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Nacher M, Lucarelli A, Van-Melle A, Basurko C, Rabier S, Chroum M, Santana T, Verin K, Bienvenu K, El Guedj M, Vaz T, Cisse H, Epelboin L, Le Turnier P, Abboud P, Djossou F, Pradinaud R, Adenis A, Couppié P. Forty Years of HIV Research in French Guiana: Comprehend to Combat. Pathogens 2024; 13:459. [PMID: 38921756 PMCID: PMC11206598 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The drivers of the HIV epidemic, the viruses, the opportunistic infections, the attitudes and the resources allocated to the fight against HIV/AIDS, vary substantially across countries. French Guiana, at the crossroads between Amazonian South America and the Caribbean, constitutes a singular context with poor populations and rich country health funding, which has allowed researchers to gather lots of information on the particulars of our epidemic. We aimed to focus on the little known story of forty years of HIV research in French Guiana and emphasize how local research intertwined with public health action has yielded continuous progress, despite the difficult social conditions of the affected population. We searched Web of Science and associated local experts who worked through much of the epidemic in selecting the most meaningful products of local research for clinical and public health outcomes in French Guiana. Research tools and facilities included, from 1991 onwards, the HIV hospital cohort and the HIV-histoplasmosis cohort. Ad hoc studies funded by the ANRS or the European Regional Development fund shed light on vulnerable groups. The cumulative impact of prospective routine collection and focused efforts has yielded a breadth of knowledge, allowing for informed decisions and the adaptation of prevention, testing and care in French Guiana. After this overview, we emphasize that the close integration of research and public health was crucial in adapting interventions to the singular context of French Guiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
- Département Formation Recherche en Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aude Lucarelli
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Astrid Van-Melle
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
| | - Célia Basurko
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
| | - Sébastien Rabier
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Malorie Chroum
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Thiago Santana
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Karine Verin
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Ketty Bienvenu
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
| | - Myriam El Guedj
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Tania Vaz
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Hawa Cisse
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Paul Le Turnier
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Philippe Abboud
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Félix Djossou
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (L.E.); (P.L.T.); (P.A.); (F.D.)
| | - Roger Pradinaud
- Service de Dermatologie Vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- Comité de Coordination Régionale de la Lutte contre le VIH et les IST, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.L.); (S.R.); (M.C.); (T.S.); (K.V.); (K.B.); (A.A.)
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (A.V.-M.); (C.B.)
- Département Formation Recherche en Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Département Formation Recherche en Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Institut Santé des Populations en Amazonie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
- Service de Dermatologie Vénéréologie, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
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Nacher M, Epelboin L, Bonifay T, Djossou F, Blaizot R, Couppié P, Adenis A, Lucarelli A, Lambert Y, Schaub R, Douine M. Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases. Travel Med Infect Dis 2024; 57:102677. [PMID: 38049022 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
In French Guiana, more than a third of the population, and nearly half of the adults, are of foreign origin. This immigration is explained by the French standard of living, which is attractive to nationals of surrounding countries. Infectious diseases remain in the top 10 causes of premature death, often in the most precarious populations. In this context we aimed to synthesize the state of the knowledge regarding immigration and infectious diseases in French Guiana and the general implications that follow this diagnosis. For HIV, although the majority of patients are of foreign origin, estimates of the presumed date of infection based on CD4 erosion modelling and from molecular analyses suggest that the majority of transmissions in foreign-born individuals occur in French Guiana and that the Guiana shield has been a crossroad between Latin America and the Caribbean. Among key populations bridging these regions illegal gold miners are very mobile and have the greatest proportion B Caribbean HIV viruses. Gold miners have been a key vulnerable population for falciparum malaria and other tropical diseases such as leishmaniasis, leprosy, or leptospirosis. The complex history of migrations in French Guiana and on the Guiana Shield is also reflected in the fingerprinting of mycobacterium tuberculosis and the high incidence of tuberculosis in French Guiana, notably in immigrants, reflects the incidences in the countries of origin of patients. The high burden of infectious diseases in immigrants in French Guiana is first and foremost a reflection of the precarious living conditions within French Guiana and suggests that community-based proactive interventions are crucial to reduce transmission, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Guyane, Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana.
