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Farhat M, Khayi S, Berrada J, Mouahid M, Ameur N, El-Adawy H, Fellahi S. Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum in Poultry: Review of Pathogenesis, Antibiotic Resistance, Diagnosis and Control in the Genomic Era. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 38247582 PMCID: PMC10812584 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Farhat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Avenue Ennasr, Rabat Principale, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco;
| | - Jaouad Berrada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
| | | | - Najia Ameur
- Department of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Institute of Hygiene. Av. Ibn Batouta, 27, BP 769, Rabat 10000, Morocco;
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany;
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (M.F.); (J.B.)
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Julianingsih D, Tung CW, Thapa K, Biswas D. Unveiling the Potential Ways to Apply Citrus Oil to Control Causative Agents of Pullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid in Floor Materials. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38200754 PMCID: PMC10778308 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential role of Cold-pressed Valencia Terpeneless citrus oil (CO), as a natural antimicrobial, in controlling causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in floor materials for poultry farming, specifically wooden chips. The study addresses the issues that have arisen as a result of the reduction in antibiotic use in poultry farming, which has resulted in the re-emergence of bacterial diseases including salmonellosis. CO efficiently inhibits the growth of pathogens including various serovars of Salmonella enterica (SE), including SE serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) and SE serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum), in a dose-dependent manner. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of CO showed potential for controlling diverse S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum isolates. Growth inhibition assays demonstrated that 0.4% (v/w) CO eliminated S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum from 24 h onwards, also impacting poultry gut microbiota and probiotic strains. Floor material simulation, specifically wooden chips treated with 0.4% CO, confirmed CO's effectiveness in preventing S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum growth on poultry house floors. This study also investigated the effect of CO on the expression of virulence genes in S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Specifically, the study revealed that the application of CO resulted in a downregulation trend in virulence genes, including spiA, invA, spaN, sitC, and sifA, in both S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum, implying that CO may alter the pathogenicity of these bacterial pathogens. Overall, this study reveals that CO has the potential to be used as a natural antimicrobial in the prevention and management of Salmonella-related infections in chicken production, offering a viable alternative to control these re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Julianingsih
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Chuan-Wei Tung
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kanchan Thapa
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (D.J.); (C.-W.T.); (K.T.)
- Biological Sciences Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Khaltabadi Farahani R, Ebrahimi-Rad M, Shahrokhi N, Khaltabadi Farahani AH, Ghafouri SA, Rezaei M, Gharibzadeh S, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Ehsani P. High prevalence of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in Salmonella Gallinarum. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 15:631-641. [PMID: 37941876 PMCID: PMC10628085 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i5.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Antibiotic resistance is an indicator of the passively acquired and circulating resistance genes. Salmonella Gallinarum significantly affects the poultry food industry. The present study is the first study of the S. Gallinarum biofilm in Iran, which is focused on the characterization of the S. Gallinarum serovars and their acquired antibiotic resistance genes circulating in poultry fields in central and northwestern Iran. Materials and Methods Sixty isolates of S. Gallinarum serovar were collected from feces of live poultry. The bacteria were isolated using biochemical tests and confirmed by Multiplex PCR. Biofilm formation ability and the antibacterial resistance were evaluated using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results According to Multiplex PCR for ratA, SteB, and rhs genes, all 60 S. Gallinarum serovars were Gallinarum biovars. In our study, the antibiotic resistance rate among isolated strains was as follows: Penicillin (100%), nitrofurantoin (80%), nalidixic acid (45%), cefoxitin (35%), neomycin sulfate (30%), chloramphenicol (20%), and ciprofloxacin (5%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem, ertapenem, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and ceftazidime+clavulanic acid. All sixty isolates did not express the resistance genes IMP, VIM, NDM, DHA, blaOXA48, and qnrA. On the other hand, they expressed GES (85%), qnrB (75%), Fox M (70%), SHV (60%), CITM (20%), KPC (15%), FOX (10%), MOXM (5%), and qnrS (5%). All S. Gallinarum isolates formed biofilm and expressed sdiA gene. Conclusion Considering that the presence of this bacteria is equal to the death penalty to the herd, the distribution of resistance genes could be a critical alarm for pathogen monitoring programs in the region. This study showed a positive correlation between biofilm formation and 50% of tested resistance genes. Also, it was found that the most common circulating S. gallinarum biovars are multidrug-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khaltabadi Farahani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Iranian Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Ali Ghafouri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arash Ghalyanchi Langeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of the Veterinary Medicine, University Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Torkashvand N, Kamyab H, Shahverdi AR, Khoshayand MR, Sepehrizadeh Z. Isolation, characterization, and genome analysis of a broad host range Salmonella phage vB_SenS_TUMS_E4: a candidate bacteriophage for biocontrol. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1493-1503. [PMID: 37097546 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enteritidis is one of the most important foodborne pathogens that cause numerous outbreaks worldwide. Some strains of Salmonella have become progressively resistant to antibiotics, so they could represent a critical threat to public health and have led to the use of alternative therapeutic approaches like phage therapy. In this study, a lytic phage, vB_SenS_TUMS_E4 (E4), was isolated from poultry effluent and characterized to evaluate its potential and efficacy for bio-controlling S. enteritidis in foods. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that E4 has a siphovirus morphotype, with an isometric head and non-contractile tail. Determining the host range showed that this phage can effectively infect different motile as well as non-motile Salmonella enterica serovars. The biological characteristics of E4 showed that it has a short latent period of about 15 min and a large burst size of 287 PFU/cell, and is also significantly stable in a broad range of pHs and temperatures. The E4 whole genome contains 43,018 bp and encodes 60 coding sequences (CDSs) but no tRNA genes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the genome of E4 lacks any genes related to lysogeny behavior, antibiotic resistance, toxins, or virulence factors. The efficacy of phage E4 as a bio-control agent was assessed in various foodstuffs inoculated with S. enteritidis at 4°C and 25°C, and the resulting data indicated that it could eradicate S. enteritidis after a very short time of 15 min. The findings of the present study showed that E4 is a hopeful candidate as a bio-control agent against S. enteritidis and has the potential to be used in various foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Torkashvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Kamyab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shahverdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshayand
- Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zargham Sepehrizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, PO Box 14155-6451, Iran.
