1
|
Lv C, Li R, Yang D, Song S, Cheng X, Chen T, Chen L, Xiong Y. Broad-spectrum antiviral effect of MoringaA-loaded exosomes against IAV by mediating the GCN5-TFEB-autolysosome pathway. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29906. [PMID: 39262090 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Influenza virus-induced viral pneumonia is a major threat to human health, and specific therapeutic agents for viral pneumonia are still lacking. MoringaA (MA) is an anti-influenza virus active compound isolated from Moringa seeds, which can inhibit influenza virus by activating the TFEB-autophagic lysosomal pathway in host cells. In this study, we obtained exosomes from M2-type macrophages and encapsulated and delivered MA (MA-Exos), and we investigated the efficacy of MA-Exos in antiviral and viral pneumonia in vivo and in vitro, respectively. In addition, we provided insights into the mechanism by which MA-Exos regulates TFEB-lysosomal autophagy by RNA sequencing. The MA-Exos showed broad-spectrum inhibition of IAV, and significant promotion of the autophagic lysosomal pathway. Meanwhile, we found that GCN5 gene and protein were significantly down-regulated in IAV-infected cells after MA-Exos intervention, indicating its blocking the acetylation of TFEB by GCN5. In addition, MA-Exos also significantly promoted autophagy in lung tissue cells of mice with viral pneumonia. MA-Exos can inhibit and clear influenza virus by mediating the TFEB-autophagy lysosomal pathway by a mechanism related to the down-regulation of histone acetyltransferase GCN5. Our study provides a strategy for targeting MA-Exos for the treatment of viral pneumonia from both antiviral and virus-induced inflammation inhibition pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Ruidong Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Shunqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongai Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han YJ, Lee KM, Wu GH, Gong YN, Dutta A, Shih SR. Targeting influenza A virus by splicing inhibitor herboxidiene reveals the importance of subtype-specific signatures around splice sites. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:10. [PMID: 36737756 PMCID: PMC9895974 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. METHODS We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. Next, we determined the effects of single nucleotide variations on M splicing by generating mutant viruses harboring the 55C/T variant through reverse genetics. To confirm the importance of M2 splicing in the replication of H1N1 and H3N2, we treated infected cells with splicing inhibitor herboxidiene and analyzed the viral growth using plaque assay. To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. One-tailed paired t-test was used for virus titer calculation and multiple comparisons between groups were performed using two-way analysis of variance. RESULTS M sequence splice site analysis revealed an evolutionarily conserved single nucleotide variant C55T in H3N2, which impaired M2 expression and was accompanied by collinear M1 and mRNA3 production. Aberrant M2 splicing resulted from splice-site selection rather than a general defect in the splicing process. The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. CONCLUSIONS The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Han
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center of Emerging Virus Infection, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ming Lee
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center of Emerging Virus Infection, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922International Master Degree Program for Molecular Medicine in Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.454211.70000 0004 1756 999XDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Hong Wu
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center of Emerging Virus Infection, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Nong Gong
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center of Emerging Virus Infection, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.454211.70000 0004 1756 999XDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan ,grid.454211.70000 0004 1756 999XDepartment of Laboratory Science, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Avijit Dutta
- grid.454211.70000 0004 1756 999XDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center of Emerging Virus Infection, Division of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Science, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Kaushik A, Kujawska M, Ahmed EA, Batiha GES. SARS-COV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease: Possible links and perspectives. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:952-975. [PMID: 36717481 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The hallmarks are the presence of Lewy bodies composed mainly of aggregated α-synuclein and immune activation and inflammation in the brain. The neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 with induction of cytokine storm and neuroinflammation can contribute to the development of PD. Interestingly, overexpression of α-synuclein in PD patients may limit SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons; however, on the other hand, this virus can speed up the α-synuclein aggregation. The review aims to discuss the potential link between COVID-19 and the risk of PD, highlighting the need for further studies to authenticate the potential association. We have also overviewed the influence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the PD course and management. In this context, we presented the prospects for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic and related PD cases that, beyond global vaccination and novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, may include the development of graphene-based nanoscale platforms offering antiviral and anti-amyloid strategies against PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - Małgorzata Kujawska
