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Boggs JM, Richards J, Simon G, Aguirre-Miyamoto EM, Barton LJ, Beck A, Beidas RS, Bruschke C, Buckingham ET, Buttlaire S, Clarke G, Coleman K, Flores JP, Frank C, Penfold RB, Richardson L, Ryan JM, Schoenbaum M, Sterling S, Stewart C, Yarborough BJH, Yeh HH, Ahmedani B. Suicide Screening, Risk Assessment, and Lethal Means Counseling During Zero Suicide Implementation. Psychiatr Serv 2024; 75:638-645. [PMID: 38566561 PMCID: PMC11404670 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20230211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors measured implementation of Zero Suicide (ZS) clinical practices that support identification of suicide risk and risk mitigation, including screening, risk assessment, and lethal means counseling, across mental health specialty and primary care settings. METHODS Six health care systems in California, Colorado, Michigan, Oregon, and Washington participated. The sample included members ages ≥13 years from 2010 to 2019 (N=7,820,524 patients). The proportions of patients with suicidal ideation screening, suicide risk assessment, and lethal means counseling were estimated. RESULTS In 2019, patients were screened for suicidal ideation in 27.1% (range 5.0%-85.0%) of mental health visits and 2.5% (range 0.1%-35.0%) of primary care visits among a racially and ethnically diverse sample (44.9% White, 27.2% Hispanic, 13.4% Asian, and 7.7% Black). More patients screened positive for suicidal ideation in the mental health setting (10.2%) than in the primary care setting (3.8%). Of the patients screening positive for suicidal ideation in the mental health setting, 76.8% received a risk assessment, and 82.4% of those identified as being at high risk received lethal means counseling, compared with 43.2% and 82.4%, respectively, in primary care. CONCLUSIONS Six health systems that implemented ZS showed a high level of variation in the proportions of patients receiving suicide screening and risk assessment and lethal means counseling. Two opportunities emerged for further study to increase frequency of these practices: expanding screening beyond patients with regular health care visits and implementing risk assessment with lethal means counseling in the primary care setting directly after a positive suicidal ideation screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Boggs
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Julie Richards
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Gregory Simon
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Erika M Aguirre-Miyamoto
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Lee J Barton
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Arne Beck
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Rinad S Beidas
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Cambria Bruschke
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Edward T Buckingham
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Stuart Buttlaire
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Gregory Clarke
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Karen Coleman
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Jean P Flores
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Catherine Frank
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Robert B Penfold
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Laura Richardson
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Jacqueline M Ryan
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Michael Schoenbaum
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Stacy Sterling
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Christine Stewart
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Bobbi Jo H Yarborough
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Hsueh-Han Yeh
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
| | - Brian Ahmedani
- Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora (Boggs, Beck, Buckingham, Richardson); Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle (Richards, Simon, Penfold, Stewart); Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (Aguirre-Miyamoto, Barton, Coleman); Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (Beidas); Kaiser Permanente Program Office, Oakland, California (Bruschke); Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (Buttlaire, Sterling); Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon (Clarke, Ryan, Yarborough); Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (Flores); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (Frank, Yeh, Ahmedani); NIMH, Bethesda (Schoenbaum)
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10
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Minian N, Gayapersad A, Coroiu A, Dragonetti R, Zawertailo L, Zaheer J, O’Neill B, Lange S, Thomson N, Crawford A, Kennedy SH, Selby P. Prototyping the implementation of a suicide prevention protocol in primary care settings using PDSA cycles: a mixed method study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1286078. [PMID: 38333892 PMCID: PMC10850298 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1286078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In Canada, approximately 4,500 individuals die by suicide annually. Approximately 45% of suicide decedents had contact with their primary care provider within the month prior to their death. Current versus never smokers have an 81% increased risk of death by suicide. Those who smoke have additional risks for suicide such as depression, chronic pain, alcohol, and other substance use. They are more likely to experience adverse social determinants of health. Taken together, this suggests that smoking cessation programs in primary care could be facilitators of suicide prevention, but this has not been studied. Study objectives The objectives of the study are to understand barriers/facilitators to implementing a suicide prevention protocol within a smoking cessation program (STOP program), which is deployed by an academic mental health and addiction treatment hospital in primary care clinics and to develop and test implementation strategies to facilitate the uptake of suicide screening and assessment in primary care clinics across Ontario. Methods The study employed a three-phase sequential mixed-method design. Phase 1: Conducted interviews guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research exploring barriers to implementing a suicide prevention protocol. Phase 2: Performed