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Cohen-Gihon I, Zaide G, Amit S, Zohar I, Schwartz O, Maor Y, Israeli O, Bilinsky G, Israeli M, Lazar S, Gur D, Aftalion M, Zvi A, Beth-Din A, Bar-Haim E, Elia U, Cohen O, Mamroud E, Chitlaru T. Genome sequence of two novel virulent clinical strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from acute melioidosis cases imported to Israel from India and Thailand. BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:47. [PMID: 38783201 PMCID: PMC11118722 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological cause of melioidosis, is a soil saprophyte endemic in South-East Asia, where it constitutes a public health concern of high-priority. Melioidosis cases are sporadically identified in nonendemic areas, usually associated with travelers or import of goods from endemic regions. Due to extensive intercontinental traveling and the anticipated climate change-associated alterations of the soil bacterial flora, there is an increasing concern for inadvertent establishment of novel endemic areas, which may expand the global burden of melioidosis. Rapid diagnosis, isolation and characterization of B. pseudomallei isolates is therefore of utmost importance particularly in non-endemic locations. DATA DESCRIPTION We report the genome sequences of two novel clinical isolates (MWH2021 and MST2022) of B. pseudomallei identified in distinct acute cases of melioidosis diagnosed in two individuals arriving to Israel from India and Thailand, respectively. The data includes preliminary genetic analysis of the genomes determining their phylogenetic classification in rapport to the genomes of 131 B. pseudomallei strains documented in the NCBI database. Inspection of the genomic data revealed the presence or absence of loci encoding for several documented virulence determinants involved in the molecular pathogenesis of melioidosis. Virulence analysis in murine models of acute or chronic melioidosis established that both strains belong to the highly virulent class of B. pseudomalleii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Cohen-Gihon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Galia Zaide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Amit
- Clinical Microbiology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Iris Zohar
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Infectious Disease Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Orna Schwartz
- Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Yasmin Maor
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Infectious Disease Unit, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - Ofir Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Gal Bilinsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ma'ayan Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shirley Lazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - David Gur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Anat Zvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofer Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Emanuelle Mamroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Theodor Chitlaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
- Faculty of Digital Technologies in Medicine, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon, Israel.
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Herron ICT, Laws TR, Nelson M. Marmosets as models of infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1340017. [PMID: 38465237 PMCID: PMC10921895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1340017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models of infectious disease often serve a crucial purpose in obtaining licensure of therapeutics and medical countermeasures, particularly in situations where human trials are not feasible, i.e., for those diseases that occur infrequently in the human population. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a Neotropical new-world (platyrrhines) non-human primate, has gained increasing attention as an animal model for a number of diseases given its small size, availability and evolutionary proximity to humans. This review aims to (i) discuss the pros and cons of the common marmoset as an animal model by providing a brief snapshot of how marmosets are currently utilized in biomedical research, (ii) summarize and evaluate relevant aspects of the marmoset immune system to the study of infectious diseases, (iii) provide a historical backdrop, outlining the significance of infectious diseases and the importance of developing reliable animal models to test novel therapeutics, and (iv) provide a summary of infectious diseases for which a marmoset model exists, followed by an in-depth discussion of the marmoset models of two studied bacterial infectious diseases (tularemia and melioidosis) and one viral infectious disease (viral hepatitis C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. T. Herron
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Efficacy of ceftazidime in a murine model following a lethal aerosol exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4047. [PMID: 36899021 PMCID: PMC10006082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an endemic disease in numerous tropical regions. Additionally, the bacterium that causes melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, has potential to be used as a biological weapon. Therefore, development of effective and affordable medical countermeasures to serve regions affected by the disease and to have medical countermeasures available in the event of a bioterrorism attack remains critical. The current study evaluated the efficacy of eight distinct acute phase ceftazidime treatment regimens administered therapeutically in the murine model. At the conclusion of the treatment period, survival rates were significantly greater in several of the treated groups when compared to the control group. Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ceftazidime were examined at 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg and were compared to an intravenous clinical dose administered at 2000 mg every eight hours. The clinical dose has an estimated 100% fT > 4*MIC which exceeded the highest murine dose of 300 mg/kg every six hours at 87.2% fT > 4*MIC. Based upon survival at the end of the treatment regimen and supplemented by pharmacokinetic modeling, a daily dose of 1200 mg/kg of ceftazidime, administered every 6 h at 300 mg/kg, provides protection in the acute phase of inhalation melioidosis in the murine model.
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Celona KR, Shannon AB, Sonderegger D, Yi J, Monroy FP, Allender C, Hornstra H, Barnes MB, Didier ES, Bohm RP, Phillippi-Falkenstein K, Sanford D, Keim P, Settles EW. NHP BurkPx: A multiplex serodiagnostic bead assay to monitor Burkholderia pseudomallei exposures in non-human primates. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011067. [PMID: 36753522 PMCID: PMC9907805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, infecting humans and non-human primates (NHP) through contaminated soil or water. World-wide there are an estimated 165,000 human melioidosis cases each year, but recordings of NHP cases are sporadic. Clinical detection of melioidosis in humans is primarily by culturing B. pseudomallei, and there are no standardized detection protocols for NHP. NHP are an important animal model for melioidosis research including clinical trials and development of biodefense countermeasures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS We evaluated the diagnostic potential of the multiple antigen serological assay, BurkPx, in NHP using two sera sets: (i) 115 B. pseudomallei-challenged serum samples from 80 NHP collected each week post-exposure (n = 52) and at euthanasia (n = 47), and (ii) 126 B. pseudomallei-naïve/negative serum samples. We observed early IgM antibody responses to carbohydrate antigens followed by IgG antibody recognition to multiple B. pseudomallei protein antigens during the second week of infection. B. pseudomallei negative serum samples had low to intermediate antibody cross reactivity to the antigens in this assay. Infection time was predicted as the determining factor in the variation of antibody responses, with 77.67% of variation explained by the first component of the principal component analysis. A multiple antigen model generated a binary prediction metric ([Formula: see text]), which when applied to all data resulted in 100% specificity and 63.48% sensitivity. Removal of week 1 B. pseudomallei challenged serum samples increased the sensitivity of the model to 95%. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We employed a previously standardized assay for humans, the BurkPx assay, and assessed its diagnostic potential for detection of B. pseudomallei exposure in NHP. The assay is expected to be useful for surveillance in NHP colonies, in investigations of suspected accidental releases or exposures, and for identifying vaccine correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R. Celona
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Austin B. Shannon
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Derek Sonderegger
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jinhee Yi
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Fernando P. Monroy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Christopher Allender
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Heidie Hornstra
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Mary B. Barnes
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rudolf P. Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Daniel Sanford
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Erik W. Settles
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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Histopathological and Immunological Findings in the Common Marmoset Following Exposure to Aerosolized SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071580. [PMID: 35891560 PMCID: PMC9322862 DOI: 10.3390/v14071580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an enduring requirement to develop animal models of COVID-19 to assess the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics that can be used to treat the disease in humans. In this study, six marmosets were exposed to a small particle aerosol (1–3 µm) of SARS-CoV-2 VIC01 that delivered the virus directly to the lower respiratory tract. Following the challenge, marmosets did not develop clinical signs, although a disruption to the normal diurnal temperature rhythm was observed in three out of six animals. Early weight loss and changes to respiratory pattern and activity were also observed, yet there was limited evidence of viral replication or lung pathology associated with infection. There was a robust innate immunological response to infection, which included an early increase in circulating neutrophils and monocytes and a reduction in the proportion of circulating T-cells. Expression of the ACE2 receptor in respiratory tissues was almost absent, but there was ubiquitous expression of TMPRSS2. The results of this study indicate that exposure of marmosets to high concentrations of aerosolised SARS-CoV-2 did not result in the development of clear, reproducible signs of COVID-19.
