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Ewens AN, Pilski A, Hastings SD, Krook-Magnuson C, Graves SM, Krook-Magnuson E, Thayer SA. Levetiracetam Prevents Neurophysiological Changes and Preserves Cognitive Function in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Transactivator of Transcription Transgenic Mouse Model of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 391:104-118. [PMID: 39060163 PMCID: PMC11413936 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects nearly half of the 39 million people living with HIV. HAND symptoms range from subclinical cognitive impairment to dementia; the mechanisms that underlie HAND remain unclear and there is no treatment. The HIV protein transactivator of transcription (TAT) is thought to contribute to HAND because it persists in the central nervous system and elicits neurotoxicity in animal models. Network hyperexcitability is associated with accelerated cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders. Here we show that the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) attenuated aberrant excitatory synaptic transmission, protected synaptic plasticity, reduced seizure susceptibility, and preserved cognition in inducible TAT (iTAT) transgenic male mice. iTAT mice had an increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in hippocampal slice recordings and impaired long-term potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory. Two-week administration of LEV by osmotic minipump prevented both impairments. Kainic acid administered to iTAT mice induced a higher maximum behavioral seizure score, longer seizure duration, and shorter latency to first seizure, consistent with a lower seizure threshold. LEV treatment prevented these in vivo signs of hyperexcitability. Lastly, in the Barnes maze, iTAT mice required more time to reach the goal, committed more errors, and received lower cognitive scores relative to iTAT mice treated with LEV. Thus, TAT expression drives functional deficits, suggesting a causative role in HAND. As LEV not only prevented aberrant synaptic activity in iTAT mice but also prevented cognitive dysfunction, it may provide a promising pharmacological approach to the treatment of HAND. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Approximately half of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also suffer from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), for which there is no treatment. The HIV protein transactivator of transcription (TAT) causes toxicity that is thought to contribute to HAND. Here, the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam (LEV) prevented synaptic and cognitive impairments in a TAT-expressing mouse. LEV is widely used to treat seizures and is well-tolerated in humans, including those with HIV. This study supports further investigation of LEV-mediated neuroprotection in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Ewens
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
| | - Alexander Pilski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
| | - Shayne D Hastings
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
| | - Chris Krook-Magnuson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
| | - Steven M Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
| | - Esther Krook-Magnuson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
| | - Stanley A Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota (A.N.E., A.P., S.M.G., S.A.T.); and Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (S.D.H., C.K.-M., E.K.-M.)
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Annadurai N, Kanmogne GD. Structural and Functional Dysregulation of the Brain Endothelium in HIV Infection and Substance Abuse. Cells 2024; 13:1415. [PMID: 39272987 PMCID: PMC11393916 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury and dysfunction following infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enables viral entry into the brain, infection of resident brain cells, neuronal injury and subsequent neurodegeneration leading to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although combination antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the incidence and prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV, the prevalence of HAND remains high. With aging of people living with HIV associated with increased comorbidities, the prevalence of HIV-related central nervous system (CNS) complications is expected to remain high. Considering the principal role of the brain endothelium in HIV infection of the CNS and HAND, the purpose of this manuscript is to review the current literature on the pathobiology of the brain endothelium structural and functional dysregulation in HIV infection, including in the presence of HIV-1 and viral proteins (gp120, Tat, Nef, and Vpr). We summarize evidence from human and animal studies, in vitro studies, and associated mechanisms. We further summarize evidence of synergy or lack thereof between commonly abused substances (cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, tobacco, opioids, and cannabinoids) and HIV- or viral protein-induced BBB injury and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendran Annadurai
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4455, USA
| | - Georgette D Kanmogne
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4455, USA
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McMullan HM, Gansemer BM, Thayer SA. Antiretroviral drugs from multiple classes induce loss of excitatory synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1369757. [PMID: 38533258 PMCID: PMC10963620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1369757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs have improved prognoses for people living with HIV. However, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite undetectable viral loads. Some ARVs have been linked to neuropsychiatric effects that may contribute to HAND. Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in HAND and synaptic deficits may contribute to the neuropsychiatric effects of ARV drugs. Methods: Using an automated high content assay, rat hippocampal neurons in culture expressing PSD95-eGFP to label glutamatergic synapses and mCherry to fill neuronal structures were imaged before and after treatment with 25 clinically used ARVs. Results and Discussion: At a concentration of 10 μM the protease inhibitors nelfinavir and saquinavir, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors etravirine and the 8-OH metabolite of efavirenz, the integrase inhibitor bictegravir, and the capsid inhibitor lenacapavir produced synaptic toxicity. Only lenacapavir produced synapse loss at the nanomolar concentrations estimated free in the plasma, although all 4 ARV drugs induced synapse loss at Cmax. Evaluation of combination therapies did not reveal synergistic synaptic toxicity. Synapse loss developed fully by 24 h and persisted for at least 3 days. Bictegravir-induced synapse loss required activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and bictegravir, etravirine, and lenacapavir produced synapse loss by an excitotoxic mechanism. These results indicate that select ARV drugs might contribute to neuropsychiatric effects in combination with drugs that bind serum proteins or in disease states in which synaptic function is altered. The high content imaging assay used here provides an efficient means to evaluate new drugs and drug combinations for potential CNS toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stanley A. Thayer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Lin S, Cheng H, Yang G, Wang C, Leung CK, Zhang S, Tan Y, Zhang H, Wang H, Miao L, Li Y, Huang Y, Li J, Zhang R, Zeng X. NRF2 Antagonizes HIV-1 Tat and Methamphetamine-Induced BV2 Cell Ferroptosis by Regulating SLC7A11. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:398-407. [PMID: 37060393 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) and HIV-1 lead to oxidative stress and their combined effect increases the risk of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), which may be related to the synergistic ferroptotic impairment in microglia. Ferroptosis is a redox imbalance cell damage associated with iron overload that is linked to the pathogenic processes of METH and HIV-1. NRF2 is an antioxidant transcription factor that plays a protective role in METH and HIV-1-induced neurotoxicity, but its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. To explore the role of ferroptosis in METH abuse and HIV-1 infection and the potential role of NRF2 in this process, we conducted METH and HIV-1 Tat exposure models using the BV2 microglia cells. We found that METH and HIV-1 Tat reduced the expression of ferroptotic protein GPX4 and the cell viability and enhanced the expression of P53 and the level of ferrous iron, while the above indices were significantly improved with pretreatment of ferrostatin-1. In addition, NRF2 knockdown accelerated METH and HIV-1 Tat-induced BV2 cell ferroptosis accompanied by decreased expression of SLC7A11. On the contrary, NRF2 stimulation significantly increased the expression of SLC7A11 and attenuated ferroptosis in cells. In summary, our study indicates that METH and HIV-1 Tat synergistically cause BV2 cell ferroptosis, while NRF2 antagonizes BV2 cell ferroptotic damage induced by METH and HIV-1 Tat through regulation of SLC7A11. Overall, this study provides potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neurotoxicity caused by METH and HIV-1 Tat, providing a theoretical basis and new targets for the treatment of HIV-infected drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Haowei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yizhen Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
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Borrajo A, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Fernández-Pereira C, Prieto-González JM, Agís-Balboa RC. Genomic Factors and Therapeutic Approaches in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14364. [PMID: 37762667 PMCID: PMC10531836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) still persist despite improved life expectancy, reduced viral loads, and decreased infection severity. The number of patients affected by HANDs ranges from (30 to 50) % of HIV-infected individuals. The pathological mechanisms contributing to HANDs and the most serious manifestation of the disease, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), are not yet well understood. Evidence suggests that these mechanisms are likely multifactorial, producing neurocognitive complications involving disorders such as neurogenesis, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Over the years, multiple pharmacological approaches with specific mechanisms of action acting upon distinct targets have been approved. Although these therapies are effective in reducing viral loading to undetectable levels, they also present some disadvantages such as common side effects, the need for administration with a very high frequency, and the possibility of drug resistance. Genetic studies on HANDs provide insights into the biological pathways and mechanisms that contribute to cognitive impairment in people living with HIV-1. Furthermore, they also help identify genetic variants that increase susceptibility to HANDs and can be used to tailor treatment approaches for HIV-1 patients. Identification of the genetic markers associated with disease progression can help clinicians predict which individuals require more aggressive management and by understanding the genetic basis of the disorder, it will be possible to develop targeted therapies to mitigate cognitive impairment. The main goal of this review is to provide details on the epidemiological data currently available and to summarise the genetic (specifically, the genetic makeup of the immune system), transcriptomic, and epigenetic studies available on HANDs to date. In addition, we address the potential pharmacological therapeutic strategies currently being investigated. This will provide valuable information that can guide clinical care, drug development, and our overall understanding of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Borrajo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo (UVigo), Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández-Pereira
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Area Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - José María Prieto-González
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (D.P.-R.); (C.F.-P.); (J.M.P.-G.)