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Wang J, Guo K, Li S, Liu D, Chu X, Wang Y, Guo W, Du C, Wang X, Hu Z. Development and Application of Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Salmonella Abortusequi. J Clin Microbiol 2023; 61:e0137522. [PMID: 36856425 PMCID: PMC10035326 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01375-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Abortusequi is a major pathogen in horse and donkey herds, causing abortion in pregnant equids and resulting in enormous economic losses. A rapid and reliable method is urgently needed to detect S. Abortusequi in herds where the disease is suspected. To achieve this goal, a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay targeting the gene for the flagellin protein phase 2 antigen FljB was developed. This real-time PCR assay had high specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility. The detection limit of the assay was 30 copies/μL of standard plasmid and 10 CFU/μL of bacterial DNA. Furthermore, 540 clinical samples, including 162 tissue, 192 plasma, and 186 vaginal swab samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in China, were tested to assess the performance of the developed assay. Compared to the gold standard method of bacterial isolation, the real-time PCR assay exhibited 100% positive agreement for all tissue, plasma and vaginal swab tests. Additionally, this assay detected DNA from S. Abortusequi from 56.7% (34/60) culture-negative tissue and 22.9% (41/179) culture-negative vaginal swab samples from infected equids. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the results of the developed real-time PCR assays were in significant agreement with those of the culture method. The real-time PCR assay can be completed within 45 min of extraction of DNA from samples. Our results show that this assay could serve as a reliable tool for the rapid detection of S. Abortusequi in tissue, plasma, and vaginal swab clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shuaijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yaoxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Patil V, Hedau M, Kaore M, Badar S, Kadam M, Chaudhari S, Rawool D, Barbuddhe S, Vergis J, Kurkure N. Potential of cinnamaldehyde essential oil as a possible antimicrobial against fowl typhoid in layers. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:126. [PMID: 36944831 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Fowl typhoid (FT) is an economically significant bacterial disease of layers leading to a drastic drop in egg production. Due to increased public health concerns about antibiotics in poultry feed, a search for new safe antimicrobials for treating fowl typhoid is crucial. The antimicrobial effect of cinnamaldehyde essential oil (CnEO) against fowl typhoid in layers was investigated in this experiment. The 60-week-old BV300-layer birds (n = 100) were divided into five groups: the non-challenged control group A, only cinnamaldehyde-treated group B (CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water for 60 days), the challenged group C, challenged plus cinnamaldehyde therapy group D (CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water from 16 to 30 dpi), and challenged plus antibiotic therapy group E (chloramphenicol @ 1 gm/5lit through drinking water from 16 to 30 dpi). Hens from all challenged groups were challenged with Salmonella Gallinarum (VTCCBAA588) @ 1 × 108 CFU/ml orally. Various parameters such as clinical signs, mortality, egg production and egg weight, colony-forming unit (CFU) count of cecal content, eggshell surface, and egg yolk were evaluated all through 60 days of an experimental trial. Results indicated that, in the case of the cinnamaldehyde therapeutic group, there was a significant improvement in egg production, mild clinical signs, lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), and a significantly lower bacterial count in ceca and on the eggshell surface compared to the control challenge group. Thus, CnEO @ 1:8000 dilutions through drinking water can be a potential antimicrobial for controlling fowl typhoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Patil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Madhuri Hedau
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Megha Kaore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shweta Badar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukund Kadam
- Department of Poultry Sciences, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Rawool
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telanagana, India
| | - Sukhadeo Barbuddhe
- ICAR-National Research Centre On Meat, Chengicherla, Hyderabad, 500 092, Telanagana, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode Kerala Veterinary, and Animal Sciences University, Wayanad, Kerala, 673 576, India
| | - Nitin Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440006, Maharashtra, India.
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Comparative Analysis between Salmonella enterica Isolated from Imported and Chinese Native Chicken Breeds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020390. [PMID: 36838355 PMCID: PMC9962450 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is considered a significant threat to the global poultry industry and public health. In recent decades, antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica has attracted increasing concern throughout the world. However, limited information is available on Salmonella enterica among different breeds of breeder chickens. Thus, this study aimed to compare the prevalence, serotype distribution, emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), antimicrobial resistance, and genetic resistance mechanisms in Salmonella enterica among different breeds of breeder chickens. A total of 693 samples (dead embryos, cloacal swabs, water, feed, environmental swabs, and meconium of newly hatched chicks) were selected and cultured for Salmonella from four breeder chicken farms in Shandong province, China, representing one imported and three native breeds, and the isolates were further serotyped. Of the Salmonella isolates, susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials of 5 classes, ESBL screening, and the presence of 21 antimicrobial resistance genes were determined in the present study. Overall, 94 (13.6%) isolates were recovered, which were divided into 3 serotypes (Salmonella Pullorum (n = 36), Salmonella Thompson (n = 32), and Salmonella Enteritidis (n = 26)). The results showed that the prevalence of Salmonella enterica isolates from the imported breeds was higher compared with the three domestic breeds. Eight of the ninety-four isolates were ESBL-positive strains, which were recovered from a domestic breed chicken farm. These eight ESBL-producing isolates were serotyped to Pullorum. Surprisingly, Salmonella Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) and S. pullorum were simultaneously isolated from a single dead embryo observed among one native breed. Meanwhile, among the Salmonella isolates, 53.2% (50/94) were multidrug-resistant strains, and 44.7% (42/94) of the isolates presented resistance to at least five antibiotics. Nearly all of the isolates (97.9%, 92/94) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial; one isolate of S. Thompson was resistant to seven antimicrobial agents belonging to four different classes. The carriage rate of three resistance genes (tetA, tetB, and sul1) among isolates from the imported breeds (87%, 70%, and 65.2%) was higher than that in those from domestic breeds (35.2%, 36.6, and 14.1%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of ESBLs-producing Salmonella isolated from a Chinese native breed of breeder chickens. Our results also highlight that a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica contamination is widespread among different breeds of breeder chickens, which is a major risk of food-borne diseases and public health.
