jie Tang
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (K.S.K.); (J.T.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Section Pathology of the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Yihui Shi
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA; (K.S.K.); (J.T.)
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, Sutter Bay Hospitals, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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18
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Zheng R, Liu X, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Guo S, Jin X, Zhang J, Guan Y, Liu Y. Frontiers and future of immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1383978. [PMID: 38756774 PMCID: PMC11096556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1383978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor, that is becoming increasingly common in recent years. Despite advances in intensive treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy, the overall survival rate has not significantly improved in patients with pancreatic cancer. This may be attributed to the insidious onset, unknown pathophysiology, and poor prognosis of the disease. It is therefore essential to identify and develop more effective and safer treatments for pancreatic cancer. Tumor immunotherapy is the new and fourth pillar of anti-tumor therapy after surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Significant progress has made in the use of immunotherapy for a wide variety of malignant tumors in recent years; a breakthrough has also been made in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. This review describes the advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, oncolytic virus, and matrix-depletion therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. At the same time, some new potential biomarkers and potential immunotherapy combinations for pancreatic cancer are discussed. The molecular mechanisms of various immunotherapies have also been elucidated, and their clinical applications have been highlighted. The current challenges associated with immunotherapy and proposed strategies that hold promise in overcoming these limitations have also been discussed, with the aim of offering new insights into immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongxian Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutong Guo
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuehong Guan
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yusi Liu
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical College of Yan’an University, Yanan, Shaanxi, China
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19
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Li Y, Hu Z, Li Y, Wu X. Charting new paradigms for CAR-T cell therapy beyond current Achilles heels. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1409021. [PMID: 38751430 PMCID: PMC11094207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1409021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy has made remarkable strides in treating hematological malignancies. However, the widespread adoption of CAR-T cell therapy is hindered by several challenges. These include concerns about the long-term and complex manufacturing process, as well as efficacy factors such as tumor antigen escape, CAR-T cell exhaustion, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Additionally, safety issues like the risk of secondary cancers post-treatment, on-target off-tumor toxicity, and immune effector responses triggered by CAR-T cells are significant considerations. To address these obstacles, researchers have explored various strategies, including allogeneic universal CAR-T cell development, infusion of non-activated quiescent T cells within a 24-hour period, and in vivo induction of CAR-T cells. This review comprehensively examines the clinical challenges of CAR-T cell therapy and outlines strategies to overcome them, aiming to chart pathways beyond its current Achilles heels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Health and Nursing, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Gahvari Z, Brunner M, Schmidt T, Callander NS. Update on the current and future use of CAR-T to treat multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2024; 112:493-503. [PMID: 38099401 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has become an important intervention in the management of relapsed and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Currently, B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is the most targeted surface protein due to its ubiquitous expression on plasma cells, with increasing expression of this essential transmembrane protein on malignant plasma cells as patients develop more advanced disease. This review will explore the earliest CAR-T trials in myeloma, discuss important issues involved in CAR-T manufacturing and processing, as well as review current clinical trials that led to the approval of the two commercially available CAR-T products, Idecabtagene vicleucel and ciltacabtagene autoleucel. The most recent data from trials investigating the use of CAR-T as an earlier line of therapy will be presented. Finally, the problem of relapses after CAR-T will be presented, including several theories as to why CAR-T therapies fail and possible clinical caveats. The next generation of MM-specific CAR-T will likely include new targets such as G-protein-coupled receptor class C, Group 5, member D (GPRC5D) and signaling lymphocyte activation molecular Family 7 (SLAMF7). The role of CAR-T in the treatment of MM will undoubtedly increase exponentially in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhubin Gahvari
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Matthew Brunner
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Timothy Schmidt
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Natalie S Callander
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Yuan M, Wang W, Hawes I, Han J, Yao Z, Bertaina A. Advancements in γδT cell engineering: paving the way for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360237. [PMID: 38576617 PMCID: PMC10991697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprising only 1-10% of the circulating T cell population, γδT cells play a pivotal role in cancer immunotherapy due to their unique amalgamation of innate and adaptive immune features. These cells can secrete cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and can directly eliminate tumor cells through mechanisms like Fas/FasL and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Unlike conventional αβT cells, γδT cells can target a wide variety of cancer cells independently of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presentation and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Their ability of recognizing antigens in a non-MHC restricted manner makes them an ideal candidate for allogeneic immunotherapy. Additionally, γδT cells exhibit specific tissue tropism, and rapid responsiveness upon reaching cellular targets, indicating a high level of cellular precision and adaptability. Despite these capabilities, the therapeutic potential of γδT cells has been hindered by some limitations, including their restricted abundance, unsatisfactory expansion, limited persistence, and complex biology and plasticity. To address these issues, gene-engineering strategies like the use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy, T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer, and the combination with γδT cell engagers are being explored. This review will outline the progress in various engineering strategies, discuss their implications and challenges that lie ahead, and the future directions for engineered γδT cells in both monotherapy and combination immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenjun Wang
- *Correspondence: Wenjun Wang, ; Alice Bertaina,
| | | | | | | | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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22