- Translational Research in Neurological Diseases (ITEN), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Basova LV, Lindsey A, McGovern A, Rosander A, Delorme-Walker V, ElShamy WM, Pendyala VV, Gaskill PJ, Ellis RJ, Cherner M, Iudicello JE, Marcondes MCG. MRP8/14 Is a Molecular Signature Triggered by Dopamine in HIV Latent Myeloid Targets That Increases HIV Transcription and Distinguishes HIV+ Methamphetamine Users with Detectable CSF Viral Load and Brain Pathology. Viruses 2023; 15:1363. [PMID: 37376663 PMCID: PMC10304659 DOI: 10.3390/v15061363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a significant overlap between HIV infection and substance-use disorders. Dopamine (DA) is the most abundantly upregulated neurotransmitter in methamphetamine abuse, with receptors (DRD1-5) that are expressed by neurons as well as by a large diversity of cell types, including innate immune cells that are the targets of HIV infection, making them responsive to the hyperdopaminergic environment that is characteristic of stimulant drugs. Therefore, the presence of high levels of dopamine may affect the pathogenesis of HIV, particularly in the brain. The stimulation of HIV latently infected U1 promonocytes with DA significantly increased viral p24 levels in the supernatant at 24 h, suggesting effects on activation and replication. Using selective agonists to different DRDs, we found that DRD1 played a major role in activating viral transcription, followed by DRD4, which increased p24 with a slower kinetic rate compared to DRD1. Transcriptome and systems biology analyses led to the identification of a cluster of genes responsive to DA, where S100A8 and S100A9 were most significantly correlated with the early increase in p24 levels following DA stimulation. Conversely, DA increased the expression of these genes' transcripts at the protein level, MRP8 and MRP14, respectively, which form a complex also known as calprotectin. Interestingly, MRP8/14 was able to stimulate HIV transcription in latent U1 cells, and this occurred via binding of the complex to the receptor for an advanced glycosylation end-product (RAGE). Using selective agonists, both DRD1 and DRD4 increased MRP8/14 on the surface, in the cytoplasm, as well as secreted in the supernatants. On the other hand, while DRD1/5 did not affect the expression of RAGE, DRD4 stimulation caused its downregulation, offering a mechanism for the delayed effect via DRD4 on the p24 increase. To cross-validate MRP8/14 as a DA signature with a biomarker value, we tested its expression in HIV+ Meth users' postmortem brain specimens and peripheral cells. MRP8/14+ cells were more frequently identified in mesolimbic areas such as the basal ganglia of HIV+ Meth+ cases compared to HIV+ non-Meth users or to controls. Likewise, MRP8/14+ CD11b+ monocytes were more frequent in HIV+ Meth users, particularly in specimens from participants with a detectable viral load in the CSF. Overall, our results suggest that the MRP8 and MRP14 complex may serve as a signature to distinguish subjects using addictive substances in the context of HIV, and that this may play a role in aggravating HIV pathology by promoting viral replication in people with HIV who use Meth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana V. Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Rosander
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- Human Biology Program BISP, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Wael M. ElShamy
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald J. Ellis
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Iudicello
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
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Gotora PT, van der Sluis R, Williams ME. HIV-1 Tat amino acid residues that influence Tat-TAR binding affinity: a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:164. [PMID: 36932337 PMCID: PMC10020771 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 remains a global health concern and to date, nearly 38 million people are living with HIV. The complexity of HIV-1 pathogenesis and its subsequent prevalence is influenced by several factors including the HIV-1 subtype. HIV-1 subtype variation extends to sequence variation in the amino acids of the HIV-1 viral proteins. Of particular interest is the transactivation of transcription (Tat) protein due to its key function in viral transcription. The Tat protein predominantly functions by binding to the transactivation response (TAR) RNA element to activate HIV-1 transcriptional elongation. Subtype-specific Tat protein sequence variation influences Tat-TAR binding affinity. Despite several studies investigating Tat-TAR binding, it is not clear which regions of the Tat protein and/or individual Tat amino acid residues may contribute to TAR binding affinity. We, therefore, conducted a scoping review on studies investigating Tat-TAR binding. We aimed to synthesize the published data to determine (1) the regions of the Tat protein that may be involved in TAR binding, (2) key Tat amino acids involved in TAR binding and (3) if Tat subtype-specific variation influences TAR binding. A total of thirteen studies met our inclusion criteria and the key findings were that (1) both N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids outside the basic domain (47-59) may be important in increasing Tat-TAR binding affinity, (2) substitution of the amino acids Lysine and Arginine (47-59) resulted in a reduction in binding affinity to TAR, and (3) none of the included studies have investigated Tat subtype-specific substitutions and therefore no commentary could be made regarding which subtype may have a higher Tat-TAR binding affinity. Future studies investigating Tat-TAR binding should therefore use full-length Tat proteins and compare subtype-specific variations. Studies of such a nature may help explain why we see differential pathogenesis and prevalence when comparing HIV-1 subtypes.
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Involvement of lncRNA TUG1 in HIV-1 Tat-Induced Astrocyte Senescence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054330. [PMID: 36901763 PMCID: PMC10002460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy has been associated with premature aging. Among the various features of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders, astrocyte senescence has been surmised as a potential cause contributing to HIV-1-induced brain aging and neurocognitive impairments. Recently, lncRNAs have also been implicated to play essential roles in the onset of cellular senescence. Herein, using human primary astrocytes (HPAs), we investigated the role of lncRNA TUG1 in HIV-1 Tat-mediated onset of astrocyte senescence. We found that HPAs exposed to HIV-1 Tat resulted in significant upregulation of lncRNA TUG1 expression that was accompanied by elevated expression of p16 and p21, respectively. Additionally, HIV-1 Tat-exposed HPAs demonstrated increased expression of senescence-associated (SA) markers-SA-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and SA-heterochromatin foci-cell-cycle arrest, and increased production of reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines. Intriguingly, gene silencing of lncRNA TUG1 in HPAs also reversed HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of p21, p16, SA-β gal activity, cellular activation, and proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, increased expression of astrocytic p16 and p21, lncRNA TUG1, and proinflammatory cytokines were observed in the prefrontal cortices of HIV-1 transgenic rats, thereby suggesting the occurrence of senescence activation in vivo. Overall, our data indicate that HIV-1 Tat-induced astrocyte senescence involves the lncRNA TUG1 and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for dampening accelerated aging associated with HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins.
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Young JW, Kenton JA, Milienne-Petiot M, Deben D, Achim C, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant IE, Minassian A. Chronic methamphetamine exposure exerts few effects on the iTat mouse model of HIV, but blocks Tat expression-induced slowed reward retrieval. Behav Brain Res 2023; 437:114109. [PMID: 36108778 PMCID: PMC10878174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to infect millions worldwide, negatively impacting neurobehavioral function. Further understanding of the combined effects of HIV and methamphetamine use is crucial, as methamphetamine use is prevalent in people with HIV. The HIV-associated protein Tat may contribute to cognitive dysfunction, modeled preclinically in mice using doxycycline (DOX)-inducible Tat expression (iTat). Tat may exert its effects on cognitive function via disruption of the dopamine transporter, similar to the action of methamphetamine. Additionally, Tat and methamphetamine both decrease interneuron populations, including those expressing calbindin. It is important to understand the combined effects of Tat and methamphetamine in preclinical models of HIV infection. Here, we used iTat transgenic mice and a chronic binge regimen of methamphetamine exposure to determine their combined impact on reward learning and motivation. We also measured calbindin expression in behavior-relevant brain regions. Before induction with DOX, iTat mice exhibited no differences in behavior. Chronic methamphetamine exposure before Tat induction impaired initial reward learning but did not affect motivation. Furthermore, DOX-induced Tat expression did not alter behavior, but slowed latencies to retrieve rewards. This effect of Tat, however, was not observed in methamphetamine-treated mice, indicative of a potential protective effect. Finally, Tat expression was associated with an increase in calbindin-expressing cells in the VTA, while methamphetamine exposure did not alter calbindin numbers. These findings may indicate a protective role of methamphetamine in HIV neuropathology, which in turn may help in our understanding of why people with HIV use methamphetamine at disproportionately higher rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Debbie Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Igor E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States
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Ghanam RH, Eastep GN, Saad JS. Structural Insights into the Mechanism of HIV-1 Tat Secretion from the Plasma Membrane. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167880. [PMID: 36370804 PMCID: PMC9822876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator of transcription (Tat) is a small, intrinsically disordered basic protein that plays diverse roles in the HIV-1 replication cycle, including promotion of efficient viral RNA transcription. Tat is released by infected cells and subsequently absorbed by healthy cells, thereby contributing to HIV-1 pathogenesis including HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. It has been shown that, in HIV-1-infected primary CD4 T-cells, Tat accumulates at the plasma membrane (PM) for secretion, a mechanism mediated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). However, the structural basis for Tat interaction with the PM and thereby secretion is lacking. Herein, we employed NMR and biophysical methods to characterize Tat86 (86 amino acids) interactions with PI(4,5)P2 and lipid nanodiscs (NDs). Our data revealed that Arg49, Lys50 and Lys51 (RKK motif) constitute the PI(4,5)P2 binding site, that Tat86 interaction with lipid NDs is dependent on PI(4,5)P2 and phosphatidylserine (PS), and that the arginine-rich motif (RRQRRR) preferentially interacts with PS. Furthermore, we show that Trp11, previously implicated in Tat secretion, penetrates deeply in the membrane; substitution of Trp11 severely reduced Tat86 interaction with membranes. Deletion of the entire highly basic region and Trp11 completely abolished Tat86 binding to lipid NDs. Our data support a mechanism by which HIV-1 Tat secretion from the PM is mediated by a tripartite signal consisting of binding of the RKK motif to PI(4,5)P2, arginine-rich motif to PS, and penetration of Trp11 in the membrane. Altogether, these findings provide new insights into the molecular requirements for Tat binding to membranes during secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba H Ghanam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Gunnar N Eastep
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - Jamil S Saad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Liu J, Nguchu BA, Liu D, Qi Y, Aili X, Han S, Gao Y, Wang X, Qiao H, Cai C, Huang X, Li H. Longitudinal white matter alterations in SIVmac239-infected rhesus monkeys with and without regular cART treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1067795. [PMID: 36713432 PMCID: PMC9879061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To use SIV-mac239-infected Chinese rhesus monkeys to study white matter changes with and without regular combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and the relationships between the changes and clinical results. Methods Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data were collected at baseline and 10 days, 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 36 weeks after viral inoculation. Plasma CD4 T cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, plasma viral load, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load were collected at baseline and 1 week, 5 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 36 weeks after viral inoculation. Microstructural characteristics were examined within 76 white matter areas defined by the DTI-white matter (WM) atlas for rhesus macaques. Corrections for multiple comparisons were performed using a false discovery rate (p < 0.05, FDR). Correlation analyzes between imaging markers and clinical markers (plasma CD4 T cell counts, CD4/CD8 ratio, plasma viral load, and cerebral spinal fluid viral load) were performed using Pearson correlations. Results White matter changes in SIV-infected macaques were detected in different brain regions as early as 4 weeks after inoculation. As time progressed, cART reversed, ameliorated, or even enhanced the effects. The CD4 T cell count was mainly associated with DTI metrics before cART, while the CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with white matter changes with and without cART. Viral load was positively associated with mean diffusivity in HIV patients without cART, and the opposite results were seen in HIV patients with cART. Conclusion SIV-mac239 infection may be an ideal tool for studying HIV-induced changes in the brain. The first white matter changes appeared in a structure adjacent to the periventricular area as early as 4 weeks after inoculation. As time progressed, cART had different effects on different regions, reversing, attenuating, or even progressing the pathology. Moreover, these changes were closely related to the CD4/CD8 ratio and viral load, even after cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Dan Liu
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xire Aili
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxun Gao
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwei Qiao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiaojie Huang, ; Hongjun Li,
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiaojie Huang, ; Hongjun Li,
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Ayoub S, Kenton JA, Milienne-Petiot M, Deben DS, Achim C, Geyer MA, Perry W, Grant IE, Young JW, Minassian A. iTat transgenic mice exhibit hyper-locomotion in the behavioral pattern monitor after chronic exposure to methamphetamine but are unaffected by Tat expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 222:173499. [PMID: 36462584 PMCID: PMC10014034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased the quality of life and lifespan in people living with HIV (PWH), millions continue to suffer from the neurobehavioral effects of the virus. Additionally, the abuse of illicit drugs (methamphetamine in particular) is significantly higher in PWH compared to the general population, which may further impact their neurological functions. The HIV regulatory protein, Tat, has been implicated in the neurobehavioral impacts of HIV and is purported to inhibit dopamine transporter (DAT) function in a way similar to methamphetamine. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of Tat expression and methamphetamine would exert synergistic deleterious effects on behavior and DAT expression. We examined the impact of chronic methamphetamine exposure on exploration in transgenic mice expressing human Tat (iTat) vs. their wildtype littermates using the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM). During baseline, mice exhibited sex-dependent differences in BPM behavior, which persisted through methamphetamine exposure, and Tat activation with doxycycline. We observed a main effect of methamphetamine, wherein exposure, irrespective of genotype, increased locomotor activity and decreased specific exploration. After doxycycline treatment, mice continued to exhibit drug-dependent alterations in locomotion, with no effect of Tat, or methamphetamine interactions. DAT levels were higher in wildtype, saline-exposed males compared to all other groups. These data support stimulant-induced changes of locomotor activity and exploration, and suggest that viral Tat and methamphetamine do not synergistically interact to alter these behaviors in mice. These findings are important for future studies attempting to disentangle the effect of substances that impact DAT on HAND-relevant behaviors using such transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ayoub
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Johnny A Kenton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Debbie S Deben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cristian Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Igor E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States of America.