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Cellular immune response after vaccination with Salmonella Gallinarum 9R in laying hens and addition of aflatoxin and absorbent in the feed. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:37-43. [PMID: 36434851 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Gallinarum greatly impacts commercial flocks and vaccination with S. Gallinarum 9R (SG9R) is one of the most effective control strategies in some countries. However, mycotoxins can affect immunization success. Herein, we measured the cellular immune response in SG9R-vaccinated hens, quantified the impact of aflatoxins on the immune response, and determined whether the anti-mycotoxin additive (adsorbent) influences immunity after vaccination. One-day-old chicks of commercial laying hens were raised until 49 days of age and were assigned to six groups. T1 (control group): control diet (no detectable concentration of aflatoxin), no vaccine or adsorbent. T2: vaccine SG-9R at day 28, aflatoxins 2.5 ppm from day 1 to day 49, and adsorbent 2.5 Kg/ton. T3: control diet and vaccine. T4: aflatoxins and vaccine. T5: control diet and aflatoxins. T6: aflatoxins and adsorbent. Body weights were evaluated on days 1, 31, and 41. Cellular immune response was evaluated by flow cytometry at 31, 41, and 49 days of age. T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, phagocytic monocytes and heterophils were evaluated. Aflatoxins suppressed peripheral and mucosal helper T lymphocytes, and mucosal cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vaccinated birds (T2 and T4). However, inclusion of the adsorbent in the feed of vaccinated birds neutralized the effects of aflatoxin (T6). The concentration of immune cells may show differences after SG9R vaccination, particularly an increase in the monocyte concentration. The SG9R vaccine reduced the concentration of activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes, making this marker a good parameter to analyze before and three weeks after immunization.
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Zhou Q, Tang M, Zhang X, Lu J, Tang X, Gao Y. Detection of AmpC β-lactamases in gram-negative bacteria. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12245. [PMID: 36582676 PMCID: PMC9793173 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AmpC β-lactamase genes are clinically important because they often confer resistance to most β-lactams other than 4th-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. However, traditional and existing detection methods are expensive, labor-intensive and range-limited. We established an efficient multiplex PCR method to simultaneously identify six families of ampC β-lactamase genes, ACC, EBC, CIT, DHA, MOX and FOX, and evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of this assay. The multiplex method could accurately identify ACC, EBC, CIT, DHA, MOX and FOX variants among a total of 175 ampC β-lactamase genes. The minimum concentration of genomic DNA that could be detected was 1.0×103 copies/μL. We subsequently used this method to analyze 2 Salmonella spp. with carrying CMY-2 and DHA-1, and 167 Enterobacteriaceae isolates in blinded PCR testing. Positive isolates produced bright bands that corresponded with their genotype. Results were in concordance with those of the traditional method but showed increased sensitivity and accuracy. This indicates that the newly developed multiplex PCR system could be used as a diagnostic tool to accurately distinguish the six families of ampC β-lactamase genes with high efficiency, wide range, easy operation and good discrimination.
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Liu Z, Yu Y, Fotina T, Petrov R, Klishchova Z, Fotin A, Ma J. Multiplex PCR assay based on the citE2 gene and intergenic sequence for the rapid detection of Salmonella Pullorum in chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101981. [PMID: 35797781 PMCID: PMC9264022 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common Gram-negative pathogens and seriously threatens chicken farms and food safety. This study aimed to establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach for the identification of different Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. The citE2 gene and interval sequence of SPS4_00301–SPS4_00311 existed in all S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars by genomic comparison. By contrast, a 76 bp deletion in citE2 was found only in Salmonella Pullorum. Two pairs of special primers designed from citE2 and interval sequence were used to establish the multiplex PCR system. The optimized multiplex PCR system could distinguish Salmonella Pullorum and non-Salmonella Pullorum. The sensitivity of the optimized multiplex PCR system could be as low as 6.25 pg/μL and 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL for genomic DNA and Salmonella Pullorum cells, respectively. The developed multiplex PCR assay distinguished Salmonella Pullorum from 33 different Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes and 13 non-target species. The detection of egg samples artificially contaminated with Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, and naturally contaminated 69 anal swab samples showed that results were consistent with the culture method. These features indicated that the developed multiplex PCR system had high sensitivity and specificity and could be used for the accurate detection of Salmonella Pullorum in clinical samples.