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Manske K, Dreßler L, Fräßle SP, Effenberger M, Tschulik C, Cletiu V, Benke E, Wagner M, Schober K, Müller TR, Stemberger C, Germeroth L, Busch DH, Poltorak MP. Miniaturized CAR knocked onto CD3ε extends TCR function with CAR specificity under control of endogenous TCR signaling cascade. J Immunol Methods 2024; 526:113617. [PMID: 38215900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using TCR and especially CAR transgenic T cells is a rapidly advancing field with the potential to become standard of care for the treatment of multiple diseases. While all current FDA approved CAR T cell products are generated using lentiviral gene transfer, extensive work is put into CRISPR/Cas mediated gene delivery to develop the next generation of safer and more potent cell products. One limitation of all editing systems is the size restriction of the knock-in cargo. Targeted integration under control of an endogenous promotor and/or signaling cascades opens the possibility to reduce CAR gene size to absolute minimum. Here we demonstrate that a first-generation CAR payload can be reduced to its minimum component - the antigen-binding domain - by targeted integration under control of the CD3ε promoter generating a CAR-CD3ε fusion protein that exploits the endogenous TCR signaling cascade. Miniaturizing CAR payload in this way results in potent CAR activity while simultaneously retaining the primary antigen recognition function of the TCR. Introducing CAR-specificity using a CAR binder only while maintaining endogenous TCR function may be an appealing design for future autologous CAR T cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Manske
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Lisa Dreßler
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Simon P Fräßle
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Manuel Effenberger
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Claudia Tschulik
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Vlad Cletiu
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Eileen Benke
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Michaela Wagner
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas R Müller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Stemberger
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Lothar Germeroth
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mateusz P Poltorak
- Juno Therapeutics GmbH, A Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Grillparzerstr. 10, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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23
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Deng M, Tang F, Chang X, Liu P, Ji X, Hao M, Wang Y, Yang R, Ma Q, Zhang Y, Miao J. Immunotherapy for Ovarian Cancer: Disappointing or Promising? Mol Pharm 2024; 21:454-466. [PMID: 38232985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, one of the deadliest malignancies, lacks effective treatment, despite advancements in surgical techniques and chemotherapy. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are imperative to improving treatment outcomes. Immunotherapy, which has demonstrated considerable success in managing various cancers, has already found its place in clinical practice. This review aims to provide an overview of ovarian tumor immunotherapy, including its basics, key strategies, and clinical research data supporting its potential. In particular, this discussion highlights promising strategies such as checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, and pericyte transfer, both individually and in combination. However, the advancement of new immunotherapies necessitates large controlled randomized trials, which will undoubtedly shape the future of ovarian cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Deng
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Fan Tang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Xiangyu Chang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Penglin Liu
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Xuechao Ji
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Menglin Hao
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Yixiao Wang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Ruiye Yang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
- Nanyuan Hospital of Fengtai District, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Yubo Zhang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
- Qingdao Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Shandong 266011, China
| | - Jinwei Miao
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
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24
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Colina AS, Shah V, Shah RK, Kozlik T, Dash RK, Terhune S, Zamora AE. Current advances in experimental and computational approaches to enhance CAR T cell manufacturing protocols and improve clinical efficacy. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2024; 4:1310002. [PMID: 39086435 PMCID: PMC11285593 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2024.1310002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Since the FDA's approval of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in 2017, significant improvements have been made in the design of chimeric antigen receptor constructs and in the manufacturing of CAR T cell therapies resulting in increased in vivo CAR T cell persistence and improved clinical outcome in certain hematological malignancies. Despite the remarkable clinical response seen in some patients, challenges remain in achieving durable long-term tumor-free survival, reducing therapy associated malignancies and toxicities, and expanding on the types of cancers that can be treated with this therapeutic modality. Careful analysis of the biological factors demarcating efficacious from suboptimal CAR T cell responses will be of paramount importance to address these shortcomings. With the ever-expanding toolbox of experimental approaches, single-cell technologies, and computational resources, there is renowned interest in discovering new ways to streamline the development and validation of new CAR T cell products. Better and more accurate prognostic and predictive models can be developed to help guide and inform clinical decision making by incorporating these approaches into translational and clinical workflows. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent advancements in CAR T cell manufacturing and describe the strategies used to selectively expand specific phenotypic subsets. Additionally, we review experimental approaches to assess CAR T cell functionality and summarize current in silico methods which have the potential to improve CAR T cell manufacturing and predict clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo S. Colina
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Viren Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ravi K. Shah
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tanya Kozlik
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ranjan K. Dash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Scott Terhune
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anthony E. Zamora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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25
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Chelladurai M, Xu D, Izraely S, Ben-Menachem S, Bengaiev R, Sagi-Assif O, Yuan W, Pasmanik Chor M, Hoon DS, Lu W, Witz IP. A heterodimer of α and β hemoglobin chains functions as an innate anticancer agent. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:561-572. [PMID: 37675956 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic (as well as tumor) microenvironments contain both cancer-promoting and cancer-restraining factors. The balance between these opposing forces determines the fate of cancer cells that disseminate to secondary organ sites. In search for microenvironmental drivers or inhibitors of metastasis, we identified, in a previous study, the beta subunit of hemoglobin (HBB) as a lung-derived antimetastatic factor. In the present study, exploring mechanisms regulating melanoma brain metastasis, we discovered that brain-derived factors restrain proliferation and induce apoptosis and necrosis of brain-metastasizing melanoma cells. Employing various purification procedures, we identified a heterodimer composed of hemoglobin alpha and beta chains that perform these antimetastatic functions. Neither the alpha nor the beta subunit alone was inhibitory. An alpha/beta chain dimer chemically purified from human hemoglobin inhibited the cell viability of primary melanomas, melanoma brain metastasis (MBM), and breast cancer cell lines. The dimer-induced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest at the SubG1 phase, apoptosis, and significant necrosis in four MBM cell lines. Proteomic analysis of dimer-treated MBM cells revealed that the dimer downregulates the expression of BRD4, GAB2, and IRS2 proteins, playing crucial roles in cancer cell sustainability and progression. Thus, we hypothesize that the hemoglobin dimer functions as a resistance factor against brain-metastasizing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharrish Chelladurai