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Roe C, Vazquez AJ, Phillips PD, Allender CJ, Bowen RA, Nottingham RD, Doyle A, Wongsuwan G, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock S, Keim P, Tuanyok A, Wagner DM, Sahl JW. Multiple phylogenetically-diverse, differentially-virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei isolated from a single soil sample collected in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010172. [PMID: 35143500 PMCID: PMC8865643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a soil-dwelling bacterium endemic to Southeast Asia and northern Australia that causes the disease, melioidosis. Although the global genomic diversity of clinical B. pseudomallei isolates has been investigated, there is limited understanding of its genomic diversity across small geographic scales, especially in soil. In this study, we obtained 288 B. pseudomallei isolates from a single soil sample (~100g; intensive site 2, INT2) collected at a depth of 30cm from a site in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. We sequenced the genomes of 169 of these isolates that represent 7 distinct sequence types (STs), including a new ST (ST1820), based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis. A core genome SNP phylogeny demonstrated that all identified STs share a recent common ancestor that diverged an estimated 796-1260 years ago. A pan-genomics analysis demonstrated recombination between clades and intra-MLST phylogenetic and gene differences. To identify potential differential virulence between STs, groups of BALB/c mice (5 mice/isolate) were challenged via subcutaneous injection (500 CFUs) with 30 INT2 isolates representing 5 different STs; over the 21-day experiment, eight isolates killed all mice, 2 isolates killed an intermediate number of mice (1-2), and 20 isolates killed no mice. Although the virulence results were largely stratified by ST, one virulent isolate and six attenuated isolates were from the same ST (ST1005), suggesting that variably conserved genomic regions may contribute to virulence. Genomes from the animal-challenged isolates were subjected to a bacterial genome-wide association study to identify genomic regions associated with differential virulence. One associated region is a unique variant of Hcp1, a component of the type VI secretion system, which may result in attenuation. The results of this study have implications for comprehensive sampling strategies, environmental exposure risk assessment, and understanding recombination and differential virulence in B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Roe
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Vazquez
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Phillips
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Chris J. Allender
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Roxanne D. Nottingham
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Adina Doyle
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gumphol Wongsuwan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Sharon Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Paul Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Wagner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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The innate immune response in the marmoset during the acute pneumonic disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0055021. [PMID: 35041487 PMCID: PMC8929355 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe human infection that is difficult to treat with antibiotics and for which there is no effective vaccine. Development of novel treatments rely upon appropriately characterized animal models. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been established at Defense Science and Technology laboratories (DSTL) as a model of melioidosis. Further analysis was performed on samples generated in these studies to provide a description of the innate immune response. Many of the immunological features described, (migration/activation of neutrophils and macrophages, activation of T cells, elevation of key cytokines IFNγ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) have been observed in acute melioidosis human cases and correlated with prognosis. Expression of the MHCII marker (HLA-DR) on neutrophils showed potential as a diagnostic with 80% accuracy when comparing pre- and postchallenge levels in paired blood samples. Discriminant analysis of cell surface, activation markers on neutrophils combined with levels of key cytokines, differentiated between disease states from single blood samples with 78% accuracy. These key markers have utility as a prototype postexposure, presymptomatic diagnostic. Ultimately, these data further validate the use of the marmoset as a suitable model for determining efficacy of medical countermeasures against B. pseudomallei.
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Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701362. [PMID: 34660335 PMCID: PMC8515183 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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Muangsombut V, Withatanung P, Chantratita N, Chareonsudjai S, Lim J, Galyov EE, Ottiwet O, Sengyee S, Janesomboon S, Loessner MJ, Dunne M, Korbsrisate S. Rapid Clinical Screening of Burkholderia pseudomallei Colonies by a Bacteriophage Tail Fiber-Based Latex Agglutination Assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0301920. [PMID: 33811022 PMCID: PMC8174754 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03019-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. As severe septicemic melioidosis can lead to death within 24 to 48 h, a rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is critical for ensuring that an optimal antibiotic course is prescribed to patients. Here, we report the development and evaluation of a bacteriophage tail fiber-based latex agglutination assay for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei infection. Burkholderia phage E094 was isolated from rice paddy fields in northeast Thailand, and the whole genome was sequenced to identify its tail fiber (94TF). The 94TF complex was structurally characterized, which involved identification of a tail assembly protein that forms an essential component of the mature fiber. Recombinant 94TF was conjugated to latex beads and developed into an agglutination-based assay (94TF-LAA). 94TF-LAA was initially tested against a large library of Burkholderia and other bacterial strains before a field evaluation was performed during routine clinical testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the 94TF-LAA were assessed alongside standard biochemical analyses on 300 patient specimens collected from an area of melioidosis endemicity over 11 months. The 94TF-LAA took less than 5 min to produce positive agglutination, demonstrating 98% (95% confidence interval [CI] of 94.2% to 99.59%) sensitivity and 83% (95% CI of 75.64% to 88.35%) specificity compared to biochemical-based detection. Overall, we show how a Burkholderia-specific phage tail fiber can be exploited for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei. The 94TF-LAA has the potential for further development as a supplementary diagnostic to assist in clinical identification of this life-threatening pathogen. IMPORTANCE Rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is essential for ensuring that optimal antibiotic courses are prescribed to patients and thus warrants the development of cost-effective and easy-to-use tests for implementation in underresourced areas such as northeastern Thailand and other tropical regions. Phage tail fibers are an interesting alternative to antibodies for use in various diagnostic assays for different pathogenic bacteria. As exposed appendages of phages, tail fibers are physically robust and easy to manufacture, with many tail fibers (such as 94TF investigated here) capable of targeting a given bacterial species with remarkable specificity. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a latex agglutination assay using a Burkholderia-specific tail fiber 94TF against biochemical-based detection methods that are the standard diagnostic in many areas where melioidosis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerachat Muangsombut
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patoo Withatanung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Department of Microbiology and Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiali Lim
- DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Orawan Ottiwet
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Sengyee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujintana Janesomboon
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Matthew Dunne
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Chavas TEJ, Su FY, Srinivasan S, Roy D, Lee B, Lovelace-Macon L, Rerolle GF, Limqueco E, Skerrett SJ, Ratner DM, West TE, Stayton PS. A macrophage-targeted platform for extending drug dosing with polymer prodrugs for pulmonary infection prophylaxis. J Control Release 2021; 330:284-292. [PMID: 33221351 PMCID: PMC7909327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary melioidosis is a bacterial disease with high morbidity and a mortality rate that can be as high as 40% in resource-poor regions of South Asia. This disease burden is linked to the pathogen's intrinsic antibiotic resistance and protected intracellular localization in alveolar macrophages. Current treatment regimens require several antibiotics with multi-month oral and intravenous administrations that are difficult to implement in under-resourced settings. Herein, we report that a macrophage-targeted polyciprofloxacin prodrug acts as a surprisingly effective pre-exposure prophylactic in highly lethal murine models of aerosolized human pulmonary melioidosis. A single dose of the polymeric prodrug maintained high lung drug levels and targeted an intracellular depot of ciprofloxacin to the alveolar macrophage compartment that was sustained over a period of 7 days above minimal inhibitory concentrations. This intracellular pharmacokinetic profile provided complete pre-exposure protection in a BSL-3 model with an aerosolized clinical isolate of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand. This total protection was achieved despite the bacteria's relative resistance to ciprofloxacin and where an equivalent dose of pulmonary-administered ciprofloxacin was ineffective. For the first time, we demonstrate that targeting the intracellular macrophage compartment with extended antibiotic dosing can achieve pre-exposure prophylaxis in a model of pulmonary melioidosis. This fully synthetic and modular therapeutic platform could be an important therapeutic approach with new or re-purposed antibiotics for melioidosis prevention and treatment, especially as portable inhalation devices in high-risk, resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E J Chavas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Fang-Yi Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Debashish Roy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Brian Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States
| | - Lara Lovelace-Macon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Guilhem F Rerolle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Elaine Limqueco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Shawn J Skerrett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States.