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Guyane, Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Timothée Bonifay
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Félix Djossou
- Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana; Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Antoine Adenis
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Guyane, Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aude Lucarelli
- Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana; Coordination Regionale de lutte contre le VIH, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Yann Lambert
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Guyane, Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Roxane Schaub
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Maylis Douine
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Guyane, Cayenne, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Amazonian Infrastructures for Population Health & Tropical Medicine, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Planinić A, Begovac J, Rokić F, Šimičić P, Oroz M, Jakovac K, Vugrek O, Zidovec-Lepej S. Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Transmission Clusters and Transmitted Drug-Resistant Mutations in Croatia from 2019 to 2022. Viruses 2023; 15:2408. [PMID: 38140649 PMCID: PMC10747707 DOI: 10.3390/v15122408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection is challenging due to the highly diverse HIV-genome. We investigated the genetic diversity and prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) followed by phylogenetic analysis in 270 HIV-1 infected, treatment-naïve individuals from Croatia in the period 2019-2022. The results of this research confirmed a high overall prevalence of TDR of 16.7%. Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside RTIs (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was found in 9.6%, 7.4%, and 1.5% of persons, respectively. No resistance to integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) was found. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 173/229 sequences (75.5%) were part of transmission clusters, and the largest identified was T215S, consisting of 45 sequences. Forward transmission was confirmed in several clusters. We compared deep sequencing (DS) with Sanger sequencing (SS) on 60 randomly selected samples and identified additional surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) in 49 of them. Our data highlight the need for baseline resistance testing in treatment-naïve persons. Although no major INSTIs were found, monitoring of SDRMs to INSTIs should be continued due to the extensive use of first- and second-generation INSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Planinić
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Dr. Fran Mihaljević, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Josip Begovac
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Filip Rokić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.R.); (K.J.); (O.V.)
| | - Petra Šimičić
- Department of Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Maja Oroz
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Katja Jakovac
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.R.); (K.J.); (O.V.)
| | - Oliver Vugrek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (F.R.); (K.J.); (O.V.)
| | - Snjezana Zidovec-Lepej
- Department of Immunological and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases Dr. Fran Mihaljević, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Nacher M, Divino F, Leborgne C, Correa V, Rabier S, Lucarelli A, Rhodes S, Gaillet M, Malafaia D, Rousseau C, Sanna A, Gomes M, Adenis A, Peiter P, Michaud C. Sexually transmitted infections on the border between Brazil and French Guiana. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1059137. [PMID: 36761125 PMCID: PMC9906991 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1059137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The border between the State of Amapa, Brazil, and French Guiana is mostly primary forest. In the Oyapock basin, socioeconomic circumstances have fueled sex work, gold mining and the circulation of sexually transmitted infections. Given the lack of comprehensive data on this border area, we describe the different sexually transmitted infections along the Brazil/French Guiana border and the testing and care activity. Methods We conducted a review of the available scientific and technical literature on sexually transmitted infections in this complex border area. Temporal trends were graphed and for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) we estimated incidence using the European Center for prevention and Disease Control modeling tool. Results Until 2019, 26 of the 46 HIV-infected patients followed and treated in Saint Georges de l'Oyapock were residing on the Brazilian side in Oiapoque. Virological suppression was only achieved for 75% of treated patients; but dropped to 62% during the COVID-19 epidemic. In 2019, cooperation efforts allowed HIV care in Oiapoque, resulting in the transfer of Brazilian patients previously followed on the French side and a substantial increase in the number of patients followed in Oiapoque. The average yearly HIV serological testing activity at the health center in Saint Georges was 16 tests per 100 inhabitants per year; in Camopi it was 12.2 per 100 inhabitants. Modeling estimated the number of persons living with HIV around 170 persons, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.54% and about 40 undiagnosed infections. The model also suggested that there were about 12 new infections per year in Saint Georges and Oiapoque, representing an HIV incidence rate of 3.8 cases per 10,000 per year. HPV prevalence in Saint Georges ranges between 25 and 30% and between 35 and 40% in Camopi. Testing activity for other sexually transmitted infections markedly increased in the past 5 years; the introduction of PCR for chlamydiasis and gonorrhea also had a substantial impact on the number of diagnoses. Conclusions The ongoing cooperation between multiple partners on both sides of the border has led to remarkable progress in primary prevention, in testing efforts, in treatment and retention on both sides of the border. In a region with intense health professional turnover, nurturing cooperation and providing accurate assessments of the burden of sexually transmitted infections is essential to tackle a problem that is shared on both sides of the border.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- INSERM CIC1424 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Flavia Divino