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Almutairi M, Imam M, Alammari N, Hafiz R, Patel F, Alajel S. Using Phages to Reduce Salmonella Prevalence in Chicken Meat: A Systematic Review. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:15-27. [PMID: 36161190 PMCID: PMC9041517 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is an infection that significantly impacts chicken and humans who consume it; it is a burden on public health and a contributor to commercial losses in the chicken industry worldwide. To tackle chicken meat-related bacterial infections, significant quantities of antibiotics alongside several infection prevention measures are used worldwide. However, chemical additives, such as organic acids, and chlorine-based interventions all have different limitations. These include feed refusal due to a change of taste, and incompatibility between organic acids and other inoculated preservative agents such as antimicrobial agents. Phages are host-specific viruses that interact with bacteria in a specific manner. Therefore, they possess unique biological and therapeutic features that can be used to reduce bacterial contamination, leading to improved food safety and quality. This systematic review examines the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of various phages on Salmonella colonization in chicken meat. This review summarizes findings from 17 studies that were conducted in vitro with similar experimental conditions (temperature and incubation parameters) to test the efficacy of isolated and commercially available phages on chicken raw meat samples. The current evidence suggests that most of the in vitro studies that used phages as a biocontrol to eradicate Salmonella contamination in chicken meat were successful. This indicates that phages constitute a promising solution worldwide for tackling foodborne bacteria, including Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Imam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qunfudah Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Radwan Hafiz
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faizal Patel
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Sulaiman Alajel
- Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Address for correspondence: Suliman Alajel, PhD, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, 4904 Northern Ring Road, Hittin-Riyadh 13513-7148, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Real-Time PCR Method for the Rapid Detection and Quantification of Pathogenic Staphylococcus Species Based on Novel Molecular Target Genes. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112839. [PMID: 34829120 PMCID: PMC8618141 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus is a foodborne pathogen considered one of the causes of food-related disease outbreaks. Like S. aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus caprae, and S. epidermidis are opportunistic pathogens causing clinical infections and food contamination. The objective of our study was to develop a rapid, accurate, and monitoring technique to detect four Staphylococcus species in food. Four novel molecular targets (GntR family transcriptional regulator for S. aureus, phosphomannomutase for S. epidermidis, FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase for S. capitis, and Gram-positive signal peptide protein for S. caprae) were mined based on pan-genome analysis. Primers targeting molecular target genes showed 100% specificity for 100 non-target reference strains. The detection limit in pure cultures and artificially contaminated food samples was 102 colony-forming unit/mL for S. aureus, S. capitis, S. caprae, and S. epidermidis. Moreover, real-time polymerase chain reaction successfully detected strains isolated from various food matrices. Thus, our method allows an accurate and rapid monitoring of Staphylococcus species and may help control staphylococcal contamination of food.
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13
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Yang SM, Kim E, Kim D, Kim HB, Baek J, Ko S, Kim D, Yoon H, Kim HY. Rapid Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Salmonella Serotyping Based on Novel Unique Gene Markers by Pangenome Analysis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:750379. [PMID: 34621261 PMCID: PMC8491608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.750379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate diagnostic method for Salmonella serovars is fundamental to preventing the spread of associated diseases. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method has proven to be an effective tool for detecting pathogenic bacteria. However, the gene markers currently used in real-time PCR to detect Salmonella serovars have low specificity and are developed for only a few serovars. Therefore, in this study, we explored the novel unique gene markers for 60 serovars that share similar antigenic formulas and show high prevalence using pangenome analysis and developed a real-time PCR to detect them. Before exploring gene markers, the 535 Salmonella genomes were evaluated, and some genomes had serovars different from the designated serovar information. Based on these analyses, serovar-specific gene markers were explored. These markers were identified as genes present in all strains of target serovar genomes but absent in strains of other serovar genomes. Serovar-specific primer pairs were designed from the gene markers, and a real-time PCR method that can distinguish between 60 of the most common Salmonella serovars in a single 96-well plate assay was developed. As a result, real-time PCR showed 100% specificity for 199 Salmonella and 29 non-Salmonella strains. Subsequently, the method developed was applied successfully to both strains with identified serovars and an unknown strain, demonstrating that real-time PCR can accurately detect serovars of strains compared with traditional serotyping methods, such as antisera agglutination. Therefore, our method enables rapid and economical Salmonella serotyping compared with the traditional serotyping method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Eiseul Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Dayoung Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Be Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Baek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seyoung Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea.,School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences and Resources, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
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14
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Gomez-Garcia J, Chavez-Carbajal A, Segundo-Arizmendi N, Baron-Pichardo MG, Mendoza-Elvira SE, Hernandez-Baltazar E, Hynes AP, Torres-Angeles O. Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101932. [PMID: 34696362 PMCID: PMC8539449 DOI: 10.3390/v13101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern bacteriophage encapsulation methods based on polymers such as alginate have been developed recently for their use in phage therapy for veterinary purposes. In birds, it has been proven that using this delivery system allows the release of the bacteriophage in the small intestine, the site of infection by Salmonella spp. This work designed an approach for phage therapy using encapsulation by ionotropic gelation of the lytic bacteriophage S1 for Salmonella enterica in 2% w/v alginate beads using 2% w/v calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. This formulation resulted in beads with an average size of 3.73 ± 0.04 mm and an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. In vitro, the beads protected the bacteriophages from pH 3 and released them at higher pH. To confirm that this would protect the bacteriophages from gastrointestinal pH changes, we tested the phage infectivity in vivo assay. Using a model chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, we confirmed that after 3 h of the beads delivery, infective phages were present in the chicken’s duodenal and caecal sections. This study demonstrates that our phage formulation is an effective system for release and delivery of bacteriophage S1 against Salmonella Enteritidis with potential use in the poultry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeth Gomez-Garcia
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | | | - Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | - Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | - Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira
- Laboratory of Virology Postgraduate Field 1, Cuautitlán School of Higher Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1st May Avenue, Sta María Guadalupe las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico;
| | - Efren Hernandez-Baltazar
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
| | - Alexander P. Hynes
- Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
- Correspondence: (A.P.H.); (O.T.-A.); Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 28155) (A.P.H.); +52-777-3-29-70-00 (ext. 3373) (O.T.-A.)
| | - Oscar Torres-Angeles
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico; (J.G.-G.); (N.S.-A.); (M.G.B.-P.); (E.H.-B.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.H.); (O.T.-A.); Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 28155) (A.P.H.); +52-777-3-29-70-00 (ext. 3373) (O.T.-A.)