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Administration San Diego HealthCare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, United States of America
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Joseph J, Daley W, Lawrence D, Lorenzo E, Perrin P, Rao VR, Tsai SY, Varthakavi V. Role of macrophages in HIV pathogenesis and cure: NIH perspectives. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1233-1243. [PMID: 36073341 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0722-619r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a significant role in HIV infection and contribute to pathogenesis of comorbidities as well as establishment of the viral reservoir in people living with HIV. While CD4+ T cells are considered the main targets of HIV infection, infected macrophages resist the cytopathic effects of infection, contributing to the persistent HIV reservoir. Furthermore, activated macrophages drive inflammation and contribute to the development of comorbidities, including HIV-associated CNS dysfunction. Better understanding the role of macrophages in HIV infection, persistence, and comorbidities can lead to development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address HIV-related outcomes in people living with HIV. In October 2021, the National Institute of Mental Health and the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard conducted a virtual meeting on role of macrophages in HIV infection, pathogenesis, and cure. This review article captures the key highlights from this meeting and provides an overview of interests and activities of various NIH institutes involved in supporting research on macrophages and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeymohan Joseph
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William Daley
- Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Room 6001 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD, 20892-9521, USA.,Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane Lawrence
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric Lorenzo
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 6710B Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Perrin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 6707 Democracy Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vasudev R Rao
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, 5601 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shang-Yi Tsai
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3WFN, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Vasundhara Varthakavi
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 3WFN, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
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Methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat proteins synergistically induce microglial autophagy via activation of the Nrf2/NQO1/HO-1 signal pathway. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109256. [PMID: 36162528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant that is abused throughout the world. METH is a highly addictive drug commonly used by persons living with HIV, and its use can result in cognitive impairment and memory deficits. METH and human immunodeficiency virus-1 transactivator of transcription (HIV-1Tat) have toxic and synergistic effects on the nervous system; however, the mechanism of their synergistic effects has not been clarified. We used BV2 cells, primary microglia, Nrf2-KO C57BL/6J mice, and autopsied brain tissues of METH-abusing, HIV infection, and METH-abusing individuals comorbid with HIV to explore the regulatory role of Nrf2/NQO1/HO-1 signal pathway on microglia autophagy. Our results showed that microglia were significantly activated by METH and HIV-1Tat protein. METH and HIV-1Tat protein combination significantly increase the autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II, Beclin-1, ATG5, and ATG7) expression in microglia and striatum of C57BL/6J mice. After silencing or knocking out the Nrf2 gene, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins were significantly increased. In human brain tissue, microglia were activated, Nrf2, LC3-II, and Beclin-1 expression levels were raised, and the p62 expression level was decreased. Our results suggested that METH and HIV or HIV-1Tat synergistically affect autophagy. And the Nrf2 pathway plays a vital role in regulating the synergistic induction of microglial autophagy by METH and HIV-1Tat protein. This study may provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for effective targets for pharmacological intervention in HIV-infected patients with drug abuse.
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Mediouni S, Lyu S, Schader SM, Valente ST. Forging a Functional Cure for HIV: Transcription Regulators and Inhibitors. Viruses 2022; 14:1980. [PMID: 36146786 PMCID: PMC9502519 DOI: 10.3390/v14091980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases the survival of HIV-infected individuals, yet it is not curative. The major barrier to finding a definitive cure for HIV is our inability to identify and eliminate long-lived cells containing the dormant provirus, termed viral reservoir. When ART is interrupted, the viral reservoir ensures heterogenous and stochastic HIV viral gene expression, which can reseed infection back to pre-ART levels. While strategies to permanently eradicate the virus have not yet provided significant success, recent work has focused on the management of this residual viral reservoir to effectively limit comorbidities associated with the ongoing viral transcription still observed during suppressive ART, as well as limit the need for daily ART. Our group has been at the forefront of exploring the viability of the block-and-lock remission approach, focused on the long-lasting epigenetic block of viral transcription such that without daily ART, there is no risk of viral rebound, transmission, or progression to AIDS. Numerous studies have reported inhibitors of both viral and host factors required for HIV transcriptional activation. Here, we highlight and review some of the latest HIV transcriptional inhibitor discoveries that may be leveraged for the clinical exploration of block-and-lock and revolutionize the way we treat HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Shuang Lyu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Susan M. Schader
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, Drug Development Division, Southern Research, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Susana T. Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Ma J, Yang X, Xu F, Li H. Application of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in the Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND): A Meta-Analysis and a System Review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:898191. [PMID: 35873786 PMCID: PMC9302369 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.898191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) are often accompanied by white matter structure damage. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an important tool to detect white matter structural damage. However, the changes in DTI values reported in many studies are diverse in different white matter fiber tracts and brain regions. Purpose Our research is dedicated to evaluating the consistency and difference of the correlation between HAND and DTI measures in different studies. Additionally, the value of DTI in HAND evaluation is used to obtain consensus and independent conclusions between studies. Methods We searched PubMed and Web of Science to collect relevant studies using DTI for the diagnosis of HAND. After screening and evaluating the search results, meta-analysis is used for quantitative research on data. Articles that cannot collect data but meet the research relevance will be subjected to a system review. Results The meta-analysis shows that the HAND group has lower fractional anisotropy (standardized mean difference = −0.57 p < 0.0001) and higher mean diffusivity (standardized mean difference = 0.04 p < 0.0001) than the healthy control group in corpus callosum. In other white matter fibers, we found similar changes in fractional anisotropy (standardized mean difference = −1.18 p < 0.0001) and mean diffusivity (standardized mean difference = 0.69 p < 0.0001). However, the heterogeneity (represented by I2) between the studies is high (in corpus callosum 94, 88%, in other matter fibers 95, 81%). After subgroup analysis, the heterogeneity is obtained as 19.5, 40.7% (FA, MD in corpus callosum) and 0, 0% (FA, MD among other white matter fibers). Conclusion The changes in white matter fibers in patients with HAND are statistically significant at the observation level of DTI compared with healthy people. The differences between the studies are mainly derived from demographics, start and maintenance time of antiretroviral therapy, differences in nadir CD4+T cells, and the use of different neurocognitive function scales. As an effective method to detect the changes in white matter fibers, DTI is of great significance for the diagnosis of HAND, but there are still some shortcomings. In the absence of neurocognitive function scales, independent diagnosis remains difficult. Systematic Review Registration:https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2021-10-0079/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juming Ma
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Hongjun Li
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T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wallace DR. HIV-associated neurotoxicity and cognitive decline: Therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 234:108047. [PMID: 34848202 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As our understanding of changes to the neurological system has improved, it has become clear that patients who have contracted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can potentially suffer from a cascade of neurological issues, including neuropathy, dementia, and declining cognitive function. The progression from mild to severe symptoms tends to affect motor function, followed by cognitive changes. Central nervous system deficits that are observed as the disease progresses have been reported as most severe in later-stage HIV infection. Examining the full spectrum of neuronal damage, generalized cortical atrophy is a common hallmark, resulting in the death of multiple classes of neurons. With antiretroviral therapy (ART), we can partially control disease progression, slowing the onset of the most severe symptoms such as, reducing viral load in the brain, and developing HIV-associated dementia (HAD). HAD is a severe and debilitating outcome from HIV-related neuropathologies. HIV neurotoxicity can be direct (action directly on the neuron) or indirect (actions off-site that affect normal neuronal function). There are two critical HIV-associated proteins, Tat and gp120, which bear responsibility for many of the neuropathologies associated with HAD and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). A cascade of systems is involved in HIV-related neurotoxicity, and determining a critical point where therapeutic strategies can be employed is of the utmost importance. This review will provide an overview of the existing hypotheses on HIV-neurotoxicity and the potential for the development of therapeutics to aid in the treatment of HIV-related nervous system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Wallace
- Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Science, 1111 West 17(th) Street, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898, USA.
