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Marinho TA, Okita MT, Guimarães RA, Zara ALDSA, Caetano KAA, Teles SA, de Matos MAD, Carneiro MADS, Martins RMB. The Global Prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infections among Immigrants and Refugees-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2024; 16:1526. [PMID: 39459861 PMCID: PMC11512286 DOI: 10.3390/v16101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2024] [Revised: 09/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and 2) infections among immigrants and refugees worldwide. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases were searched for studies published from their inception to 6 January 2023. A meta-analysis using a generalized linear mixed model with a random effect was performed for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the decade of study, sample size, confirmatory methods, region of study, risk group, and region of origin. Of the 381 studies initially identified, 21 were included. The pooled prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 was 1.28% (95% CI: 0.58, 2.81) and 0.11% (95% CI: 0.04, 0.33), respectively. HTLV-1 prevalence differed significantly by region of origin, with the highest prevalence among those from the Western Pacific Region (7.27%; 95% CI: 2.94, 16.83). The subgroup analysis also showed significant differences between the estimates of HTLV-1 considering the decade of study, sample size, and region of study. For HTLV-2, significant differences were shown in relation to sample size, confirmatory methods, and risk group. The higher HTLV-1 prevalence found deserves public health attention in immigrant and refugee-receiving non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Augusto Marinho
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (M.T.O.); (R.A.G.); (M.A.D.d.M.); (M.A.d.S.C.)
| | - Michele Tiemi Okita
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (M.T.O.); (R.A.G.); (M.A.D.d.M.); (M.A.d.S.C.)
| | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (M.T.O.); (R.A.G.); (M.A.D.d.M.); (M.A.d.S.C.)
- Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (K.A.A.C.); (S.A.T.)
| | | | | | - Sheila Araújo Teles
- Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-080, Goiás, Brazil; (K.A.A.C.); (S.A.T.)
| | - Márcia Alves Dias de Matos
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (M.T.O.); (R.A.G.); (M.A.D.d.M.); (M.A.d.S.C.)
| | - Megmar Aparecida dos Santos Carneiro
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (M.T.O.); (R.A.G.); (M.A.D.d.M.); (M.A.d.S.C.)
| | - Regina Maria Bringel Martins
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, Goiás, Brazil; (T.A.M.); (M.T.O.); (R.A.G.); (M.A.D.d.M.); (M.A.d.S.C.)
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Marinho TA, Magalhães LS, dos Santos KC, Martins TLS, Silva GRDCE, Silva ÁMDCE, Carneiro MADS, Caetano KAA, Teles SA, Martins RMB. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 infection among immigrants and refugees in Central Brazil, an emerging vulnerable population. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1265100. [PMID: 37869208 PMCID: PMC10588471 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1265100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Migratory flows play a significant role in the spread of human T-lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2). In the last decade, a substantial migration of individuals occurred from Haiti and Venezuela to Brazil. However, data on the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among these international migrants in Brazil are scarce. This study describes the prevalence of this infection among immigrants and refugees in Central Brazil. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 537 international migrants in the State of Goiás, Central Brazil. Participants were interviewed, and blood samples were collected. Serological screening for anti-HTLV-1/2 was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I + II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK), and seropositive samples were submitted for confirmation by a line immunoassay (INNO-LIA HTLV I/II, Fujirebio, Europe N.V., Belgium). Results The majority of participants were males (54.4%), between 18 and 50 years old (78%; mean age: 29.1 years), self-declared black (55.1%), reported 1 to 12 years of formal education (70.9%), and were either Venezuelans (47.9%) or Haitians (39.7%). Additionally, 50.1% were immigrants, 49% were refugees, and five were Brazilian children (0.9%) born to Haitian immigrant parents. The overall prevalence of anti-HTLV-1/2 was 0.95% (95% CI: 0.31-2.28), with HTLV-1 at 0.19% and HTLV-2 at 0.76%. All seropositive individuals (n = 5) were refugees from Venezuela, resulting in a rate of 2.26% for anti-HTLV-1/2, HTLV-1 (0.45%) and