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Salahlou R, Farajnia S, Bargahi N, Bakhtiyari N, Elmi F, Shahgolzari M, Fiering S, Venkataraman S. Development of a novel multi‑epitope vaccine against the pathogenic human polyomavirus V6/7 using reverse vaccinology. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:177. [PMID: 38336665 PMCID: PMC10854057 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomaviruses contribute to human oncogenesis through persistent infections, but currently there is no effective preventive measure against the malignancies caused by this virus. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine against HPyV is of high priority. METHODS First, the proteomes of 2 polyomavirus species (HPyV6 and HPyV7) were downloaded from the NCBI database for the selection of the target proteins. The epitope identification process focused on selecting proteins that were crucial, associated with virulence, present on the surface, antigenic, non-toxic, and non-homologous with the human proteome. Then, the immunoinformatic methods were used to identify cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), helper T-lymphocyte (HTL), and B-cell epitopes from the target antigens, which could be used to create epitope-based vaccine. The physicochemical features of the designed vaccine were predicted through various online servers. The binding pattern and stability between the vaccine candidate and Toll-like receptors were analyzed through molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, while the immunogenicity of the designed vaccines was assessed using immune simulation. RESULTS Online tools were utilized to forecast the most optimal epitope from the immunogenic targets, including LTAg, VP1, and VP1 antigens of HPyV6 and HPyV7. A multi-epitope vaccine was developed by combining 10 CTL, 7 HTL, and 6 LBL epitopes with suitable linkers and adjuvant. The vaccine displayed 98.35% of the world's population coverage. The 3D model of the vaccine structure revealed that the majority of residues (87.7%) were located in favored regions of the Ramachandran plot. The evaluation of molecular docking and MD simulation revealed that the constructed vaccine exhibits a strong binding (-1414.0 kcal/mol) towards the host's TLR4. Moreover, the vaccine-TLR complexes remained stable throughout the dynamic conditions present in the natural environment. The immune simulation results demonstrated that the vaccine design had the capacity to elicit robust immune responses in the host. CONCLUSION The multi-parametric analysis revealed that the designed vaccine is capable of inducing sustained immunity against the selected polyomaviruses, although further in-vivo investigations are needed to verify its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salahlou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasrin Bargahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Bakhtiyari
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faranak Elmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, and Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Peng WY, Abere B, Shi H, Toland S, Smithgall TE, Moore PS, Chang Y. Membrane-bound Merkel cell polyomavirus middle T protein constitutively activates PLCγ1 signaling through Src-family kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2316467120. [PMID: 38079542 PMCID: PMC10740393 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316467120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV or MCPyV) is an alphapolyomavirus causing human Merkel cell carcinoma and encodes four tumor (T) antigen proteins: large T (LT), small tumor (sT), 57 kT, and middle T (MT)/alternate LT open reading frame proteins. We show that MCV MT is generated as multiple isoforms through internal methionine translational initiation that insert into membrane lipid rafts. The membrane-localized MCV MT oligomerizes and promiscuously binds to lipid raft-associated Src family kinases (SFKs). MCV MT-SFK interaction is mediated by a Src homology (SH) 3 recognition motif as determined by surface plasmon resonance, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. SFK recruitment by MT leads to tyrosine phosphorylation at a SH2 recognition motif (pMTY114), allowing interaction with phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1). The secondary recruitment of PLCγ1 to the SFK-MT membrane complex promotes PLCγ1 tyrosine phosphorylation on Y783 and activates the NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway. Mutations at either the MCV MT SH2 or SH3 recognition sites abrogate PLCγ1-dependent activation of NF-κB signaling and increase viral replication after MCV genome transfection into 293 cells. These findings reveal a conserved viral targeting of the SFK-PLCγ1 pathway by both MCV and murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) MT proteins. The molecular steps in how SFK-PLCγ1 activation is achieved, however, differ between these two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Peng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Bizunesh Abere
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15219
| | - Haibin Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15219
| | - Sabrina Toland
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
| | - Thomas E. Smithgall
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15219
| | - Patrick S. Moore
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15219
| | - Yuan Chang
- Cancer Virology Program, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15213
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Zebardast A, Latifi T, shirzad M, Goodarzi G, Ebrahimi Fana S, Samavarchi Tehrani S, Yahyapour Y. Critical involvement of circular RNAs in virus-associated cancers. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2296-2305. [PMID: 37554189 PMCID: PMC10404876 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related cancer is cancer where viral infection leads to the malignant transformation of the host's infected cells. Seven viruses (e.g., human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV)) that infect humans have been identified as an oncogene and have been associated with several human malignancies. Recently, growing attention has been attracted to exploring the pathogenesis of virus-related cancers. One of the most mysterious molecules involved in carcinogenesis and progression of virus-related cancers is circular RNAs (circRNA). These emerging non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), due to the absence of 5' and 3' ends, have high stability than linear RNAs and are found in some species across the eukaryotic organisms. Compelling evidence has revealed that viruses also encode a repertoire of circRNAs, as well as dysregulation of these viral circRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of different types of virus-related cancers. Therefore, understanding the exact role and function of the virally encoded circRNAs with virus-associated cancers will open a new road for increasing our knowledge about the RNA world. Hence, in this review, we will focus on emerging roles of virus-encoded circRNAs in multiple cancers, including cervical cancer, gastric cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Kaposi cancer, and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghavan Zebardast