- INSERM CIC1424 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Cyril Leborgne
- Centres délocalisés de prévention et de soins, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Valmir Correa
- Laboratorio De Fronteira De Oiapoque, Oiapoque, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Rabier
- COREVIH Guyane, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aude Lucarelli
- COREVIH Guyane, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Centres délocalisés de prévention et de soins, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Cyril Rousseau
- Centres délocalisés de prévention et de soins, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Alice Sanna
- INSERM CIC1424 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Antoine Adenis
- INSERM CIC1424 Centre d'Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Paulo Peiter
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Céline Michaud
- Centres délocalisés de prévention et de soins, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Nacher M, Koendjbiharie A, Michaud C, Rabier S, Leborgne C, Rousseau C, Lucarelli A, Thorey C, Gonzales A, Terlutter F, Thomas N, Gastel BV, Biacabe S, Eer MV, Vreden S, Hcini N, Woittiez L. Sexually transmitted infections on the border between Suriname and French Guiana: A scoping review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:994964. [PMID: 36275821 PMCID: PMC9583868 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.994964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Maroni basin –delineating the border between Suriname and French Guiana— presents sociocultural, geographical and economic circumstances that have been conducive to the circulation of sexually transmitted infections and to delays in diagnosis and care. Given the scarcity of published data, we aimed to describe different sexually transmitted infections along the Maroni and to gain a broader understanding of the epidemiologic situation. Methods We conducted a scoping review of the efforts to approach the problem of sexually transmitted infections in this complex border area. Temporal trends were plotted and crude numbers were divided by local population numbers. Results For HIV, despite increasing testing efforts, most patients still present at the advanced HIV stage (median CD4 count at diagnosis is < 20 per mm3), and 25% of patients in Saint Laurent du Maroni were lost to follow-up within 6 years. However, progress on both sides has led to a decline in AIDS cases and mortality. Despite a rapid increase in the 1990’s along the Maroni, the current HIV prevalence seemed lower (0.52%) in the rural villages than in coastal urban centers (> 1%). High risk HPV infection prevalence among women reaches 23.3%. The incidence of gonorrhea was 4.2 per 1,000 population aged 15-59. For chlamydiasis it was 3.4 per 1,000 population aged 15-59. For syphilis, the incidence was 2.5 per 1,000 population aged 15-59. Gonorrhea, chlamydiasis, hepatitis B detection increased over time with greater testing efforts and new diagnostic tests. Since the COVID-19 epidemic, congenital syphilis has dramatically increased in Saint Laurent du Maroni reaching 808 per 100,000 live births. Conclusion Sexually transmitted infections seemed more prevalent in Saint Laurent du Maroni –the sole urban center—than in the remote villages along the Maroni. The syndromic approach and the heterogeneity of diagnostic platforms presumably overlook most infections in the region. Therefore, a concerted approach and a shared diagnostic upgrade with molecular diagnosis and rapid diagnostic tests seem necessary to reduce the burden of sexually transmitted infections on both sides of the Maroni. Congenital syphilis resulting from COVID-19 disruption of health services requires urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- INSERM CIC1424 Centre d’Investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana,*Correspondence: Mathieu Nacher,
| | | | - Céline Michaud
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sébastien Rabier
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana,Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Cyril Leborgne
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana,Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Cyril Rousseau
- Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana,Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Aude Lucarelli
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Camille Thorey
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | | | - Fredrik Terlutter
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Nadia Thomas
- Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Sophie Biacabe
- Agence Régionale de Santé Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | | | - Najeh Hcini
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, French Guiana