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Xu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sivan Izraely
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomit Ben-Menachem
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roman Bengaiev
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Sagi-Assif
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Weirong Yuan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Metsada Pasmanik Chor
- Bioinformatics Unit, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dave S Hoon
- Department of Translational Molecular Medicine and Sequencing Center, Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Isaac P Witz
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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26
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Esmaeilzadeh A, Hadiloo K, Jabbari M, Elahi R. Current progress of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T versus CAR NK cell for immunotherapy of solid tumors. Life Sci 2024; 337:122381. [PMID: 38145710 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Equipping cancer-fighting immune cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has gained immense attention for cancer treatment. CAR-engineered T cells (CAR T cells) are the first immune-engineered cells that have achieved brilliant results in anti-cancer therapy. Despite promising anti-cancer features, CAR T cells could also cause fatal side effects and have shown inadequate efficacy in some studies. This has led to the introduction of other candidates for CAR transduction, e.g., Natural killer cells (NK cells). Regarding the better safety profile and anti-cancer properties, CAR-armored NK cells (CAR NK cells) could be a beneficial and suitable alternative to CAR T cells. Since introducing these two cells as anti-cancer structures, several studies have investigated their efficacy and safety, and most of them have focused on hematological malignancies. Solid tumors have unique properties that make them more resistant and less curable cancers than hematological malignancies. In this review article, we conduct a comprehensive review of the structure and properties of CAR NK and CAR T cells, compare the recent experience of immunotherapy with CAR T and CAR NK cells in various solid cancers, and overview current challenges and future solutions to battle solid cancers using CARNK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center (CGRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Hadiloo
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Marjan Jabbari
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Reza Elahi
- School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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27
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Zhang D, Lyu L, Han S, Xu J, Hu G, Zhao Q, Hu Y. Profiling targets and potential target pairs of CAR-T cell therapy in clinical trials. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111273. [PMID: 38041957 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the approval of the first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T product in 2017, the number of new CAR-T clinical trials worldwide exceeds 100 per year. 1649 clinical studies have been conducted to explore possible future clinical applications of targets or target pairs through different biotechnologies. In this study, we aim to take a data-driven analytical approach to explore potential dual-target pairs based on clinical trial information. We screened 1283 non-withdrawal interventional CAR-T clinical trials spanning 96 different targets and 74 target pairs from clinicaltrials.gov. Through the Circos plot and temporal network plots, the information between targets and indications was visualized. Based on the assumption that two targets of a target pair must target the same indication, five new target pairs were inferred, including CD19/CD7, CD19/CD5, CD19/CD37, and CD19/BAFFR and validated by expression pattern, literature and patent information. This study provides novel support for target profiling of CAR-T from the perspective of clinical trials and also provides a reference for researchers and developers to select new targets or target pairs of CAR-T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Liyang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shuo Han
- Zhuhai Hengqin Haomai Technology Co., Ltd, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Guang Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China; Centre for Pharmaceutical Regulatory Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China; DPM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China.
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28
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Keri VC, Topulli MV, Deol A, Uberti J, Salimnia H, Chandrasekar PH. False-Positive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleic Acid Amplification Test After Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy With Ciltacabtagene Autoleucel. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofad633. [PMID: 38288349 PMCID: PMC10822836 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic option for hematologic malignancies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) amplifying 5' long terminal repeat and gag genes cross-react with lentiviral vector-based CAR T-cell products. Cross-reactivity between CAR T-cell products and HIV NAATs may lead to false-positive test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakh C Keri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mary Vito Topulli
- Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Abhinav Deol
- Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph Uberti
- Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Department of Laboratory services, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Pranatharthi H Chandrasekar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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29
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Albelda SM. CAR T cell therapy for patients with solid tumours: key lessons to learn and unlearn. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:47-66. [PMID: 37904019 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have been approved for use in patients with B cell malignancies or relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma, yet efficacy against most solid tumours remains elusive. The limited imaging and biopsy data from clinical trials in this setting continues to hinder understanding, necessitating a reliance on imperfect preclinical models. In this Perspective, I re-evaluate current data and suggest potential pathways towards greater success, drawing lessons from the few successful trials testing CAR T cells in patients with solid tumours and the clinical experience with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. The most promising approaches include the use of pluripotent stem cells, co-targeting multiple mechanisms of immune evasion, employing multiple co-stimulatory domains, and CAR ligand-targeting vaccines. An alternative strategy focused on administering multiple doses of short-lived CAR T cells in an attempt to pre-empt exhaustion and maintain a functional effector pool should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Albelda