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Huang J, Song Y, Liu X, Qian M, Huang P, Li Y, Zhao L, Wang H. Regulation of innate immune responses by rabies virus. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:418-429. [PMID: 36138548 PMCID: PMC9610147 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is an infectious and neurotropic pathogen that causes rabies and infects humans and almost all warm-blooded animals, posing a great threat to people and public safety. It is well known that innate immunity is the critical first line of host defense against viral infection. It monitors the invading pathogens by recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors, leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNα/β), inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, or the activation of autophagy or apoptosis to inhibit virus replication. In the case of RABV, the innate immune response is usually triggered when the skin or muscle is bitten or scratched. However, RABV has evolved many ways to escape or even hijack innate immune response to complete its own replication and eventually invades the central nervous system (CNS). Once RABV reaches the CNS, it cannot be wiped out by the immune system or any drugs. Therefore, a better understanding of the interplay between RABV and innate immunity is necessary to develop effective strategies to combat its infection. Here, we review the innate immune responses induced by RABV and illustrate the antagonism mechanisms of RABV to provide new insights for the control of rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jingbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yumeng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xingqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Meichen Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Pei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Hualei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of EducationInstitute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu M, Zhan M, Xi C, Gong J, Shen H. Molecular characterization and expression of the autophagy-related gene Atg14 in WSSV-infected Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:200-211. [PMID: 35513250 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atg14 (autophagy-related gene 14), also known as Atg14L or Barkor (Beclin-1 associated autophagy-related key regulator), plays an important role in a variety of biological processes including immunity, development, tumor inhibition, longevity, and protection against some cardiac and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very few studies have characterized Atg14 expression in invertebrates, particularly crustaceans. Here, a novel Atg14 gene from Procambarus clarkii (named PcAtg14) was characterized via RACE technology. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the total length of the PcAtg14 gene sequence was 2,880 bp, and it was predicted to encode 488 amino acids. The results of homology comparison showed that PcAtg14 exhibited the highest homology with crustacean the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis showed that PcAtg14 was expressed in all tissues of P. clarkii, with the hepatopancreas having the highest expression and the eyestalk exhibiting the lowest expression. Upon white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, the relative expression of PcAtg14 in the hepatopancreas, muscle, hemocyte, gill, heart and epidermis were significantly up-regulated at different time periods. After PcAtg14 gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi), the proliferation of WSSV in P. clarkii was significantly inhibited, which coincided with a significant increase in P. clarkii mortality and an increase in the expression of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated an increase in the number of autophagosomes in the hepatopancreas of the PcAtg14 gene silencing group compared to the control group after WSSV infection. Collectively, these results indicated that PcAtg14 suppressed autophagy by reduce the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, thereby promoting WSSV replication in P. clarkii. The findings here therefore provide novel insights into the immune mechanisms through which P. clarkii responds to WSSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Changjun Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jie Gong
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Huaishun Shen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Rice-Fish Farming Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bębnowska D, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P. The Interplay between Autophagy and Virus Pathogenesis-The Significance of Autophagy in Viral Hepatitis and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Cells 2022; 11:871. [PMID: 35269494 PMCID: PMC8909602 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process focused on maintaining the homeostasis of organisms; nevertheless, the role of this process has also been widely documented in viral infections. Thus, xenophagy is a selective form of autophagy targeting viruses. However, the relation between autophagy and viruses is ambiguous-this process may be used as a strategy to fight with a virus, but is also in favor of the virus's replication. In this paper, we