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Kumawat P, Agarwal LK, Sharma K. An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 Potential Targets, Inhibitors, and Computational Insights to Enrich the Promising Treatment Strategies. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:169. [PMID: 38733424 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has emphasized the urgent need for effective therapies to combat COVID-19. Investigating the potential targets, inhibitors, and in silico approaches pertinent to COVID-19 are of utmost need to develop novel therapeutic agents and reprofiling of existing FDA-approved drugs. This article reviews the viral enzymes and their counter receptors involved in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, replication of genomic RNA, and controlling the host cell physiology. In addition, the study provides an overview of the computational techniques such as docking simulations, molecular dynamics, QSAR modeling, and homology modeling that have been used to find the FDA-approved drugs and other inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of virus-based and host-based druggable targets from a structural point of view, together with the reported therapeutic compounds against SARS-CoV-2 have also been presented. The current study offers future perspectives for research in the field of network pharmacology investigating the large unexplored molecular libraries. Overall, the present in-depth review aims to expedite the process of identifying and repurposing drugs for researchers involved in the field of COVID-19 drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India.
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
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Shin-Ya M, Nakashio M, Ohgitani E, Suganami A, Kawamoto M, Ichitani M, Kobayashi M, Takihara T, Inaba T, Nukui Y, Kinugasa H, Ishikura H, Tamura Y, Mazda O. Effects of tea, catechins and catechin derivatives on Omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16577. [PMID: 37789046 PMCID: PMC10547759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 have multiple mutations in the S-proteins and show high transmissibility. We previously reported that tea catechin (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and its derivatives including theaflavin-3,3'-di-O-digallate (TFDG) strongly inactivated the conventional SARS-CoV-2 by binding to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S-protein. Here we show that Omicron subvariants were effectively inactivated by green tea, Matcha, and black tea. EGCG and TFDG strongly suppressed infectivity of BA.1 and XE subvariants, while effect on BA.2.75 was weaker. Neutralization assay showed that EGCG and TFDG inhibited interaction between BA.1 RBD and ACE2. In silico analyses suggested that N460K, G446S and F490S mutations in RBDs crucially influenced the binding of EGCG/TFDG to the RBDs. Healthy volunteers consumed a candy containing green tea or black tea, and saliva collected from them immediately after the candy consumption significantly decreased BA.1 virus infectivity in vitro. These results indicate specific amino acid substitutions in RBDs that crucially influence the binding of EGCG/TFDG to the RBDs and different susceptibility of each Omicron subvariant to EGCG/TFDG. The study may suggest molecular basis for potential usefulness of these compounds in suppression of mutant viruses that could emerge in the future and cause next pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Anti-Virus Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Nakashio
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaya Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaki Ichitani
- Department of Molecular Anti-Virus Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Tohru Inaba
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Nukui
- Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyasu Ishikura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Anti-Virus Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Nakashio M, Ohgitani E, Shin-Ya M, Kawamoto M, Ichitani M, Kobayashi M, Takihara T, Kinugasa H, Ishikura H, Mazda O. Milk Casein Inhibits Effect of Black Tea Galloylated Theaflavins to Inactivate SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1068. [PMID: 37760169 PMCID: PMC10526027 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuing caution is required against the potential emergence of SARS-CoV-2 novel mutants that could pose the next global health and socioeconomical threats. If virus in saliva can be inactivated by a beverage, such a beverage may be useful because the saliva of infected persons is the major origin of droplets and aerosols that mediate human-to-human viral transmission. We previously reported that SARS-CoV-2 was significantly inactivated by treatment in vitro with tea including green tea and black tea. Catechins and its derived compounds galloylated theaflavins (gTFs) bound to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S-protein and blocked interaction between RBD and ACE2. Black tea is often consumed with sugar, milk, lemon juice, etc., and it remains unclarified whether these ingredients may influence the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of black tea. Here, we examined the effect of black tea on Omicron subvariants in the presence of these ingredients. The infectivity of Omicron subvariants was decreased to 1/100 or lower after treatment with black tea for 10 s. One or two teaspoons of milk (4~8 mL) completely blocked the anti-viral effect of a cup of tea (125 mL), whereas an addition of sugar or lemon juice failed to do so. The suppressive effect was dose-dependently exerted by milk casein but not whey proteins. gTFs were coprecipitated with casein after acidification of milk-supplemented black tea, strongly suggesting the binding of gTFs to casein. The present study demonstrates for the first time that an addition of milk cancelled the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of black tea due to binding of casein to gTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Nakashio
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.N.)
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.N.)
| | - Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.N.)
- Department of Molecular Anti-Virus Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masaya Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.N.)
| | - Masaki Ichitani
- Department of Molecular Anti-Virus Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan
| | | | - Hitoshi Kinugasa
- Central Research Institute, ITO EN, Ltd., Shizuoka 421-0516, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Ishikura
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; (M.N.)