| | - Daniel M Ratner
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
| | - T Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
| | - Patrick S Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
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11
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Syed I, Wooten RM. Interactions Between Pathogenic Burkholderia and the Complement System: A Review of Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021. [PMID: 34660335 DOI: 10.1086/69216810.3389/fcimb.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Burkholderia contains over 80 different Gram-negative species including both plant and human pathogens, the latter of which can be classified into one of two groups: the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex (Bpc) or the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). Bpc pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are highly virulent, and both have considerable potential for use as Tier 1 bioterrorism agents; thus there is great interest in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections. While Bcc pathogens Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia multivorans, and Burkholderia cepacia are not considered bioterror threats, the incredible impact these infections have on the cystic fibrosis community inspires a similar demand for vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of these infections as well. Understanding how these pathogens interact with and evade the host immune system will help uncover novel therapeutic targets within these organisms. Given the important role of the complement system in the clearance of bacterial pathogens, this arm of the immune response must be efficiently evaded for successful infection to occur. In this review, we will introduce the Burkholderia species to be discussed, followed by a summary of the complement system and known mechanisms by which pathogens interact with this critical system to evade clearance within the host. We will conclude with a review of literature relating to the interactions between the herein discussed Burkholderia species and the host complement system, with the goal of highlighting areas in this field that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Syed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - R Mark Wooten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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12
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Burkholderia pseudomallei as an Enteric Pathogen: Identification of Virulence Factors Mediating Gastrointestinal Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 89:IAI.00654-20. [PMID: 33106293 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00654-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis. Despite advances in our understanding of the disease, B. pseudomallei poses a significant health risk, especially in regions of endemicity, where treatment requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. Even though the respiratory and percutaneous routes are well documented and considered the main ways to acquire the pathogen, the gastrointestinal tract is believed to be an underreported and underrecognized route of infection. In the present study, we describe the development of in vitro and in vivo models to study B. pseudomallei gastrointestinal infection. Further, we report that the type 6 secretion system (T6SS) and type 1 fimbriae are important virulence factors required for gastrointestinal infection. Using a human intestinal epithelial cell line and mouse primary intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we demonstrated that B. pseudomallei adheres, invades, and forms multinucleated giant cells, ultimately leading to cell toxicity. We demonstrated that mannose-sensitive type 1 fimbria is involved in the initial adherence of B. pseudomallei to IECs, although the impact on full virulence was limited. Finally, we also showed that B. pseudomallei requires a functional T6SS for full virulence, bacterial dissemination, and lethality in mice infected by the intragastric route. Overall, we showed that B. pseudomallei is an enteric pathogen and that type 1 fimbria is important for B. pseudomallei intestinal adherence, and we identify a new role for T6SS as a key virulence factor in gastrointestinal infection. These studies highlight the importance of gastrointestinal melioidosis as an understudied route of infection and open a new avenue for the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei.
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13
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Norris MH, Tran HTT, Walker MA, Bluhm AP, Zincke D, Trung TT, Thi NV, Thi NP, Schweizer HP, Unger F, Blackburn JK, Hang NTT. Distribution of Serological Response to Burkholderia pseudomallei in Swine from Three Provinces of Vietnam. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145203. [PMID: 32708490 PMCID: PMC7399857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Burkholderia pseudomallei is an environmentally mediated saprophytic pathogen that can cause severe disease in humans. It is well known that B. pseudomallei survives in tropical moist soil environments worldwide, but melioidosis is gaining recognition as a public and veterinary health issue in Vietnam. The contribution of animals to human disease is unknown, necessitating further investigation. (2) Methods: Swine sera were collected from two populations, one grazing and one commercially farmed, from three provinces in Vietnam. ELISAs utilizing B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS), outer polysaccharide (OPS), and Hcp1 protein were used to screen serum samples. Positive samples were mapped to the commune level. Seroprevalence calculations and pig population estimates were used to approximate number of swine exposures per commune. (3) Results: Grazing pigs from Hoa Binh had significantly higher seropositivity levels (11.4%, 95% CI: 9.7–13.1) compared to farmed pigs from Ha Tinh and Nghe An (4%, 95% CI: 3.3–4.7). Average swine seropositivity rates were ~6.3% (95% CI: 5–7.9), higher than previously identified in Vietnam (~0.88%). (4) Conclusions: Initial serological sampling identified a significant number of seropositive and potential melioidosis infections occurring in swine in Vietnam. This work is a critical step in understanding the role swine may play in the epidemiology of human melioidosis in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Norris
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (M.A.W.); (A.P.B.); (D.Z.); (J.K.B.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hang Thi Thu Tran
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.T.); (N.V.T.); (N.P.T.); (N.T.T.H.)
| | - Morgan A. Walker
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (M.A.W.); (A.P.B.); (D.Z.); (J.K.B.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Andrew P. Bluhm
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (M.A.W.); (A.P.B.); (D.Z.); (J.K.B.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Diansy Zincke
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (M.A.W.); (A.P.B.); (D.Z.); (J.K.B.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Trinh Thanh Trung
- VNU-Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Nga Vu Thi
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.T.); (N.V.T.); (N.P.T.); (N.T.T.H.)
| | - Ngoc Pham Thi
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.T.); (N.V.T.); (N.P.T.); (N.T.T.H.)
| | - Herbert P. Schweizer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (M.A.W.); (A.P.B.); (D.Z.); (J.K.B.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Hang
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (H.T.T.T.); (N.V.T.); (N.P.T.); (N.T.T.H.)
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14
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Abstract
The causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism has yet to be clearly defined, although the organism is associated with soil and water. The culture of appropriate clinical material remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Identification is best done by phenotypic methods, although mass spectrometric methods have been described. Serology has a limited diagnostic role. Direct molecular and antigen detection methods have limited availability and sensitivity. Clinical presentations of melioidosis range from acute bacteremic pneumonia to disseminated visceral abscesses and localized infections. Transmission is by direct inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion. Risk factors for melioidosis include male sex, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, and immunosuppression. The organism is well adapted to intracellular survival, with numerous virulence mechanisms. Immunity likely requires innate and adaptive responses. The principles of management of this condition are drainage and debridement of infected material and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Global mortality rates vary between 9% and 70%. Research into vaccine development is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gassiep
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Armstrong
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Brosh-Nissimov T, Grupel D, Abuhasira S, Leskes H, Israeli M, Lazar S, Elia U, Israeli O, Beth-Din A, Bar-Haim E, Cohen-Gihon I, Zvi A, Cohen O, Chitlaru T. Case Report: Imported Melioidosis from Goa, India to Israel, 2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:580-584. [PMID: 31287043 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A previously healthy young man presented with a chronic cavitary pulmonary infection that began while in Goa, India. Burkholderia pseudomallei was cultured from sputum samples. The infection fully resolved after prolonged antibiotic treatment. Other than traveling during the monsoon season, extensive use of well-water for water-pipe smoking of cannabis was identified as a possible risk factor for infection. This is one of the first reports of travel-associated melioidosis from India. Genomic and immunological characterization suggested that the B. pseudomallei isolate collected from the reported case exhibited limited similarity to other B. pseudomallei strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Brosh-Nissimov
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University in the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel
| | - Daniel Grupel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University in the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Shlomi Abuhasira
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Hanna Leskes
- Microbiology Laboratory, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Ma'ayan Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shirley Lazar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Uri Elia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofir Israeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Adi Beth-Din
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Inbar Cohen-Gihon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Anat Zvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Ofer Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Theodor Chitlaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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16
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Funnell SGP, Tree JA, Hatch GJ, Bate SR, Hall G, Pearson G, Rayner EL, Roberts ADG, Vipond J. Dose-dependant acute or subacute disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei strain NCTC 13392 in a BALB/c aerosol model of infection. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1224-1235. [PMID: 31330088 PMCID: PMC6747009 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The goal of this study was to examine, for the first time, the virulence and pathogenicity of aerosolized Burkholderia pseudomallei, strain NCTC 13392, in BALB/c mice in order to develop an animal model for testing novel medical countermeasures (MCMs) for the treatment of human acute and subacute (a disease state between acute and chronic) melioidosis. METHODS AND RESULTS BALB/c mice were exposed to varying doses of aerosolized bacteria. Acute disease was seen in animals exposed to a very-high dose (≥103 CFU per animal) and death occurred 3-4 days postchallenge (pc). Bacteria were detected in the lungs, liver, kidney and spleen. In contrast, animals exposed to a low dose (<10 CFU per animal) survived to the end of the study (day 30 pc) but developed weight loss, a bacterial tissue burden and increasing clinical signs of infection from day 20 pc onwards, mimicking a subacute form of the disease. Pathological changes in the tissues mirrored these findings. CONCLUSIONS This proof of concept study has shown that B. pseudomallei strain NCTC 13392 is virulent and pathogenic in BALB/c mice, when delivered by aerosol. By varying the doses of aerosolized bacteria it was possible to mimic characteristics of both human acute and subacute melioidosis, at the same time, within the same study. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Burkholderia pseudomallei, the aetiological agent of melioidosis, causes a serious and often fatal disease in humans and animals. Novel MCMs are urgently needed for both public health and biodefense purposes. The present model provides a useful tool for the assessment and evaluation of new MCMs (e.g. therapeutics and vaccines) and offers the potential for testing new treatments for both subacute to chronic and acute melioidosis prior to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G P Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - J A Tree
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - G J Hatch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - S R Bate
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - G Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - G Pearson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - E L Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - A D G Roberts