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Moein shirzad
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176, Iran
| | - Golnaz Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Sadra Samavarchi Tehrani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
- Student Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Yousef Yahyapour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176, Iran
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus: Infection, Genome, Transcripts and Its Role in Development of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020444. [PMID: 36672392 PMCID: PMC9857234 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The best characterized polyomavirus family member, i.e., simian virus 40 (SV40), can cause different tumors in hamsters and can transform murine and human cells in vitro. Hence, the SV40 contamination of millions of polio vaccine doses administered from 1955-1963 raised fears that this may cause increased tumor incidence in the vaccinated population. This is, however, not the case. Indeed, up to now, the only polyomavirus family member known to be the most important cause of a specific human tumor entity is Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). MCC is a highly deadly form of skin cancer for which the cellular origin is still uncertain, and which appears as two clinically very similar but molecularly highly different variants. While approximately 80% of cases are found to be associated with MCPyV the remaining MCCs carry a high mutational load. Here, we present an overview of the multitude of molecular functions described for the MCPyV encoded oncoproteins and non-coding RNAs, present the available MCC mouse models and discuss the increasing evidence that both, virus-negative and -positive MCC constitute epithelial tumors.
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Zaggana E, Konstantinou MP, Krasagakis GH, de Bree E, Kalpakis K, Mavroudis D, Krasagakis K. Merkel Cell Carcinoma-Update on Diagnosis, Management and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010103. [PMID: 36612102 PMCID: PMC9817518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
MCC is a rare but highly aggressive skin cancer. The identification of the driving role of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in the oncogenesis of MCC allowed a better understanding of its biological behavior. The presence of MCPyV-specific T cells and lymphocytes exhibiting an 'exhausted' phenotype in the tumor microenvironment along with the high prevalence of immunosuppression among affected patients are strong indicators of the immunogenic properties of MCC. The use of immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of patients with advanced MCC with anti-PD-1/PD L1 blockade, providing objective responses in as much as 50-70% of cases when used in first-line treatment. However, acquired resistance or contraindication to immune checkpoint inhibitors can be an issue for a non-negligible number of patients and novel therapeutic strategies are warranted. This review will focus on current management guidelines for MCC and future therapeutic perspectives for advanced disease with an emphasis on molecular pathways, targeted therapies, and immune-based strategies. These new therapies alone or in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors could enhance immune responses against tumor cells and overcome acquired resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Zaggana
- Department of Dermatology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Polina Konstantinou
- Department of Dermatology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-3925-82; Fax: +30-2810-5420-85
| | | | - Eelco de Bree
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kalpakis
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mavroudis
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Krasagakis
- Department of Dermatology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Crete, Greece
- Medical School, University of Crete, 71500 Crete, Greece
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Dunowska M, Perrott M, Biggs P. Identification of a novel polyomavirus from a marsupial host. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac096. [PMID: 36381233 PMCID: PMC9662318 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the identification and analysis of a full sequence of a novel polyomavirus from a brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula ) termed possum polyomavirus (PPyV). The sequence was obtained from the next-generation sequencing assembly during an investigation into the aetiological agent for a neurological disease of possums termed wobbly possum disease (WPD), but the virus was not aetiologically involved in WPD. The PPyV genome was 5,224 nt long with the organisation typical for polyomaviruses, including early (large and small T antigens) and late (Viral Protein 1 (VP1), VP2, and VP3) coding regions separated by the non-coding control region of 465 nt. PPyV clustered with betapolyomaviruses in the WUKI clade but showed less than 60 per cent identity to any of the members of this clade. We propose that PPyV is classified within a new species in the genus Betapolyomavirus . These data add to our limited knowledge of marsupial viruses and their evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Perrott
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - Patrick Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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7