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15
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Walker GK, Suyemoto MM, Hull DM, Gall S, Jimenez F, Chen LR, Thakur S, Crespo R, Borst LB. Genomic Characterization of a Nalidixic Acid-Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis Strain Causing Persistent Infections in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:725737. [PMID: 34540936 PMCID: PMC8440904 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.725737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulent strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) harbored by poultry can cause disease in poultry flocks and potentially result in human foodborne illness. Two broiler flocks grown a year apart on the same premises experienced mortality throughout the growing period due to septicemic disease caused by SE. Gross lesions predominantly consisted of polyserositis followed by yolk sacculitis, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and spondylitis. Tissues with lesions were cultured yielding 59 SE isolates. These were genotyped by Rep-PCR followed by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 15 isolates which were clonal. The strain, SE_TAU19, was further characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence in a broiler embryo lethality assay. SE_TAU19 was resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfadimethoxine and was virulent to embryos with 100% mortality of all challenged broiler embryos within 3.5 days. Screening the SE_TAU19 whole-genome sequence revealed seven antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, 120 virulence genes, and two IncF plasmid replicons corresponding to a single, serovar-specific pSEV virulence plasmid. The pef, spv, and rck virulence genes localized to the plasmid sequence assembly. We report phenotypic and genomic features of a virulent SE strain from persistently infected broiler flocks and present a workflow for SE characterization from isolate collection to genome assembly and sequence analysis. Further SE surveillance and investigation of SE virulence in broiler chickens is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson K Walker
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - M Mitsu Suyemoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Dawn M Hull
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sesny Gall
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Fernando Jimenez
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Laura R Chen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Luke B Borst
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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16
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Chen F, Zhang H, Du E, Fan Q, Zhao N, Jin F, Zhang W, Guo W, Huang S, Wei J. Supplemental magnolol or honokiol attenuates adverse effects in broilers infected with Salmonella pullorum by modulating mucosal gene expression and the gut microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:87. [PMID: 34365974 PMCID: PMC8351427 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella pullorum is one of the most harmful pathogens to avian species. Magnolol and honokiol, natural compounds extracted from Magnolia officinalis, exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antibacterial activities. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplemental magnolol and honokiol in broilers infected with S. pullorum. A total of 360 one-day-old broilers were selected and randomly divided into four groups with six replicates: the negative control group (CTL), S. pullorum-infected group (SP), and the S. pullorum-infected group supplemented with 300 mg/kg honokiol (SPH) or magnolol (SPM). RESULTS The results showed that challenging with S. pullorum impaired growth performance in broilers, as indicated by the observed decreases in body weight (P < 0.05) and average daily gains (P < 0.05), along with increased spleen (P < 0.01) and bursa of Fabricus weights (P < 0.05), serum globulin contents, and the decreased intestine villus height and villus/crypt ratios (P < 0.05). Notably, supplemental magnolol and honokiol attenuated these adverse changes, and the effects of magnolol were better than those of honokiol. Therefore, we performed RNA-Seq in ileum tissues and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of ileum bacteria. Our analysis revealed that magnolol increased the α-diversity (observed species, Chao1, ACE, and PD whole tree) and β-diversity of the ileum bacteria (P < 0.05). In addition, magnolol supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus (P < 0.01) and decreased unidentified Cyanobacteria (P < 0.05) both at d 14 and d 21. Further study confirmed that differentially expressed genes induced by magnolol and honokiol supplementation enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, in the intestinal immune network for IgA production, and in the cell adhesion molecule pathways. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental magnolol and honokiol alleviated S. pullorum-induced impairments in growth performance, and the effect of magnolol was better than that of honokiol, which could be partially due to magnolol's ability to improve the intestinal microbial and mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Encun Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanzheng Guo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaowen Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jintao Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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17
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Salmonella Gallinarum in Small-Scale Commercial Layer Flocks: Occurrence, Molecular Diversity and Antibiogram. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8050071. [PMID: 33922826 PMCID: PMC8145292 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Gallinarum is one of the most important bacterial pathogens associated with diminished egg production in poultry. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, molecular traits and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella Gallinarum strains isolated from small-scale commercial layer flocks with low level biosecurity standards in Bangladesh. A total of 765 samples, including cloacal swabs (535), visceral organs (50), and droppings (180), were collected from chickens of 12 layer flocks in 11 districts. Salmonella Gallinarum was isolated and characterized through culture-based method, followed by biochemical tests, sero-grouping, PCR assays, sequencing, and antibiogram. The identity of biochemically detected isolates of Salmonella Gallinarum was confirmed via genus-specific 16S rRNA gene based PCR, followed by invA and spvC genes based PCR assays. Occurrence of Salmonella Gallinarum was detected in overall 25.75% (197/765) samples, with a significantly (p < 0.05) higher incidence in visceral organs (42%) in comparison to cloacal swab (24%) and droppings (26%). Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of invA and spvC genes in representative strains of Salmonella Gallinarum revealed a close genetic lineage, with a sequence similarity of 98.05–99.21% and 97.51–99.45%, respectively, to previously published sequences of the corresponding genes from the same serogroup strains. Remarkably, 66.5% (131/197) of the isolated strains of Salmonella Gallinarum were found to be resistant to 3 to 6 antimicrobial agents, and interpreted as multidrug resistant (MDR). The findings of this study underscore an inherent need of appropriate control measures to curb the widespread incidence of MDR Salmonella Gallinarum in small-scale commercial layer flocks, thereby, facilitating enhanced egg production and further support to the food security and safety in low resource settings.