HTLV-2 (1.81%) among Venezuelan refugees. Of the demographic and behavioral characteristics evaluated, unprotected sexual intercourse and having more than one sexual partner (≥2) in the previous 12 months were associated with HTLV-1/2 seropositivity among Venezuelans. Conclusion This study revealed, despite the low seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 among international migrants in Central Brazil, evidence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections in Venezuelan refugees. In addition, their characteristics highlight that specific social and health programs should be implemented for these emergent and socially vulnerable migrant groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Augusto Marinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Postigo-Hidalgo I, Magassouba N, Soropogui B, Fichet-Calvet E, Drexler JF. Association of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2 Spread With Historic Slave Trade and Commerce Routes in Western Africa. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac066. [DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus genotype 2 (HCV2) is endemic in Western and Central Africa. The HCV2 evolutionary origins remain uncertain due to the paucity of available genomes from African settings. In this study, we investigated the molecular epidemiology of HCV infections in rural Guinea, Western Africa, during 2004 and 2014. Broadly reactive nested RT-PCR-based screening of sera from 1,571 asymptomatic adults resulted in the detection of 25 (1.5%, 95% CI 0.9-2.3) positive samples, with a median viral load of 2.54E+05 IU/mL (IQR 6.72E+05). HCV-infected persons had a median age of 47 years and 62.5% were male and 37.5% female. The full polyprotein-encoding genes were retrieved by a combination of high throughput and Sanger sequencing from 17 samples showing sufficiently high viral loads. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence distances ≥13% averaged over the polyprotein genes compared to other HCV2 subtypes revealed 9 previously unknown HCV2 subtypes. The time to the most recent common ancestor of the Guinean HCV2 strains inferred in a Bayesian framework was 493 years (95% HPD 453-532). Most of the Guinean strains clustered poorly by location both on the level of sampling sites within Guinea and the level of countries in the phylogenetic reconstructions. Ancestral state reconstruction provided decisive support (Bayes factor >100) for an origin of HCV2 in Western Africa. Phylogeographic reconstructions in a Bayesian framework pointed to a radial diffusion of HCV2 from Western African regions encompassing today’s countries like Ghana, Guinea Bissau, or Burkina Faso, to Central and Northern African regions that took place from the 16th century onwards. The spread of HCV2 coincided in time and space with the main historic slave trade and commerce routes, supported by Bayesian tip-association significance testing (p = 0.01). Our study confirms the evolutionary origins of HCV2 in Western Africa and provides a potential link between historic human movements and HCV2 dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Postigo-Hidalgo
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology , Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Barré Soropogui
- Laboratoire du Projet des Fièvres Hémorragiques de Guinée (PFHG) , Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Jan Felix Drexler
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Virology , Berlin, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated partner site Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Germany
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Abreu IN, Lopes FT, Lima CNC, Barbosa ADN, de Oliveira LR, Fujishima MA, Freitas FB, dos Santos MB, de Lima VN, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Castelo-Branco S, da Silva HP, Vallinoto ACR. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infection Among Warao Indigenous Refugees in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for Public Health in Times of Increasing Migration. Front Public Health 2022; 10:833169. [PMID: 35223744 PMCID: PMC8873572 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.833169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection is endemic in indigenous populations of the Americas. We describe herein the prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infection among Warao indigenous refugees from Venezuela living in Belém, Pará, Brazil. METHODS In total, 101 individuals of both sexes (43 men and 58 women) between 18 and 77 years of age were investigated. Blood samples were collected and separated into plasma and leukocytes. Serological screening was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Murex HTLV-I+II, DiaSorin, Dartford, UK), and seropositive