have gathered data on autophagy in viral hepatitis and viral hemorrhagic fevers and the relations impacting its viral pathogenesis. Thus, autophagy is a potential therapeutic target, but research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which the virus interacts with the autophagic machinery. These studies must be performed in specific research models other than the natural host for many reasons. In this paper, we also indicate Lagovirus europaeus virus as a potentially good research model for acute liver failure and viral hemorrhagic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Bębnowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teo QW, van Leur SW, Sanyal S. Escaping the Lion's Den: redirecting autophagy for unconventional release and spread of viruses. FEBS J 2021; 288:3913-3927. [PMID: 33044763 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process, designed to maintain cellular homeostasis during a range of internal and external stimuli. Conventionally, autophagy is known for coordinated degradation and recycling of intracellular components and removal of cytosolic pathogens. More recently, several lines of evidence have indicated an unconventional, nondegradative role of autophagy for secretion of cargo that lacks a signal peptide. This process referred to as secretory autophagy has also been implicated in the infection cycle of several virus species. This review focuses on the current evidence available on the nondegradative features of autophagy, emphasizing its potential role and unresolved questions in the release and spread of (-) and (+) RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sophie Wilhelmina van Leur
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiong Y, Rajoka MSR, Mehwish HM, Zhang M, Liang N, Li C, He Z. Virucidal activity of Moringa A from Moringa oleifera seeds against Influenza A Viruses by regulating TFEB. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107561. [PMID: 33744778 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are highly contagious pathogens infecting human and numerous animals. The viruses cause millions of infection cases and thousands of deaths every year, making IAVs a continual threat to global health. Our study demonstrated the virucidal activity of Moringa A as a new compound from Moringa oleifera seeds against IAVs. It inhibits virus replication in host cells and protects infected cells from the cytopathic effect induced by IAVs. The EC50andEC90 values of Moringa A for IAVs were 1.27 and 5.30 μM, respectively, when RAW264.7 cells were infected at MOI of 1. The different treatment experiments revealed that Moringa A has a significant inhibitory effect on the IAVs both before and afterdrug addition. Moringa A was observed to decrease the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-β in H1N1 infected RAW264.7 cells. Finally, Moringa A was found to inhibit the expression and nuclear transfer of the cellular protein transcription factor EB (TFEB) and weaken the autophagy in infected cells, which could be an important antiviral mechanism. Our study demonstrates Moringa A has potent antiviral activity against IVAs, which could be due to the autophagy inhibition property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongai Xiong
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hafiza Mahreen Mehwish
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - MengXun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Novel Natural Health Care Products, Innovation Platform for Natural Small Molecule Drugs, Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen Natural Small Molecule Innovative Drugs, School of Medicine, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stavrakaki E, Dirven CMF, Lamfers MLM. Personalizing Oncolytic Virotherapy for Glioblastoma: In Search of Biomarkers for Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040614. [PMID: 33557101 PMCID: PMC7913874 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor. Despite multimodal treatment, the prognosis of GBM patients remains very poor. Oncolytic virotherapy is being evaluated as novel treatment for this patient group and clinical trials testing oncolytic viruses have shown impressive responses, albeit in a small subset of GBM patients. Obtaining insight into specific tumor- or patient-related characteristics of the responding patients, may in the future improve response rates. In this review we discuss factors related to oncolytic activity of the most widely applied oncolytic virus strains as well as potential biomarkers and future assays that may allow us to predict response to these agents. Such biomarkers and tools may in the future enable personalizing oncolytic virotherapy for GBM patients. Abstract Oncolytic virus (OV) treatment may offer a new treatment option for the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma. Clinical trials testing oncolytic viruses in this patient group have shown promising results, with patients achieving impressive long-term clinical responses. However, the number of responders to each OV remains low. This is thought to arise from the large heterogeneity of these tumors, both in terms of molecular make-up and their immune-suppressive microenvironment, leading to variability in responses. An approach that may improve response rates is the personalized utilization of oncolytic viruses against Glioblastoma (GBM), based on specific tumor- or patient-related characteristics. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers for response to different OVs as well as emerging ex vivo assays that in the future may enable selection of optimal OV for a specific patient and design of stratified clinical OV trials for GBM.