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18
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Wen J, Gou H, Liu J, Zhou H, Lin Q, Qu X, Chen K, Wang S, Shen H, Liao M, Zhang J. A one-step closed-tube enzyme-activated blocked probe assay based on SNP for rapid detection of Salmonella Pullorum. Poult Sci 2020; 100:1059-1067. [PMID: 33518064 PMCID: PMC7858149 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Pullorum (S. Pullorum) is an infectious bacterial pathogen in the poultry industry that causes systemic pullorum disease. This disease causes great losses in terms of the clinical production and quality of chicken products in breeding farms. However, an acknowledged usable rapid detection method for its specific identification has not been reported, and it is generally difficult to distinguish from fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum. The development of a specific and rapid detection method for this pathogen is therefore needed. In the present study, we targeted the single-nucleotide mutation position 237 of the S. Pullorum rfbS gene to develop an enzyme-activated blocked probe for its clinical rapid detection. The method displayed robust specificity and reproducibility, and it achieved minimal detection limits of 21 copies/μL of copy number and 4.53 pg/μL of genomic DNA. Compared with traditional identification and PCR methods, this method performed better for the detection of 100 clinical actual samples and without false negative results. The entire process can be accomplished in a 1-step closed-tube operation, overcomes the difficulties currently associated with S. Pullorum detection, and provides a specific and rapid method with broad application potential for SNP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hualiang Zhou
- Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Qijie Lin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kaifeng Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaojun Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haiyan Shen
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory For Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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19
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Xu Y, Zhou X, Jiang Z, Qi Y, Ed-Dra A, Yue M. Epidemiological Investigation and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolated From Breeder Chicken Hatcheries in Henan, China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:497. [PMID: 33042870 PMCID: PMC7522330 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AR) Salmonella has a major concern worldwide. This study was designed to determine the AR profiles and serovars distribution of Salmonella enterica isolated from different breeds of breeder chickens in the province of Henan, China. For this, 2,139 dead embryo samples were collected from 28 breeder chicken hatcheries, representing two domestic and four foreign breeds. The samples were subjected to the isolation and identification of Salmonella by PCR. The confirmed strains were serotyped according to the Kauffmann-White scheme and their AR profiles against 20 antimicrobial agents were determined by Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disc diffusion method. The results of this study showed the prevalence of Salmonella in 504 strains (23.56%) with a high abundance in southern regions of Yellow River (28.66%, n = 495, N = 1,727) compared to the northern regions (2.18%, n = 9, N = 412) (p < 0.0001). The domestic breeds were more contaminated than imported breeds (p < 0.0001). However, the contamination rate of samples recovered from M-hatcheries was the highest (p < 0.0001). Serotyping method identified 12 serovars, with the dominance of S. Pullorum (75.79%), followed by S. Enteritidis (7.14%). The AR assay showed high resistant to ciprofloxacin (77.00%), sulfisoxazole (73.00%), and ampicillin (55.60%), as well as 98.81% (n = 498) of the isolated strains, were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 69.64% (n = 351) were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Among them, one strain of S. Thompson was resistant to 15 antimicrobial agents belonging to eight different classes. In conclusion, Salmonella strains isolated in this study were multidrug-resistant (MDR), presenting a serious problem for human and animal health. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor, control, and rationalize the use of antimicrobials agents in chicken farms in order to limit the increasing resistance against the recent antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zenghai Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaru Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Bae WY, Kim HY, Yu HS, Chang KH, Hong YH, Lee NK, Paik HD. Antimicrobial effects of three herbs (Brassica juncea, Forsythia suspensa, and Inula britannica) on membrane permeability and apoptosis in Salmonella. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:394-404. [PMID: 32734653 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed synergistic effects of three herbs in Salmonella via increased membrane permeability and apoptosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using high-performance liquid chromatography, four types of phenylethyl glycosides and a lignan were detected in the herb mixture (Brassica juncea, Forsythia suspensa, and Inula britannica). During treatment with the herb mixture (1×, 2×, or 4× the MIC), viable cells decreased to 1·87 log CFU per ml (Salmonella Gallinarum) and 2·33 log CFU per ml (Salmonella Enteritidis) after 12 h of incubation according to inhibition of tricarboxylic acid cycle (P < 0·01). In addition, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine uptake increased from 229·00 to 249·67 AU in S. Gallinarum and from 232·00 to 250·67 AU in S. Enteritidis (P < 0·05), whereas membrane potential decreased from 8855·00 to 3763·25 AU and from 8703·67 to 4300·38 AU, respectively. Apoptotic Salmonella cells were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry. Transmission electron microscopy observations with negative staining showed protein leakage from damaged Salmonella. CONCLUSIONS These results showed the synergistic effect of the three herbs against avian pathogenic Salmonella induced by membrane damage and apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Salmonella causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. These results indicated that potency of natural antimicrobial agents due to apoptosis in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-Y Bae
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-Y Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-S Yu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-H Chang
- CJ CheilJedang Blossom Park, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Y-H Hong
- CJ CheilJedang Blossom Park, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - N-K Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H-D Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Islam MS, Hu Y, Mizan MFR, Yan T, Nime I, Zhou Y, Li J. Characterization of Salmonella Phage LPST153 That Effectively Targets Most Prevalent Salmonella Serovars. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071089. [PMID: 32708328 PMCID: PMC7409278 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases represent a major risk to public health worldwide. In this study, LPST153, a novel Salmonella lytic phage with halo (indicative of potential depolymerase activity) was isolated by employing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 13311 as the host and had excellent lytic potential against Salmonella. LPST153 is effectively able to lyse most prevalent tested serotypes of Salmonella, including S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum. Morphological analysis revealed that phage LPST153 belongs to Podoviridae family and Caudovirales order and could completely prevent host bacterial growth within 9 h at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100. LPST153 had a latent period of 10 min and a burst size of 113 ± 8 PFU/cell. Characterization of the phage LPST153 revealed that it would be active and stable in some harsh environments or in different conditions of food processing and storage. After genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, it is confirmed that LPST153 is a new member of the Teseptimavirus genus of Autographivirinae subfamily. Further application experiments showed that this phage has potential in controlling Salmonella in milk and sausage. LPST153 was also able to inhibit the formation of biofilms and it had the ability to reduce and kill bacteria from inside, including existing biofilms. Therefore, the phage LPST153 could be used as a potential antibacterial agent for Salmonella control in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sharifull Islam
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Y.); (I.N.)
| | - Yang Hu
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | | | - Ting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Y.); (I.N.)
| | - Ishatur Nime
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Y.); (I.N.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Y.); (I.N.)