- Department of Molecular Anti-Virus Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Zhou S, Jin Q, Jiang X, Wang R, Wang B, Li J, Yao H, Yang Y, Gao W, Zhang W, Cao W. Application of remote fetal heart rate monitoring via internet in late pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technol Health Care 2023:THC220700. [PMID: 37125583 DOI: 10.3233/thc-220700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet-related technologies have rapidly developed and started to impact the traditional medical practices, which combined wireless communication technology as well as "cloud service" technology with electronic fetal heart monitoring have become a mainstream tendency. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical application value of remote fetal heart rate monitoring mode (RFHRM) on late pregnancy during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS From March 2021 to February 2022, we recruited 800 cases of pregnant women received prenatal examination at the Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital. These pregnant women were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (n= 400), which was given traditional management, and the observation group (n= 400), which received remote monitoring technology on this basis. The two groups were compared with neonatal asphyxia, pregnancy outcomes, Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS), prenatal examination expenses and total time consumption. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in pregnancy outcome and neonatal outcome (P> 0.05). However, total EPDS score of 12.5% pregnant women in TPE group were higher than 12. The TPE group had significantly higher mean EPDS scores compared with the RFHRM group (7.79 ± 3.58 vs 5.10 ± 3.07; P< 0.05). The results showed a significant difference in maternity expenses (2949.83 ± 456.07 vs 2455.37 ± 506.67; P< 0.05) and total time consumption (42.81 ± 7.60 vs 20.43 ± 4.16; P< 0.05) between the groups. CONCLUSION Remote fetal heart rate monitoring via Internet served as an innovative, acceptable, safe and effective reduced-frequency prenatal examination model without affecting the outcome of perinatology of pregnant women with different risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Zhou
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qinqin Jin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiya Jiang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hefei Municipal Health Commission, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yinting Yang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Anhui Medical University Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wujun Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Karamese M. All Microbiological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Virus. Eurasian J Med 2022; 54:106-114. [PMID: 36655453 PMCID: PMC11163349 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which was first seen in Wuhan (China) on December 31, 2019, rapidly spread to cities, countries, and continents and was noted in history as the first pandemic caused by coronaviruses. According to the World Health Organization reports, more than 645 million confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive cases and more than 6.5 million confirmed deaths were noted all over the world during the pandemic (between December 2020 and December 2022). Although SARS-CoV-2 is a virus belonging to the coronavirus family, our knowledge of the pathogenesis and immune response of SARS-CoV-2 is still limited. Approximately 10 years (2012) after the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) (nearly 2200 confirmed cases and 791 confirmed deaths) and 20 years (2002-2004) after the SARS-CoV epidemic (29 different countries, nearly 8000 confirmed cases, and 774 confirmed deaths), the current COVID-19 pandemic is a reminder of how new pathogens can emerge and spread rapidly, eventually causing serious public health problems. Further research is needed to establish animal models for SARSCoV-2 to investigate replication, transmission dynamics, and pathogenesis in humans in order to develop effective antiviral treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Karamese
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
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Shevachman M, Mandal A, Gelston K, Mitragotri S, Joshi N. A Long-Lasting Skin Protectant Based on CG-101, a Deep Eutectic Solvent Comprising Choline and Geranic Acid. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2200064. [PMID: 36381128 PMCID: PMC9638410 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 public health crisis has spotlighted the need to improve global hygiene and sanitization. In addition to causing staggering rates of transmission and fatality, COVID-19 has severely impacted the quality of life and mental health of global citizens. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) encourage hand hygiene as the first defense against the spread of infection, yet frequent handwashing is often impractical. Widely used ethanol-based hand sanitizers provide immediate protection against pathogens on the skin, albeit short-lived, due to their rapid evaporation. Herein, a novel, long-lasting skin protectant formulated with biocompatible ionic liquid/deep eutectic solvents prepared using generally recognized as safe materials - choline and geranic acid (CG-101, 5% w/w) - is described. In vitro studies demonstrated that CG-101 inactivates bacteria and the human coronavirus, hCoV229E, for 4 h after application. Two human clinical studies demonstrate that CG-101 does not cause skin irritation or sensitization, and a single application of CG-101 gel imparts skin protection against microbes for significantly longer than conventional 70% ethanol-based hand sanitizers. These data are the first to indicate that CG-101 may be a better alternative to alcohol-based hand sanitizers for long-term skin protection against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Shevachman
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
| | - Abhirup Mandal
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
| | - Kevin Gelston
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02138USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMA02115USA
| | - Nitin Joshi
- CAGE Bio Inc733 Industrial RoadSan CarlosCA94070USA
- CAGE Bio Inc181 Grand Avenue, Suite 225SouthlakeTX76092USA
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Development of Metal Complexes for Treatment of Coronaviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126418. [PMID: 35742870 PMCID: PMC9223400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (SARS-CoV-2) is a global epidemic. This pandemic, which has been linked to high rates of death, has forced some countries throughout the world to implement complete lockdowns in order to contain the spread of infection. Because of the advent of new coronavirus variants, it is critical to find effective treatments and vaccines to prevent the virus’s rapid spread over the world. In this regard, metal complexes have attained immense interest as antibody modifiers and antiviral therapies, and they have a lot of promise towards SARS-CoV-2 and their suggested mechanisms of action are discussed, i.e., a new series of metal complexes’ medicinal vital role in treatment of specific proteins or SARS-CoV-2 are described. The structures of the obtained metal complexes were fully elucidated by different analytical and spectroscopic techniques also. Molecular docking and pharmacophore studies presented that most of complexes studied influenced good binding affinity to the main protease SARS-CoV-2, which also was attained as from the RCSB pdb (Protein Data Bank) data PDB ID: 6 W41, to expect the action of metal complexes in contradiction of COVID-19. Experimental research is required to determine the pharmacokinetics of most of the complexes analyzed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2-related disease. Finally, the toxicity of a metal-containing inorganic complex will thus be discussed by its capability to transfer metals which may bind with targeted site.