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - J Vipond
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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17
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Khakhum N, Bharaj P, Myers JN, Tapia D, Walker DH, Endsley JJ, Torres AG. Evaluation of Burkholderia mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) as a live attenuated vaccine in murine models of glanders and melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007578. [PMID: 31306423 PMCID: PMC6658008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glanders caused by Burkholderia mallei is a re-emerging zoonotic disease affecting solipeds and humans. Furthermore, B. mallei is genetically related to B. pseudomallei, which is the causative agent of melioidosis. Both facultative intracellular bacteria are classified as tier 1 select biothreat agents. Our previous study with a B. mallei ΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001) live-attenuated vaccine demonstrated that it is attenuated, safe and protective against B. mallei wild-type strains in the susceptible BALB/c mouse model. Methodology/Principal finding In our current work, we evaluated the protective efficacy of CLH001 against glanders and melioidosis in the more disease-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain. The humoral as well as cellular immune responses were also examined. We found that CLH001-immunized mice showed 100% survival against intranasal and aerosol challenge with B. mallei ATCC 23344. Moreover, this vaccine also afforded significant cross-protection against B. pseudomallei K96243, with low level bacterial burden detected in organs. Immunization with a prime and boost regimen of CLH001 induced significantly greater levels of total and subclasses of IgG, and generated antigen-specific splenocyte production of IFN-γ and IL-17A. Interestingly, protection induced by CLH001 is primarily dependent on humoral immunity, while CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played a less critical protective role. Conclusions/Significance Our data indicate that CLH001 serves as an effective live attenuated vaccine to prevent glanders and melioidosis. The quantity and quality of antibody responses as well as improving cell-mediated immune responses following vaccination need to be further investigated prior to advancement to preclinical studies. Glanders (caused by Burkholderia. mallei) and melioidosis (caused by B. pseudomallei) are severe infectious diseases of concern worldwide because of the rising number of cases and mortality rate. The low infectious doses of these two pathogens along with their amenability for aerosolization are factors that could be exploited as potential biothreat agents. Once the diseases have developed in humans and animals, intrinsic resistance to broad classes of antibiotics becomes a challenge for treatment and increases the risk for relapse. The progress in vaccine development demonstrates that live attenuated vaccine strains are the most effective in protection and providing long-lasting immune responses against both diseases. Our data indicate that the B. mallei double mutant (ΔtonB Δhcp1) strain CLH001, is a feasible vaccine candidate to prevent glanders and melioidosis, especially for biodefense and public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Preeti Bharaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia N. Myers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel Tapia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H. Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janice J. Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Draft Genome Sequence of a Rare Israeli Clinical Isolate of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/19/e00281-19. [PMID: 31072902 PMCID: PMC6509527 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00281-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the draft genome sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei MAA2018. This highly virulent strain was isolated in 2018 from the first melioidosis case in Israel associated with recreational travel to Goa, India. We report here the draft genome sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei MAA2018. This highly virulent strain was isolated in 2018 from the first melioidosis case in Israel associated with recreational travel to Goa, India.
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19
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Morici L, Torres AG, Titball RW. Novel multi-component vaccine approaches for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:178-188. [PMID: 30963550 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. Historically believed to be a relatively rare human disease in tropical countries, a recent study estimated that, worldwide, there are approximately 165 000 human melioidosis cases per year, more than half of whom die. The bacterium is inherently resistant to many antibiotics and treatment of the disease is often protracted and ineffective. There is no licensed vaccine against melioidosis, but a vaccine is predicted to be of value if used in high-risk populations. There has been progress over the last decade in the pursuit of an effective vaccine against melioidosis. Animal models of disease including mouse and non-human primates have been developed, and these models show that antibody responses play a key role in protection against melioidosis. Surprisingly, although B. pseudomallei is an intracellular pathogen there is limited evidence that CD8+ T cells play a role in protection. It is evident that a multi-component vaccine, incorporating one or more protective antigens, will probably be essential for protection because of the pathogen's sophisticated virulence mechanisms as well as strain heterogeneity. Multi-component vaccines in development include glycoconjugates, multivalent subunit preparations, outer membrane vesicles and other nano/microparticle platforms and live-attenuated or inactivated bacteria. A consistent finding with vaccine candidates tested in mice is the ability to induce sterilizing immunity at low challenge doses and extended time to death at higher challenge doses. Further research to identify ways of eliciting more potent immune responses might provide a path for licensing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - A G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - R W Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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20
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Bates MA, Benninghoff AD, Gilley KN, Holian A, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Mapping of Dynamic Transcriptome Changes Associated With Silica-Triggered Autoimmune Pathogenesis in the Lupus-Prone NZBWF1 Mouse. Front Immunol 2019; 10:632. [PMID: 30984195 PMCID: PMC6450439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline silica (cSiO2) is a widely recognized environmental trigger of autoimmune disease. In the lupus-prone female NZBWF1 mouse, airway exposure to cSiO2 triggers pulmonary ectopic lymphoid neogenesis, systemic autoantibody elevation, and glomerulonephritis. Here we tested the hypothesis that upregulation of adaptive immune function genes in the lung precedes cSiO2-triggering of autoimmune disease in this model. The study include three groups of mice, as follows: (1) necropsied 1 d after a single intranasal instillation of 1 mg cSiO2 or vehicle, (2) necropsied 1 d after four weekly single instillations of 1 mg cSiO2 or vehicle, or (3) necropsied 1, 5, 9, or 13 weeks after four weekly single instillations of 1 mg cSiO2 or vehicle. NanoString nCounter analysis revealed modest transcriptional changes associated with innate and adaptive immune response as early as 1 d after a single cSiO2 instillation. These responses were greatly expanded after four weekly cSiO2 instillations. Concurrent with ectopic lymphoid neogenesis, dramatic increases in mRNAs associated with chemokine release, cytokine production, sustained interferon activity, complement activation, and adhesion molecules were observed. As disease progressed, expression of these genes persisted and was further amplified. Consistent with autoimmune pathogenesis, the time between 5 and 9 weeks post-instillation reflected an important transition period where considerable immune gene upregulation in the lung was observed. Upon termination of the chronic study (13 weeks), cSiO2-induced changes in transcriptome signatures were similarly robust in kidney as compared to the lung, but more modest in spleen. Transcriptomic signatures in lung and kidney were indicative of infiltration and/or expansion of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and T cells that corresponded with accelerated autoimmune pathogenesis. Taken together, airway exposure to cSiO2 elicited aberrant mRNA signatures for both innate and adaptive immunity that were consistent with establishment of the lung as the central autoimmune nexus for launching systemic autoimmunity and ultimately, kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Bates
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Abby D Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences and the School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Kristen N Gilley
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Andrij Holian
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Jack R Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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21
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Hogan RJ, Lafontaine ER. Antibodies Are Major Drivers of Protection against Lethal Aerosol Infection with Highly Pathogenic Burkholderia spp. mSphere 2019; 4:e00674-18. [PMID: 30602525 PMCID: PMC6315082 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00674-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei are the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, respectively. There is no vaccine to protect against these highly pathogenic bacteria, and there is concern regarding their emergence as global public health (B. pseudomallei) and biosecurity (B. mallei) threats. In this issue of mSphere, an article by Khakhum and colleagues (N. Khakhum, P. Bharaj, J. N. Myers, D. Tapia, et al., mSphere 4:e00570-18, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00570-18) describes a novel vaccination platform with excellent potential for cross-protection against both Burkholderia species. The report also highlights the importance of antibodies in immunity against these facultative intracellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Burkholderia pseudomallei Δ tonB Δ hcp1 Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain Elicits Full Protective Immunity against Aerosolized Melioidosis Infection. mSphere 2019; 4:4/1/e00570-18. [PMID: 30602524 PMCID: PMC6315081 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00570-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of melioidosis cases have been reported in several regions where melioidosis is endemic and in areas where melioidosis had not commonly been diagnosed. Currently, the estimated burden of disease is around 165,000 new cases annually, including 89,000 cases that have fatal outcomes. This life-threatening infectious disease is caused by B. pseudomallei, which is classified as a Tier 1 select agent. Due to the high case fatality rate, intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotic treatments, susceptibility to infection via the aerosol route, and potential use as a bioweapon, we have developed an effective live attenuated PBK001 vaccine capable of protecting against aerosolized melioidosis. Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease found throughout the tropics. This organism is closely related to Burkholderia mallei, the etiological agent of glanders disease which primarily affects equines. These two pathogenic bacteria are classified as Tier 1 select agents due to their amenability to aerosolization, limited treatment options, and lack of an effective vaccine. We have previously successfully demonstrated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated vaccine strain, B. malleiΔtonB Δhcp1 (CLH001). Thus, we applied this successful approach to the development of a similar vaccine against melioidosis by constructing the B. pseudomalleiΔtonB Δhcp1 (PBK001) strain. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated intranasally with the live attenuated PBK001 strain and then challenged with wild-type B. pseudomallei K96243 by the aerosol route. Immunization with strain PBK001 resulted in full protection (100% survival) against acute aerosolized melioidosis with very low bacterial burden as observed in the lungs, livers, and spleens of immunized mice. PBK001 vaccination induced strong production of B. pseudomallei-specific serum IgG antibodies and both Th1 and Th17 CD4+ T cell responses. Further, humoral immunity appeared to be essential for vaccine-induced protection, whereas CD4+ and CD8+ T cells played a less direct immune role. Overall, PBK001 was shown to be an effective attenuated vaccine strain that activates a robust immune response and offers full protection against aerosol infection with B. pseudomallei. IMPORTANCE In recent years, an increasing number of melioidosis cases have been reported in several regions where melioidosis is endemic and in areas where melioidosis had not commonly been diagnosed. Currently, the estimated burden of disease is around 165,000 new cases annually, including 89,000 cases that have fatal outcomes. This life-threatening infectious disease is caused by B. pseudomallei, which is classified as a Tier 1 select agent. Due to the high case fatality rate, intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotic treatments, susceptibility to infection via the aerosol route, and potential use as a bioweapon, we have developed an effective live attenuated PBK001 vaccine capable of protecting against aerosolized melioidosis.