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065-6399, USA
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22
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Kim SW, Ha YJ, Bang KH, Lee S, Yeo JH, Yang HS, Kim TW, Lee KP, Bang WY. Potential of Bacteriocins from Lactobacillus taiwanensis for Producing Bacterial Ghosts as a Next Generation Vaccine. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070432. [PMID: 32630253 PMCID: PMC7404994 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are functionally diverse toxins produced by most microbes and are potent antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) for bacterial ghosts as next generation vaccines. Here, we first report that the AMPs secreted from Lactobacillus taiwanensis effectively form ghosts of pathogenic bacteria and are identified as diverse bacteriocins, including novel ones. In detail, a cell-free supernatant from L. taiwanensis exhibited antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria and was observed to effectively cause cellular lysis through pore formation in the bacterial membrane using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The treatment of the cell-free supernatant with proteinase K or EDTA proved that the antimicrobial activity is mediated by AMPs, and the purification of AMPs using Sep-Pak columns indicated that the cell-free supernatant includes various amphipathic peptides responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the whole-genome sequencing of L. taiwanensis revealed that the strain has diverse bacteriocins, confirmed experimentally to function as AMPs, and among them are three novel bacteriocins, designated as Tan 1, Tan 2, and Tan 3. We also confirmed, using SEM, that Tan 2 effectively produces bacterial ghosts. Therefore, our data suggest that the bacteriocins from L. taiwanensis are potentially useful as a critical component for the preparation of bacterial ghosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Woong Kim
- Gene Analysis Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science & Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea;
| | - Yeon Jo Ha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (Y.J.H.); (K.H.B.)
| | - Kyu Ho Bang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea; (Y.J.H.); (K.H.B.)
| | - Seungki Lee
- National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, Korea; (S.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Joo-Hong Yeo
- National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, Korea; (S.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Hee-Sun Yang
- National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, Korea; (S.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (H.-S.Y.)
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- Department of pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Kyu Pil Lee
- Department of physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.P.L.); (W.Y.B.); Tel.: +82-42-821-6754 (K.P.L.); +82-32-590-7206 (W.Y.B.)
| | - Woo Young Bang
- National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), Environmental Research Complex, Incheon 22689, Korea; (S.L.); (J.-H.Y.); (H.-S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.L.); (W.Y.B.); Tel.: +82-42-821-6754 (K.P.L.); +82-32-590-7206 (W.Y.B.)
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23
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Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection and Serotyping of Five Prevalent Salmonella Serovars by Multiple Cross-Displacement Amplification. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:708-719. [PMID: 32359725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a common cause of foodborne disease worldwide, including Australia. More than 85% of outbreaks of human salmonellosis in Australia were caused by five Salmonella serovars. Rapid, accurate, and sensitive identification of Salmonella serovars is vital for diagnosis and public health surveillance. Recently, an isothermal amplification technique, termed multiple cross-displacement amplification (MCDA), has been employed to detect Salmonella at the species level. Herein, seven MCDA assays were developed and evaluated for rapid detection and differentiation of the five most common Salmonella serovars in Australia: Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Virchow, Saintpaul, and Infantis. MCDA primer sets were designed by targeting seven serovar/lineage-specific gene markers identified through genomic comparisons. The sensitivity and specificity of the seven MCDA assays were evaluated using 79 target strains and 32 nontarget strains. The assays were all highly sensitive and specific to target serovars, with the sensitivity ranging from 92.9% to 100% and the specificity from 93.3% to 100%. The limit of detection of the seven MCDA assays was 50 fg per reaction (10 copies) from pure DNA, and positive results were detected in as little as 8 minutes. These seven MCDA assays offer a rapid, accurate, and sensitive serotyping method. With further validation in clinically relevant conditions, these assays could be used for culture-independent serotyping of common Salmonella serovars directly from clinical samples.
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24
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Wen J, Gou H, Zhan Z, Gao Y, Chen Z, Bai J, Wang S, Chen K, Lin Q, Liao M, Zhang J. A rapid novel visualized loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for Salmonella detection targeting at fimW gene. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3637-3642. [PMID: 32616260 PMCID: PMC7597837 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection causes huge losses in the poultry industry worldwide. With the aim to prevent infectious diseases caused by Salmonella and to achieve rapid visualized Salmonella detection in poultry production, we used cresol red as an indicator to develop a novel visualized loop-mediated isothermal amplification method that targets the Salmonella fimW gene firstly in related field. The detection limit was 7.3 × 101 CFU/mL, and the method was highly specific and showed a high clinical detection rate. The entire reaction can be completed in about 40 min and only requires a water bath at 62°C, which makes the method extremely suitable for application to poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Wen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqiang Zhan
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhengquan Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Bai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaojun Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kaifeng Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qijie Lin
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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25
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Zuo L, Jiang M, Jiang Y, Shi X, Li Y, Lin Y, Qiu Y, Deng Y, Li M, Lin Z, Liao Y, Xie J, Li Q, Hu Q. Multiplex ligation reaction based on probe melting curve analysis: a pragmatic approach for the identification of 30 common Salmonella serovars. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2019; 18:39. [PMID: 31805936 PMCID: PMC6894471 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-019-0338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Salmonella serotyping is of paramount importance for the disease intervention of salmonellosis, a fast and easy-to-operate molecular serotyping solution remains elusive. We have developed a multiplex ligation reaction based on probe melting curve analysis (MLMA) for the identification of 30 common Salmonella serovars. METHODS Serovar-specific primers and probes were designed based on a comparison of gene targets (wzx and wzy encoding for somatic antigen biosynthesis; fliC and fljB for flagellar antigens) from 5868 Salmonella genomes. The ssaR gene, a type III secretion system component, was included for the confirmation of Salmonella. RESULTS All gene targets were detected and gave expected Tm values during assay evaluation. Cross reactions were not demonstrated between the 30 serovars (n = 211), or with an additional 120 serovars (n = 120) and other Enterobacteriaceae (n = 3). The limit of identification for all targets ranged from using 1.2 ng/μL to 1.56 ng/μL of DNA. The intra- and inter-assay standard deviations and the coefficients of variation were no more than 0.5 °C and less than 1% respectively, indicating high reproducibility. From consecutive outpatient stool samples (n = 3590) collected over a 10-month period at 11 sentinel hospitals in Shenzhen, China, we conducted a multicenter study using the traditional Salmonella identification workflow and the MLMA assay workflow in parallel. From Salmonella isolates (n = 496, 13.8%) derived by both workflows, total agreement (kappa = 1.0) between the MLMA assay and conventional serotyping was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS With an assay time of 2.5 h, this simple assay has shown promising potential to provide rapid and high-throughput identification of Salmonella serovars for clinical and public health laboratories to facilitate timely surveillance of salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zuo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolu Shi
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiman Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaqun Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinhua Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minxu Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zeren Lin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yiqun Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianbin Xie
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingge Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 8 Longyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China.