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Malik JA, Aroosa M, Ahmed S, Shinde M, Alghamdi S, Almansour K, Hagbani TA, Alanazi MS, Anwar S. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: clinical endpoints and psychological perspectives: A literature review. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:515-525. [PMID: 35429790 PMCID: PMC8969448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About 270 million cases have been confirmed, and 5.3 million fatalities Worldwide due to SARS-CoV-2. Several vaccine candidates have entered phase 3 of the clinical trial and are being investigated to provide immunity to the maximum percentage of people. A safe and effective vaccine is required to tackle the current COVID-19 waves. There have been reports that clinical endpoints and psychological parameters are necessary to consider vaccine efficacy. This review examines the clinical endpoints required for a successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the influences of psychological parameters on its efficacy. Methods The main research question was to find out the clinical endpoints that determine the vaccine efficacy? And what kind of psychological parameters affect the vaccine efficacy? The information was taken from several journals, databases, and scientific search engines like Googe scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, WHO website, and other various sites. The research studies were searched using keywords; SAR-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, psychological effect on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine endpoints. Results This review has highlighted various clinical endpoints that are the main determinants of clinical vaccine efficacy. Currently, vaccinations are being carried out throughout the world; it is important to investigate the main determinants affecting vaccine efficacy. We have focused on the clinical endpoints and the influence of psychological parameters that affect the vaccine efficacy in clinical settings. The primary endpoints include the risk of infection, symptoms, and severity of COVID-19, while hospitalization length, supplemental oxygen requirement, and mechanical ventilation are secondary endpoints in the clinical endpoints. Some tangential endpoints were also considered, including organ dysfunction, stroke, and MI. Many psychological associated things have influenced the vaccine efficacy, like the lower antibody titers in the vaccinated people. In addition to that, Short- and long-term stress and sleep deprivation were also found to affect the vaccine efficacy. Conclusion The review summarizes the important clinical endpoints required for a successful vaccine candidate. In addition to primary and secondary endpoints, auxiliary endpoints and the disease burden also play an important role in modulating vaccine efficacy. Moreover, the psychological perspective also influences vaccine efficacy. Effective follow-up of participants should follow to examine the clinical endpoints to reach any conclusion about vaccine efficacy.
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Khan S, Siddique R, Hao X, Lin Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Hua L, Nabi G. The COVID-19 infection in children and its association with the immune system, prenatal stress, and neurological complications. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:707-716. [PMID: 35002519 PMCID: PMC8741858 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)” caused by the “severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)” has caused huge losses to the world due to the unavailability of effective treatment options. It is now a serious threat to humans as it causes severe respiratory disease, neurological complications, and other associated problems. Although COVID-19 generally causes mild and recoverable symptoms in children, it can cause serious severe symptoms and death causing complications. Most importantly, SARS-CoV-2 can cause neurological complications in children, such as shortness of breath, myalgia, stroke, and encephalopathy. These problems are highly linked with cytokine storm and proinflammatory responses, which can alter the physiology of the blood-brain barrier and allow the virus to enter the brain. Despite the direct infection caused by the virus entry into the brain, these neurological complications can result from indirect means such as severe immune responses. This review discusses viral transmission, transport to the brain, the associated prenatal stress, and neurological and/or immunological complications in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hao
- Advanced Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueting Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Child Healthcare, Hubei Maternal and Children's Hospital, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Linlin Hua
- Advanced Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
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10
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Ting M, Suzuki JB. SARS-CoV-2: Overview and Its Impact on Oral Health. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111690. [PMID: 34829919 PMCID: PMC8615973 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its virulent variants causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide, and is highly contagious. A comprehensive search was conducted for the most current published information about SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, and oral health. Clinical studies, case reports, in vivo studies, and any current published evidence on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 were included in this review. Survival against SARS-CoV-2 infection may be partially dependent on periodontal health, good oral hygiene, and access to dental care. Optimum oral health, maintaining good systemic health, and elimination of smoking habits may be beneficial for the prevention and management of COVID-19 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ting
- Think Dental Learning Institute, Paoli, PA 19301, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-610-601-8898
| | - Jon B. Suzuki
- School of Medicine and School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA;
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11
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Rahman A, Kuddus MA, Ip RHL, Bewong M. A Review of COVID-19 Modelling Strategies in Three Countries to Develop a Research Framework for Regional Areas. Viruses 2021; 13:2185. [PMID: 34834990 PMCID: PMC8623457 DOI: 10.3390/v13112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, an outbreak of COVID-19 occurred in Wuhan city, China. Modelling plays a crucial role in developing a strategy to prevent a disease outbreak from spreading around the globe. Models have contributed to the perspicacity of epidemiological variations between and within nations and the planning of desired control strategies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to summarise knowledge about COVID-19 disease modelling in three countries-China, the UK and Australia-to develop a robust research framework for the regional areas that are urban and rural health districts of New South Wales, Australia. In different aspects of modelling, summarising disease and intervention strategies can help policymakers control the outbreak of COVID-19 and may motivate modelling disease-related research at a finer level of regional geospatial scales in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizur Rahman
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.A.K.); (R.H.L.I.); (M.B.)