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Norris MH, Khan MSR, Chirakul S, Schweizer HP, Tuanyok A. Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines from Biosafe Surrogates Prevent Acute Lethal Glanders in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E5. [PMID: 29320408 PMCID: PMC5874646 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted Gram-negative mammalian pathogen that causes the severe disease glanders. Glanders can manifest as a rapid acute progression or a chronic debilitating syndrome primarily affecting solipeds and humans in close association with infected animals. In USA, B. mallei is classified as one of the most important bacterial biothreat agents. Presently, there is no licensed glanders vaccine available for humans or animals. In this work, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were isolated from three attenuated biosafe bacterial strains, Burkholderia pseudomallei Bp82, B. thailandensis E555, and B. thailandensis TxDOH and used to vaccinate mice. B. thailandensis OMVs induced significantly higher antibody responses that were investigated. B. mallei specific serum antibody responses were of higher magnitude in mice vaccinated with B. thailandensis OMVs compared to levels in mice vaccinated with B. pseudomallei OMVs. OMVs derived from biosafe strains protected mice from acute lethal glanders with vesicles from the two B. thailandensis strains affording significant protection (>90%) up to 35 days post-infection with some up to 60 days. Organ loads from 35-day survivors indicated bacteria colonization of the lungs, liver, and spleen while those from 60 days had high CFUs in the spleens. The highest antibody producing vaccine (B. thailandensis E555 OMVs) also protected C57BL/6 mice from acute inhalational glanders with evidence of full protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Norris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mohammad S R Khan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Sunisa Chirakul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA.
| | - Apichai Tuanyok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Bearss JJ, Hunter M, Dankmeyer JL, Fritts KA, Klimko CP, Weaver CH, Shoe JL, Quirk AV, Toothman RG, Webster WM, Fetterer DP, Bozue JA, Worsham PL, Welkos SL, Amemiya K, Cote CK. Characterization of pathogenesis of and immune response to Burkholderia pseudomallei K96243 using both inhalational and intraperitoneal infection models in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172627. [PMID: 28235018 PMCID: PMC5325312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a Gram negative bacterium designated as a Tier 1 threat. This bacterium is known to be endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. Inhalational melioidosis has been associated with monsoonal rains in endemic areas and is also a significant concern in the biodefense community. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by non-specific symptomology and also the high rate of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains. Well-characterized animal models will be essential when selecting novel medical countermeasures for evaluation prior to human clinical trials. Here, we further characterize differences between the responses of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when challenged with low doses of a low-passage and well-defined stock of B. pseudomallei K96243 via either intraperitoneal or aerosol routes of exposure. Before challenge, mice were implanted with a transponder to collect body temperature readings, and daily body weights were also recorded. Mice were euthanized on select days for pathological analyses and determination of the bacterial burden in selected tissues (blood, lungs, liver, and spleen). Additionally, spleen homogenate and sera samples were analyzed to better characterize the host immune response after infection with aerosolized bacteria. These clinical, pathological, and immunological data highlighted and confirmed important similarities and differences between these murine models and exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Bearss
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Fritts
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Chris H. Weaver
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Avery V. Quirk
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Toothman
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Wendy M. Webster
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - David P. Fetterer
- BioStatisitics Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States of America
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Burkholderia pseudomallei Capsule Exacerbates Respiratory Melioidosis but Does Not Afford Protection against Antimicrobial Signaling or Bacterial Killing in Human Olfactory Ensheathing Cells. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1941-1956. [PMID: 27091931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01546-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an often severe infection that regularly involves respiratory disease following inhalation exposure. Intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of mice represents an experimental approach used to study the contributions of bacterial capsular polysaccharide I (CPS I) to virulence during acute disease. We used aerosol delivery of B. pseudomallei to establish respiratory infection in mice and studied CPS I in the context of innate immune responses. CPS I improved B. pseudomallei survival in vivo and triggered multiple cytokine responses, neutrophil infiltration, and acute inflammatory histopathology in the spleen, liver, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, and olfactory mucosa (OM). To further explore the role of the OM response to B. pseudomallei infection, we infected human olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in vitro and measured bacterial invasion and the cytokine responses induced following infection. Human OECs killed >90% of the B. pseudomallei in a CPS I-independent manner and exhibited an antibacterial cytokine response comprising granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and several regulatory cytokines. In-depth genome-wide transcriptomic profiling of the OEC response by RNA-Seq revealed a network of signaling pathways activated in OECs following infection involving a novel group of 378 genes that encode biological pathways controlling cellular movement, inflammation, immunological disease, and molecular transport. This represents the first antimicrobial program to be described in human OECs and establishes the extensive transcriptional defense network accessible in these cells. Collectively, these findings show a role for CPS I in B. pseudomallei survival in vivo following inhalation infection and the antibacterial signaling network that exists in human OM and OECs.
