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Rajamanickam A, Nathella PK, Venkataraman A, Chandrasekaran P, Rajendraprasath S, Devaleenal BD, Pandiarajan AN, Krishnakumar G, Venkat Ramanan P, Babu S. Elucidating systemic immune responses to acute and convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and elderly individuals. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1167. [PMID: 38415923 PMCID: PMC10832318 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a causative pathogen of the COVID-19 pandemic, affects all age groups. However, various studies have shown that COVID-19 presentation and severity vary considerably with age. We, therefore, wanted to examine the differences between the immune responses of children with COVID-19 and elderly COVID-19 individuals. METHODS We analyzed cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and acute phase proteins in acute and convalescent COVID-19 children and the elderly with acute and convalescent COVID-19. RESULTS We show that most of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon [IFN]γ, interleukin [IL]-2, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNFα], IL-1α, IFNα, IFNβ, IL-6, IL-12, IL-3, IL-7, IL-1Ra, IL-13, and IL-10), chemokines (CCL4, CCL11, CCL19, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL8, and CXL10), growth factors (vascular endothelial growth factor and CD40L) and acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and haptoglobin) were decreased in children with acute COVID 19 as compared with elderly individuals. In contrast, children with acute COVID-19 exhibited elevated levels of cytokines- IL-1β, IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-25, growth factors-fibroblast growth factor-2, platelet- derived growth factors-BB, and transforming growth factorα as compared with elderly individuals. Similar, differences were manifest in children and elderly with convalescent COVID-19. CONCLUSION Thus, COVID-19 children are characterized by distinct cytokine/chemokine/growth factor/acute phase protein markers that are markedly different from elderly COVID-19 individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- Department of ICERNational Institutes of Health‐National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis—International Center for Excellence in ResearchChennaiIndia
| | - Pavan Kumar Nathella
- Department of ImmunologyICMR−National Institute for Research in TuberculosisChennaiIndia
| | - Aishwarya Venkataraman
- Department of Clinical ResearchICMR−National Institute for Research in TuberculosisChennaiIndia
| | | | | | - Bella D. Devaleenal
- Department of Clinical ResearchICMR−National Institute for Research in TuberculosisChennaiIndia
| | - Arul Nancy Pandiarajan
- Department of ICERNational Institutes of Health‐National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis—International Center for Excellence in ResearchChennaiIndia
| | - Gowshika Krishnakumar
- Department of PaediatricsSri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & ResearchChennaiIndia
| | | | - Subash Babu
- Department of ICERNational Institutes of Health‐National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis—International Center for Excellence in ResearchChennaiIndia
- Laboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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Rajamanickam A, Kumar NP, Venkataraman A, Varadarjan P, Selladurai E, Sankaralingam T, Thiruvengadam K, Selvam R, Thimmaiah A, Natarajan S, Ramaswamy G, Putlibai S, Sadasivam K, Sundaram B, Hissar S, Ranganathan UD, Babu S. Sex-specific differences in systemic immune responses in MIS-C children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1720. [PMID: 38243064 PMCID: PMC10799056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a rare manifestation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that can result in increased morbidity and mortality. Mounting evidence describes sex disparities in the clinical outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is a lack of information on sex-specific differences in immune responses in MIS-C. This study is an observational and cross-sectional study and we wanted to examine immune parameters such as cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins (APPs), growth factors, microbial translocation markers (MTMs), complement components and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in MIS-C children, based on sex. Male children were associated with heightened levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines-IFNγ, IL-2, TNFα, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, G-CSF and GM-CSF, chemokines-CCL2, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL8 and CXCL10, acute phase proteins-α-2M, CRP, growth factors VEGF and TGFα, microbial translocation markers- iFABP, LBP, EndoCAb, complement components-C1q, MBL and C3 and matrix metalloproteinases MMP-8 and MMP-9 compared to female children with MIS-C. These results indicate that the heightened immune response in males is a characteristic feature of MIS-C. These findings might explain the differential disease pathogenesis in males compared to females with MIS-C and facilitate a deeper understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rajamanickam