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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30
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Triantafyllou N, Sarkis M, Krassakopoulou A, Shah N, Papathanasiou MM, Kontoravdi C. Uncertainty quantification for gene delivery methods: A roadmap for pDNA manufacturing from phase I clinical trials to commercialization. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300103. [PMID: 37797343 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The fast-growing interest in cell and gene therapy (C>) products has led to a growing demand for the production of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and viral vectors for clinical and commercial use. Manufacturers, regulators, and suppliers need to develop strategies for establishing robust and agile supply chains in the otherwise empirical field of C>. A model-based methodology that has great potential to support the wider adoption of C> is presented, by ensuring efficient timelines, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in the production of key raw materials. Specifically, key process and economic parameters are identified for (1) the production of pDNA for the forward-looking scenario of non-viral-based Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies from clinical (200 doses) to commercial (40,000 doses) scale and (2) the commercial (40,000 doses) production of pDNA and lentiviral vectors for the current state-of-the-art viral vector-based CAR T-cell therapies. By applying a systematic global sensitivity analysis, we quantify uncertainty in the manufacturing process and apportion it to key process and economic parameters, highlighting cost drivers and limitations that steer decision-making. The results underline the cost-efficiency and operational flexibility of non-viral-based therapies in the overall C> supply chain, as well as the importance of economies-of-scale in the production of pDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Triantafyllou
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Miriam Sarkis
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Nilay Shah
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria M Papathanasiou
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- The Sargent Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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31
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Chamorro DF, Somes LK, Hoyos V. Engineered Adoptive T-Cell Therapies for Breast Cancer: Current Progress, Challenges, and Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:124. [PMID: 38201551 PMCID: PMC10778447 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a significant health challenge, and novel treatment approaches are critically needed. This review presents an in-depth analysis of engineered adoptive T-cell therapies (E-ACTs), an innovative frontier in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on their application in breast cancer. We explore the evolving landscape of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and T-cell receptor (TCR) T-cell therapies, highlighting their potential and challenges in targeting breast cancer. The review addresses key obstacles such as target antigen selection, the complex breast cancer tumor microenvironment, and the persistence of engineered T-cells. We discuss the advances in overcoming these barriers, including strategies to enhance T-cell efficacy. Finally, our comprehensive analysis of the current clinical trials in this area provides insights into the future possibilities and directions of E-ACTs in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Chamorro
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.F.C.); (L.K.S.)
| | - Lauren K. Somes
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.F.C.); (L.K.S.)
| | - Valentina Hoyos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (D.F.C.); (L.K.S.)
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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32
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Chinsuwan T, Hirabayashi K, Mishima S, Hasegawa A, Tanaka M, Mochizuki H, Shimoi A, Murakami T, Yagyu S, Shimizu K, Nakazawa Y. Ligand-based, piggyBac-engineered CAR-T cells targeting EGFR are safe and effective against non-small cell lung cancers. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100728. [PMID: 37822488 PMCID: PMC10562194 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and in some somatic cells at a limited level, rendering it an attractive antitumor target. In this study, we engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells using the piggyBac transposon system, autologous artificial antigen-presenting cells, and natural ligands of EGFR. We showed that this approach yielded CAR-T cells with favorable phenotypes and CAR positivity. They exhibited potent antitumor activity against NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo. When administered to tumor-bearing mice and non-tumor-bearing cynomolgus macaques, they did not elicit toxicity despite their cross-reactivity to both murine and simian EGFRs. In total we tested three ligands and found that the CAR candidate with the highest affinity consistently displayed greater potency without adverse events. Taken together, our results demonstrate the feasibility and safety of targeting EGFR-expressing NSCLCs using ligand-based, piggyBac-engineered CAR-T cells. Our data also show that lowering the affinity of CAR molecules is not always beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyavi Chinsuwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Koichi Hirabayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shuji Mishima
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Aiko Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Miyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hidemi Mochizuki
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akihito Shimoi
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Ina Research Inc., Ina, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yagyu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Shimizu
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Center for Advanced Research of Gene and Cell Therapy, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Kitte R, Rabel M, Geczy R, Park S, Fricke S, Koehl U, Tretbar US. Lipid nanoparticles outperform electroporation in mRNA-based CAR T cell engineering. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101139. [PMID: 38027056 PMCID: PMC10663670 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.101139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been proven as efficacious therapies against selected hematological malignancies. However, the approved CAR T cell therapeutics strictly rely on viral transduction, a time- and cost-intensive procedure with possible safety issues. Therefore, the direct transfer of in vitro transcribed CAR-mRNA into T cells is pursued as a promising strategy for CAR T cell engineering. Electroporation (EP) is currently used as mRNA delivery method for the generation of CAR T cells in clinical trials but achieving only poor anti-tumor responses. Here, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) were examined for ex vivo CAR-mRNA delivery and compared with EP. LNP-CAR T cells showed a significantly prolonged efficacy in vitro in comparison with EP-CAR T cells as a result of extended CAR-mRNA persistence and CAR expression, attributed to a different delivery mechanism with less cytotoxicity and slower CAR T cell proliferation. Moreover, CAR expression and in vitro functionality of mRNA-LNP-derived CAR T cells were comparable to stably transduced CAR T cells but were less exhausted. These results show that LNPs outperform EP and underline the great potential of mRNA-LNP delivery for ex vivo CAR T cell modification as next-generation transient approach for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reni Kitte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Rabel
- Precision NanoSystems (now Part of Cytiva), 50 - 655 W Kent Avenue N, Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Reka Geczy
- Precision NanoSystems (now Part of Cytiva), 50 - 655 W Kent Avenue N, Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Stella Park