samples were submitted to proviral DNA extraction followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). A nested PCR of the env region (630 bp) followed by enzymatic digestion with XhoI was performed to identify the molecular subtype of HTLV-2, in addition to sequencing analysis of the 5'LTR-I and 5'-LTR-II regions. RESULTS Of the 101 individuals analyzed, 3 (3.0%) were seropositive. Molecular analysis of the pol and tax genes confirmed the HTLV-1 infection in a 55-year-old woman and HTLV-2 infection in a man (68 years old) and a woman (23 years old). HTLV-2 strains were defined by enzymatic digestion as belonging to the HTLV-2b subtype. The sequencing of the 5'LTR regions confirmed the presence of subtype 2b and identified HTLV-1 as belonging to subtype 1A (Cosmopolitan) and the Transcontinental subgroup. Among the infected patients, it was possible to conduct medical interviews with two individuals after delivery of the result. One patient with HTLV-2 reported symptoms such as joint pain, foot swelling, frequent headache, dizziness and lower back pain. The HTLV-1-positive woman was diagnosed with a tumor, dementia, urinary incontinence, felt body pain, and had spots on her body. The presence of the HTLV-2b subtype highlights the prevalence of this molecular variant among indigenous South Americans, as well as the presence of HTLV-1 Transcontinental, which has a worldwide distribution. CONCLUSION These results reveal a high prevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among Warao immigrants, suggesting migratory flow as a virus spread mechanism among human populations and alert public authorities to the need to create epidemiological surveillance programs, public social and health policies aimed at welcoming immigrants in the Brazilian territory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nogueira Abreu
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Teixeira Lopes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mayumi Aragão Fujishima
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Mike Barbosa dos Santos
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | - Socorro Castelo-Branco
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Hilton P. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Ambiente e Sociedade na Amazônia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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da Silva HP, Abreu IN, Lima CNC, de Lima ACR, do Nascimento Barbosa A, de Oliveira LR, Fujishima MA, Lima SS, de Lima VN, Castelo-Branco S, Vallinoto ACR. Migration in times of pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 infection among the Warao indigenous refugees in Belém, Pará, Amazonia, Brazil. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1659. [PMID: 34511064 PMCID: PMC8435358 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of the new causative agent of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and its spread worldwide, led the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic. The disease has caused high mortality among traditional populations and the most socially vulnerable groups such indigenous and refugees. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the population of Venezuelan indigenous Warao refugees residing in private and public shelters in the city of Belem, capital of Para State, in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods One hundred one individuals of both sexes (43 men and 58 women) with ages varying from 18 to 77 years (average of 36 years) were investigated. Whole blood samples were collected and subsequently separated into plasma and leukocytes. Serological analysis was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - ELISA (Anti-SARS-COV-2 S1 IgG, EUROIMMUN, USA). Results The results indicate a positive serum prevalence of 83.2% (84), of which 77.6% (45/58) were females and 90.7% (39/43) were males. An indeterminate profile was observed in 6.9% (7), where it was not possible to confirm the presence of antibodies, and 9.9% (10) individuals were negative for IgG antibodies. Conclusions The finding of the high seroprevalence of IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies reveals a high exposure of the Warao population in Belem to infection with the new coronavirus. These results underscore the importance of maintaining epidemiological surveillance with testing in traditional populations due to the high possibility of spreading the virus, especially among the most socioeconomically vulnerable groups, which depend exclusively on the Unified Health System (SUS), such as refugees and indigenous people. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11696-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilton Pereira da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mayumi Aragão Fujishima