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Synergistic Impairment of the Neurovascular Unit by HIV-1 Infection and Methamphetamine Use: Implications for HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091883. [PMID: 34578464 PMCID: PMC8473422 DOI: 10.3390/v13091883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular units (NVU) are the minimal functional units of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and the basement membrane. The BBB serves as an important interface for immune communication between the brain and peripheral circulation. Disruption of the NVU by the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) induces dysfunction of the BBB and triggers inflammatory responses, which can lead to the development of neurocognitive impairments collectively known as HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Methamphetamine (METH) use disorder is a frequent comorbidity among individuals infected with HIV-1. METH use may be associated not only with rapid HIV-1 disease progression but also with accelerated onset and increased severity of HAND. However, the molecular mechanisms of METH-induced neuronal injury and cognitive impairment in the context of HIV-1 infection are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the signaling pathways mediating synergistic impairment of the BBB and neuronal injury induced by METH and HIV-1, potentially accelerating the onset or severity of HAND in HIV-1-positive METH abusers. We also discuss potential therapies to limit neuroinflammation and NVU damage in HIV-1-infected METH abusers.
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Basova L, Lindsey A, McGovern AM, Ellis RJ, Marcondes MCG. Detection of H3K4me3 Identifies NeuroHIV Signatures, Genomic Effects of Methamphetamine and Addiction Pathways in Postmortem HIV+ Brain Specimens that Are Not Amenable to Transcriptome Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:544. [PMID: 33805201 PMCID: PMC8064323 DOI: 10.3390/v13040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human postmortem specimens are extremely valuable resources for investigating translational hypotheses. Tissue repositories collect clinically assessed specimens from people with and without HIV, including age, viral load, treatments, substance use patterns and cognitive functions. One challenge is the limited number of specimens suitable for transcriptional studies, mainly due to poor RNA quality resulting from long postmortem intervals. We hypothesized that epigenomic signatures would be more stable than RNA for assessing global changes associated with outcomes of interest. We found that H3K27Ac or RNA Polymerase (Pol) were not consistently detected by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), while the enhancer H3K4me3 histone modification was abundant and stable up to the 72 h postmortem. We tested our ability to use HeK4me3 in human prefrontal cortex from HIV+ individuals meeting criteria for methamphetamine use disorder or not (Meth +/-) which exhibited poor RNA quality and were not suitable for transcriptional profiling. Systems strategies that are typically used in transcriptional metadata were applied to H3K4me3 peaks revealing consistent genomic activity differences in regions where addiction and neuronal synapses pathway genes are represented, including genes of the dopaminergic system, as well as inflammatory pathways. The resulting comparisons mirrored previously observed effects of Meth on suppressing gene expression and provided insights on neurological processes affected by Meth. The results suggested that H3K4me3 detection in chromatin may reflect transcriptional patterns, thus providing opportunities for analysis of larger numbers of specimens from cases with substance use and neurological deficits. In conclusion, the detection of H3K4me3 in isolated chromatin can be an alternative to transcriptome strategies to increase the power of association using specimens with long postmortem intervals and low RNA quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (L.B.); (A.L.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Alexander Lindsey
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (L.B.); (A.L.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Anne Marie McGovern
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (L.B.); (A.L.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA;
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Huang J, Zhang R, Wang S, Zhang D, Leung CK, Yang G, Li Y, Liu L, Xu Y, Lin S, Wang C, Zeng X, Li J. Methamphetamine and HIV-Tat Protein Synergistically Induce Oxidative Stress and Blood-Brain Barrier Damage via Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 Channel. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:619436. [PMID: 33815104 PMCID: PMC8010131 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.619436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergistic impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) induced by methamphetamine (METH) and HIV-Tat protein increases the risk of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in HIV-positive METH abusers. Studies have shown that oxidative stress plays a vital role in METH- and HIV-Tat-induced damage to the BBB but have not clarified the mechanism. This study uses the human brain microvascular endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 and tree shrews to investigate whether the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel, a cellular effector of the oxidative stress, might regulate synergistic damage to the BBB caused by METH and HIV-Tat. We showed that METH and HIV-Tat damaged the BBB in vitro, producing abnormal cell morphology, increased apoptosis, reduced protein expression of the tight junctions (TJ) including Junctional adhesion molecule A (JAMA) and Occludin, and a junctional associated protein Zonula occludens 1 (ZO1), and increased the flux of sodium fluorescein (NaF) across the hCMEC/D3 cells monolayer. METH and HIV-Tat co-induced the oxidative stress response, reducing catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, as well as increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malonaldehyde (MDA) level. Pretreatment with n-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) alleviated the oxidative stress response and BBB damage characterized by improving cell morphology, viability, apoptosis levels, TJ protein expression levels, and NaF flux. METH and HIV-Tat co-induced the activation and high protein expression of the TRPM2 channel, however, early intervention using 8-Bromoadenosine-5′-O-diphosphoribose (8-Br-ADPR), an inhibitor of TPRM2 channel, or TRPM2 gene knockdown attenuated the BBB damage. Oxidative stress inhibition reduced the activation and high protein expression of the TRPM2 channel in the in vitro model, which in turn reduced the oxidative stress response. Further, 8-Br-ADPR attenuated the effects of METH and HIV-Tat on the BBB in tree shrews—namely, down-regulated TJ protein expression and increased BBB permeability to Evans blue (EB) and NaF. In summary, the TRPM2 channel can regulate METH- and HIV-Tat-induced oxidative stress and BBB injury, giving the channel potential for developing drug interventions to reduce BBB injury and neuropsychiatric symptoms in HIV-infected METH abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Liu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shucheng Lin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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22
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Li C, Mori L, Valente ST. The Block-and-Lock Strategy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure: Lessons Learned from Didehydro-Cortistatin A. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:46-53. [PMID: 33586776 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, a reservoir of latently infected cells persists under suppressive therapy, constituting a major barrier to an HIV cure. The block-and-lock approach to a functional cure aims at the transcriptional and epigenetic silencing of proviruses, blocking viral reactivation in the absence of therapy, preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of detectable integrated proviruses. This approach has been put forward for exploration based on the activity of didehydro-cortistatin A, an inhibitor of the HIV transcriptional activator Tat. Here we review the mechanisms by which didehydro-cortistatin A inhibition of Tat's feedback loop transcriptional amplification results in epigenetic silencing of the HIV promoter, and we discuss the benefits and limitations of the block-and-lock approach for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Luisa Mori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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23
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Li J, Huang J, He Y, Wang W, Leung CK, Zhang D, Zhang R, Wang S, Li Y, Liu L, Zeng X, Li Z. The protective effect of gastrodin against the synergistic effect of HIV-Tat protein and METH on the blood-brain barrier via glucose transporter 1 and glucose transporter 3. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:91-101. [PMID: 33613977 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also afflicted with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). Methamphetamine (METH) abuse puts HIV-1 patients at risk for HANDs because METH and HIV-1 proteins, such as trans-activator of transcription (Tat), can synergistically damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the underlying mechanism of METH- and HIV-Tat-induced BBB damage remains unclear. In this study, male adult tree shrews and human brain capillary endothelial cells were treated with HIV-Tat, METH, and gastrodin. We used western blotting to examine the expressions of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT3), tight junctions, and junctional adhesion molecule A (JAMA) and to evaluate the damage and detect Evans blue (EB) and fluorescein sodium in the brain to assess BBB permeability to study the effect of METH and the HIV-1 Tat protein on BBB function in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the group treated with Tat and METH experienced a significant change at the ultrastructural level of the tree shrew cerebral cortex, decreased protein levels of occluding, claudin-5, Zonula occludens 1 (ZO1), and JAMA in vitro and in vivo, and increased levels of EB and fluorescein sodium in the tree shrew cerebral cortex. The protein levels of GLUT1 and GLUT3 was downregulated in patients with Tat- and METH-induced BBB damage. Pretreatment with gastrodin significantly increased the levels of EB and fluorescein sodium in the tree shrew cerebral cortex and increased the expressions of occluding, ZO1, JAMA, and GLUT1 and GLUT. These results indicate that gastrodin may offer a potential therapeutic option for patients with HANDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.,Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling road,Yunnan 650531, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.,School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Dadao Bei, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongwang He
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling road,Yunnan 650531, China
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shangwen Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Liu Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Yuhua Avenue Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
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24
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Balance between Retroviral Latency and Transcription: Based on HIV Model. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010016. [PMID: 33383617 PMCID: PMC7824405 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The representative of the Lentivirus genus is the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To date, there is no cure for AIDS because of the existence of the HIV-1 reservoir. HIV-1 infection can persist for decades despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the persistence of infectious latent viruses in long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells, macrophages, monocytes, microglial cells, and other cell types. However, the biology of HIV-1 latency remains incompletely understood. Retroviral long terminal repeat region (LTR) plays an indispensable role in controlling viral gene expression. Regulation of the transcription initiation plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining a retrovirus latency. Whether and how retroviruses establish latency and reactivate remains unclear. In this article, we describe what is known about the regulation of LTR-driven transcription in HIV-1, that is, the cis-elements present in the LTR, the role of LTR transcription factor binding sites in LTR-driven transcription, the role of HIV-1-encoded transactivator protein, hormonal effects on virus transcription, impact of LTR variability on transcription, and epigenetic control of retrovirus LTR. Finally, we focus on a novel clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/dCas9)-based strategy for HIV-1 reservoir purging.