Collapse
|
10
|
Paria K, Paul D, Chowdhury T, Pyne S, Chakraborty R, Mandal SM. Synergy of melanin and vitamin-D may play a fundamental role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and halt COVID-19 by inactivating furin protease. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 33169107 PMCID: PMC7642579 DOI: 10.1186/s41231-020-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the birth of Christ, in these 2019 years, the man on earth has never experienced a survival challenge from any acellular protist compared to SARS-CoV-2. No specific drugs yet been approved. The host immunity is the only alternative to prevent and or reduce the infection and mortality rate as well. Here, a novel mechanism of melanin mediated host immunity is proposed having potent biotechnological prospects in health care management of COVID-19. Vitamin D is known to enhance the rate of melanin synthesis; and this may concurrently regulate the expression of furin expression. In silico analyses have revealed that the intermediates of melanin are capable of binding strongly with the active site of furin protease. On the other hand, furin expression is negatively regulated via 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), that belongs to vitamin-D pathway and controls cellular calcium levels. Here, we have envisaged the availability of biological melanin and elucidated the bio-medical potential. Thus, we propose a possible synergistic application of melanin and the enzyme CYP27B1 (regulates vitamin D biosynthesis) as a novel strategy to prevent viral entry through the inactivation of furin protease and aid in boosting our immunity at the cellular and humoral levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishalay Paria
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Sector 125 201313 India
| | - Trinath Chowdhury
- Central Research Facility, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Smritikana Pyne
- Central Research Facility, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Ranadhir Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal 734013 India
| | - Santi M. Mandal
- Central Research Facility, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Role of autophagy in nerve cell apoptosis in mice infected with street rabies virus. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2857-2867. [PMID: 33034763 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an important zoonotic disease in Iran. Autophagy is a process that maintains homeostasis and can be used as an innate defense mechanism against viruses. Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death induced by physiological and pathological conditions. The crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis plays a key role in rabies virus infection. In the current study, NMRI mice intra-cranially received 3-Methyl Adenine (3-MA), rapamycin, street rabies virus (SRABV) and drugs plus SRABV. SRABV and Map1lc3, Beclin-1, Atg5 gene expression were assayed by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was carried out via LC3 protein staining as an autophagy marker, and apoptotic cell death was measured using a TUNEL assay. Map1lc3, Beclin-1 and Atg5 genes expression was significantly increased in drug-plus-SRBV-treated tissues compared to control at 24 hpi. Map1lc3 and Atg5 gene expression showed a slight change in the drugs-plus-virus group compared with the control at 72 hpi. The presence of LC3 in the tissues of the group treated with rapamycin plus SRBV confirmed induction of autophagy, but it was not present in the tissues treated with 3-MA plus SRBV. Our data revealed that apoptosis was induced only in the groups receiving the SRBV or rapamycin or both at 24 hpi. Apoptosis was observed after 72 hours, when the drugs' effect had disappeared in all but the autophagy inhibitor group. Understanding the interaction of SRABV with autophagy pathway genes and its effect on host cell apoptosis may open a new horizon for human intervention and allow a deeper understanding of rabies infections.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu JT, Pham PH, Wootton SK, Bols NC, Lumsden JS. VHSV IVb infection and autophagy modulation in the rainbow trout gill epithelial cell line RTgill-W1. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1237-1247. [PMID: 32794227 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy modulation influences the success of intracellular pathogens, and an understanding of the mechanisms involved might offer practical options to reduce the impact of infectious disease. Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) can cause high mortality and economic loss in some commercial fish species. VHSV IVb was used to infect a rainbow trout gill cell line, RTgill-W1, followed by the treatment of the cells with different autophagy-modulating reagents. LC3II protein using Western blot was significantly (p < .05) decreased for two days following VHSV infection, and immunofluorescence confirmed that LC3II-positive intracytoplasmic puncta were also decreased. Infection with VHSV resulted in significantly decreased expression of the autophagy-related (Atg) genes atg4, at12, atg13 and becn1 after one day using quantitative PCR. Both viral gene copy number and VHSV N protein were significantly decreased by treating the cells with autophagy-blocking (chloroquine) and autophagy-inhibiting reagents (deoxynivalenol and 3-methyladenine) after three days, while autophagy induction (restricted nutrition and rapamycin) had limited effect. Only treatment of RTgill-W1 with deoxynivalenol resulted in a significant increase in expression of type I interferon. Therefore, the suppression of autophagy initially occurs after VHSV IVb infection, but the modulation of autophagy can also inhibit VHSV IVb infection in RTgill-W1 after three days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Niels C Bols
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - John S Lumsden