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis - International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Syed Hissar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis - International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kumar NP, Venkataraman A, Nancy A, Selvaraj N, Moideen K, Ahamed SF, Renji RM, Sasidaran K, Kumar S, Periyakuppan M, Sangaralingam T, Varadarajan P, Chelladurai E, Babu S. Immune Profiles in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with Cardiovascular Abnormalities. Viruses 2023; 15:2162. [PMID: 38005840 PMCID: PMC10674423 DOI: 10.3390/v15112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a sequela of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection (SARS-CoV2), has been progressively reported worldwide, with cardiac involvement being a frequent presentation. Although the clinical and immunological characteristics of MIS-C with and without cardiac involvement have been described, the immunological differences between cardiac and non-cardiac MIS-C are not well understood. METHODS The levels of type 1, type 2, type 17, other proinflammatory cytokines and CC chemokines and CXC chemokines were measured using the Magpix multiplex cytokine assay system in MIS-C children with MIS-C cardiac (MIS-C (C) (n = 88)) and MIS-C non-cardiac (MIS-C (NC) (n = 64)) abnormalities. RESULTS MIS-C children with cardiac manifestations presented with significantly increased levels of cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-2, TNFα, IL-5, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12p70 and chemokines such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL11 and CXCL10 in comparison to MIS-C children without cardiac manifestations. Clustering analysis revealed that cytokines and chemokines could clearly distinguish MIS-C children with and without cardiac manifestations. In addition, these responses significantly diminished and normalized 9 months after treatment. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies characterizing and differentiating systemic inflammation in MIS-C with and without cardiac involvement from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC). Our study contributes to the existing body of evidence and advances our knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of MIS-C in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; (A.V.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Aishwarya Venkataraman
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; (A.V.); (S.F.A.)
| | - Arul Nancy
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (A.N.); (N.S.); (K.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Nandhini Selvaraj
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (A.N.); (N.S.); (K.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (A.N.); (N.S.); (K.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Shaik Fayaz Ahamed
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, India; (A.V.); (S.F.A.)
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (A.N.); (N.S.); (K.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Rachel Marriam Renji
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (A.N.); (N.S.); (K.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.B.)
| | - Kandasamy Sasidaran
- Dr. Mehta’s Children’s Hospital, Chennai 600031, India; (K.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.)
| | - Sandip Kumar
- Dr. Mehta’s Children’s Hospital, Chennai 600031, India; (K.S.); (M.P.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | - Poovazhagi Varadarajan
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai 600008, India; (P.V.); (E.C.)
| | - Elilarasi Chelladurai
- Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Chennai 600008, India; (P.V.); (E.C.)
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai 600031, India; (A.N.); (N.S.); (K.M.); (R.M.R.); (S.B.)
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Salomão R, Assis V, de Sousa Neto IV, Petriz B, Babault N, Durigan JLQ, de Cássia Marqueti R. Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases in COVID-19: Molecular Targets, Mechanisms, and Insights for Therapeutic Interventions. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:843. [PMID: 37372128 PMCID: PMC10295079 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
MMPs are enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Notably, the proteolytic activation of MMPs can occur through angiotensin II, immune cells, cytokines, and pro-oxidant agents. However, comprehensive information regarding the impact of MMPs in the different physiological systems with disease progression is not fully understood. In the current study, we review the recent biological advances in understanding the function of MMPs and examine time-course changes in MMPs during COVID-19. In addition, we explore the interplay between pre-existing comorbidities, disease severity, and MMPs. The reviewed studies showed increases in different MMP classes in the cerebrospinal fluid, lung, myocardium, peripheral blood cells, serum, and plasma in patients with COVID-19 compared to non-infected individuals. Individuals with arthritis, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and cancer had higher MMP levels when infected. Furthermore, this up-regulation may be associated with disease severity and the hospitalization period. Clarifying the molecular pathways and specific mechanisms that mediate MMP activity is important in developing optimized interventions to improve health and clinical outcomes during COVID-19. Furthermore, better knowledge of MMPs will likely provide possible pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This relevant topic might add new concepts and implications for public health in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Salomão
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health and Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
| | - Victoria Assis
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-907, SP, Brazil;
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia 71966-700, DF, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Exercise Molecular Physiology, University Center UDF, Brasília 71966-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Babault
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France;
- Centre d’Expertise de la Performance, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - João Luiz Quaglioti Durigan
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Health and Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 72220-275, DF, Brazil; (V.A.); (J.L.Q.D.)
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