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25
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Torkzaban B, Mohseni Ahooyi T, Duggan M, Amini S, Khalili K. Cross-talk between lipid homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegeneration: Insights for HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104880. [PMID: 33065212 PMCID: PMC8208232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of lipid homeostasis is emerging as a hallmark of many CNS diseases. As aberrant protein regulation is suggested to be a shared pathological feature amongst many neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), disruptions in neuronal lipid processing may contribute to disease progression in the CNS. Specifically, given the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dual role in lipid homeostasis as well as protein quality control (PQC) via unfolded protein response (UPR), lipid dysregulation in the CNS may converge on ER functioning and constitute a crucial mechanism underlying aberrant protein aggregation. In the current review, we discuss the diverse roles of lipid species as essential components of the CNS. Moreover, given the importance of both lipid dysregulation and protein aggregation in pathology of CNS diseases, we attempt to assess the potential downstream cross-talk between lipid dysregulation and ER dependent PQC mechanisms, with special focus on HIV-associated neurodegenerative disorders (HAND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500, N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500, N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Duggan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500, N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500, N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500, N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Cisneros IE, Ghorpade A, Borgmann K. Methamphetamine Activates Trace Amine Associated Receptor 1 to Regulate Astrocyte Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter-2 via Differential CREB Phosphorylation During HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:593146. [PMID: 33324330 PMCID: PMC7724046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.593146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) use, referred to as methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), results in neurocognitive decline, a characteristic shared with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). MUD exacerbates HAND partly through glutamate dysregulation. Astrocyte excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)-2 is responsible for >90% of glutamate uptake from the synaptic environment and is significantly decreased with METH and HIV-1. Our previous work demonstrated astrocyte trace amine associated receptor (TAAR) 1 to be involved in EAAT-2 regulation. Astrocyte EAAT-2 is regulated at the transcriptional level by cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) protein and NF-κB, transcription factors activated by cAMP, calcium and IL-1β. Second messengers, cAMP and calcium, are triggered by TAAR1 activation, which is upregulated by IL-1β METH-mediated increases in these second messengers and signal transduction pathways have not been shown to directly decrease astrocyte EAAT-2. We propose CREB activation serves as a master regulator of EAAT-2 transcription, downstream of METH-induced TAAR1 activation. To investigate the temporal order of events culminating in CREB activation, genetically encoded calcium indicators, GCaMP6s, were used to visualize METH-induced calcium signaling in primary human astrocytes. RNA interference and pharmacological inhibitors targeting or blocking cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and calcium/calmodulin kinase II confirmed METH-induced regulation of EAAT-2 and resultant glutamate clearance. Furthermore, we investigated METH-mediated CREB phosphorylation at both serine 133 and 142, the co-activator and co-repressor forms, respectively. Overall, this work revealed METH-induced differential CREB phosphorylation is a critical regulator for EAAT-2 function and may thus serve as a mechanistic target for the attenuation of METH-induced excitotoxicity in the context of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma E Cisneros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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27
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Torkzaban B, Natarajaseenivasan K, Mohseni Ahooyi T, Shekarabi M, Amini S, Langford TD, Khalili K. The lncRNA LOC102549805 (U1) modulates neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:835. [PMID: 33033233 PMCID: PMC7546609 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is a potent neurotoxic protein that is released by HIV-1 infected cells in the brain and perturbs neuronal homeostasis, causing a broad range of neurological disorders in people living with HIV-1. Furthermore, the effects of Tat have been addressed in numerous studies to investigate the molecular events associated with neuronal cells survival and death. Here, we discovered that exposure of rat primary neurons to Tat resulted in the up-regulation of an uncharacterized long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), LOC102549805 (lncRNA-U1). Our observations showed that increased expression of lncRNA-U1 in neurons disrupts bioenergetic pathways by dysregulating homeostasis of Ca2+, mitigating mitochondrial oxygen reduction, and decreasing ATP production, all of which point mitochondrial impairment in neurons via the Tat-mediated lncRNA-U1 induction. These changes were associated with imbalances in autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Additionally, this study showed the ability of Tat to modulate expression of the neuropeptide B/W receptor 1 (NPBWR1) gene via up-regulation of lncRNA-U1. Collectively, our results identified Tat-mediated lncRNA-U1 upregulation resulting in disruption of neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Kalimuthusamy Natarajaseenivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - T Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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28
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Saloner R, Fields JA, Marcondes MCG, Iudicello JE, von Känel S, Cherner M, Letendre SL, Kaul M, Grant I. Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 15:743-764. [PMID: 32929575 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09957-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection and drug use intersect epidemiologically, and their combination can result in complex effects on brain and behavior. The extent to which drugs affect the health of persons with HIV (PWH) depends on many factors including drug characteristics, use patterns, stage of HIV disease and its treatment, comorbid factors, and age. To consider the range of drug effects, we have selected two that are in common use by PWH: methamphetamine and cannabis. We compare the effects of methamphetamine with those of cannabis, to illustrate how substances may potentiate, worsen, or even buffer the effects of HIV on the CNS. Data from human, animal, and ex vivo studies provide insights into how these drugs have differing effects on the persistent inflammatory state that characterizes HIV infection, including effects on viral replication, immune activation, mitochondrial function, gut permeability, blood brain barrier integrity, glia and neuronal signaling. Moving forward, we consider how these mechanistic insights may inform interventions to improve brain outcomes in PWH. This review summarizes literature from clinical and preclinical studies demonstrating the adverse effects of METH, as well as the potentially beneficial effects of cannabis, on the interacting systemic (e.g., gut barrier leakage/microbial translocation, immune activation, inflammation) and CNS-specific (e.g., glial activation/neuroinflammation, neural injury, mitochondrial toxicity/oxidative stress) mechanisms underlying HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Saloner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego , San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sofie von Känel
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mariana Cherner
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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29
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Li S, Li Y, Deng B, Yan J, Wang Y. Identification of the Differentially Expressed Genes Involved in the Synergistic Neurotoxicity of an HIV Protease Inhibitor and Methamphetamine. Curr HIV Res 2020; 17:290-303. [PMID: 31550215 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x17666190924200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of psychostimulants such as methamphetamine (METH) is common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients taking METH and antiretroviral drugs could suffer severe neurologic damage and cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE To reveal the underlying neuropathologic mechanisms of an HIV protease inhibitor (PI) combined with METH, growth-inhibition tests of dopaminergic cells and RNA sequencing were performed. METHODS A combination of METH and PI caused more growth inhibition of dopaminergic cells than METH alone or a PI alone. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed gene (DEG) patterns in the METH vs. untreated cells (1161 genes), PI vs. untreated cells (16 genes), METH-PI vs. PI (3959 genes), and METH-PI vs. METH groups (14 genes). RESULTS The DEGs in the METH-PI co-treatment group were verified in the brains of a mouse model using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and were involved mostly in the regulatory functions of cell proliferation and inflammation. CONCLUSION Such identification of key regulatory genes could facilitate the study of their neuroprotective potential in the users of METH and PIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsang Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bingpeng Deng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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30
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Systems Biology Analysis of the Antagonizing Effects of HIV-1 Tat Expression in the Brain over Transcriptional Changes Caused by Methamphetamine Sensitization. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040426. [PMID: 32283831 PMCID: PMC7232389 DOI: 10.3390/v12040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse is common among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), has been described to induce changes in brain gene transcription that can result in impaired reward circuitry, as well as in inflammatory processes. In transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced Tat protein expression in the brain, i.e., a mouse model of neuroHIV, we tested global gene expression patterns induced by Meth sensitization. Meth-induced locomotor sensitization included repeated daily Meth or saline injections for seven days and Meth challenge after a seven-day abstinence period. Brain samples were collected 30 min after the Meth challenge. We investigated global gene expression changes in the caudate putamen, an area with relevance in behavior and HIV pathogenesis, and performed pathway and transcriptional factor usage predictions using systems biology strategies. We found that Tat expression alone had a very limited impact in gene transcription after the Meth challenge. In contrast, Meth-induced sensitization in the absence of Tat induced a global suppression of gene transcription. Interestingly, the interaction between Tat and Meth broadly prevented the Meth-induced global transcriptional suppression, by maintaining regulation pathways, and resulting in gene expression profiles that were more similar to the controls. Pathways associated with mitochondrial health, initiation of transcription and translation, as well as with epigenetic control, were heavily affected by Meth, and by its interaction with Tat in anti-directional ways. A series of systems strategies have predicted several components impacted by these interactions, including mitochondrial pathways, mTOR/RICTOR, AP-1 transcription factor, and eukaryotic initiation factors involved in transcription and translation. In spite of the antagonizing effects of Tat, a few genes identified in relevant gene networks remained downregulated, such as sirtuin 1, and the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In conclusion, Tat expression in the brain had a low acute transcriptional impact but strongly interacted with Meth sensitization, to modify effects in the global transcriptome.
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31
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Pregnane steroidogenesis is altered by HIV-1 Tat and morphine: Physiological allopregnanolone is protective against neurotoxic and psychomotor effects. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100211. [PMID: 32258256 PMCID: PMC7109513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane steroids, particularly allopregnanolone (AlloP), are neuroprotective in response to central insult. While unexplored in vivo, AlloP may confer protection against the neurological dysfunction associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The HIV-1 regulatory protein, trans-activator of transcription (Tat), is neurotoxic and its expression in mice increases anxiety-like behavior; an effect that can be ameliorated by progesterone, but not when 5α-reduction is blocked. Given that Tat's neurotoxic effects involve mitochondrial dysfunction and can be worsened with opioid exposure, we hypothesized that Tat and/or combined morphine would perturb steroidogenesis in mice, promoting neuronal death, and that exogenous AlloP would rescue these effects. Like other models of neural injury, conditionally inducing HIV-1 Tat in transgenic mice significantly increased the central synthesis of pregnenolone and progesterone's 5α-reduced metabolites, including AlloP, while decreasing central deoxycorticosterone (independent of changes in plasma). Morphine significantly increased brain and plasma concentrations of several steroids (including progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and their metabolites) likely via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis. Tat, but not morphine, caused glucocorticoid resistance in primary splenocytes. In neurons, Tat depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and increased cell death. Physiological concentrations of AlloP (0.1, 1, or 10 nM) reversed these effects. High-concentration AlloP (100 nM) was neurotoxic in combination with morphine. Tat induction in transgenic mice potentiated the psychomotor effects of acute morphine, while exogenous AlloP (1.0 mg/kg, but not 0.5 mg/kg) was ameliorative. Data demonstrate that steroidogenesis is altered by HIV-1 Tat or morphine and that physiological AlloP attenuates resulting neurotoxic and psychomotor effects.