- Precision NanoSystems (now Part of Cytiva), 50 - 655 W Kent Avenue N, Vancouver, BC V6P6T7, Canada
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - U. Sandy Tretbar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Dagher OK, Posey AD. Forks in the road for CAR T and CAR NK cell cancer therapies. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1994-2007. [PMID: 38012406 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has resulted in unprecedented long-term clearance of relapse/refractory hematological malignancies in both pediatric and adult patients. However, severe toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, associated with CAR T cells affect therapeutic utility; and treatment efficacies for solid tumors are still not impressive. As a result, engineering strategies that modify other immune cell types, especially natural killer (NK) cells have arisen. Owing to both CAR-dependent and CAR-independent (innate immune-mediated) antitumor killing capacity, major histocompatibility complex-independent cytotoxicity, reduced risk of alloreactivity and lack of major CAR T cell toxicities, CAR NK cells constitute one of the promising next-generation CAR immune cells that are also amenable as 'off-the-shelf' therapeutics. In this Review, we compare CAR T and CAR NK cell therapies, with particular focus on immunological synapses, engineering strategies and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula K Dagher
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Avery D Posey
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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35
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Sadek NL, Costa BA, Nath K, Mailankody S. CAR T-Cell Therapy for Multiple Myeloma: A Clinical Practice-Oriented Review. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1184-1195. [PMID: 37750399 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM). Two BCMA-directed CAR T-cell products - idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel) - have received US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for patients with relapsed/refractory MM who underwent four or more prior lines of therapy (including an immunomodulatory agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody). Despite producing unprecedented response rates in an otherwise difficult to treat patient population, CAR T-cell therapies are commonly associated with immune-related adverse events (e.g., cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity), cytopenias, and infections. Moreover, many patients continue to exhibit relapse post-treatment, with resistance mechanisms yet to be fully understood. Ongoing basic, translational, and clinical research efforts are poised to generate deeper insights into the optimal utilization of these therapies, improve their efficacy, minimize associated toxicity, and identify new target antigens in patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Layla Sadek
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruno Almeida Costa
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karthik Nath
- Department of Medicine, Cellular Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sham Mailankody
- Department of Medicine, Cellular Therapy Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Myeloma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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36
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Chen Z, Hu Y, Mei H. Advances in CAR-Engineered Immune Cell Generation: Engineering Approaches and Sourcing Strategies. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303215. [PMID: 37906032 PMCID: PMC10724421 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has emerged as a highly efficacious treatment modality for refractory and relapsed hematopoietic malignancies in recent years. Furthermore, CAR technologies for cancer immunotherapy have expanded from CAR-T to CAR-natural killer cell (CAR-NK), CAR-cytokine-induced killer cell (CAR-CIK), and CAR-macrophage (CAR-MΦ) therapy. Nevertheless, the high cost and complex manufacturing processes of ex vivo generation of autologous CAR products have hampered broader application. There is an urgent need to develop an efficient and economical paradigm shift for exploring new sourcing strategies and engineering approaches toward generating CAR-engineered immune cells to benefit cancer patients. Currently, researchers are actively investigating various strategies to optimize the preparation and sourcing of these potent immunotherapeutic agents. In this work, the latest research progress is summarized. Perspectives on the future of CAR-engineered immune cell manufacturing are provided, and the engineering approaches, and diverse sources used for their development are focused upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Chen
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei430022China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic DiseaseWuhan430022China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei430022China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic DiseaseWuhan430022China
| | - Heng Mei
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology1277 Jiefang AvenueWuhanHubei430022China
- Hubei Clinical Medical Center of Cell Therapy for Neoplastic DiseaseWuhan430022China
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37
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Miliotou AN, Georgiou-Siafis SK, Ntenti C, Pappas IS, Papadopoulou LC. Recruiting In Vitro Transcribed mRNA against Cancer Immunotherapy: A Contemporary Appraisal of the Current Landscape. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9181-9214. [PMID: 37998753 PMCID: PMC10670245 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 100 innovative in vitro transcribed (IVT)-mRNAs are presently undergoing clinical trials, with a projected substantial impact on the pharmaceutical market in the near future. Τhe idea behind this is that after the successful cellular internalization of IVT-mRNAs, they are subsequently translated into proteins with therapeutic or prophylactic relevance. Simultaneously, cancer immunotherapy employs diverse strategies to mobilize the immune system in the battle against cancer. Therefore, in this review, the fundamental principles of IVT-mRNA to its recruitment in cancer immunotherapy, are discussed and analyzed. More specifically, this review paper focuses on the development of mRNA vaccines, the exploitation of neoantigens, as well as Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cells, showcasing their clinical applications and the ongoing trials for the development of next-generation immunotherapeutics. Furthermore, this study investigates the synergistic potential of combining the CAR immunotherapy and the IVT-mRNAs by introducing our research group novel, patented delivery method that utilizes the Protein Transduction Domain (PTD) technology to transduce the IVT-mRNAs encoding the CAR of interest into the Natural Killer (NK)-92 cells, highlighting the potential for enhancing the CAR NK cell potency, efficiency, and bioenergetics. While IVT-mRNA technology brings exciting progress to cancer immunotherapy, several challenges and limitations must be acknowledged, such as safety, toxicity, and delivery issues. This comprehensive exploration of IVT-mRNA technology, in line with its applications in cancer therapeutics, offers valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges in the evolving landscape of cancer immunotherapy, setting the stage for future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Androulla N. Miliotou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
- Department of Health Sciences, KES College, 1055 Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Sofia K. Georgiou-Siafis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Charikleia Ntenti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
- 1st Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Pappas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Thessaly, Greece;
| | - Lefkothea C. Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; (A.N.M.); (S.K.G.-S.); (C.N.)