consensus discussions to map barriers to implementation strategies using the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change tool and rank barriers by relevance. Phase 3: Evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of implementation strategies using Plan Do Study Act cycles. Results Eleven healthcare providers and four research assistants identified lack of training and the need of better educational materials as implementation barriers. Participants endorsed and tested the top three ranked implementation strategies, namely, a webinar, adding a preamble before depression survey questions, and an infographic. After participating in the webinar and reviewing the educational materials, all participants endorsed the three strategies as acceptable/very acceptable and feasible/very feasible. Conclusion Although there are barriers to implementing a suicide prevention protocol within primary care, it is possible to overcome them with strategies deemed both acceptable and feasible. These results offer promising practice solutions to implement a suicide prevention protocol in smoking cessation programs delivered in primary care settings. Future efforts should track implementation of these strategies and measure outcomes, including provider confidence, self-efficacy, and knowledge, and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Minian
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Gayapersad
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adina Coroiu
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosa Dragonetti
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie Zawertailo
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juveria Zaheer
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Braden O’Neill
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon Lange
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Thomson
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Crawford
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sidney H. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Arthur Sommer Rotenberg Program in Suicide Studies, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- INTREPID Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Candon M, Fox K, Jager-Hyman S, Jang M, Augustin R, Cantiello H, Colton L, Drake R, Futterer A, Kessel P, Kwon N, Levin S, Maddox B, Parrish C, Robbins H, Shen S, Smith JL, Ware N, Shoyinka S, Lim S. Building an Integrated Data Infrastructure to Examine the Spectrum of Suicide Risk Factors in Philadelphia Medicaid. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2023; 50:999-1009. [PMID: 37689586 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-023-01299-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
While there are many data-driven approaches to identifying individuals at risk of suicide, they tend to focus on clinical risk factors, such as previous psychiatric hospitalizations, and rarely include risk factors that occur in nonclinical settings, such as jails or emergency shelters. A better understanding of system-level encounters by individuals at risk of suicide could help inform suicide prevention efforts. In Philadelphia, we built a community-level data infrastructure that encompassed suicide death records, behavioral health claims, incarceration episodes, emergency housing episodes, and involuntary commitment petitions to examine a broader spectrum of suicide risk factors. Here, we describe the development of the data infrastructure, present key trends in suicide deaths in Philadelphia, and, for the Medicaid-eligible population, determine whether suicide decedents were more likely to interact with the behavioral health, carceral, and housing service systems compared to Medicaid-eligible Philadelphians who did not die by suicide. Between 2003 and 2018, there was an increase in the number of annual suicide deaths among Medicaid-eligible individuals, in part due to changes in Medicaid eligibility. There were disproportionately more suicide deaths among Black and Hispanic individuals who were Medicaid-eligible, who were younger on average, compared to suicide decedents who were never Medicaid-eligible. However, when we accounted for the racial and ethnic composition of the Medicaid population at large, we found that White individuals were four times as likely to die by suicide, while Asian, Black, Hispanic, and individuals of other races were less likely to die by suicide. Overall, 58% of individuals who were Medicaid-eligible and died by suicide had at least one Medicaid-funded behavioral health claim, 10% had at least one emergency housing episode, 25% had at least one incarceration episode, and 22% had at least one involuntary commitment. By developing a data infrastructure that can incorporate a broader spectrum of risk factors for suicide, we demonstrate how communities can harness administrative data to inform suicide prevention efforts. Our findings point to the need for suicide prevention in nonclinical settings such as jails and emergency shelters, and demonstrate important trends in suicide deaths in the Medicaid population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Candon
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kathleen Fox
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shari Jager-Hyman
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Augustin
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hilary Cantiello
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lisa Colton
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Drake
- Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anne Futterer
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Kessel
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nayoung Kwon
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serge Levin
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brenna Maddox
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charles Parrish
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hunter Robbins
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph L Smith
- Jefferson College of Population Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naima Ware
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sosunmolu Shoyinka
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suet Lim
- Department of Behavioral Health and Intellectual disability Services, City of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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