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kazimirskii AN, Salmasi JM, Poryadin GV. Antiviral system of innate immunity: COVID-19 pathogenesis and treatment. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2020.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral system of innate immunity includes two main components: the mitochondrial antiviral sensor — the mitochondrial outer membrane protein and peripheral blood neutrophils capable of forming neutrophilic extracellular traps. Depending on the activation pathway of the mitochondrial antiviral sensor (MAVS), two possible variants of cells death, apoptosis or cellular degeneration with necrotic changes, develop during cell infection with an RNA-containing virus. The development of virus-induced apoptosis of infected cells causes the formation of neutrophilic extracellular traps, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, ROS generation, tissue damage, hemocoagulation and the development of an acute inflammatory process with the development of COVID-19 pneumonia. Violation of the prion-like reaction of MAVS in response to viral infection of the cell triggers an alternative pathway for activating autophagy. Cells under conditions of prolonged activation of autophagy experience necrotic changes and are eliminated from the organism by monocytes/macrophages that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines. This type of reaction of the antiviral system of innate immunity corresponds to the asymptomatic course of the disease. From the most significant aspects of the pathogenesis of the coronavirus infection COVID-19 given, recommendations for the prophylactic treatment of this dangerous disease follow. The proposed treatment can significantly decrease the severity of COVID-19 disease and reduce mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AN Kazimirskii
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. Moscow, Russia
| | - JM Salmasi
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. Moscow, Russia
| | - GV Poryadin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fu X, Ming Y, Li C, Niu Y, Lin Q, Liu L, Liang H, Huang Z, Li N. Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) induces autophagy via PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway in CPB cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:381-388. [PMID: 32360913 PMCID: PMC7252040 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an important mechanism for organisms to eliminate viruses and other intracellular pathogens. Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) is an agent that has caused devastating losses in Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) industry. But the role of autophagy in Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) infection is not clearly understood. In this study, we identified that SCRV infection triggered autophagy in CPB cells, which was demonstrated by the appearance of the membrane vesicles, GFP-LC3 punctuate pattern, conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, and the co-localization of autophagosomes and lysosomes. The changes of autophagy flux in SCRV infection indicated that autophagy was inhibited at the early stage of SCRV infection, but was promoted at the late stage. UV-inactivated SCRV can induce autophagy, suggesting that SCRV replication is not essential for the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, we found inducing autophagy with Rapa inhibited SCRV proliferation, but inhibiting autophagy with 3-MA or CQ increased SCRV production in CPB cells. Then we assessed the effects of PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway on SCRV induced autophagy. We found that SCRV infection activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway at 4 hpi, but inhibited it at 8 hpi. SCRV-N mRNA and protein level were decreased by inhibiting PI3K with LY294002, but increased by activating PI3K with 740Y-P. Those results indicated that SCRV infection induced autophagy via the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signal pathway, which will provide new insights into SCRV pathogenesis and antiviral treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhe Fu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chen Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Yinjie Niu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Hongru Liang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China
| | - Ningqiu Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Provinces, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li Y, Liu R, Wu J, Li X. Self-eating: friend or foe? The emerging role of autophagy in fibrotic diseases. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:7993-8017. [PMID: 32724454 PMCID: PMC7381749 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis occurs in most human organs including the liver, lung, heart and kidney, and is crucial for the progression of most chronic diseases. As an indispensable catabolic process for intracellular quality control and homeostasis, autophagy occurs in most mammalian cells and is implicated in many biological processes including fibrogenesis. Although advances have been made in understanding autophagy process, the potential role of autophagy in fibrotic diseases remains controversial and has recently attracted a great deal of attention. In the current review, we summarize the commonalities of autophagy affecting different types of fibrosis in different organs, including the liver, lung, heart, and kidney as well as in cystic fibrosis, systematically outline the contradictory results and highlight the distinct role of autophagy during the various stages of fibrosis. In summary, the exact role autophagy plays in fibrogenesis depends on specific cell types and different stimuli, and identifying and evaluating the pathogenic contribution of autophagy in fibrogenesis will promote the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical management of these fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang X, Chen S, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang T, Zhou G. Friend or Enemy: A Dual Role of Autophagy in Plant Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:736. [PMID: 32373106 PMCID: PMC7186577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a primary protective process that involves removing damaged organelles