- Institute for Land, Water and Society (ILWS), Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia
| | - Md Abdul Kuddus
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.A.K.); (R.H.L.I.); (M.B.)
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia
- Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Ryan H. L. Ip
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.A.K.); (R.H.L.I.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Bewong
- School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (M.A.K.); (R.H.L.I.); (M.B.)
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12
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Balkrishna A, Arya V, Rohela A, Kumar A, Verma R, Kumar D, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Thakur N, Thakur N, Kumar P. Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1129. [PMID: 34696237 PMCID: PMC8537718 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 claimed numerous lives and put nations on high alert. The lack of antiviral medications and the small number of approved vaccines, as well as the recurrence of adverse effects, necessitates the development of novel treatment ways to combat COVID-19. In this context, using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, we gathered information about nanotechnology's involvement in the prevention, diagnosis and virus-like particle vaccine development. This review revealed that various nanomaterials like gold, polymeric, graphene and poly amino ester with carboxyl group coated magnetic nanoparticles have been explored for the fast detection of SARS-CoV-2. Personal protective equipment fabricated with nanoparticles, such as gloves, masks, clothes, surfactants, and Ag, TiO2 based disinfectants played an essential role in halting COVID-19 transmission. Nanoparticles are used not only in vaccine delivery, such as lipid nanoparticles mediated transport of mRNA-based Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, but also in the development of vaccine as the virus-like particles elicit an immune response. There are now 18 virus-like particle vaccines in pre-clinical development, with one of them, developed by Novavax, reported being in phase 3 trials. Due to the probability of upcoming COVID-19 waves, and the rise of new diseases, the future relevance of virus-like particles is imperative. Furthermore, psychosocial variables linked to vaccine reluctance constitute a critical problem that must be addressed immediately to avert pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Acharya Balkrishna
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (V.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Vedpriya Arya
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (V.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Allied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Haridwar 249405, India
| | - Akansha Rohela
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (V.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar 249405, India; (A.B.); (V.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Naveen Thakur
- Department of Physics, Career Point University, Hamirpur 177001, India; (N.T.); (N.T.); (P.K.)
| | - Nikesh Thakur
- Department of Physics, Career Point University, Hamirpur 177001, India; (N.T.); (N.T.); (P.K.)
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Physics, Career Point University, Hamirpur 177001, India; (N.T.); (N.T.); (P.K.)
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13
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Müller WEG, Neufurth M, Lieberwirth I, Muñoz-Espí R, Wang S, Schröder HC, Wang X. Triple-target stimuli-responsive anti-COVID-19 face mask with physiological virus-inactivating agents. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:6052-6063. [PMID: 34190748 PMCID: PMC8439182 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conventional face masks to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission are mostly based on a passive filtration principle. Ideally, anti-COVID-19 masks should protect the carrier not only by size exclusion of virus aerosol particles, but also be able to capture and destroy or inactivate the virus. Here we present the proof-of-concept of a filter mat for such a mask, which actively attracts aerosol droplets and kills the virus. The electrospun mats are made of polycaprolactone (PCL) a hydrophilic, functionalizable and biodegradable polyester, into which inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) a physiological biocompatible, biodegradable and antivirally active polymer (chain length, ∼40 Pi units) has been integrated. A soluble Na-polyP as well as amorphous calcium polyP nanoparticles (Ca-polyP-NP) have been used. In this composition, the polyP component of the polyP-PCL mats is stable in aqueous protein-free environment, but capable of transforming into a gel-like coacervate upon contact with divalent cations and protein like mucin present in (virus containing) aerosol droplets. In addition, the Ca-polyP-NP are used as a carrier of tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which blocks the function of the SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein, an ion channel forming viroporin. The properties of this novel mask filter mats are as follows: First, to attract and to trap virus-like particles during the polyP coacervate formation induced in situ by aerosol droplets on the spun PCL fibers, as shown here by using SARS-CoV-2 mimicking fluorescent nanoparticles. Second, after disintegration the NP by the aerosol-mucus constituents, to release polyP that binds to and abolishes the function of the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein. Third, to destroy the virus by releasing tretinoin, as shown by the disruption of virus-mimicking liposomes with the integrated recombinant viral viroporin. It is proposed that these properties, which are inducible (stimuli responsive), will allow the design of antiviral masks that are smart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- NanotecMARIN GmbH, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- NanotecMARIN GmbH, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Idili A, Parolo C, Alvarez-Diduk R, Merkoçi A. Rapid and Efficient Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Using an Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensor. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3093-3101. [PMID: 34375076 PMCID: PMC8370117 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
availability of sensors able to rapidly detect SARS-CoV-2 directly
in biological fluids in a single step would allow performing massive
diagnostic testing to track in real time and contain the spread of
COVID-19. Motivated by this, here, we developed an electrochemical
aptamer-based (EAB) sensor able to achieve the rapid, reagentless,
and quantitative measurement of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein.