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Scott AE, Christ WJ, George AJ, Stokes MGM, Lohman GJS, Guo Y, Jones M, Titball RW, Atkins TP, Campbell AS, Prior JL. Protection against Experimental Melioidosis with a Synthetic manno-Heptopyranose Hexasaccharide Glycoconjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1435-46. [PMID: 27124182 PMCID: PMC4911622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Melioidosis is an emerging infectious
disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei and is associated with
high morbidity and mortality rates in endemic areas. Antibiotic treatment
is protracted and not always successful; even with appropriate therapy,
up to 40% of individuals presenting with melioidosis in Thailand succumb
to infection. In these circumstances, an effective vaccine has the
potential to have a dramatic impact on both the scale and the severity
of disease. Currently, no vaccines are licensed for human use. A leading
vaccine candidate is the capsular polysaccharide consisting of a homopolymer
of unbranched 1→3 linked 2-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-β-d-manno-heptopyranose. Here, we present the
chemical synthesis of this challenging antigen using a novel modular
disaccharide assembly approach. The resulting hexasaccharide was coupled
to the nontoxic Hc domain of tetanus toxin as a carrier
protein to promote recruitment of T-cell help and provide a scaffold
for antigen display. Mice immunized with the glycoconjugate developed
IgM and IgG responses capable of recognizing native capsule, and were
protected against infection with over 120 × LD50 of B. pseudomallei strain K96243. This is the first
report of the chemical synthesis of an immunologically relevant and
protective hexasaccharide fragment of the capsular polysaccharide
of B. pseudomallei and serves as the
rational starting point for the development of an effective licensed
vaccine for this emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Scott
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - William J Christ
- Corden Pharma International Inc. (formerly Ancora Pharmaceuticals Inc.) , Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 United States
| | - Alison J George
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret G M Stokes
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory J S Lohman
- Corden Pharma International Inc. (formerly Ancora Pharmaceuticals Inc.) , Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 United States
| | - Yuhong Guo
- Corden Pharma International Inc. (formerly Ancora Pharmaceuticals Inc.) , Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 United States
| | - Matthew Jones
- Corden Pharma International Inc. (formerly Ancora Pharmaceuticals Inc.) , Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 United States
| | - Richard W Titball
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P Atkins
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - A Stewart Campbell
- Corden Pharma International Inc. (formerly Ancora Pharmaceuticals Inc.) , Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 United States
| | - Joann L Prior
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory , Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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Welkos SL, Klimko CP, Kern SJ, Bearss JJ, Bozue JA, Bernhards RC, Trevino SR, Waag DM, Amemiya K, Worsham PL, Cote CK. Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei Strains Using a Murine Intraperitoneal Infection Model and In Vitro Macrophage Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124667. [PMID: 25909629 PMCID: PMC4409376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium. This bacterium is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia and can infect humans and animals by several routes. It has also been estimated to present a considerable risk as a potential biothreat agent. There are currently no effective vaccines for B. pseudomallei, and antibiotic treatment can be hampered by nonspecific symptomology, the high incidence of naturally occurring antibiotic resistant strains, and disease chronicity. Accordingly, there is a concerted effort to better characterize B. pseudomallei and its associated disease. Before novel vaccines and therapeutics can be tested in vivo, a well characterized animal model is essential. Previous work has indicated that mice may be a useful animal model. In order to develop standardized animal models of melioidosis, different strains of bacteria must be isolated, propagated, and characterized. Using a murine intraperitoneal (IP) infection model, we tested the virulence of 11 B. pseudomallei strains. The IP route offers a reproducible way to rank virulence that can be readily reproduced by other laboratories. This infection route is also useful in distinguishing significant differences in strain virulence that may be masked by the exquisite susceptibility associated with other routes of infection (e.g., inhalational). Additionally, there were several pathologic lesions observed in mice following IP infection. These included varisized abscesses in the spleen, liver, and haired skin. This model indicated that commonly used laboratory strains of B. pseudomallei (i.e., K96243 and 1026b) were significantly less virulent as compared to more recently acquired clinical isolates. Additionally, we characterized in vitro strain-associated differences in virulence for macrophages and described a potential inverse relationship between virulence in the IP mouse model of some strains and in the macrophage phagocytosis assay. Strains which were more virulent for mice (e.g., HBPU10304a) were often less virulent in the macrophage assays, as determined by several parameters such as intracellular bacterial replication and host cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kern
- Biostatisitics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Bearss
- Veterinary Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Bernhards
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sylvia R. Trevino
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David M. Waag
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kei Amemiya
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia L. Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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López Hernández Y, Yero D, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Gibert I. Animals devoid of pulmonary system as infection models in the study of lung bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:38. [PMID: 25699030 PMCID: PMC4316775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological disease models can be difficult and costly to develop and use on a routine basis. Particularly, in vivo lung infection models performed to study lung pathologies use to be laborious, demand a great time and commonly are associated with ethical issues. When infections in experimental animals are used, they need to be refined, defined, and validated for their intended purpose. Therefore, alternative and easy to handle models of experimental infections are still needed to test the virulence of bacterial lung pathogens. Because non-mammalian models have less ethical and cost constraints as a subjects for experimentation, in some cases would be appropriated to include these models as valuable tools to explore host-pathogen interactions. Numerous scientific data have been argued to the more extensive use of several kinds of alternative models, such as, the vertebrate zebrafish (Danio rerio), and non-vertebrate insects and nematodes (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) in the study of diverse infectious agents that affect humans. Here, we review the use of these vertebrate and non-vertebrate models in the study of bacterial agents, which are considered the principal causes of lung injury. Curiously none of these animals have a respiratory system as in air-breathing vertebrates, where respiration takes place in lungs. Despite this fact, with the present review we sought to provide elements in favor of the use of these alternative animal models of infection to reveal the molecular signatures of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamilé López Hernández
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis de Potosí, Mexico
| | - Daniel Yero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Pinos-Rodríguez
- Centro de Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis de Potosí, Mexico
| | - Isidre Gibert
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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Gutierrez MG, Pfeffer TL, Warawa JM. Type 3 secretion system cluster 3 is a critical virulence determinant for lung-specific melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3441. [PMID: 25569630 PMCID: PMC4287560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacterial agent of melioidosis, causes disease through inhalation of infectious particles, and is classified as a Tier 1 Select Agent. Optical diagnostic imaging has demonstrated that murine respiratory disease models are subject to significant upper respiratory tract (URT) colonization. Because human melioidosis is not associated with URT colonization as a prominent presentation, we hypothesized that lung-specific delivery of B. pseudomallei may enhance our ability to study respiratory melioidosis in mice. We compared intranasal and intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation of bacteria and found that the absence of URT colonization correlates with an increased bacterial pneumonia and systemic disease progression. Comparison of the LD50 of luminescent B. pseudomallei strain, JW280, in intranasal and IMIT challenges of albino C57BL/6J mice identified a significant decrease in the LD50 using IMIT. We subsequently examined the LD50 of both capsular polysaccharide and Type 3 Secretion System cluster 3 (T3SS3) mutants by IMIT challenge of mice and found that the capsule mutant was attenuated 6.8 fold, while the T3SS3 mutant was attenuated 290 fold, demonstrating that T3SS3 is critical to respiratory melioidosis. Our previously reported intranasal challenge studies, which involve significant URT colonization, did not identify a dissemination defect for capsule mutants; however, we now report that capsule mutants exhibit significantly reduced dissemination from the lung following lung-specific instillation, suggesting that capsule mutants are competent to spread from the URT, but not the lung. We also report that a T3SS3 mutant is defective for dissemination following lung-specific delivery, and also exhibits in vivo growth defects in the lung. These findings highlight the T3SS3 as a critical virulence system for respiratory melioidosis, not only in the lung, but also for subsequent spread beyond the lung using a model system uniquely capable to characterize the fate of lung-delivered pathogen. Respiratory melioidosis is a lethal disease presentation of the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is found in tropical regions worldwide. Respiratory melioidosis has also been highlighted as a concern in the biodefense community given the potential for weaponization of B. pseudomallei. This study demonstrates that respiratory melioidosis models can significantly vary in their disease presentations in mice, depending on whether the upper respiratory tract represents an initial site of infection. We have demonstrated that lung-specific infections of mice, which avoid nasal cavity colonization, result in a course of disease with greater maturation of pneumonia and systemic spread, and we propose that this represents a critical advance in the field of studying respiratory melioidosis. We further characterize that the capsule virulence determinant, previously considered important for respiratory melioidosis, has reduced significance when characterized in the context of lung-specific disease, while the Type 3 Secretion System cluster 3 is a critical virulence determinant for B. pseudomallei required for efficient colonization of the lung as well as spread to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Tia L. Pfeffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Warawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Schully KL, Bell MG, Ward JM, Keane-Myers AM. Oropharyngeal aspiration of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115066. [PMID: 25503969 PMCID: PMC4263729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei are potentially lethal pathogens categorized as biothreat agents due, in part, to their ability to be disseminated via aerosol. There are no protective vaccines against these pathogens and treatment options are limited and cumbersome. Since disease severity is greatest when these agents are inhaled, efforts to develop pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis focus largely on inhalation models of infection. Here, we demonstrate a non-invasive and technically simple method for affecting the inhalational challenge of BALB/c mice with B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. In this model, two investigators utilized common laboratory tools such as forceps and a micropipette to conduct and characterize an effective and reproducible inhalational challenge of BALB/c mice with B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. Challenge by oropharyngeal aspiration resulted in acute disease. Additionally, 50% endpoints for B. pseudomallei K96243 and B. mallei ATCC 23344 were nearly identical to published aerosol challenge methods. Furthermore, the pathogens disseminated to all major organs typically targeted by these agents where they proliferated. The pro-inflammatory cytokine production in the proximal and peripheral fluids demonstrated a rapid and robust immune response comparable to previously described murine and human studies. These observations demonstrate that OA is a viable alternative to aerosol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Schully
- Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. Bell
- Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerrold M. Ward
- Global Vet Pathology, Montgomery Village, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Keane-Myers
- Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Bozue J, Cote CK, Chance T, Kugelman J, Kern SJ, Kijek TK, Jenkins A, Mou S, Moody K, Fritz D, Robinson CG, Bell T, Worsham P. A Yersinia pestis tat mutant is attenuated in bubonic and small-aerosol pneumonic challenge models of infection but not as attenuated by intranasal challenge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104524. [PMID: 25101850 PMCID: PMC4125294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proteins destined for the Tat pathway are folded before crossing the inner membrane and are typically identified by an N-terminal signal peptide containing a twin arginine motif. Translocation by the Tat pathway is dependent on the products of genes which encode proteins possessing the binding site of the signal peptide and mediating the actual translocation event. In the fully virulent CO92 strain of Yersinia pestis, the tatA gene was deleted. The mutant was assayed for loss of virulence through various in vitro and in vivo assays. Deletion of the tatA gene resulted in several consequences for the mutant as compared to wild-type. Cell morphology of the mutant bacteria was altered and demonstrated a more elongated form. In addition, while cultures of the mutant strain were able to produce a biofilm, we observed a loss of adhesion of the mutant biofilm structure compared to the biofilm produced by the wild-type strain. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed a partial disruption of the F1 antigen on the surface of the mutant. The virulence of the ΔtatA mutant was assessed in various murine models of plague. The mutant was severely attenuated in the bubonic model with full virulence restored by complementation with the native gene. After small-particle aerosol challenge in a pneumonic model of infection, the mutant was also shown to be attenuated. In contrast, when mice were challenged intranasally with the mutant, very little difference in the LD50 was observed between wild-type and mutant strains. However, an increased time-to-death and delay in bacterial dissemination was observed in mice infected with the ΔtatA mutant as compared to the parent strain. Collectively, these findings demonstrate an essential role for the Tat pathway in the virulence of Y. pestis in bubonic and small-aerosol pneumonic infection but less important role for intranasal challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Taylor Chance
- Pathology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Kern
- Office of Research Support, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd K. Kijek
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Jenkins
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sherry Mou
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Krishna Moody
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Fritz
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Camenzind G. Robinson
- Pathology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Todd Bell
- Pathology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia Worsham
- Bacteriology Division, The United States Army of Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
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Chen YL, Yen YC, Yang CY, Lee MS, Ho CK, Mena KD, Wang PY, Chen PS. The concentrations of ambient Burkholderia pseudomallei during typhoon season in endemic area of melioidosis in Taiwan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2877. [PMID: 24874950 PMCID: PMC4038478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis is a severe bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei with a high case-fatality rate. Epidemiological and animal studies show the possibility of inhalation transmission. However, no B. pseudomallei concentrations in ambient air have been researched. Here, we developed a method to quantify ambient B. pseudomallei and then measured concentrations of ambient B. pseudomallei during the typhoon season and the non-typhoon season to determine the factors influencing ambient B. pseudomallei levels. Methods We quantified ambient B. pseudomallei by using a filter/real-time qPCR method in the Zoynan Region in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. Twenty-four hour samples were collected at a sampling rate of 20 L/min every day from June 11 to December 21, 2012 including during the typhoon season (June to September) and reference season (October to December). Results We successfully developed a filtration/real-time qPCR method to quantify ambient B. pseudomallei. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing concentrations of ambient B. pseudomallei. Ambient B. pseudomallei were only detected during the typhoon season when compared to the reference season. For the typhoons affecting the Zoynan Region, the positive rates of ambient B. pseudomallei were very high at 80% to 100%. During June to December, rainfall was positively correlated with ambient B. pseudomallei with a statistical significance. Sediment at a nearby pond significantly influenced the concentration of ambient B. pseudomallei. During the typhoon month, the typhoon was positively correlated with ambient B. pseudomallei whereas wind speed was reversely correlated with ambient B. pseudomallei. Conclusions Our data suggest the possibility of transmission of B. pseudomallei via inhalation during the typhoon season. Melioidosis is a severe bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei with a high case-fatality rate. Epidemiological and animal studies show the possibility of inhalation transmission. However, no B. pseudomallei concentrations in ambient air have been researched. Here, we successfully developed a method to quantify ambient B. pseudomallei by using a filter/real-time qPCR method. Twenty-four hour samples were collected every day from June 11 to December 21, 2012 including during the typhoon season (June to September) and reference season (October to December) in the Zoynan Region in Kaohsiung, southern Taiwan. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing concentrations of B. pseudomallei in ambient air. For the typhoons affecting the Zoynan Region, the positive rates of ambient B. pseudomallei were very high. Our data imply the possibility of air transmission of Melioidosis during the typhoon season. In addition, ambient B. pseudomallei aerosolized from sediment of a nearby lake should be a concern as an important source of transmission. Our results could provide deeper insight into Melioidosis transmissibility and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lei Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Yen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min Sheng Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ho
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kristina D. Mena
- Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peng-Yau Wang
- Disaster Prevention & Water Environment Research Center, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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A Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicle vaccine provides protection against lethal sepsis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:747-54. [PMID: 24671550 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00119-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The environmental Gram-negative encapsulated bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in areas of Southeast Asia and northern Australia in which the disease is endemic. B. pseudomallei is also classified as a tier I select agent due to the high level of lethality of the bacterium and its innate resistance to antibiotics, as well as the lack of an effective vaccine. Gram-negative bacteria, including B. pseudomallei, secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are enriched with multiple protein, lipid, and polysaccharide antigens. Previously, we demonstrated that immunization with multivalent B. pseudomallei-derived OMVs protects highly susceptible BALB/c mice against an otherwise lethal aerosol challenge. In this work, we evaluated the protective efficacy of OMV immunization against intraperitoneal challenge with a heterologous strain because systemic infection with phenotypically diverse environmental B. pseudomallei strains poses another hazard and a challenge to vaccine development. We demonstrated that B. pseudomallei OMVs derived from strain 1026b afforded significant protection against septicemic infection with B. pseudomallei strain K96243. OMV immunization induced robust OMV-, lipopolysaccharide-, and capsular polysaccharide-specific serum IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3) and IgM antibody responses. OMV-immune serum promoted bacterial killing in vitro, and passive transfer of B. pseudomallei OMV immune sera protected naive mice against a subsequent challenge. These results indicate that OMV immunization provides antibody-mediated protection against acute, rapidly lethal sepsis in mice. B. pseudomallei-derived OMVs may represent an efficacious multivalent vaccine strategy against melioidosis.
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Comparative Burkholderia pseudomallei natural history virulence studies using an aerosol murine model of infection. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4305. [PMID: 24603493 PMCID: PMC3945929 DOI: 10.1038/srep04305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an endemic disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Concerns exist regarding B. pseudomallei use as a potential bio-threat agent causing persistent infections and typically manifesting as severe pneumonia capable of causing fatal bacteremia. Development of suitable therapeutics against melioidosis is complicated due to high degree of genetic and phenotypic variability among B. pseudomallei isolates and lack of data establishing commonly accepted strains for comparative studies. Further, the impact of strain variation on virulence, disease presentation, and mortality is not well understood. Therefore, this study evaluate and compare the virulence and disease progression of B. pseudomallei strains K96243 and HBPUB10303a, following aerosol challenge in a standardized BALB/c mouse model of infection. The natural history analysis of disease progression monitored conditions such as weight, body temperature, appearance, activity, bacteremia, organ and tissue colonization (pathological and histological analysis) and immunological responses. This study provides a detailed, direct comparison of infection with different B. pseudomallei strains and set up the basis for a standardized model useful to test different medical countermeasures against Burkholderia species. Further, this protocol serves as a guideline to standardize other bacterial aerosol models of infection or to define biomarkers of infectious processes caused by other intracellular pathogens.