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Rivera J, Isidro RA, Loucil-Alicea RY, Cruz ML, Appleyard CB, Isidro AA, Chompre G, Colon-Rivera K, Noel RJ. Infusion of HIV-1 Nef-expressing astrocytes into the rat hippocampus induces enteropathy and interstitial pneumonitis and increases blood-brain-barrier permeability. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225760. [PMID: 31774879 PMCID: PMC6881014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though HIV-1 replication can be suppressed by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) inflammatory processes still occur, contributing to comorbidities. Comorbidities are attributed to variety of factors, including HIV-1 mediated inflammation. Several HIV-1 proteins mediate central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, including Nef. Nef is an early HIV-1 protein, toxic to neurons and glia and is sufficient to cause learning impairment similar to some deficits observed in HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. To determine whether hippocampal Nef expression by astrocytes contributes to comorbidities, specifically peripheral inflammation, we infused Sprague Dawley rats with GFP- (control) or Nef-transfected astrocytes into the right hippocampus. Brain, lung, and ileum were collected postmortem for the measurement of inflammatory markers. Increased blood-brain-barrier permeability and serum IL-1β levels were detected in the Nef-treated rats. The lungs of Nef-treated rats demonstrated leukocyte infiltration, macrophage upregulation, and enhanced vascular permeability. Ileal tissue showed reactive follicular lymphoid hyperplasia, increased permeability and macrophage infiltration. The intracerebroventricular application of IL-1 receptor antagonist reduced infiltration of immune cells into ileum and lung, indicating the important role of IL-1β in mediating the spread of inflammation from the brain to other tissues. This suggests that localized expression of a single viral protein, HIV-1 Nef, can contribute to a broader inflammatory response by upregulation of IL-1β. Further, these results suggest that Nef contributes to the chronic inflammation seen in HIV patients, even in those whose viremia is controlled by cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Rivera
- HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Raymond A. Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Raisa Y. Loucil-Alicea
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Myrella L. Cruz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Caroline B. Appleyard
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Angel A. Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Gladys Chompre
- Department of Biology, Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Krystal Colon-Rivera
- HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Noel
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li H, Luo Y, Zhu L, Hua W, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li Z, Xing P, Zhang Y, Hong B, Yang P, Liu J. Glia-derived exosomes: Promising therapeutic targets. Life Sci 2019; 239:116951. [PMID: 31626787 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glia is an important component of the nervous system that is involved in neurotransmitter uptake, signal transduction, myelin synthesis, neurodevelopment, and immune response. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted from certain types of cells, and are known to mediate glia function. Glia-derived exosomes (GDEs) can transport proteins, nucleotides and cellular waste, and exert both protective and toxic effects on the nervous system. GDEs promote glia-neuron communication, anti-stress responses, anti-inflammation and neurite outgrowth, and may also be involved in neurological disease such as glioma, glioblastoma, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson disease and neuronal HIV infections. This review summarizes the current research on GDEs and their functions, with emphasis on their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luojiang Zhu
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilong Hua
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Graduate School, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zifu Li
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Xing
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongwei Zhang
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Yang
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Changhai Stroke Center, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Mediouni S, Kessing CF, Jablonski JA, Thenin-Houssier S, Clementz M, Kovach MD, Mousseau G, de Vera IMS, Li C, Kojetin DJ, Evans DT, Valente ST. The Tat inhibitor didehydro-cortistatin A suppresses SIV replication and reactivation. FASEB J 2019; 33:8280-8293. [PMID: 31021670 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801165r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 transactivation protein (Tat) binds the HIV mRNA transactivation responsive element (TAR), regulating transcription and reactivation from latency. Drugs against Tat are unfortunately not clinically available. We reported that didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) inhibits HIV-1 Tat activity. In human CD4+ T cells isolated from aviremic individuals and in the humanized mouse model of latency, combining dCA with antiretroviral therapy accelerates HIV-1 suppression and delays viral rebound upon treatment interruption. This drug class is amenable to block-and-lock functional cure approaches, aimed at a durable state of latency. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of rhesus macaques (RhMs) is the best-characterized model for AIDS research. Here, we demonstrate, using in vitro and cell-based assays, that dCA directly binds to SIV Tat's basic domain. dCA specifically inhibits SIV Tat binding to TAR, but not a Tat-Rev fusion protein, which activates transcription when Rev binds to its cognate RNA binding site replacing the apical region of TAR. Tat-TAR inhibition results in loss of RNA polymerase II recruitment to the SIV promoter. Importantly, dCA potently inhibits SIV reactivation from latently infected Hut78 cells and from primary CD4+ T cells explanted from SIVmac239-infected RhMs. In sum, dCA's remarkable breadth of activity encourages SIV-infected RhM use for dCA preclinical evaluation.-Mediouni, S., Kessing, C. F., Jablonski, J. A., Thenin-Houssier, S., Clementz, M., Kovach, M. D., Mousseau, G., de Vera, I.M.S., Li, C., Kojetin, D. J., Evans, D. T., Valente, S. T. The Tat inhibitor didehydro-cortistatin A suppresses SIV replication and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediouni
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Cari F Kessing
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph A Jablonski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Suzie Thenin-Houssier
- Institute of Human Genetics (IGH), CNRS-University of Montpelier, Montpelier, France
| | - Mark Clementz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Melia D Kovach
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Guillaume Mousseau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Li C, Mousseau G, Valente ST. Tat inhibition by didehydro-Cortistatin A promotes heterochromatin formation at the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:23. [PMID: 30992052 PMCID: PMC6466689 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription from the integrated HIV-1 promoter is directly governed by its chromatin environment, and the nucleosome-1 downstream from the transcription start site directly impedes transcription from the HIV-1 promoter. The HIV-1 Tat protein regulates the passage from viral latency to active transcription by binding to the viral mRNA hairpin (TAR) and recruiting transcriptional factors to promote transcriptional elongation. The Tat inhibitor didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA) inhibits transcription and overtime, the lack of low-grade transcriptional events, triggers epigenetic changes at the latent loci that "lock" HIV transcription in a latent state. RESULTS Here we investigated those epigenetic changes using multiple cell line models of HIV-1 latency and active transcription. We demonstrated that dCA treatment does not alter the classic nucleosome positioning at the HIV-1 promoter, but promotes tighter nucleosome/DNA association correlating with increased deacetylated H3 occupancy at nucleosome-1. Recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex PBAF, necessary for Tat-mediated transactivation, is also inhibited, while recruitment of the repressive BAF complex is enhanced. These results were supported by loss of RNA polymerase II recruitment on the HIV genome, even during strong stimulation with latency-reversing agents. No epigenetic changes were detected in cell line models of latency with Tat-TAR incompetent proviruses confirming the specificity of dCA for Tat. CONCLUSIONS We characterized the dCA-mediated epigenetic signature on the HIV genome, which translates into potent blocking effects on HIV expression, further strengthening the potential of Tat inhibitors in "block-and-lock" functional cure approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Guillaume Mousseau
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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Didehydro-Cortistatin A Inhibits HIV-1 by Specifically Binding to the Unstructured Basic Region of Tat. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02662-18. [PMID: 30723126 PMCID: PMC6368365 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02662-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered HIV-1 Tat protein binds the viral RNA transactivation response structure (TAR), which recruits transcriptional cofactors, amplifying viral mRNA expression. Limited Tat transactivation correlates with HIV-1 latency. Unfortunately, Tat inhibitors are not clinically available. The small molecule didehydro-cortistatin A (dCA) inhibits Tat, locking HIV-1 in persistent latency, blocking viral rebound. We generated chemical derivatives of dCA that rationalized molecular docking of dCA to an active and specific Tat conformer. These revealed the importance of the cycloheptene ring and the isoquinoline nitrogen's positioning in the interaction with specific residues of Tat's basic domain. These features are distinct from the ones required for inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), the only other known ligand of dCA. Besides, we demonstrated that dCA activity on HIV-1 transcription is independent of CDK8. The binding of dCA to Tat with nanomolar affinity alters the local protein environment, rendering Tat more resistant to proteolytic digestion. dCA thus locks a transient conformer of Tat, specifically blocking functions dependent of its basic domain, namely the Tat-TAR interaction; while proteins with similar basic patches are unaffected by dCA. Our results improve our knowledge of the mode of action of dCA and support structure-based design strategies targeting Tat, to help advance development of dCA, as well as novel Tat inhibitors.IMPORTANCE Tat activates virus production, and limited Tat transactivation correlates with HIV-1 latency. The Tat inhibitor dCA locks HIV in persistent latency. This drug class enables block-and-lock functional cure approaches, aimed at reducing residual viremia during therapy and limiting viral rebound. dCA may also have additional therapeutic benefits since Tat is also neurotoxic. Unfortunately, Tat inhibitors are not clinically available. We generated chemical derivatives and rationalized binding to an active and specific Tat conformer. dCA features required for Tat inhibition are distinct from features needed for inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), the only other known target of dCA. Furthermore, knockdown of CDK8 did not impact dCA's activity on HIV-1 transcription. Binding of dCA to Tat's basic domain altered the local protein environment and rendered Tat more resistant to proteolytic digestion. dCA locks a transient conformer of Tat, blocking functions dependent on its basic domain, namely its ability to amplify viral transcription. Our results define dCA's mode of action, support structure-based-design strategies targeting Tat, and provide valuable information for drug development around the dCA pharmacophore.