First, we demonstrated the ability of the selected aptamer to undergo
a binding-induced conformational change in the presence of its target
using fluorescence spectroscopy. Then, we engineered the aptamer to
work as a bioreceptor in the EAB platform and we demonstrated its
sensitivity and specificity. Finally, to demonstrate the clinical
potential of the sensor, we tested it directly in biological fluids
(serum and artificial saliva), achieving the rapid (minutes) and single-step
detection of the S protein in its clinical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Idili
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruslán Alvarez-Diduk
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institucio′ Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Chatterjee S, Mishra S, Chowdhury KD, Ghosh CK, Saha KD. Various theranostics and immunization strategies based on nanotechnology against Covid-19 pandemic: An interdisciplinary view. Life Sci 2021; 278:119580. [PMID: 33991549 PMCID: PMC8114615 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is still a major risk to human civilization. Besides the global immunization policy, more than five lac new cases are documented everyday. Some countries newly implement partial/complete nationwid lockdown to mitigate recurrent community spreading. To avoid the new modified stain of SARS-CoV-2 spreading, some countries imposed any restriction on the movement of the citizens within or outside the country. Effective economical point of care diagnostic and therapeutic strategy is vigorously required to mitigate viral spread. Besides struggling with repurposed medicines, new engineered materials with multiple unique efficacies and specific antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2 infection may be fruitful to save more lives. Nanotechnology-based engineering strategy sophisticated medicine with specific, effective and nonhazardous delivery mechanism for available repurposed antivirals as well as remedial for associated diseases due to malfeasance in immuno-system e.g. hypercytokinaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome. This review will talk about gloomy but critical areas for nanoscientists to intervene and will showcase about the different laboratory diagnostic, prognostic strategies and their mode of actions. In addition, we speak about SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology, pathogenicity and host specific interation with special emphasis on altered immuno-system and also perceptualized, copious ways to design prophylactic nanomedicines and next-generation vaccines based on recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Chatterjee
- Molecular Biology and Tissue Culture Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar College, Kolkata-700006, India
| | - Snehasis Mishra
- Cancer and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Kaustav Dutta Chowdhury
- Cyto-genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Rammohan College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata-700009, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Ghosh
- School of Material Science and Nanotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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16
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Rapid Inactivation In Vitro of SARS-CoV-2 in Saliva by Black Tea and Green Tea. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060721. [PMID: 34201131 PMCID: PMC8227886 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva plays major roles in the human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. If the virus in saliva in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals can be rapidly and efficiently inactivated by a beverage, the ingestion of the beverage may attenuate the spread of virus infection within a population. Recently, we reported that SARS-CoV-2 was significantly inactivated by treatment with black tea, green tea, roasted green tea and oolong tea, as well as their constituents, (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), theasinensin A (TSA), and galloylated theaflavins. However, it remains unclear to what extent tea inactivates the virus present in saliva, because saliva contains various proteins, nitrogenous products, electrolytes, and so on, which could influence the antivirus effect of tea. Here, we assessed whether tea inactivated the SARS-CoV-2 which was added in human saliva. A virus was added in healthy human saliva in vitro, and after treatment with black tea or green tea, the infectivity of the virus was evaluated by TCID50 assays. The virus titer fell below the detectable level or less than 1/100 after treatment with black tea or green tea for 10 s. The black tea-treated virus less remarkably replicated in cells compared with the untreated virus. These findings suggest the possibility that the ingestion of tea may inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva in infected individuals, although clinical studies are required to determine the intensity and duration of the anti-viral effect of tea in saliva in humans.
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17
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Godoy MG, Kibenge MJT, Kibenge FSB. SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aquatic food animal species or their products: A review. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 536:736460. [PMID: 33564203 PMCID: PMC7860939 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) have been reported in workers in fish farms and fish processing plants arising from person-to-person transmission, raising concerns about aquatic animal food products' safety. A better understanding of such incidents is important for the aquaculture industry's sustainability, particularly with the global trade in fresh and frozen aquatic animal food products where contaminating virus could survive for some time. Despite a plethora of COVID-19-related scientific publications, there is a lack of reports on the risk of contact with aquatic food animal species or their products. This review aimed to examine the potential for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) contamination and the potential transmission via aquatic food animals or their products and wastewater effluents. The extracellular viability of SARS-CoV-2 and how the virus is spread are reviewed, supporting the understanding that contaminated cold-chain food sources may introduce SAR-CoV-2 via food imports although the virus is unlikely to infect humans through consumption of aquatic food animals or their products or drinking water; i.e., SARS-CoV-2 is not a foodborne virus and should not be managed as such but instead through strong, multifaceted public health interventions including physical distancing, rapid contact tracing, and testing, enhanced hand and respiratory hygiene, frequent disinfection of high-touch surfaces, isolation of infected workers and their contacts, as well as enhanced screening protocols for international seafood trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede De La Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, 5480000, Chile
- Doctorado en Acuicultura. Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Molly J T Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Frederick S B Kibenge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, P.E.I., C1A 4P3, Canada
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18
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Siddique R, Bai Q, Shereen MA, Nabi G, Han G, Rashid F, Ahmed S, Benzhanova A, Xue M, Khan S. Evidence and speculations: vaccines and therapeutic options for COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1113-1121. [PMID: 33064630 PMCID: PMC8018497 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1824497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) emerged in China, at the end of December 2019 which posed an International Public Health Emergency, and later declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) named it SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), while the disease was named COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease- 2019). Many questions related to the exact mode of transmission, animal origins, and antiviral therapeutics are not clear yet. Nevertheless, it is required to urgently launch a new protocol to evaluate the side effects of unapproved vaccines and antiviral therapeutics to accelerate the clinical application of new drugs. In this review, we highlight the most salient characteristics and recent findings of COVID-19 disease, molecular virology, interspecies mechanisms, and health consequences related to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabeea Siddique