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor Nina de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Saúde, Ambiente e Sociedade da Amazônia e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Socorro Castelo-Branco
- Laboratório de Estudos Bioantropológicos em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Brazil
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Vieira BA, Bidinotto AB, Dartora WJ, Pedrotti LG, de Oliveira VM, Wendland EM. Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1/-2) infection in pregnant women in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15367. [PMID: 34321555 PMCID: PMC8319321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection may cause serious disease, while pathogenicity of HTLV-2 is less certain. There are no screening or surveillance programs for HTLV-1/-2 infection in Brazil. By performing this systematic review, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of HTLV-1/-2 infections in pregnant women in Brazil. This review included cohort and cross-sectional studies that assessed the presence of either HTLV-1/-2 infection in pregnant women in Brazil. We searched BVS/LILACS, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, EMBASE, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and gray literature from inception to August 2020. We identified 246 records in total. Twenty-six of those were included in the qualitative synthesis, while 17 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of HTLV-1 in Brazilian pregnant women, as diagnosed by a positive screening test and a subsequent positive confirmatory test, was 0.32% (95% CI 0.19-1.54), while of HTLV-2 was 0.04% (95% CI 0.02-0.08). Subgroup analysis by region showed the highest prevalence in the Northeast region (0.60%; 95% CI 0.37-0.97) for HTLV-1 and in the South region (0.16%; 95% CI 0.02-1.10) for HTLV-2. The prevalence of HTLV-1 is much higher than HTLV-2 infection in pregnant Brazilian women with important differences between regions. The prevalence of both HTLV-1/-2 are higher in the Northeast compared to Center-West region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eliana Márcia Wendland
- Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Public Health Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Rosadas C, Brites C, Arakaki-Sanchez D, Casseb J, Ishak R. Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e2020605. [PMID: 34008723 PMCID: PMC8210483 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-605-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV). This subject comprises the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. HTLV-1/2 infection is a public health problem globally, and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes several clinical manifestations of neoplasm (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy and other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis, and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health authorities professionals regarding viral transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil. HTLV-1/2 transmission can occur through blood transfusion and derivatives, injectable drug use, organ transplantation, unprotected sexual intercourse, and vertical transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Machado LFA, Fonseca RRDS, Queiroz MAF, Oliveira-Filho AB, Cayres-Vallinoto IMV, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak MDOG, Ishak R. The Epidemiological Impact of STIs among General and Vulnerable Populations of the Amazon Region of Brazil: 30 years of Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050855. [PMID: 34067165 PMCID: PMC8151421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a worldwide public health problem and, although many of them are curable, they continue to be neglected, especially in areas with a low human development index, such as in the northern region of Brazil. This review describes the results of 30 years of studies at the Virus Laboratory at the Federal University of Pará, including the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1, HTLV-1/2, HPV, HBV, Treponema pallidum and Chlamydia trachomatis among urban and non-urban populations, and also in vulnerable groups in the Brazilian Amazon. Control strategies and challenges in preventing STIs are discussed considering this immense geographic region, where essential health services are unable to reach the entire population, especially the most vulnerable, such as female sex workers, people who use illicit drugs, remnants of quilombolos and indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança 68.600-000, Brazil;
| | - Izaura Maria Vieira Cayres-Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (R.R.d.S.F.); (M.A.F.Q.); (I.M.V.C.-V.); (A.C.R.V.); (M.d.O.G.I.); (R.I.)