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Fernandes N, Pulliam L. Inflammatory Mechanisms and Cascades Contributing to Neurocognitive Impairment in HIV/AIDS. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 50:77-103. [PMID: 31385260 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2019_100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurocognitive impairment caused by chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a growing concern. In this chapter we discuss the inflammatory mechanisms underlying the pathology of asymptomatic and mild neurocognitive impairment in the context of antiretroviral therapy. We discuss the role of HIV, viral proteins, and virally infected cells on the development of neuroinflammation and the effect of viral proteins on the cells of the central nervous system.We examine how these collective factors result in an inflammatory context that triggers the development of neurocognitive impairment in HIV. We assess the contribution of antiretrovirals and drugs of abuse, including methamphetamine, cannabis, and opioids, to the neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory milieu that leads to the development of neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals. We also examined circulating biomarkers, NF-L, sCD163, and sCD14, pertinent to identifying changes in the CNS that could indicate real-time changes in patient physiology. Lastly, we discuss future studies, such as exosomes and the microbiome, which could play a role in the HIV-induced neuroinflammation that eventually manifests as cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fernandes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lynn Pulliam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Li J, Wang W, Tong P, Leung CK, Yang G, Li Z, Li N, Sun X, Han Y, Lu C, Kuang D, Dai J, Zeng X. Autophagy Induction by HIV-Tat and Methamphetamine in Primary Midbrain Neuronal Cells of Tree Shrews via the mTOR Signaling and ATG5/ATG7 Pathway. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:921. [PMID: 30574066 PMCID: PMC6291520 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Addictive stimulant drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH), increase the risk of exposure to the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection and thus predispose individuals to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs). Previous studies have indicated that HIV-Tat (the transactivator of transcription) and METH can synergistically induce autophagy in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the neuronal dysfunction in HANDs. However, the underlying mechanism of METH-and HIV-Tat-induced neuronal autophagy remains unclear. Methods: We cultured primary midbrain neuronal cells of tree shrews and treated them with METH and HIV-Tat to study the role of METH and HIV-Tat in inducing autophagy. We evaluated the effects of the single or combined treatment of METH and HIV-Tat on the protein expressions of the autophagy-related genes, including Beclin-1 and LC3B, ATG5, and ATG7 in METH and HIV-Tat-induced autophagy. In addition, the presence of autophagosomes in the METH and/or HIV-Tat treatment was revealed using transmission electron microscopy. Results: The results indicated that METH increased the protein levels of LC3B and Beclin-1, and these effects were significantly enhanced by HIV-Tat. Moreover, the results suggested that ATG5 and ATG7 were involved in the METH and HIV-Tat-induced autophagy. In addition, it was found that mTOR inhibition via pharmacological intervention could trigger autophagy and promote METH and HIV-Tat-induced autophagy. Discussion: Overall, this study contributes to the knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of METH and HIV-Tat-induced autophagy in primary midbrain neuronal cells. Our findings may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for METH-and HIV-Tat-induced autophagy in HANDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Pinfen Tong
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Chi-Kwan Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shandong University (CUHK-SDU) Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Bao D, Wang J, Liu J, Qin T, Liu H. The attenuation of HIV-1 Tat-induced neurotoxicity by Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:863-870. [PMID: 30503790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat protein contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of HAND, and hence the attractive therapeutic strategies focusing on Tat-induced neurotoxicity are warranted. Salvia miltiorrhiza have been known to antioxidant property and neuroprotective effects. The Danshen granule is the pharmaceutical dosage forms of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvianic acid A is an essential chemical constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, the protective effects of Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule on Tat-induced neurotoxicity remain unknown. Here, we found that Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule remarkable inhibited Tat-induced cell death, blocked LDH release and rescued dendritic spine loss. Furthermore, Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule significantly ameliorates Tat-induced intracellular ROS and MDA production, attenuates cell apoptosis. In addition, Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule pretreatment obviously increases antioxidant enzymatic activity of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px and inhibits apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that Salvianic acid A and Danshen granule provides substantial neuroprotection against Tat-induced neurotoxicity, which may be new therapeutic agent in Tat induced HAND or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Bao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China; Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jingkai Wang
- Department of Nursing, Nanyang Medical College, Nan Yang, Henan 473000, China
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 453000, China
| | - Tao Qin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers and Liquid Biopsy, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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Zeng XF, Li Q, Li J, Wong N, Li Z, Huang J, Yang G, Sham PC, Li SB, Lu G. HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine co-induced oxidative cellular injury is mitigated by N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) through rectifying mTOR signaling. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:159-171. [PMID: 30261225 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is an addictive psychostimulant whose abuse is intimately linked to increased risks for HIV-1 infection. Converging lines of evidence indicate that Meth also aggravates the symptoms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), though the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. By using the lipophilic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) as an interventional agent, we examined the roles of oxidative stress in autophagy and apoptosis induced by HIV-Tat (the transactivator of transcription), Meth or their combined treatment in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and in the rat striatum. Oxidative stress was monitored in terms of the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant reserves including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD). NACA significantly reduced the level of ROS and restored GPx and SOD to levels comparable to that of normal control, implying a cytoprotective effect of NACA against oxidative stress elicited by Tat- and/or Meth. Protein expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was measured in SH-SY5Y cells and in the rat striatum to further explore the underlying mechanism of NACA protect against oxidative stress. The results support a beneficial effect of NACA in vivo and in vitro through rectification of the mTOR signaling pathway. Collectively, our study shows that NACA protects against Meth and/or Tat-induced cellular injury in vitro and in the rat striatum in vivo by attenuating oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy, at least in part, via modulation of mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zeng
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi,an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, China; School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Naikei Wong
- State Key Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518112, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Center for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sheng-Bin Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Xi,an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi Province, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- CUHK-SDU Joint Laboratory on Reproductive Genetics, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Li J, Zeng B, Hu X, Li Z, Zhang D, Yang G, Dai J, Zeng X. Protective Effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 against Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat Protein and Methamphetamine in Sprague-Dawley Rats. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:551-566. [PMID: 29690789 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy has helped to improve the lives of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), these patients are often still afflicted with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, which can lead to neurocognitive impairment and even dementia, and continue to hamper their quality of life. Methamphetamine abuse in HIV-1 patients poses a potential risk for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, because methamphetamine and HIV-1 proteins such as transactivator of transcription can synergistically damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein on the blood-brain barrier function and to determine whether ginsenoside Rb1 (GsRb1) plays a role in protecting the BBB. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The experimental groups received methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein or both and the control group received saline or GsRb1 pretreatment. Oxidative stress-related factors, tight junction (TJ) proteins, blood-brain barrier permeability, and morphological changes were recorded in each group. The results showed that the group treated with Methamphetamine[Formula: see text]Tat showed a significant change at the ultrastructural level and in the levels of oxidative stress-related factors, TJ proteins, and BBB permeability, suggesting that the BBB function was severely damaged by HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine synergistically. However, malondialdehyde levels and BBB permeability were lower and the oxidative stress-related factors superoxide dismutase and glutathione were higher in the GsRb1-treated group than in the Methamphetamine[Formula: see text]Tat-treated group, indicating that GsRb1 can protect the BBB against the toxic effects of HIV-1 Tat and methamphetamine. These results show that GsRb1 may offer a potential therapeutic option for patients with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders or other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- * Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Bairui Zeng
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China.,‡ Wuhua Branch of Kunming Public Security Bureau, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Hu
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Dongxian Zhang
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Genmeng Yang
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- * Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, The Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- † School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
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42
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Oh SW, Shin NY, Choi JY, Lee SK, Bang MR. Altered White Matter Integrity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study. Korean J Radiol 2018; 19:431-442. [PMID: 29713221 PMCID: PMC5904470 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2018.19.3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been known to damage the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM). However, only a few studies have assessed the brain regions in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Therefore, we sought to compare the DTI data between HIV patients with and without HAND using tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). Materials and Methods Twenty-two HIV-infected patients (10 with HAND and 12 without HAND) and 11 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. A whole-brain analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity was performed with TBSS and a subsequent 20 tract-specific region-of-interest (ROI)-based analysis to localize and compare altered WM integrity in all group contrasts. Results Compared with HC, patients with HAND showed decreased FA in the right frontoparietal WM including the upper corticospinal tract (CST) and increased MD and RD in the bilateral frontoparietal WM, corpus callosum, bilateral CSTs and bilateral cerebellar peduncles. The DTI values did not significantly differ between HIV patients with and without HAND or between HIV patients without HAND and HC. In the ROI-based analysis, decreased FA was observed in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus and was significantly correlated with decreased information processing speed, memory, executive function, and fine motor function in HIV patients. Conclusion These results suggest that altered integrity of the frontoparietal WM contributes to cognitive dysfunction in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Won Oh
- Department of Radiology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Na-Young Shin
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine and AIDS Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Bang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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43
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HIV-1 TAT protein enhances sensitization to methamphetamine by affecting dopaminergic function. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:210-221. [PMID: 28495611 PMCID: PMC5537017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine abuse is common among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The HIV-1 regulatory protein TAT induces dysfunction of mesolimbic dopaminergic systems which may result in impaired reward processes and contribute to methamphetamine abuse. These studies investigated the impact of TAT expression on methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization, underlying changes in dopamine function and adenosine receptors in mesolimbic brain areas and neuroinflammation (microgliosis). Transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced TAT protein expression in the brain were tested for locomotor activity in response to repeated methamphetamine injections and methamphetamine challenge after a 7-day abstinence period. Dopamine function in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Expression of dopamine and/or adenosine A receptors (ADORA) in the Acb and caudate putamen (CPu) was assessed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry analyses. Microarrays with pathway analyses assessed dopamine and adenosine signaling in the CPu. Activity-dependent neurotransmitter switching of a reserve pool of non-dopaminergic neurons to a dopaminergic phenotype in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) was determined by immunohistochemistry and quantified with stereology. TAT expression enhanced methamphetamine-induced sensitization. TAT expression alone decreased striatal dopamine (D1, D2, D4, D5) and ADORA1A receptor expression, while increasing ADORA2A receptors expression. Moreover, TAT expression combined with methamphetamine exposure was associated with increased adenosine A receptors (ADORA1A) expression and increased recruitment of dopamine neurons in the VTA. TAT expression and methamphetamine exposure induced microglia activation with the largest effect after combined exposure. Our findings suggest that dopamine-adenosine receptor interactions and reserve pool neuronal recruitment may represent potential targets to develop new treatments for methamphetamine abuse in individuals with HIV.