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Farooq Rashid
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aigerim Benzhanova
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
- Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
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Andrés M, Leon-Ramirez JM, Moreno-Perez O, Sánchez-Payá J, Gayá I, Esteban V, Ribes I, Torrus-Tendero D, González-de-la-Aleja P, Llorens P, Boix V, Gil J, Merino E. Fatality and risk features for prognosis in COVID-19 according to the care approach - a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248869. [PMID: 33755683 PMCID: PMC7987197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study analyzed the impact of a categorized approach, based on patients’ prognosis, on major outcomes and explanators in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia in an academic center in Spain. Methods Retrospective cohort study (March 3 to May 2, 2020). Patients were categorized according to the followed clinical management, as maximum care or limited therapeutic effort (LTE). Main outcomes were all-cause mortality and need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Baseline factors associated with outcomes were analyzed by multiple logistic regression, estimating odds ratios (OR; 95%CI). Results Thirty-hundred and six patients were hospitalized, median age 65.0 years, 57.8% males, 53.3% Charlson index ≥3. The overall all-cause fatality rate was 15.0% (n = 46). Maximum care was provided in 238 (77.8%), IMV was used in 38 patients (16.0%), and 5.5% died. LTE was decided in 68 patients (22.2%), none received IMV and fatality was 48.5%. Independent risk factors of mortality under maximum care were lymphocytes <790/mm3, troponin T >15ng/L and hypotension. Advanced age, lymphocytes <790/mm3 and BNP >240pg/mL independently associated with IMV requirement. Conclusion Overall fatality in the cohort was 15% but markedly varied regarding the decided approach (maximum care versus LTE), translating into nine-fold higher mortality and different risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Andrés
- Department of Rheumatology, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Jose-Manuel Leon-Ramirez
- Department of Pneumology, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Oscar Moreno-Perez
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Payá
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gayá
- Department of Pneumology, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Violeta Esteban
- Department of Pneumology, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Isabel Ribes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Diego Torrus-Tendero
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Parasitology Area, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Pilar González-de-la-Aleja
- Department of Internal Medicine, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Pere Llorens
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Department of Emergency, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Vicente Boix
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Joan Gil
- Department of Pneumology, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Esperanza Merino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Alicante General University Hospital, Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Rashidzadeh H, Danafar H, Rahimi H, Mozafari F, Salehiabar M, Rahmati MA, Rahamooz-Haghighi S, Mousazadeh N, Mohammadi A, Ertas YN, Ramazani A, Huseynova I, Khalilov R, Davaran S, Webster TJ, Kavetskyy T, Eftekhari A, Nosrati H, Mirsaeidi M. Nanotechnology against the novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2): diagnosis, treatment, therapy and future perspectives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:497-516. [PMID: 33683164 PMCID: PMC7938776 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, as an emerging infectious disease, has caused significant mortality and morbidity along with socioeconomic impact. No effective treatment or vaccine has been approved yet for this pandemic disease. Cutting-edge tools, especially nanotechnology, should be strongly considered to tackle this virus. This review aims to propose several strategies to design and fabricate effective diagnostic and therapeutic agents against COVID-19 by the aid of nanotechnology. Polymeric, inorganic self-assembling materials and peptide-based nanoparticles are promising tools for battling COVID-19 as well as its rapid diagnosis. This review summarizes all of the exciting advances nanomaterials are making toward COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Rashidzadeh
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Danafar
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research & Education Center of Nanobiotechnology & Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Hossein Rahimi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Mozafari
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Salehiabar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rahmati
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rahamooz-Haghighi
- Department of Plant Production & Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Navid Mousazadeh
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yavuz Nuri Ertas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- ERNAM-Nanotechnology Research & Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Irada Huseynova
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnologies, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 11 Izzat Nabiyev, Baku AZ 1073, Azerbaijan
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research & Education Center of Nanobiotechnology & Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Biophysics & Biochemistry, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, 1/1, Malaya Pirogovskaya St, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research & Education Center of Nanobiotechnology & Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-65811, Iran
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research & Education Center of Nanobiotechnology & Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Surface Engineering, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, 82100 Drohobych, Ukraine
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh 78151-55158, Iran
- Department of Surface Engineering, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Russian Institute for Advanced Study, Moscow State Pedagogical University, 1/1, Malaya Pirogovskaya St, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Polymer Institute of SAS, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 41, Slovakia
| | - Hamed Nosrati
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Joint Ukraine-Azerbaijan International Research & Education Center of Nanobiotechnology & Functional Nanosystems, Drohobych, Ukraine, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
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21
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Hodgson SH, Mansatta K, Mallett G, Harris V, Emary KRW, Pollard AJ. What defines an efficacious COVID-19 vaccine? A review of the challenges assessing the clinical efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 21:e26-e35. [PMID: 33125914 PMCID: PMC7837315 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 1 million deaths in the first 6 months of the pandemic and huge economic and social upheaval internationally. An efficacious vaccine is essential to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Although some countries might deploy COVID-19 vaccines on the strength of safety and immunogenicity data alone, the goal of vaccine development is to gain direct evidence of vaccine efficacy in protecting humans against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 so that manufacture of efficacious vaccines can be selectively upscaled. A candidate vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 might act against infection, disease, or transmission, and a vaccine capable of reducing any of these elements could contribute to disease control. However, the most important efficacy endpoint, protection against severe disease and death, is difficult to assess in phase 3 clinical trials. In this Review, we explore the challenges in assessing the efficacy of candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, discuss the caveats needed to interpret reported efficacy endpoints, and provide insight into answering the seemingly simple question, "Does this COVID-19 vaccine work?"