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Fan Y, Guo D, Zhao S, Wei Q, Li Y, Lin T. Human genes with relative synonymous codon usage analogous to that of polyomaviruses are involved in the mechanism of polyomavirus nephropathy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:992201. [PMID: 36159639 PMCID: PMC9492876 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.992201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses (HPyVs) can cause serious and deleterious infections in human. Yet, the molecular mechanism underlying these infections, particularly in polyomavirus nephropathy (PVAN), is not well-defined. In the present study, we aimed to identify human genes with codon usage bias (CUB) similar to that of HPyV genes and explore their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of PVAN. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values of genes of HPyVs and those of human genes were computed and used for Pearson correlation analysis. The involvement of the identified correlation genes in PVAN was analyzed by validating their differential expression in publicly available transcriptomics data. Functional enrichment was performed to uncover the role of sets of genes. The RSCU analysis indicated that the A- and T-ending codons are preferentially used in HPyV genes. In total, 5400 human genes were correlated to the HPyV genes. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network indicated strong interactions between these proteins. Gene expression analysis indicated that 229 of these genes were consistently and differentially expressed between normal kidney tissues and kidney tissues from PVAN patients. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were involved in biological processes related to transcription and in pathways related to protein ubiquitination pathway, apoptosis, cellular response to stress, inflammation and immune system. The identified genes may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for HPyV associated diseases, especially PVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Duan Guo
- Department of Palliative Medicine, West China School of Public Health and West China fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Palliative Medicine Research Center, West China−Peking Union Medical College, Chen Zhiqian (PUMC C.C). Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangping Zhao
- Department of Urology, West China School of Nursing and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Lin, ; ; Yi Li,
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Organ Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Lin, ; ; Yi Li,
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Shuwen H, Yinhang W, Jing M, Gong C, Xiaohui H, Xi Y, Wei W. Open Reading Frame-3a gene of the 2019 novel coronavirus inhibits the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:14. [PMID: 35306605 PMCID: PMC8934246 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microecology is composed of bacteria, fungi and viruses. As a part of intestinal microecology, viruses participate in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. The 2019-nCoV was detected in stool samples from patients during COVID-19, suggesting that the 2019-nCoV may be associated with intestinal microecology. However, the relationship of the 2019-nCoV and CRC is unclear. The aim of this study is to explore the role of Open Reading Frame-3a (ORF3a) of the 2019-nCoV in CRC. After the pCDH-CMV-MCS-EF1-Puro vector that provides high expression of ORF3a was transfected into the SW480 CRC cell line, immunofluorescence was used to determine the localization of ORF3a in SW480 cells. The proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression of SW480 cells were measured using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound healing, Transwell assay, flow cytometry, the TUNEL assay, and propidium iodide single staining. The results showed that ORF3a inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of SW480 cells and induced their apoptosis after 24, 48, 72 h. Meanwhile, ORF3a inhibited the cell cycle and blocked SW480 CRC cells in the G1 phase. In in vivo experiments, high ORF3a expression was associated with decreased tumor volume, tumor weight, relative tumor volume, and tumor activity. ORF3a inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis and necrosis of tumor tissues. Based on this, we demonstrated that ORF3a might play a role in CRC, providing a new direction for the prevention and treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shuwen
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang China
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Mao Jing
- Graduate School of Medical College of Zhejiang University, No. 268 Kaixuan RoadJianggan District, Hangzhou, 310029 Zhejiang China
| | - Chen Gong
- Clinical Medicine of Huzhou University, Medical College of Huzhou University, No. 759, Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang China
| | - Hou Xiaohui
- Graduate School of Nursing, Huzhou University, No. 1 Bachelor Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang China
| | - Yang Xi
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang China
| | - Wu Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, No. 1558, Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou, 313000 Zhejiang China
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Moens U, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. Functional Domains of the Early Proteins and Experimental and Epidemiological Studies Suggest a Role for the Novel Human Polyomaviruses in Cancer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834368. [PMID: 35250950 PMCID: PMC8894888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As their name indicates, polyomaviruses (PyVs) can induce tumors. Mouse PyV, hamster PyV and raccoon PyV have been shown to cause tumors in their natural host. During the last 30 years, 15 PyVs have been isolated from humans. From these, Merkel cell PyV is classified as a Group 2A carcinogenic pathogen (probably carcinogenic to humans), whereas BKPyV and JCPyV are class 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Although the other PyVs recently detected in humans (referred to here as novel HPyV; nHPyV) share many common features with PyVs, including the viral oncoproteins large tumor antigen and small tumor antigen, as their role in cancer is questioned. This review discusses whether the nHPyVs may play a role in cancer based on predicted and experimentally proven functions of their early proteins in oncogenic processes. The functional domains that mediate the oncogenic properties of early proteins of known PyVs, that can cause cancer in their natural host or animal models, have been well characterized and we examined whether these functional domains are conserved in the early proteins of the nHPyVs and presented experimental evidence that these conserved domains are functional. Furthermore, we reviewed the literature describing the detection of nHPyV in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ugo Moens,