or dysfunctional proteins in eukaryotes. The autophagy pathway not only maintains cellular homeostasis, but also modulates the host's cellular response to pathogen infection. Several studies proved that autophagy plays a dominant role in plant fitness and immunity. As intracellular parasites, the replication and spread of viruses entirely rely upon the molecular machinery of the host cell, including the autophagy process. Plant viruses severely affect crop yields and quality. During infection, complex interactions occur between viral proteins and host factors in relation to plant defense and virus counter-defense. An increasing number of studies demonstrated that plants use autophagy to eliminate and inhibit viruses; some viruses were shown to manipulate the process of autophagy to promote their own replication and survival in plant cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in plant autophagy, with an emphasis on the role of autophagy in plant virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hepatitis Delta Virus Alters the Autophagy Process To Promote Its Genome Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01936-19. [PMID: 31748400 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01936-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial number of viruses have been demonstrated to subvert autophagy to promote their own replication. Recent publications have reported the proviral effect of autophagy induction on hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus and an occasional obligate satellite of HBV. However, no previous work has studied the relationship between autophagy and HDV. In this article, we analyze the impact of HBV and HDV replication on autophagy as well as the involvement of the autophagy machinery in the HDV life cycle when produced alone and in combination with HBV. We prove that HBxAg and HBsAg can induce early steps of autophagy but ultimately block flux. It is worth noting that the two isoforms of the HDV protein, the small HDAg (S-HDAg) and large HDAg (L-HDAg) isoforms, can also efficiently promote autophagosome accumulation and disturb autophagic flux. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate specific knockouts, we demonstrate that the autophagy machinery, specifically the proteins implicated in the elongation step (ATG7, ATG5, and LC3), is important for the release of HBV without affecting the level of intracellular HBV genomes. Surprisingly, the knockout of ATG5 and ATG7 decreased the intracellular HDV RNA level in both Huh7 and HepG2.2.15 cells without an additional effect on HDV secretion. Therefore, we conclude that HBV and HDV have evolved to utilize the autophagy machinery so as to assist at different steps of their life cycle.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis delta virus is a defective RNA virus that requires hepatitis B virus envelope proteins (HBsAg) to fulfill its life cycle. Thus, HDV can only infect individuals at the same time as HBV (coinfection) or superinfect individuals who are already chronic carriers of HBV. The presence of HDV in the liver accelerates the progression of infection to fibrosis and to hepatic cancer. Since current treatments against HBV are ineffective against HDV, it is of paramount importance to study the interaction between HBV, HDV, and host factors. This will help unravel new targets whereby a therapy that is capable of simultaneously impeding both viruses could be developed. In this research paper, we evidence that the autophagy machinery promotes the replication of HBV and HDV at different steps of their life cycle. Notwithstanding their contribution to HBV release, autophagy proteins seem to assist HDV intracellular replication but not its secretion.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nanomaterial Effects on Viral Infection. INTERACTION OF NANOMATERIALS WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 2020. [PMCID: PMC7122331 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33962-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential for environmental and occupational exposures of populations to nanomaterials (NMs) has fostered concerns of associated adverse health effects, with a particular emphasis on pulmonary injury and disease. Many studies have revealed that several types of NMs can evoke a variety of biological responses, such as pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress, which contribute to allergy, fibrosis, and granuloma formation. Less attention has been paid to health effects that may result from exposure to NMs and additional stressors such as pathogens, with a particular focus on susceptibility to viral infection. This chapter will summarize the current body of literature related to NMs and viral exposures with a primary focus on immune modulation. A summary of the studies performed and major findings to date will be discussed, highlighting proposed molecular mechanisms behind NM-driven host susceptibility, challenges, limitations, and future research needs. Specific mechanisms discussed include direct interaction between NMs and biological molecules, activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and related signaling pathways, production of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammasome activation, and modulation of lipid signaling networks.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hraber P, O'Maille PE, Silberfarb A, Davis-Anderson K, Generous N, McMahon BH, Fair JM. Resources to Discover and Use Short Linear Motifs in Viral Proteins. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:113-127. [PMID: 31427097 PMCID: PMC7114124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral proteins evade host immune function by molecular mimicry, often achieved by short linear motifs (SLiMs) of three to ten consecutive amino acids (AAs). Motif mimicry tolerates mutations, evolves quickly to modify interactions with the host, and enables modular interactions with protein complexes. Host cells cannot easily coordinate changes to conserved motif recognition and binding interfaces under selective pressure to maintain critical signaling pathways. SLiMs offer potential for use in synthetic biology, such as better immunogens and therapies, but may also present biosecurity challenges. We survey viral uses of SLiMs to mimic host proteins, and information resources available for motif discovery. As the number of examples continues to grow, knowledge management tools are essential to help organize and compare new findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | - Paul E O'Maille