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kushal Mansatta
- University of Oxford Clinical Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Garry Mallett
- University of Oxford Clinical Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Victoria Harris
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Primary Care Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine R W Emary
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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22
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Khan S, Siddique R, Xiaoyan W, Zhang R, Nabi G, Sohail Afzal M, Liu J, Xue M. Mental health consequences of infections by coronaviruses including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01901. [PMID: 33314732 PMCID: PMC7882169 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and stress like mental illnesses are the common outcomes of viral epidemics and pandemics. Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, and then spread all over the world in a short time. OBJECTIVES To highlight and discuss the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental or psychological health. METHOD Literature search and collection of the information were performed using PubMed, the reports from the World health organization, and the Center for disease control and prevention. RESULTS COVID-19 infection has already been declared as a global pandemic, which in association with infodemic has increased the risk of psychiatric/psychological disorders. A large population of the world is prone to develop anxiety, depressive disorders, and other mental abnormalities. Therefore, timely psychological interventions and preventive strategies are required. Moreover, the infection has been reported to be linked with cerebrovascular conditions; therefore, patients with underlying cerebrovascular diseases should be given attention. CONCLUSION COVID-19-mediated mental health complications and cerebrovascular conditions may cause a huge burden on healthcare communities in the future. Therefore, timely intervention and the development or application of preventive strategies are required to decrease the risk of neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rabeea Siddique
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wang Xiaoyan
- Child Health Department, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruiyi Zhang
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Muhammad Sohail Afzal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Deparmtent of respiratory diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Pal M, Musib D, Roy M. Transition metal complexes as potential tools against SARS-CoV-2: an in silicoapproach. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04578k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Screening of selected transition metal-based antiviral agents,in silico, predicted the potential inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 which emerged as the potential drug candidate for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynak Pal
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Manipur
- Imphal
- India
| | - Dulal Musib
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Manipur
- Imphal
- India
| | - Mithun Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Manipur
- Imphal
- India
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24
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Mazur-Bialy AI, Kołomańska-Bogucka D, Tim S, Opławski M. Pregnancy and Childbirth in the COVID-19 Era-The Course of Disease and Maternal-Fetal Transmission. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3749. [PMID: 33233369 PMCID: PMC7700491 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From the beginning of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, special attention has been paid to pregnant women and to monitoring comorbidities, such as gestational diabetes and hypertension, which could increase their risk of disease and death. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the available knowledge on the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women as well as the risk of maternal-fetal transmission. The study indicated that the course of COVID-19 is worse in pregnant women who are more often admitted to intensive care units or who require mechanical ventilation than nonpregnant women with COVID-19. Some symptoms, such as dyspnea and cough, were similar to those observed in nonpregnant women, but fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, and diarrhea were less frequent. A study revealed that premature delivery and cesarean section were more common in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19. In addition, recent studies confirm the possibility of intrauterine maternal-fetal transmission by positive genetic tests and the presence of IgM in newborns just after delivery; at the moment, the probability of transmission through mother's milk is inconclusive. Considering all the above, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is an important factor that threatens the health and life of both the mother and the fetus, but further studies are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (D.K.-B.); (S.T.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Zlotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Daria Kołomańska-Bogucka
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (D.K.-B.); (S.T.)
| | - Sabina Tim
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 20, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (D.K.-B.); (S.T.)