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Valeria Pietropaolo,
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Yang R, Lee EE, Kim J, Choi JH, Kolitz E, Chen Y, Crewe C, Salisbury NJH, Scherer PE, Cockerell C, Smith TR, Rosen L, Verlinden L, Galloway DA, Buck CB, Feltkamp MC, Sullivan CS, Wang RC. Characterization of ALTO-encoding circular RNAs expressed by Merkel cell polyomavirus and trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009582. [PMID: 33999949 PMCID: PMC8158866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a conserved class of RNAs with diverse functions, including serving as messenger RNAs that are translated into peptides. Here we describe circular RNAs generated by human polyomaviruses (HPyVs), some of which encode variants of the previously described alternative large T antigen open reading frame (ALTO) protein. Circular ALTO RNAs (circALTOs) can be detected in virus positive Merkel cell carcinoma (VP-MCC) cell lines and tumor samples. CircALTOs are stable, predominantly located in the cytoplasm, and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modified. The translation of MCPyV circALTOs into ALTO protein is negatively regulated by MCPyV-generated miRNAs in cultured cells. MCPyV ALTO expression increases transcription from some recombinant promoters in vitro and upregulates the expression of multiple genes previously implicated in MCPyV pathogenesis. MCPyV circALTOs are enriched in exosomes derived from VP-MCC lines and circALTO-transfected 293T cells, and purified exosomes can mediate ALTO expression and transcriptional activation in MCPyV-negative cells. The related trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus (TSPyV) also expresses a circALTO that can be detected in infected tissues and produces ALTO protein in cultured cells. Thus, human polyomavirus circRNAs are expressed in human tumors and infected tissues and express proteins that have the potential to modulate the infectious and tumorigenic properties of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eunice E. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joon H. Choi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elysha Kolitz
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yating Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. H. Salisbury
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, the UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Clay Cockerell
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Taylor R. Smith
- Department of Dermatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Leslie Rosen
- Department of Dermatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Louisa Verlinden
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Denise A. Galloway
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariet C. Feltkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Christopher S. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Wang
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Harold C. Simmons Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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Vidovszky MZ, Tan Z, Carr MJ, Boldogh S, Harrach B, Gonzalez G. Bat-borne polyomaviruses in Europe reveal an evolutionary history of intrahost divergence with horseshoe bats distributed across the African and Eurasian continents. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1119-1130. [PMID: 32644038 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) are small, circular dsDNA viruses carried by diverse vertebrates, including bats. Although previous studies have reported several horseshoe bat PyVs collected in Zambia and China, it is still unclear how PyVs evolved in this group of widely dispersed mammals. Horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus) are distributed across the Old World and are natural reservoirs of numerous pathogenic viruses. Herein, non-invasive bat samples from European horseshoe bat species were collected in Hungary for PyV identification and novel PyVs with complete genomes were successfully recovered from two different European horseshoe bat species. Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of the Hungarian horseshoe bat PyVs supported their classification into the genera Alphapolyomavirus and Betapolyomavirus. Notably, despite the significant geographical distances between the corresponding sampling locations, Hungarian PyVs exhibited high genetic relatedness with previously described Zambian and Chinese horseshoe bat PyVs, and phylogenetically clustered with these viruses in each PyV genus. Correlation and virus-host relationship analysis suggested that these PyVs co-diverged with their European, African and Asian horseshoe bat hosts distributed on different continents during their evolutionary history. Additionally, assessment of selective pressures over the major capsid protein (VP1) of horseshoe bat PyVs showed sites under positive selection located in motifs exposed to the exterior of the capsid. In summary, our findings revealed a pattern of stable intrahost divergence of horseshoe bat PyVs with their mammalian hosts on the African and Eurasian continents over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Z Vidovszky
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zhizhou Tan
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Michael J Carr
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Balázs Harrach
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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12
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Achyut BR, Zhang H, Angara K, Mivechi NF, Arbab AS, Ko L. Oncoprotein GT198 vaccination delays tumor growth in MMTV-PyMT mice. Cancer Lett 2020; 476:57-66. [PMID: 32061755 PMCID: PMC7067666 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting early lesion in breast cancer is more therapeutically effective. We have previously identified an oncoprotein GT198 (PSMC3IP) in human breast cancer. Here we investigated GT198 in MMTV-PyMT mouse mammary gland tumors and found that GT198 is a shared early lesion in both species. Similar to human breast cancer even before a tumor appears, cytoplasmic GT198 is overexpressed in mouse tumor stroma including pericyte stem cells, descendent adipocytes, fibroblasts, and myoepithelial cells. Using recombinant GT198 protein as an antigen, we vaccinated MMTV-PyMT mice and found that the GT198 vaccine delayed mouse tumor growth and reduced lung metastasis. The antitumor effects were linearly correlated with vaccinated mouse serum titers of GT198 antibody, which recognized cell surface GT198 protein on viable tumor cells confirmed by FACS. Furthermore, GT198+ tumor cells isolated from MMTV-PyMT tumor induced faster tumor growths than GT198- cells when re-implanted into normal FVB/N mice. Together, this first study of GT198 vaccine in mouse showed its effectiveness in antitumor and anti-metastasis. The finding supports GT198 as a potential target in human immunotherapy since GT198 defect is shared in both human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagelu R Achyut