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Zhou X, Renauer PA, Zhou L, Fang SY, Chen S. Applications of CRISPR technology in cellular immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2023; 320:199-216. [PMID: 37449673 PMCID: PMC10787818 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR technology has transformed multiple fields, including cancer and immunology. CRISPR-based gene editing and screening empowers direct genomic manipulation of immune cells, opening doors to unbiased functional genetic screens. These screens aid in the discovery of novel factors that regulate and reprogram immune responses, offering novel drug targets. The engineering of immune cells using CRISPR has sparked a transformation in the cellular immunotherapy field, resulting in a multitude of ongoing clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the development and applications of CRISPR and related gene editing technologies in immune cells, focusing on functional genomics screening, gene editing-based cell therapies, as well as future directions in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul A. Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shao-Yu Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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39
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Domingues C, Jarak I, Veiga F, Dourado M, Figueiras A. Pediatric Drug Development: Reviewing Challenges and Opportunities by Tracking Innovative Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2431. [PMID: 37896191 PMCID: PMC10610377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of pediatric drug development has been evolving in a "carrot-and-stick"-based tactic to address population-specific issues. However, the off-label prescription of adult medicines to pediatric patients remains a feature of clinical practice, which may compromise the age-appropriate evaluation of treatments. Therefore, the United States and the European Pediatric Formulation Initiative have recommended applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to tackle some of these challenges, particularly applying inorganic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles. Connected with these, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have also been highlighted, with optimistic perspectives for the pediatric population. Despite the results achieved using these innovative therapies, a workforce that congregates pediatric patients and/or caregivers, healthcare stakeholders, drug developers, and physicians continues to be of utmost relevance to promote standardized guidelines for pediatric drug development, enabling a fast lab-to-clinical translation. Therefore, taking into consideration the significance of this topic, this work aims to compile the current landscape of pediatric drug development by (1) outlining the historic regulatory panorama, (2) summarizing the challenges in the development of pediatric drug formulation, and (3) delineating the advantages/disadvantages of using innovative approaches, such as nanomedicines and ATMPs in pediatrics. Moreover, some attention will be given to the role of pharmaceutical technologists and developers in conceiving pediatric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation (i3s), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marília Dourado
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Health Studies and Research of the University of Coimbra (CEISUC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Studies and Development of Continuous and Palliative Care (CEDCCP), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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40
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Magnani CF, Myburgh R, Brunn S, Chambovey M, Ponzo M, Volta L, Manfredi F, Pellegrino C, Pascolo S, Miskey C, Ivics Z, Shizuru JA, Neri D, Manz MG. Anti-CD117 CAR T cells incorporating a safety switch eradicate human acute myeloid leukemia and hematopoietic stem cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:56-71. [PMID: 37583386 PMCID: PMC10424000 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Discrimination between hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic stem cells remains a major challenge for acute myeloid leukemia immunotherapy. CAR T cells specific for the CD117 antigen can deplete malignant and healthy hematopoietic stem cells before consolidation with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in absence of cytotoxic conditioning. Here we exploit non-viral technology to achieve early termination of CAR T cell activity to prevent incoming graft rejection. Transient expression of an anti-CD117 CAR by mRNA conferred T cells the ability to eliminate CD117+ targets in vitro and in vivo. As an alternative approach, we used a Sleeping Beauty transposon vector for the generation of CAR T cells incorporating an inducible Caspase 9 safety switch. Stable CAR expression was associated with high proportion of T memory stem cells, low levels of exhaustion markers, and potent cellular cytotoxicity. Anti-CD117 CAR T cells mediated depletion of leukemic cells and healthy hematopoietic stem cells in NSG mice reconstituted with human leukemia or CD34+ cord blood cells, respectively, and could be terminated in vivo. The use of a non-viral technology to control CAR T cell pharmacokinetic properties is attractive for a first-in-human study in patients with acute myeloid leukemia prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F. Magnani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renier Myburgh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvan Brunn
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Morgane Chambovey
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Ponzo
- Tettamanti Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Laura Volta
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Manfredi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pellegrino
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Miskey
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Judith A. Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8093 ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus G. Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Bonini C, Chapuis AG, Hudecek M, Guedan S, Magnani CF, Qasim W. Genome Editing in Engineered T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:853-869. [PMID: 37694593 PMCID: PMC10623081 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced gene transfer technologies and profound immunological insights have enabled substantial increases in the efficacy of anticancer adoptive cellular therapy (ACT). In recent years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have approved six engineered T cell therapeutic products, all chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells directed against B cell malignancies. Despite encouraging clinical results, engineered T cell therapy is still constrained by challenges, which could be addressed by genome editing. As RNA-guided Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats technology passes its 10-year anniversary, we review emerging applications of genome editing approaches designed to (1) overcome resistance to therapy, including cancer immune evasion mechanisms; (2) avoid unwanted immune reactions related to allogeneic T cell products; (3) increase fitness, expansion capacity, persistence, and potency of engineered T cells, while preserving their safety profile; and (4) improve the ability of therapeutic cells to resist immunosuppressive signals active in the tumor microenvironment. Overall, these innovative approaches should widen the safe and effective use of ACT to larger number of patients affected by cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Aude G. Chapuis
- Program in Immunology, Division of Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Lehrstuhl für Zelluläre Immuntherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital Clinic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara F. Magnani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich (CCCZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Waseem Qasim