| | - Marcin Opławski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Zlotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Kraków, Poland;
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25
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Khan S, Tombuloglu H, Hassanein SE, Rehman S, Bozkurt A, Cevik E, Abdel-Ghany S, Nabi G, Ali A, Sabit H. Coronavirus diseases 2019: Current biological situation and potential therapeutic perspective. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173447. [PMID: 32763302 PMCID: PMC7403098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China at the end of December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is a highly pathogenic zoonotic virus and closely related to the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic due to its high infectiousness, and worldwide morbidities and mortalities. The Chinese scientists at the start of the outbreak reported genome sequences, which made the characterization of glycoproteins and other structural proteins possible. Moreover, researchers across the world have widely focused on understanding basic biology, developing vaccines, and therapeutic drugs against the COVID-19. However, until now, no promising treatment options, as well as vaccines, are available. In this review, we have described SARS-CoV-2's genome, transmission, and pathogenicity. We also discussed novel potential therapeutic agents that can help to treat the COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Huseyin Tombuloglu
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh E. Hassanein
- Bioinformatics Dept., Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Dept., College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 77, Giza, Egypt
| | - Suriya Rehman
- Department of Epidemic Diseases Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayhan Bozkurt
- Department of Physics, Institute for Medical Research and Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box: 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emre Cevik
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 77, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, PR China
| | - Ashaq Ali
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiao Hong Shan No.44, Wuhan, PR China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hussein Sabit
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author
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26
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Orooji Y, Sohrabi H, Hemmat N, Oroojalian F, Baradaran B, Mokhtarzadeh A, Mohaghegh M, Karimi-Maleh H. An Overview on SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Other Human Coronaviruses and Their Detection Capability via Amplification Assay, Chemical Sensing, Biosensing, Immunosensing, and Clinical Assays. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 13:18. [PMID: 33163530 PMCID: PMC7604542 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus of zoonotic origin (SARS-CoV-2) has recently been recognized in patients with acute respiratory disease. COVID-19 causative agent is structurally and genetically similar to SARS and bat SARS-like coronaviruses. The drastic increase in the number of coronavirus and its genome sequence have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform bioinformatics and genomics analysis on this class of viruses. Clinical tests like PCR and ELISA for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed for early identification of infected patients. However, these techniques are expensive and not readily available for point-of-care (POC) applications. Currently, lack of any rapid, available, and reliable POC detection method gives rise to the progression of COVID-19 as a horrible global problem. To solve the negative features of clinical investigation, we provide a brief introduction of the general features of coronaviruses and describe various amplification assays, sensing, biosensing, immunosensing, and aptasensing for the determination of various groups of coronaviruses applied as a template for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. All sensing and biosensing techniques developed for the determination of various classes of coronaviruses are useful to recognize the newly immerged coronavirus, i.e., SARS-CoV-2. Also, the introduction of sensing and biosensing methods sheds light on the way of designing a proper screening system to detect the virus at the early stage of infection to tranquilize the speed and vastity of spreading. Among other approaches investigated among molecular approaches and PCR or recognition of viral diseases, LAMP-based methods and LFAs are of great importance for their numerous benefits, which can be helpful to design a universal platform for detection of future emerging pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hessamaddin Sohrabi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471 Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamad Mohaghegh
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Islamic Republic of Iran
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu, 611731 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
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27
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COVID-19: Current Developments and Further Opportunities in Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100945. [PMID: 33023033 PMCID: PMC7601382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has affected people from all age groups, races and ethnicities. Given that many infected individuals are asymptomatic, they transmit the disease to others unknowingly, which has resulted in the spread of infection at an alarming rate. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, preventive measures to reduce the disease spread, therapies currently in use, an update on vaccine development and opportunities for vaccine delivery. The World Health Organization has advised several precautions including social distancing, hand washing and the use of PPE including gloves and face masks for minimizing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection. At present, several antiviral therapies previously approved for other infections are being repositioned to study their efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. In addition, some medicines (i.e., remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine) have received emergency use authorisation from the FDA. Plasma therapy has also been authorised for emergency use for the treatment of COVID-19 on a smaller scale. However, no vaccine has been approved so far against this virus. Nevertheless, several potential vaccine targets have been reported, and development of different types of vaccines including DNA, mRNA, viral vector, inactivated, subunit and vaccine-like particles is in process. It is concluded that a suitable candidate delivered through an advanced drug delivery approach would effectively boost the immune system against this coronavirus.
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28
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Jirge PR, Patwardhan S, Jirge SN, Bhomkar DA, Chougule SM, Salpekar A, Modi D. Resuming Assisted Reproduction Services during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Initial Indian Experience. J Hum Reprod Sci 2020; 13:323-332. [PMID: 33627983 PMCID: PMC7879848 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_211_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic of COVID-19 has affected many countries and medical services including assisted reproductive treatment (ART) have been hampered. AIM The study was conducted to assess the preparedness of ART clinics and staff to resume services; patients' reasons to initiate treatment; and key performance indicators (KPIs) of ART laboratories during the pandemic. SETTING AND DESIGN This was a semidescriptive, prospective study in two private in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics in Maharashtra, India, when COVID-19 testing for asymptomatic people was unavailable. MATERIALS AND METHODS Time required for replenishing consumables and clinic preparedness to function under "new norms" of pandemic was documented. Infection mitigation measures and triaging strategy were evaluated. KPIs following resumption were analyzed. The Student's t-test was performed for comparing parameters. RESULTS Thirty percent of the patients consulted through telemedicine accepted or were eligible to initiate treatment on clinic resumption. Lack of safe transport and financial constraints prevented majority from undergoing IVF, and 9% delayed treatment due to fear of pandemic. With adequate training, staff compliance to meet new demands was achieved within a week, but procuring consumables and injections was time-consuming. Fifty-two cycles of IVF were performed including fresh and frozen embryo transfers with satisfactory KPIs even during pandemic. Conscious sedation and analgesia during oocyte retrieval were associated with reduced procedure time and no intervention for airway maintenance compared to general anesthesia. Self-reported pain scores by patients ranged from nil to mild on a graphic rating scale. CONCLUSIONS This study provides practical insight for the resumption of IVF services during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Rekha Jirge
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sushrut Assisted Conception Clinic & Shreyas Hospital, Kolhapur, India
| | - Sadhana Patwardhan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nagpur Test Tube Baby Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Shishir Narendra Jirge
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sushrut Assisted Conception Clinic & Shreyas Hospital, Kolhapur, India
| | - Deepali A. Bhomkar
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sushrut Assisted Conception Clinic & Shreyas Hospital, Kolhapur, India
| | - Shruti M. Chougule
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sushrut Assisted Conception Clinic & Shreyas Hospital, Kolhapur, India
| | - Anita Salpekar
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Nagpur Test Tube Baby Centre, Nagpur, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Rproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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