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Rosadas C, Brites C, Arakaki-Sánchez D, Casseb J, Ishak R. [Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e2020605. [PMID: 33729406 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-497420200006000015.esp1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is related to the chapter about human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) that is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Health Ministry. HTLV-1/2 infection is a worldwide public health problem and Brazil has the largest number of individuals living with the virus. HTLV-1 causes a variety of clinical manifestations of a neoplastic nature, such as adult leukemia/T-cell lymphoma, and also of an inflammatory nature, such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, as well as other manifestations such as uveitis, arthritis and infective dermatitis. These pathologies have high morbidity and mortality and negatively impact the quality of life of infected individuals. This review includes relevant information for health service managers and workers regarding virus transmission modes, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of individuals living with HTLV-1 and 2 in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rosadas
- Imperial College London, Department of Infectious Disease, Londres, Reino Unido
| | - Carlos Brites
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Jorge Casseb
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Universidade Federal do Pará, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Hulaniuk ML, Mojsiejczuk L, Jauk F, Remondegui C, Mammana L, Bouzas MB, Zapiola I, Ferro MV, Ajalla C, Blejer J, Alter A, Acevedo ME, Rodríguez E, Fernández R, Bartoli S, Volonteri V, Kohan D, Elsner B, Bürgesser MV, Reynaud AL, Sánchez M, González C, García Rivello H, Corach D, Caputo M, Trinks J. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic analysis of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) in two distant regions of Argentina: Association with the genetic ancestry of the population. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104523. [PMID: 32890766 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of persistent infectious agents, such as HHV-8, correlates closely with the migration of modern humans out of East Africa which makes them useful to trace human migrations. However, there is scarce data about the evolutionary history of HHV-8 particularly in multiethnic Latin American populations. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to characterize the genetic diversity and the phylogeography of HHV-8 in two distant geographic regions of Argentina, and to establish potential associations with pathogenic conditions and the genetic ancestry of the population. STUDY DESIGN A total of 101 HIV-1 infected subjects, 93 Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) patients and 411 blood donors were recruited in the metropolitan (MET) and north-western regions of Argentina (NWA). HHV-8 DNA was detected by ORF-26 PCR in whole blood, saliva and FFPE tissues. Then, ORF-26 and ORF-K1 were analyzed for subtype assignment. Mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome haplogroups, as well as autosomal ancestry markers were evaluated in samples in which subtypes could be assigned. Phylogeographic analysis was performed in the ORF-K1 sequences from this study combined with 388 GenBank sequences. RESULTS HHV-8 was detected in 50.7%, 59.2% and 8% of samples from HIV-1 infected subjects, KS patients and blood donors, respectively. ORF-K1 phylogenetic analyses showed that subtypes A (A1-A5), B1, C (C1-C3) and F were present in 46.9%, 6.25%, 43.75% and 3.1% of cases, respectively. Analyses of ORF-26 fragment revealed that 81.95% of strains were subtypes A/C followed by J, B2, R, and K. The prevalence of subtype J was more commonly observed among KS patients when compared to the other groups. Among KS patients, subtype A/C was more commonly detected in MET whereas subtype J was the most frequent in NWA. Subtypes A/C was significantly associated with Native American maternal haplogroups (p = 0.004), whereas subtype J was related to non-Native American haplogroups (p < 0.0001). Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and Latin America were the most probable locations from where HHV-8 was introduced to Argentina. CONCLUSIONS These results give evidence of the geographic circulation of HHV-8 in Argentina, suggest the association of ORF-26 subtype J with KS development and provide new insights about its relationship with ancient and modern human migrations and identify the possible origins of this virus in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Hulaniuk
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Hospital Italiano (HIBA), Argentina
| | - Laura Mojsiejczuk
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Federico Jauk
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Remondegui
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Lilia Mammana
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Bouzas
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Zapiola
- Unidad de Virología - División Análisis Clínicos, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Verónica Ferro
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Claudia Ajalla
- Servicio de Infectología y Medicina Tropical, Hospital San Roque, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | | | - Adriana Alter
- Fundación Hemocentro Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Bartoli
- Servicio de Hemoterapia, Hospital "Pablo Soria", San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Victoria Volonteri
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dana Kohan
- Centro Privado de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Boris Elsner
- Centro Privado de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ana Laura Reynaud
- Laboratorio de Patología y Citopatología, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Marisa Sánchez
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos González
- Servicio de Hemoterapia, Hospital de Infecciosas "F. J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán García Rivello
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Corach
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Caputo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Genética Forense y Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genéticas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta Trinks
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional e Ingeniería Biomédica (IMTIB), CONICET, Instituto Universitario del Hospital Italiano (IUHI), Hospital Italiano (HIBA), Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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11
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Vallinoto ACR, da Silva Torres MK, Vallinoto MC, Cayres Vallinoto IMV. The challenges of COVID-19 in the Brazilian Amazonian communities and the importance of seroepidemiological surveillance studies. Int J Equity Health 2020; 19:140. [PMID: 32799872 PMCID: PMC7429088 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has alarmed the world with its high rate of transmission and the ability to cause severe and fatal disease. The impact of this pandemic may be even greater in populations where the absence of health services is a chronic aspect, as reported with populations living in the Brazilian Amazon. In this article, we address the perspective of possible impacts of the pandemic on these populations and the importance of conducting seroepidemiological surveillance studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil.
| | - Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil
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12
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Ishak R, Guimarães Ishak MDO, Azevedo VN, Machado LFA, Vallinoto IMC, Queiroz MAF, Costa GDLC, Guerreiro JF, Vallinoto ACR. HTLV in South America: Origins of a silent ancient human infection. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa053. [PMID: 33133639 PMCID: PMC7585626 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of the first human retrovirus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), was soon associated with an aggressive lymphoma and a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Later, other associated clinical manifestations were described, affecting diverse target organs in the human body and showing the enormous burden carried by the virus and the associated diseases. The epidemiology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 showed that they were largely distributed around the world, although it is possible to locate geographical areas with pockets of low and very high prevalence and incidence. Aboriginal Australians and indigenous peoples of Brazil are examples of the large spread of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, respectively. The epidemiological link of both situations is their occurrence among isolated, epidemiologically closed or semi-closed communities. The origin of the viruses in South America shows two different branches with distinct timing of entry. HTLV-1 made its probable entrance in a more recent route through the east coast of Brazil at the beginning of the slave trade from the African continent, starting in the 16th century and lasting for more than 350 years. HTLV-2 followed the ancient route of human migration from the Asian continent, crossing the Behring Strait and then splitting in South America as the population became separated by the Andes Mountains. By that time, HTLV-2c probably arose and became isolated among the indigenous populations in the Brazilian Amazon. The study of epidemiologically closed communities of indigenous populations in Brazil allowed tracing the most likely route of entry, the generation of a new molecular subtype (HTLV-2c), the elucidation of the vertical transmission of HTLV-2, the intrafamilial aggregation of cases and the escape and spread of the virus to other areas in Brazil and abroad. Despite the burden and impact of both viruses, they are maintained as silent infections among human populations because 1, health authorities in most South American countries in which national surveillance is poor have little interest in the disease, 2, the information is commonly lost as indigenous groups do not have specific policies for HTLV and other sexually transmitted infections, and 3, health access is not feasible or properly delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Vânia Nakauth Azevedo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Izaura Maria Cayres Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Greice de Lemos Cardoso Costa
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Correa no.1, Guama, 66075-110, Belem, Para, Brazil
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13
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Ishak R, de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak M, Vallinoto ACR. The challenge of describing the epidemiology of HTLV in the Amazon region of Brazil. Retrovirology 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 32059740 PMCID: PMC7023703 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 was the first described human retrovirus and was soon found to be associated with severe clinical diseases, including a devastating lymphoma/leukemia and other inflammatory diseases. Although HTLV-2 is not usually pathogenic, it is widely distributed among native Indian populations in Brazil, particularly in the Amazon region of the country. Presently, HTLV spreads mainly by the sexual route and from mother to child, and virus persistence is an active biological factor aiding its transmission. Recently, the use of illicit drugs has been shown to be an additional risk factor, showing the influence of new habits on the epidemiology of HTLV in the region. Despite the detection of the virus in several different populations in the Amazon region of Brazil for almost 30 years, the exact prevalence of HTLV-1/2 is not well defined. The original biases in sampling and the selection of epidemiologically unsuitable populations were commonly repeated in most prevalence studies, generating unreliable and conflicting figures that do not represent the actual prevalence of HTLV. The improvements in clinical and laboratory facilities have resulted in the description of several clinical manifestations that were previously unknown in the region. The extent of the spread of the virus must be defined in this region, which is the largest geographical area of the country. As prophylaxis advances toward the use of vaccines against HTLV-1, it is important to determine who is at risk of being infected and developing a disease to successfully implement preventive measures, particularly as proposals are made to eradicate the virus among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Marluísa de Oliveira Guimarães Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos R Vallinoto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa no.1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