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Andrew Silberfarb
- Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Katie Davis-Anderson
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Nicholas Generous
- Global Security Directorate, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Benjamin H McMahon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen H, Humes ST, Robinson SE, Loeb JC, Sabaraya IV, Saleh NB, Khattri RB, Merritt ME, Martyniuk CJ, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood T. Single-walled carbon nanotubes repress viral-induced defense pathways through oxidative stress. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:1176-1196. [PMID: 31328592 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1645903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of lung cells in vitro or mice to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) directly to the respiratory tract leads to a reduced host anti-viral immune response to infection with influenza A virus H1N1 (IAV), resulting in significant increases in viral titers. This suggests that unintended exposure to nanotubes via inhalation may increase susceptibility to notorious respiratory viruses that carry a high social and economic burden globally. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to viral susceptibility have not been elucidated. In the present study, we identified the retinoic acid-induced gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs)/mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) pathway as a target of SWCNT-induced oxidative stress in small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) that contribute to significantly enhanced influenza viral titers. Exposure of SAEC to SWCNTs increases viral titers while repressing several aspects of the RLR pathway, including mRNA expression of key genes (e.g. IFITs, RIG-I, MDA5, IFNβ1, CCL5). SWCNTs also reduce mitochondrial membrane potential without altering oxygen consumption rates. Our findings also indicate that SWCNTs can impair formation of MAVS prion-like aggregates, which is known to impede downstream activation of the RLR pathway and hence the transcriptional production of interferon-regulated anti-viral genes and cytokines. Furthermore, application of the antioxidant NAC alleviates inhibition of gene expression levels by SWCNTs, as well as MAVS signalosome formation, and increased viral titers. These data provide evidence of targeted impairment of anti-viral signaling networks that are vital to immune defense mechanisms in lung cells, contributing to increased susceptibility to IAV infections by SWCNTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Sara T Humes
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Sarah E Robinson
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Indu V Sabaraya
- Department of Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Ram B Khattri
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lawrence DW, Shornick LP, Kornbluth J. Mice deficient in NKLAM have attenuated inflammatory cytokine production in a Sendai virus pneumonia model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222802. [PMID: 31539400 PMCID: PMC6754162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have begun to elucidate a role for E3 ubiquitin ligases as important mediators of the innate immune response. Our previous work defined a role for the ubiquitin ligase natural killer lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM/RNF19b) in mouse and human innate immunity. Here, we present novel data describing a role for NKLAM in regulating the immune response to Sendai virus (SeV), a murine model of paramyxoviral pneumonia. NKLAM expression was significantly upregulated by SeV infection. SeV-infected mice that are deficient in NKLAM demonstrated significantly less weight loss than wild type mice. In vivo, Sendai virus replication was attenuated in NKLAM-/- mice. Autophagic flux and the expression of autophagy markers LC3 and p62/SQSTM1 were also less in NKLAM-/- mice. Using flow cytometry, we observed less neutrophils and macrophages in the lungs of NKLAM-/- mice during SeV infection. Additionally, phosphorylation of STAT1 and NFκB p65 was lower in NKLAM-/- than wild type mice. The dysregulated phosphorylation profile of STAT1 and NFκB in NKLAM-/- mice correlated with decreased expression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines that are regulated by STAT1 and/or NFκB. The lack of NKLAM and the resulting attenuated immune response is favorable to NKLAM-/- mice receiving a low dose of SeV; however, at a high dose of virus, NKLAM-/- mice succumbed to the infection faster than wild type mice. In conclusion, our novel results indicate that NKLAM plays a role in regulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald W. Lawrence
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laurie P. Shornick
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacki Kornbluth
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khandia R, Dadar M, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Iqbal HMN, Singh KP, Joshi SK, Chaicumpa W. A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070674. [PMID: 31277291 PMCID: PMC6678135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn's disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31975/148, Iran