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44
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Gaskill PJ, Miller DR, Gamble-George J, Yano H, Khoshbouei H. HIV, Tat and dopamine transmission. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:51-73. [PMID: 28457951 PMCID: PMC5541386 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a progressive infection that targets the immune system, affecting more than 37 million people around the world. While combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has lowered mortality rates and improved quality of life in infected individuals, the prevalence of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders is increasing and HIV associated cognitive decline remains prevalent. Recent research has suggested that HIV accessory proteins may be involved in this decline, and several studies have indicated that the HIV protein transactivator of transcription (Tat) can disrupt normal neuronal and glial function. Specifically, data indicate that Tat may directly impact dopaminergic neurotransmission, by modulating the function of the dopamine transporter and specifically damaging dopamine-rich regions of the CNS. HIV infection of the CNS has long been associated with dopaminergic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain undefined. The specific effect(s) of Tat on dopaminergic neurotransmission may be, at least partially, a mechanism by which HIV infection directly or indirectly induces dopaminergic dysfunction. Therefore, precisely defining the specific effects of Tat on the dopaminergic system will help to elucidate the mechanisms by which HIV infection of the CNS induces neuropsychiatric, neurocognitive and neurological disorders that involve dopaminergic neurotransmission. Further, this will provide a discussion of the experiments needed to further these investigations, and may help to identify or develop new therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of these disorders in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States.
| | - Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joyonna Gamble-George
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Hideaki Yano
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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45
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Xu E, Liu J, Liu H, Wang X, Xiong H. Role of microglia in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 9:84-100. [PMID: 28694920 PMCID: PMC5498881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) is an addictive psychostimulant widely abused around the world. The chronic use of Meth produces neurotoxicity featured by dopaminergic terminal damage and microgliosis, resulting in serious neurological and behavioral consequences. Ample evidence indicate that Meth causes microglial activation and resultant secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules leading to neural injury. However, the mechanisms underlying Meth-induced microglial activation remain to be determined. In this review, we attempt to address the effects of Meth on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated microglia activation both in vitro and in-vivo. Meth abuse not only increases HIV transmission but also exacerbates progression of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through activation of microglia. In addition, the therapeutic potential of anti-inflammatory drugs on ameliorating Meth-induced microglia activation and resultant neuronal injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquan Xu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Han Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-6125, NE, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Departments of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha 68198-5880, NE, USA
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46
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Gougeon ML. Alarmins and central nervous system inflammation in HIV-associated neurological disorders. J Intern Med 2017; 281:433-447. [PMID: 27862491 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist in infected individuals with adequate immunological and virological status. Risk factors for cognitive impairment include hepatitis C virus co-infection, host genetic factors predisposing to HAND, the early establishment of the virus in the CNS and its persistence under HAART; thus, the CNS is an important reservoir for HIV. Microglial cells are permissive to HIV-1, and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated genes were found expressed in brains of HIV-1-infected persons, contributing to brain disease. Inflammasomes can be triggered by alarmins or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which directly stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators by glial cells, contribute to blood-brain barrier injury through induction of release of various proteases and allow the passage of infected macrophages, and trigger IL-1β release from primed cells. Amongst alarmins involved in HIV-1-induced neuropathogenesis, IL-33 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are of particular interest. Neurocognitive alterations were recently associated with dysregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axis in the CNS, leading to the induction of neuronal apoptosis, decrease in synaptic function and neuroinflammation. Specific biomarkers, including HMGB1 and anti-HMGB1 antibodies, have been identified in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAND, correlated with immune activation and identifying a very early stage of neurocognitive impairment that precedes changes in metabolites detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, HMGB1 plays a crucial role in HIV-1 persistence in dendritic cells and in the constitution of viral reservoirs. In this review, the mechanisms whereby alarmins contribute to HIV-1-induced CNS inflammation and neuropathogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-L Gougeon
- Institut Pasteur, Antiviral Immunity, Biotherapy and Vaccine Unit, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Paris, France
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47
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Ronsard L, Ganguli N, Singh VK, Mohankumar K, Rai T, Sridharan S, Pajaniradje S, Kumar B, Rai D, Chaudhuri S, Coumar MS, Ramachandran VG, Banerjea AC. Impact of Genetic Variations in HIV-1 Tat on LTR-Mediated Transcription via TAR RNA Interaction. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:706. [PMID: 28484443 PMCID: PMC5399533 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 evades host defense through mutations and recombination events, generating numerous variants in an infected patient. These variants with an undiminished virulence can multiply rapidly in order to progress to AIDS. One of the targets to intervene in HIV-1 replication is the trans-activator of transcription (Tat), a major regulatory protein that transactivates the long terminal repeat promoter through its interaction with trans-activation response (TAR) RNA. In this study, HIV-1 infected patients (n = 120) from North India revealed Ser46Phe (20%) and Ser61Arg (2%) mutations in the Tat variants with a strong interaction toward TAR leading to enhanced transactivation activities. Molecular dynamics simulation data verified that the variants with this mutation had a higher binding affinity for TAR than both the wild-type Tat and other variants that lacked Ser46Phe and Ser61Arg. Other mutations in Tat conferred varying affinities for TAR interaction leading to differential transactivation abilities. This is the first report from North India with a clinical validation of CD4 counts to demonstrate the influence of Tat genetic variations affecting the stability of Tat and its interaction with TAR. This study highlights the co-evolution pattern of Tat and predominant nucleotides for Tat activity, facilitating the identification of genetic determinants for the attenuation of viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larance Ronsard
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of ImmunologyDelhi, India.,Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur HospitalDelhi, India
| | - Nilanjana Ganguli
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of ImmunologyDelhi, India
| | - Vivek K Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry UniversityPondicherry, India
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry UniversityPondicherry, India.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College StationTX, USA
| | - Tripti Rai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical SciencesDelhi, India
| | - Subhashree Sridharan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry UniversityPondicherry, India.,Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, HoustonTX, USA
| | - Sankar Pajaniradje
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry UniversityPondicherry, India
| | - Binod Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, ChicagoIL, USA
| | - Devesh Rai
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical SciencesDelhi, India
| | - Suhnrita Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, ChicagoIL, USA
| | - Mohane S Coumar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry UniversityPondicherry, India
| | | | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of ImmunologyDelhi, India
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48
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Soontornniyomkij V, Kesby JP, Morgan EE, Bischoff-Grethe A, Minassian A, Brown GG, Grant I. Effects of HIV and Methamphetamine on Brain and Behavior: Evidence from Human Studies and Animal Models. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:495-510. [PMID: 27484318 PMCID: PMC4985024 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) use is frequent among HIV-infected persons. Combined HIV and Meth insults may exacerbate neural injury in vulnerable neuroanatomic structures or circuitries in the brain, leading to increased behavioral disturbance and cognitive impairment. While acute and chronic effects of Meth in humans and animal models have been studied for decades, the neurobehavioral effects of Meth in the context of HIV infection are much less explored. In-depth understanding of the scope of neurobehavioral phenotypes and mechanisms in HIV/Meth intersection is needed. The present report summarizes published research findings, as well as unpublished data, in humans and animal models with regard to neurobehavioral disturbance, neuroimaging, and neuropathology, and in vitro experimental systems, with an emphasis on findings emerging from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) funded Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC). Results from human studies and animal (primarily HIV-1 gp120 transgenic mouse) models thus far suggest that combined HIV and Meth insults increase the likelihood of neural injury in the brain. The neurobehavioral effects include cognitive impairment and increased tendencies toward impaired behavioral inhibition and social cognition. These impairments are relevant to behaviors that affect personal and social risks, e.g. worse medication adherence, riskier behaviors, and greater likelihood of HIV transmission. The underlying mechanisms may include electrochemical changes in neuronal circuitries, injury to white matter microstructures, synaptodendritic damage, and selective neuronal loss. Utilization of research methodologies that are valid across species is instrumental in generating new knowledge with clinical translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Amanda Bischoff-Grethe
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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49
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Kesby JP, Markou A, Semenova S. The effects of HIV-1 regulatory TAT protein expression on brain reward function, response to psychostimulants and delay-dependent memory in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:205-215. [PMID: 27316905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression and psychostimulant abuse are common comorbidities among humans with immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. The HIV regulatory protein TAT is one of multiple HIV-related proteins associated with HIV-induced neurotoxicity. TAT-induced dysfunction of dopamine and serotonin systems in corticolimbic brain areas may result in impaired reward function, thus, contributing to depressive symptoms and psychostimulant abuse. Transgenic mice with doxycycline-induced TAT protein expression in the brain (TAT+, TAT- control) show neuropathology resembling brain abnormalities in HIV+ humans. We evaluated brain reward function in response to TAT expression, nicotine and methamphetamine administration in TAT+ and TAT- mice using the intracranial self-stimulation procedure. We evaluated the brain dopamine and serotonin systems with high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of TAT expression on delay-dependent working memory in TAT+ and TAT- mice using the operant delayed nonmatch-to-position task were also assessed. During doxycycline administration, reward thresholds were elevated by 20% in TAT+ mice compared with TAT- mice. After the termination of doxycycline treatment, thresholds of TAT+ mice remained significantly higher than those of TAT- mice and this was associated with changes in mesolimbic serotonin and dopamine levels. TAT+ mice showed a greater methamphetamine-induced threshold lowering compared with TAT- mice. TAT expression did not alter delay-dependent working memory. These results indicate that TAT expression in mice leads to reward deficits, a core symptom of depression, and a greater sensitivity to methamphetamine-induced reward enhancement. Our findings suggest that the TAT protein may contribute to increased depressive-like symptoms and continued methamphetamine use in HIV-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Kesby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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50
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Soontornniyomkij V, Umlauf A, Soontornniyomkij B, Batki IB, Moore DJ, Masliah E, Achim CL. Lifetime methamphetamine dependence is associated with cerebral microgliosis in HIV-1-infected adults. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:650-660. [PMID: 27098516 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) use is common among HIV-infected persons. It remains unclear whether Meth dependence is associated with long-lasting degenerative changes in the brain parenchyma and microvasculature of HIV-infected individuals. We examined the postmortem brains of 78 HIV-infected adults, twenty of whom were diagnosed with lifetime Meth dependence (18 past and two current at the final follow-up visit). Using logistic regression models, we analyzed associations of Meth with cerebral gliosis (immunohistochemistry for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in frontal, temporo-parietal, and putamen-internal capsule regions), synaptodendritic loss (confocal microscopy for synaptophysin (SYP) and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2) in frontal cortex), β-amyloid plaque deposition (immunohistochemistry in frontal and temporo-parietal cortex and putamen), and arteriolosclerosis (histopathology in forebrain white matter). We found that Meth was associated with marked Iba1 gliosis in the temporo-parietal region (odds ratio, 4.42 (95 % confidence interval, 1.36, 14.39), p = 0.014, n = 62), which remained statistically significant after adjusting for HIV encephalitis, white matter lesions, and opportunistic diseases (n = 61); hepatitis C virus seropositivity (n = 54); and lifetime dependence on alcohol, opiates, and cannabis (n = 62). There was no significant association of Meth with GFAP gliosis, SYP or MAP2 loss, β-amyloid plaque deposition, or arteriolosclerosis. In conclusion, we found lifetime Meth dependence to be associated with focal cerebral microgliosis among HIV-infected adults, but not with other brain degenerative changes examined. Some of the changes in select brain regions might be reversible following extended Meth abstinence or, alternatively, might have not been induced by Meth initially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virawudh Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA.
| | - Anya Umlauf
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Benchawanna Soontornniyomkij
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Isabella B Batki
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - David J Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Pathology, California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cristian L Achim
- Department of Psychiatry, Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center (TMARC), California NeuroAIDS Tissue Network (CNTN), School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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