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First of Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, And Institute of Precision Cancer Medicine and Pathology, Jinan University Medical College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Research Center of Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Kartik Angara
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nahid F Mivechi
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ali S Arbab
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Lan Ko
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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13
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Wang Z, Lu W, Zhang Y, Zou F, Jin Z, Zhao T. The Hippo Pathway and Viral Infections. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3033. [PMID: 32038526 PMCID: PMC6990114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a novel tumor suppressor pathway, initially found in Drosophila. Recent studies have discovered that the Hippo signaling pathway plays a critical role in a wide range of biological processes, including organ size control, cell proliferation, cancer development, and virus-induced diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological feature and pathological role of the Hippo pathway, focusing particularly on current findings in the function of the Hippo pathway in virus infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wanhang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Feng Zou
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhigang Jin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Tiejun Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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14
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Ciotti M, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. An overview on human polyomaviruses biology and related diseases. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the Polyomaviridae family grew rapidly, thanks to the introduction of high-throughput molecular techniques. To date, 14 polyomaviruses have been identified in humans but the association with human diseases has been established only for few of them. BKPyV has been associated with nephropathy in kidney transplant patients and hemorrhagic cystitis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients; JCPyV to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, mainly in HIV-positive patients; Merkel cell polyomavirus to Merkel cell carcinoma; Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus to the rare skin disease Trichodysplasia spinulosa; human polyomaviruses 6 and 7 to pruritic rash. Immunocompromised patients are at risk of developing disease. Here, we summarized and discussed the scientific literature concerning the human polyomaviruses biology, seroprevalence and association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, ‘Sapienza’ University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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15
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Beyond: An Overview of Immune-Based Therapies in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Am J Clin Dermatol 2019; 20:391-407. [PMID: 30784027 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-019-00427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer. Until 2017, patients with advanced disease were typically treated with conventional chemotherapies, with a median response duration of 3 months. Increased evidence of the role of the immune system in controlling this cancer has paved the way for immune-based therapies, with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors at the frontline. Avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, was the first-ever drug approved in advanced MCC after showing meaningful efficacy in a second-line setting. Objective responses were observed in one-third of patients and, most importantly, were durable with half of patients and one-third of patients still alive at 1 and 2 years, respectively. When used in a first-line setting, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors (avelumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab) are even more promising as objective responses are observed in approximately 50-70% of patients within the first 4-8 weeks of treatment. Safety profiles are acceptable with 10-20% of patients experiencing adverse events grade ≥ 3. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors are considered the standard of care in advanced MCC and are currently being investigated in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings. However, innovative treatments are still needed in the metastatic setting, as approximately 50% of these patients will not persistently respond to currently available immunotherapies, and no predictors of response are available yet. Therefore, other immunotherapeutic strategies are now being investigated-ideally in combinations-to enhance the various aspects of the immune response against tumoral cells.
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Nguyen KD, Chamseddin BH, Cockerell CJ, Wang RC. The Biology and Clinical Features of Cutaneous Polyomaviruses. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:285-292. [PMID: 30470393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses are double-stand DNA viruses with a conserved genomic structure, yet they present with diverse tissue tropisms and disease presentations. Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 6 and 7, and Malawi polyomavirus are shed from the skin, and Merkel cell polyomavirus, trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 6 and 7 have been linked to specific skin diseases. We present an update on the genomic and clinical features of these cutaneous polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khang D Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bahir H Chamseddin
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Clay J Cockerell
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Richard C Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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