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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42
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Williams JA, Paez PA. Improving cell and gene therapy safety and performance using next-generation Nanoplasmid vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:494-503. [PMID: 37346980 PMCID: PMC10280095 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell and gene therapy industry has employed the same plasmid technology for decades in vaccination, cell and gene therapy, and as a raw material in viral vector and RNA production. While canonical plasmids contain antibiotic resistance markers in bacterial backbones greater than 2,000 base pairs, smaller backbones increase expression level and durability and reduce the cell-transfection-associated toxicity and transgene silencing that can occur with canonical plasmids. Therefore, the small backbone and antibiotic-free selection method of Nanoplasmid vectors have proven to be a transformative replacement in a wide variety of applications, offering a greater safety profile and efficiency than traditional plasmids. This review provides an overview of the Nanoplasmid technology and highlights its specific benefits for various applications with examples from recent publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Williams
- Research & Development, Aldevron, 4055 41st Avenue S, Fargo, ND 58104, USA
| | - Patrick A. Paez
- Research & Development, Aldevron, 4055 41st Avenue S, Fargo, ND 58104, USA
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Ferrari S, Valeri E, Conti A, Scala S, Aprile A, Di Micco R, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Montini E, Ferrari G, Aiuti A, Naldini L. Genetic engineering meets hematopoietic stem cell biology for next-generation gene therapy. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:549-570. [PMID: 37146580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing clinical success of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy (GT) relies on the development of viral vectors as portable "Trojan horses" for safe and efficient gene transfer. The recent advent of novel technologies enabling site-specific gene editing is broadening the scope and means of GT, paving the way to more precise genetic engineering and expanding the spectrum of diseases amenable to HSPC-GT. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art and prospective developments of the HSPC-GT field, highlighting how advances in biological characterization and manipulation of HSPCs will enable the design of the next generation of these transforming therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Erika Valeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anastasia Conti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Annamaria Aprile
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
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44
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Kilgour MK, Bastin DJ, Lee SH, Ardolino M, McComb S, Visram A. Advancements in CAR-NK therapy: lessons to be learned from CAR-T therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166038. [PMID: 37205115 PMCID: PMC10187144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in chimeric antigen receptor engineered T-cell (CAR-T) therapy have revolutionized treatment for several cancer types over the past decade. Despite this success, obstacles including the high price tag, manufacturing complexity, and treatment-associated toxicities have limited the broad application of this therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cell (CAR-NK) therapy offers a potential opportunity for a simpler and more affordable "off-the-shelf" treatment, likely with fewer toxicities. Unlike CAR-T, CAR-NK therapies are still in early development, with few clinical trials yet reported. Given the challenges experienced through the development of CAR-T therapies, this review explores what lessons we can apply to build better CAR-NK therapies. In particular, we explore the importance of optimizing the immunochemical properties of the CAR construct, understanding factors leading to cell product persistence, enhancing trafficking of transferred cells to the tumor, ensuring the metabolic fitness of the transferred product, and strategies to avoid tumor escape through antigen loss. We also review trogocytosis, an important emerging challenge that likely equally applies to CAR-T and CAR-NK cells. Finally, we discuss how these limitations are already being addressed in CAR-NK therapies, and what future directions may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa K. Kilgour
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michele Ardolino
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Scott McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alissa Visram
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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45
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Peng JJ, Wang L, Li Z, Ku CL, Ho PC. Metabolic challenges and interventions in CAR T cell therapy. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq3016. [PMID: 37058548 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have achieved true clinical success in treating hematological malignancy patients, laying the foundation of CAR T cells as a new pillar of cancer therapy. Although these promising effects have generated strong interest in expanding the treatment of CAR T cells to solid tumors, reproducible demonstration of clinical efficacy in the setting of solid tumors has remained challenging to date. Here, we review how metabolic stress and signaling in the tumor microenvironment, including intrinsic determinants of response to CAR T cell therapy and extrinsic obstacles, restrict the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy in cancer treatment. In addition, we discuss the use of novel approaches to target and rewire metabolic programming for CAR T cell manufacturing. Last, we summarize strategies that aim to improve the metabolic adaptability of CAR T cells to enhance their potency in mounting antitumor responses and survival within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhan-Jie Peng
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Lung Ku
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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46
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Berdecka D, Harizaj A, Goemaere I, Punj D, Goetgeluk G, De Munter S, De Keersmaecker H, Boterberg V, Dubruel P, Vandekerckhove B, De Smedt SC, De Vos WH, Braeckmans K. Delivery of macromolecules in unstimulated T cells by photoporation with polydopamine nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 354:680-693. [PMID: 36681281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo modification of T cells with exogenous cargo is a common prerequisite for the development of T cell therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor therapy. Despite the clinical success and FDA approval of several such products, T cell manufacturing presents unique challenges related to therapeutic efficacy after adoptive cell transfer and several drawbacks of viral transduction-based manufacturing, such as high cost and safety concerns. To generate cellular products with optimal potency, engraftment potential and persistence in vivo, recent studies have shown that minimally differentiated T cell phenotypes are preferred. However, genetic engineering of quiescent T cells remains challenging. Photoporation is an upcoming alternative non-viral transfection method which makes use of photothermal nanoparticles, such as polydopamine nanoparticles (PDNPs), to induce transient membrane permeabilization by distinct photothermal effects upon laser irradiation, allowing exogenous molecules to enter cells. In this study, we analyzed the capability of PDNP-photoporation to deliver large model macromolecules (FITC-dextran 500 kDa, FD500) in unstimulated and expanded human T cells. We compared different sizes of PDNPs (150, 250 and 400 nm), concentrations of PDNPs and laser fluences and found an optimal condition that generated high delivery yields of FD500 in both T cell phenotypes. A multiparametric analysis of cell proliferation, surface activation markers and cytokine production, revealed that unstimulated T cells photoporated with 150 nm and 250 nm PDNPs retained their propensity to become activated, whereas those photoporated with 400 nm PDNPs did less. Our findings show that PDNP-photoporation is a promising strategy for transfection of quiescent T cells, but that PDNPs should be small enough to avoid excessive cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Berdecka