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26
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Paniel N, Noguer T. Detection of Salmonella in Food Matrices, from Conventional Methods to Recent Aptamer-Sensing Technologies. Foods 2019; 8:E371. [PMID: 31480504 PMCID: PMC6770675 DOI: 10.3390/foods8090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of the foodborne pathogen Salmonella in food processing is of crucial importance to prevent food outbreaks and to ensure consumer safety. Detection and quantification of Salmonella species in food samples is routinely performed using conventional culture-based techniques, which are labor intensive, involve well-trained personnel, and are unsuitable for on-site and high-throughput analysis. To overcome these drawbacks, many research teams have developed alternative methods like biosensors, and more particularly aptasensors, were a nucleic acid is used as biorecognition element. The increasing interest in these devices is related to their high specificity, convenience, and relative rapid response. This review aims to present the advances made in these last years in the development of biosensors for the detection and the quantification of Salmonella, highlighting applications on meat from the chicken food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Paniel
- Laboratoire BAE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France.
- Unité EMaiRIT'S, Centre Technique de la Conservation des Produits Agricoles (CTCPA), Site Agroparc, 449 Avenue Clément Ader, BP21203, 84911 Avignon, France.
| | - Thierry Noguer
- Laboratoire BAE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France.
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, USR 3579, Sorbonne Universités (UPMC) Paris 6 et CNRS, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.
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27
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Tang S, Orsi RH, Luo H, Ge C, Zhang G, Baker RC, Stevenson A, Wiedmann M. Assessment and Comparison of Molecular Subtyping and Characterization Methods for Salmonella. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1591. [PMID: 31354679 PMCID: PMC6639432 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The food industry is facing a major transition regarding methods for confirmation, characterization, and subtyping of Salmonella. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is rapidly becoming both the method of choice and the gold standard for Salmonella subtyping; however, routine use of WGS by the food industry is often not feasible due to cost constraints or the need for rapid results. To facilitate selection of subtyping methods by the food industry, we present: (i) a comparison between classical serotyping and selected widely used molecular-based subtyping methods including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and WGS (including WGS-based serovar prediction) and (ii) a scoring system to evaluate and compare Salmonella subtyping assays. This literature-based assessment supports the superior discriminatory power of WGS for source tracking and root cause elimination in food safety incident; however, circumstances in which use of other subtyping methods may be warranted were also identified. This review provides practical guidance for the food industry and presents a starting point for further comparative evaluation of Salmonella characterization and subtyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silin Tang
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, China
| | - Renato H. Orsi
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hao Luo
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chongtao Ge
- Mars Global Food Safety Center, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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28
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Jajere SM. A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance. Vet World 2019; 12:504-521. [PMID: 31190705 PMCID: PMC6515828 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.504-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens frequently isolated from food-producing animals that is responsible for zoonotic infections in humans and animal species including birds. Thus, Salmonella infections represent a major concern to public health, animals, and food industry worldwide. Salmonella enterica represents the most pathogenic specie and includes > 2600 serovars characterized thus far. Salmonella can be transmitted to humans along the farm-to-fork continuum, commonly through contaminated foods of animal origin, namely poultry and poultry-related products (eggs), pork, fish etc. Some Salmonella serovars are restricted to one specific host commonly referred to as "host-restricted" whereas others have broad host spectrum known as "host-adapted" serovars. For Salmonella to colonize its hosts through invading, attaching, and bypassing the host's intestinal defense mechanisms such as the gastric acid, many virulence markers and determinants have been demonstrated to play crucial role in its pathogenesis; and these factors included flagella, capsule, plasmids, adhesion systems, and type 3 secretion systems encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-1 and SPI-2, and other SPIs. The epidemiologically important non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars linked with a high burden of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in humans worldwide included Typhimurium, Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Newport. The increased number of NTS cases reported through surveillance in recent years from the United States, Europe and low- and middle-income countries of the world suggested that the control programs targeted at reducing the contamination of food animals along the food chain have largely not been successful. Furthermore, the emergence of several clones of Salmonella resistant to multiple antimicrobials worldwide underscores a significant food safety hazard. In this review, we discussed on the historical background, nomenclature and taxonomy, morphological features, physical and biochemical characteristics of NTS with a particular focus on the pathogenicity and virulence factors, host specificity, transmission, and antimicrobial resistance including multidrug resistance and its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Mohammed Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
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