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14
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Araújo APS, Souza APC, Gomes CM, Silva-Oliveira GC, Martins LC, Fischer B, Machado LFA, Vallinoto ACR, Ishak R, Lemos JAR, Kupek E. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and 2 among people who used illicit drugs in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14750. [PMID: 31611600 PMCID: PMC6791863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
People who used illicit drugs (PWUDs) represent an important population group for acquisition and viral dispersion. In Brazil, high rates of the human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) and 2 (HTLV-2) have been reported in epidemiological studies. However, the epidemiological scenario of HTLV-1/2 infections in PWUDs is still poorly understood. Thus, this cross-sectional study determined the prevalence, frequency of subtypes and factors associated with HTLV-1/2 infections among PWUDs in the Brazilian state of Pará, an area considered endemic for this virus and with poor health services. Among 826 PWUDs, 53 (6.4%) presented anti-HTLV-1/2 antibodies by EIA and 44 (5.3%) presented proviral DNA by PCR. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were detected in 25 (3.0%) and 19 (2.3%) PWUDs, respectively. Subtypes 1a (25/44), transcontinental (23/44) and Japanese subgroups (2/44), 2b (6/44) and 2c (13/44) were identified. Involvement in illicit/criminal activity, daily use of illicit drugs, illicit drug use over 12 years, unprotected sex with other PWUDs, changes in genitalia (including ulcers and wounds), and more than 12 sexual partners were associated with HTLV-1/2 in PWUDs. This high prevalence and intense circulation of subtypes and subgroups of HTLV-1/2 is very worrying, and indicate the need for urgent actions for its control, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir B Oliveira-Filho
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula S Araújo
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | - Andreia Polliana C Souza
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Residência Multiprofissional em Saúde da Mulher e da Criança, Hospital Santo Antonio Maria Zaccaria, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Camila M Gomes
- Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Universidade Federal do Pará, Bragança, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Luísa C Martins
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, AK, New Zealand
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ishak
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R Lemos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Centro de Hemoterapia e Hematologia do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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15
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Siqueira JD, Dominguez-Bello MG, Contreras M, Lander O, Caballero-Arias H, Xutao D, Noya-Alarcon O, Delwart E. Complex virome in feces from Amerindian children in isolated Amazonian villages. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4270. [PMID: 30323210 PMCID: PMC6189175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of viruses circulating in small isolated human populations may be reduced by viral extinctions and rare introductions. Here we used viral metagenomics to characterize the eukaryotic virome in feces from healthy children from a large urban center and from three Amerindian villages with minimal outside contact. Numerous human enteric viruses, mainly from the Picornaviridae and Caliciviridae families, were sequenced from each of the sites. Multiple children from the same villages shed closely related viruses reflecting frequent transmission clusters. Feces of isolated villagers also contained multiple viral genomes of unknown cellular origin from the Picornavirales order and CRESS-DNA group and higher levels of nematode and protozoan DNA. Despite cultural and geographic isolation, the diversity of enteric human viruses was therefore not reduced in these Amazonian villages. Frequent viral introductions and/or increased susceptibility to enteric infections may account for the complex fecal virome of Amerindian children in isolated villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Siqueira
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.,Programa de Oncovirologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, 20.231-050, Brazil
| | - Maria Gloria Dominguez-Bello
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901-8554, USA
| | - Monica Contreras
- Center for Biophysics and Biochemistry, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, 01204, Venezuela
| | - Orlana Lander
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1051, Venezuela
| | - Hortensia Caballero-Arias
- Department of Anthropology, Venezuelan Institute of Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, 01204, Venezuela
| | - Deng Xutao
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Oscar Noya-Alarcon
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, 1051, Venezuela.,Amazonic Center for Research and Control of Tropical Diseases (CAICET), Puerto Ayacucho, 7101, Venezuela
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
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