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Aranit Harizaj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilia Goemaere
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Deep Punj
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herlinde De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Boterberg
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent Light Microscopy Core, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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47
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Zhang Y, Lin Z, Zhang F, Chen X, Yang Y, Fu X, Li Z, Sun Y, Qian Q. Rapid response in relapsed follicular lymphoma with massive chylous ascites to anti-CD19 CAR T therapy using Piggy Bac: A case report. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007210. [PMID: 36532014 PMCID: PMC9752063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been shown to achieve a considerably durable response in patients with refractory or relapsed B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, as seen from the results of Zuma-1, Zuma-5, and other clinical trials. Most of these CARs were generated by lentivirus or reverse adenovirus. It is rare to see CARs using non-viral vectors, such as Piggy Bac (pb), in treating lymphoma patients with active diseases. Generally, patients with a high tumor burden tend to have a higher rate of severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) or neurological events as reported in the literature. Patients with symptomatic pleural effusions are excluded from the Zuma-1 trial because of the risk of severe CRS. We report here that a patient with relapsed follicular lymphoma with bulky disease and massive chylous ascites failed several lines of chemotherapy. After infusion of the CD19-directed pbCAR-T cells at 6 × 106 cells/kg, the patient had a rapid response and achieved a nearly complete metabolic remission on day 28. There was only grade 1 CRS, and no neurotoxicity occurred. The CAR-T cells reached a peak level on day 14 and spread into the ascites and expanded for 3 months. This might be the first case reported for pbCAR-T cells to treat relapsed follicular lymphoma directly. The long-term efficacy will be observed, and more patients be tested in the future. Clinical Trial Registration https://ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05472610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yan Zhang, ; Qijun Qian,
| | - Zhicai Lin
- Clinical R&D Center, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Faliang Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaping Yang
- Clinical R&D Center, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Clinical R&D Center, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Clinical R&D Center, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Clinical R&D Center, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China
| | - Qijun Qian
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Mengchao Cancer Hospital, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Cell Therapy Research Institute, Shanghai Cell Therapy Group Corporation, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Yan Zhang, ; Qijun Qian,
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48
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Abstract
Immune cells are being engineered to recognize and respond to disease states, acting as a "living drug" when transferred into patients. Therapies based on engineered immune cells are now a clinical reality, with multiple engineered T cell therapies approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies. Ongoing preclinical and clinical studies are testing diverse strategies to modify the fate and function of immune cells for applications in cancer, infectious disease, and beyond. Here, we discuss current progress in treating human disease with immune cell therapeutics, emerging strategies for immune cell engineering, and challenges facing the field, with a particular emphasis on the treatment of cancer, where the most effort has been applied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V. Maus
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - David J. Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Wilson W. Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Lock D, Monjezi R, Brandes C, Bates S, Lennartz S, Teppert K, Gehrke L, Karasakalidou-Seidt R, Lukic T, Schmeer M, Schleef M, Werchau N, Eyrich M, Assenmacher M, Kaiser A, Prommersberger S, Schaser T, Hudecek M. Automated, scaled, transposon-based production of CAR T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005189. [PMID: 36096530 PMCID: PMC9472140 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing demand for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell products from patients and care givers. Here, we established an automated manufacturing process for CAR T cells on the CliniMACS Prodigy platform that is scaled to provide therapeutic doses and achieves gene-transfer with virus-free Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposition. METHODS We used an advanced CliniMACS Prodigy that is connected to an electroporator unit and performed a series of small-scale development and large-scale confirmation runs with primary human T cells. Transposition was accomplished with minicircle (MC) DNA-encoded SB100X transposase and pT2 transposon encoding a CD19 CAR. RESULTS We defined a bi-pulse electroporation shock with bi-directional and unidirectional electric field, respectively, that permitted efficient MC insertion and maintained a high frequency of viable T cells. In three large scale runs, 2E8 T cells were enriched from leukapheresis product, activated, gene-engineered and expanded to yield up to 3.5E9 total T cells/1.4E9 CAR-modified T cells within 12 days (CAR-modified T cells: 28.8%±12.3%). The resulting cell product contained highly pure T cells (97.3±1.6%) with balanced CD4/CD8 ratio and a high frequency of T cells with central memory phenotype (87.5%±10.4%). The transposon copy number was 7.0, 9.4 and 6.8 in runs #1-3, respectively, and gene analyses showed a balanced expression of activation/exhaustion markers. The CD19 CAR T cell product conferred potent anti-lymphoma reactivity in pre-clinical models. Notably, the operator hands-on-time was substantially reduced compared with conventional non-automated CAR T cell manufacturing campaigns. CONCLUSIONS We report on the first automated transposon-based manufacturing process for CAR T cells that is ready for formal validation and use in clinical manufacturing campaigns. This process and platform have the potential to facilitate access of patients to CAR T cell therapy and to accelerate scaled, multiplexed manufacturing both in the academic and industry setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lock
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Razieh Monjezi
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Bates
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Karin Teppert
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Leon Gehrke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Teodora Lukic
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Niels Werchau
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Universitätskinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew Kaiser
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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