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600051, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Keshavarz M, Solaymani-Mohammadi F, Miri SM, Ghaemi A. Oncolytic paramyxoviruses-induced autophagy; a prudent weapon for cancer therapy. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:48. [PMID: 31217023 PMCID: PMC6585078 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has currently emerged as a promising approach upon which scientists have been able to induce tumor-specific cell death in a broad spectrum of malignancies. Paramyxoviruses represent intrinsic oncolytic capability, which makes them excellent candidates to be widely used in oncolytic virotherapy. The mechanisms through which these viruses destroy the cancerous cells involve triggering the autophagic machinery and apoptosis in target cells. Interestingly, oncolytic paramyxoviruses have been found to induce autophagy and lead to tumor cells death rather than their survival. Indeed, the induction of autophagy has been revealed to enhance the immunogenicity of tumor cells via the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and the activation of autophagy-related immunogenic cell death (ICD). Subsequent cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) through the MHC-I complex to CD8+ T cells results in the productive priming of the tumor-specific immune response. In this review, we first briefly discuss autophagy and explain the process of viral xenophagy. Finally, we focus on the interactions between virus and autophagy proteins, elaborating on the global preclinical studies on oncolytic paramyxoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O.Box: 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Niu X, Zhang C, Wang Y, Guo M, Ruan B, Wang X, Wu T, Zhang X, Wu Y. Autophagy induced by avian reovirus enhances viral replication in chickens at the early stage of infection. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:173. [PMID: 31126305 PMCID: PMC6534907 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1926-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian reovirus (ARV) is an important pathogen that can cause serious disease in poultry. Though several in vitro studies revealed some molecular mechanisms that are responsible for ARV-induced autophagy, it is still largely unknown how ARV manipulates autophagy to promote its own propagation. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that ARV infection triggered autophagy in chicken tissues, evident from the enhancement of LC3-I/-II conversion and the appearance of abundant autophagosomes. Moreover, viral replication and the expression of IL-1β were coupled with the process of ARV-induced autophagy in the early stage of infection. Furthermore, regulation of autophagy affected the accumulation of LC3-II, the production of ARV and the expression of IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our data suggest that ARV induces autophagy, which benefits its replication and dissemination in chicken tissues at the early infection stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosai Niu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Yuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Baoyang Ruan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Tianqi Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li C, Sun L, Lin H, Qin Z, Tu J, Li J, Chen K, Babu V S, Lin L. Glutamine starvation inhibits snakehead vesiculovirus replication via inducing autophagy associated with the disturbance of endogenous glutathione pool. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:1044-1052. [PMID: 30590160 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradation cellular process which also plays an important role in virus infection. Glutamine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of glutathione which is the most abundant thiol-containing compound within the cells and plays a key role in the antioxidant defense and intracellular signaling. There is an endogenous cellular glutathione pool which consists of two forms of glutathione, i.e. the reduced form (GSH) and the oxidized form (GSSG). GSH serves as an intracellular antioxidant to maintain cellular redox homeostasis by scavenging free radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can lead to autophagy. Under physiological conditions, the concentration of GSSG is only about 1% of total glutathione, while stress condition can result in a transient increase of GSSG. In our previous report, we showed that the replication of snakehead fish vesiculovirus (SHVV) was significant inhibited in SSN-1 cells cultured in the glutamine-starvation medium, however the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. Here, we revealed that the addition of L-Buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of the GSH synthesis, could decrease the γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity and GSH levels, resulting in autophagy and significantly inhibition of the replication of SHVV in SSN-1 cells cultured in the complete medium. On the other hand, the replication of SHVV was rescued and the autophagy was inhibited in the SSN-1 cells cultured in the glutamine-starvation medium supplemented with additional GSH. Furthermore, the inhibition of the synthesis of GSH had not significantly affected the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, it significantly decreased level of GSH and enhanced the level of GSSG, resulting in the decrease of the value of GSH/GSSG, indicating that it promoted the cellular oxidative stress. Overall, the present study demonstrated that glutamine starvation impaired the replication of SHVV in SSN-1 cells via inducing autophagy associated with the disturbance of the endogenous glutathione pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Core Facility, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Lindan Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Hanzuo Lin
- Faculty of Arts, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1W9, Canada
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Department of Core Facility, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China
| | - Jiagang Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Core Facility, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212000, China
| | - Sarath Babu V
- Department of Core Facility, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Core Facility, Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510225, China; Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|