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Lafontaine ER, Zimmerman SM, Shaffer TL, Michel F, Gao X, Hogan RJ. Use of a safe, reproducible, and rapid aerosol delivery method to study infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76804. [PMID: 24098563 PMCID: PMC3788738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a saprophytic bacterium readily isolated from wet soils of countries bordering the equator. Burkholderia mallei is a host-adapted clone of B. pseudomallei that does not persist outside of its equine reservoir and causes the zoonosis glanders, which is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America. Infection by these organisms typically occurs via percutaneous inoculation or inhalation of aerosols, and the most common manifestation is severe pneumonia leading to fatal bacteremia. Glanders and melioidosis are difficult to diagnose and require prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. There are no vaccines available to protect against either Burkholderia species, and there is concern regarding their use as biological warfare agents given that B. mallei has previously been utilized in this manner. Hence, experiments were performed to establish a mouse model of aerosol infection to study the organisms and develop countermeasures. Using a hand-held aerosolizer, BALB/c mice were inoculated intratracheally with strains B. pseudomallei 1026b and B. mallei ATCC23344 and growth of the agents in the lungs, as well as dissemination to the spleen, were examined. Mice infected with 102, 103 and 104 organisms were unable to control growth of B. mallei in the lungs and bacteria rapidly disseminated to the spleen. Though similar results were observed in mice inoculated with 103 and 104B. pseudomallei cells, animals infected with 102 organisms controlled bacterial replication in the lungs, dissemination to the spleen, and the extent of bacteremia. Analysis of sera from mice surviving acute infection revealed that animals produced antibodies against antigens known to be targets of the immune response in humans. Taken together, these data show that small volume aerosol inoculation of mice results in acute disease, dose-dependent chronic infection, and immune responses that correlate with those seen in human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shawn M. Zimmerman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Teresa L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frank Michel
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xiudan Gao
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Asakrah S, Nieves W, Mahdi Z, Agard M, Zea AH, Roy CJ, Morici LA. Post-exposure therapeutic efficacy of COX-2 inhibition against Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2212. [PMID: 23675544 PMCID: PMC3649956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacillus and the etiologic agent of melioidosis, a severe disease in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Like other multidrug-resistant pathogens, the inherent antibiotic resistance of B. pseudomallei impedes treatment and highlights the need for alternative therapeutic strategies that can circumvent antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. In this work, we demonstrate that host prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production plays a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei. PGE2 promotes B. pseudomallei intracellular survival within macrophages and bacterial virulence in a mouse model of pneumonic melioidosis. PGE2-mediated immunosuppression of macrophage bactericidal effector functions is associated with increased arginase 2 (Arg2) expression and decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. Treatment with a commercially-available COX-2 inhibitor suppresses the growth of B. pseudomallei in macrophages and affords significant protection against rapidly lethal pneumonic melioidosis when administered post-exposure to B. pseudomallei-infected mice. COX-2 inhibition may represent a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to control infection with B. pseudomallei and other intracellular pathogens. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, a severe disease endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei is also classified as a Tier 1 select agent due to the threat of malicious use of the organism. Treatment of melioidosis is complicated by the inherent multidrug resistance of B. pseudomallei, leading to high case fatality rates or disease relapse. New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to improve patient survival and to protect against a deliberate release of B. pseudomallei. Immunotherapeutics that can enhance the host immune response and delay disease progression represent a significant area of research interest. A number of immunomodulatory agents delivered locally to the lung prior to B. pseudomallei infection have afforded significant protection against pulmonary disease in animal models of melioidosis; however, their protective capacity significantly wanes upon post-exposure administration. In this work, we identify the PGE2 pathway as an immunotherapeutic target in pulmonary melioidosis and show that post-exposure COX-2 inhibition provides significant protection against lethal B. pseudomallei lung infection in mice. Further research examining FDA-approved COX-2 inhibitors as post-exposure prophylaxis for B. pseudomallei is warranted, as this may represent a safe, affordable, and efficacious immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Asakrah
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wildaliz Nieves
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zaid Mahdi
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mallory Agard
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Arnold H. Zea
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Microbiology, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Stundick MV, Albrecht MT, Houchens CR, Smith AP, Dreier TM, Larsen JC. Animal models for Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia species: scientific and regulatory gaps toward approval of antibiotics under the FDA Animal Rule. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:877-92. [PMID: 23628693 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813486812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development and regulatory approval of medical countermeasures (MCMs) for the treatment and prevention of bacterial threat agent infections will require the evaluation of products in animal models. To obtain regulatory approval, these models must accurately recapitulate aspects of human disease, including, but not necessarily limited to, route of exposure, time to disease onset, pathology, immune response, and mortality. This article focuses on the state of animal model development for 3 agents for which models are largely immature: Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. An overview of available models and a description of scientific and regulatory gaps are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Stundick
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, 375 E. St, SW- 12th Floor, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
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Lipsitz R, Garges S, Aurigemma R, Baccam P, Blaney DD, Cheng AC, Currie BJ, Dance D, Gee JE, Larsen J, Limmathurotsakul D, Morrow MG, Norton R, O'Mara E, Peacock SJ, Pesik N, Rogers LP, Schweizer HP, Steinmetz I, Tan G, Tan P, Wiersinga WJ, Wuthiekanun V, Smith TL. Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:e2. [PMID: 23171644 PMCID: PMC3557896 DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise convened subject matter experts at the 2010 HHS Burkholderia Workshop to develop consensus recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis against and treatment for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei infections, which cause melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Drugs recommended by consensus of the participants are ceftazidime or meropenem for initial intensive therapy, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for eradication therapy. For postexposure prophylaxis, recommended drugs are trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-amoxiclav. To improve the timely diagnosis of melioidosis and glanders, further development and wide distribution of rapid diagnostic assays were also recommended. Standardized animal models and B. pseudomallei strains are needed for further development of therapeutic options. Training for laboratory technicians and physicians would facilitate better diagnosis and treatment options.
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40
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Revelli DA, Boylan JA, Gherardini FC. A non-invasive intratracheal inoculation method for the study of pulmonary melioidosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:164. [PMID: 23267442 PMCID: PMC3526731 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary melioidosis, a disease manifestation caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, has been studied using aerosols or intranasal (IN) inoculation in small animal models. Both have inherent disadvantages which may not accurately model primary pulmonary melioidosis in humans. Intratracheal inoculation (IT) by direct visualization of the tracheal opening offers an alternative technique for infection that overcomes the disadvantages of aerosol and IN challenge. In this study, we describe a method which requires relatively inexpensive equipment, little training, and is compliant with the operational constraints of a BSL3 laboratory. Results obtained using trypan blue demonstrated that an inoculum can be accurately delivered into the lungs of mice within a biosafety cabinet (BSC). Whole body imaging and histopathology confirmed that mice inoculated intratracheally with B. pseudomallei develop the primary focus of infection in the lungs, and not the nasal passages which can lead to invasion of the central nervous system and potential neurologic complications. Further, based on colony counts and bioluminescent imaging, dissemination to secondary organs occurred as expected. Taken together, this intratracheal method of inoculation fulfills four goals: (1) to accurately deliver B. pseudomallei into the lungs of the animal model, (2) to avoid potentially confounding complications due to primary infections at sites other than the lung, (3) to maintain normal organ dissemination, and (4) to be BSL3 compliant.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Revelli
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories Hamilton, MT, USA
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Natural history of inhalation melioidosis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). Infect Immun 2012; 80:3332-40. [PMID: 22778104 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00675-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is recognized as a serious health threat due to its involvement in septic and pulmonary infections in areas of endemicity and is recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a category B biothreat agent. An animal model is desirable to evaluate the pathogenesis of melioidosis and medical countermeasures. A model system that represents human melioidosis infections is essential in this process. A group of 10 rhesus macaques (RMs) and 10 African green monkeys (AGMs) was exposed to aerosolized B. pseudomallei 1026b. The first clinical signs were fever developing 24 to 40 h postexposure followed by leukocytosis resulting from a high percentage of neutrophils. Dyspnea manifested 2 to 4 days postexposure. In the AGMs, an increase in interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed. In the RMs, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α increased. All the RMs and AGMs had various degrees of bronchopneumonia, with inflammation consisting of numerous neutrophils and a moderate number of macrophages. Both the RMs and the AGMs appear to develop a melioidosis infection that closely resembles that seen in acute human melioidosis. However, for an evaluation of medical countermeasures, AGMs appear to be a more appropriate model.
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Warawa JM, Long D, Rosenke R, Gardner D, Gherardini FC. Bioluminescent diagnostic imaging to characterize altered respiratory tract colonization by the burkholderia pseudomallei capsule mutant. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:133. [PMID: 21720539 PMCID: PMC3118415 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is a common manifestation of the potentially fatal disease melioidosis, caused by the select agent bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. In this study we describe a new model system to investigate pulmonary melioidosis in vivo using bioluminescent-engineered bacteria in a murine respiratory disease model. Studies were performed to validate that the stable, light producing B. pseudomallei strain JW280 constitutively produced light in biologically relevant host-pathogen interactions. Hairless outbred SKH1 mice were used to enhance the ability to monitor B. pseudomallei respiratory disease, and were found to be similarly susceptible to respiratory melioidosis as BALB/c mice. This represents the first demonstration of in vivo diagnostic imaging of pulmonary melioidosis permitting the detection of B. pseudomallei less than 24 h post-infection. Diagnostic imaging of pulmonary melioidosis revealed distinct temporal patterns of bacterial colonization unique to both BALB/c and SKH1 mice. Validation of these model systems included the use of the previously characterized capsule mutant, which was found to colonize the upper respiratory tract at significantly higher levels than the wild type strain. These model systems allow for high resolution detection of bacterial pulmonary disease which will facilitate studies of therapeutics and basic science evaluation of melioidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Warawa
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Hamilton, MT, USA
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