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Arantes I, Gräf T, Andrade P, Oliveira Chaves Y, Guimarães ML, Bello G. Dissemination Dynamics of HIV-1 Subtype B Pandemic and Non-pandemic Lineages Circulating in Amazonas, Brazil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835443. [PMID: 35330760 PMCID: PMC8940292 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 epidemic in the Amazonas state, as in most of Brazil, is dominated by subtype B. The state, nonetheless, is singular for its significant co-circulation of the variants BCAR, which can mostly be found in the Caribbean region, and BPAN, a clade that emerged in the United States and aggregates almost the totality of subtype B infections world-wide. The Amazonian HIV-1 epidemic provides a unique scenario to compare the epidemic potential of BPAN and BCAR clades spreading in the same population. To reconstruct the spatiotemporal dynamic and demographic history of both subtype B lineages circulating in Amazonas, we analyzed 1,272 HIV-1 pol sequences sampled in that state between 2009 and 2018. Our phylogeographic analyses revealed that while most BCAR infections resulted from a single successful founder event that took place in the Amazonas state around the late 1970s, most BPAN infections resulted from the expansion of multiple clusters seeded in the state since the late 1980s. Our data support the existence of at least four large clusters of the pandemic form in Amazonas, two of them nested in Brazil’s largest known subtype B cluster (BBR–I), and two others resulting from new introductions detected here. The reconstruction of the demographic history of the most prevalent BPAN (n = 4) and BCAR (n = 1) clades identified in Amazonas revealed that all clades displayed a continuous expansion [effective reproductive number (Re) > 1] until most recent times. During the period of co-circulation from the late 1990s onward, the Re of Amazonian BPAN and BCAR clusters behaved quite alike, fluctuating between 2.0 and 3.0. These findings support that the BCAR and BPAN variants circulating in the Brazilian state of Amazonas displayed different evolutionary histories, but similar epidemic trajectories and transmissibility over the last two decades, which is consistent with the notion that both subtype B variants display comparable epidemic potential. Our findings also revealed that despite significant advances in the treatment of HIV infections in the Amazonas state, BCAR and BPAN variants continue to expand and show no signs of the epidemic stabilization observed in other parts of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighor Arantes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paula Andrade
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yury Oliveira Chaves
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico e Controle de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Monick Lindenmeyer Guimarães
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Using phylogenetic surveillance and epidemiological data to understand the HIV-1 transmission dynamics in French Guiana. AIDS 2021; 35:979-984. [PMID: 33470610 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to understand the transmission dynamics of the HIV-1 subtype B epidemic in French Guiana and the factors that shaped the expansion of major phylogenetic transmission clusters. DESIGN HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences with associated epidemiological data obtained from 703 treatment-naive patients living in French Guiana between 2006 and 2012, which correspond to 91% of all HIV cases diagnosed in that period, were employed in this study. METHODS Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods were used to construct phylogenetic trees, identify transmission clusters and estimate intervals between successive infections. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate epidemiological characteristics associated with cluster membership. RESULTS HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences from French Guiana were distributed in 10 large/medium transmission clades (LMTC, n > 10, 55%), 19 small transmission clades (STC, n = 3-8, 10%), 36 dyads (10%) or were nonclustered (25%). The rate of clustering did not differ by sex or clinical stage, but sex workers, crack-cocaine users, young individuals (15-20 years) and nationals or migrants from neighbouring South American countries were more likely to cluster within LMTC than individuals from other groups. We estimated that 53-63% of immigrants were infected after the arrival in French Guiana and that 50% of HIV transmissions within LMTC occurred during the first 2 years after infection. CONCLUSION These findings reinforce the notion that high-risk sexual behaviours among young individuals and migrants (postmigration) combined with late HIV diagnosis are key drivers of onward dissemination of major HIV transmission clusters in French Guiana.
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Arantes I, Ribeiro-Alves M, S. D. de Azevedo S, Delatorre E, Bello G. Few amino acid signatures distinguish HIV-1 subtype B pandemic and non-pandemic strains. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238995. [PMID: 32960906 PMCID: PMC7508567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) subtype B comprises approximately 10% of all HIV infections in the world. The HIV-1 subtype B epidemic comprehends a pandemic variant (named BPANDEMIC) disseminated worldwide and non-pandemic variants (named BCAR) that are mostly restricted to the Caribbean. The goal of this work was the identification of amino acid signatures (AAs) characteristic to the BCAR and BPANDEMIC variants. To this end, we analyzed HIV-1 subtype B full-length (n = 486) and partial (n = 814) genomic sequences from the Americas classified within the BCAR and BPANDEMIC clades and reconstructed the sequences of their most recent common ancestors (MRCA). Analysis of contemporary HIV-1 sequences revealed 13 AAs between BCAR and BPANDEMIC variants (four on Gag, three on Pol, three on Rev, and one in Vif, Vpu, and Tat) of which only two (one on Gag and one on Pol) were traced to the MRCA. All AAs correspond to polymorphic sites located outside essential functional proteins domains, except the AAs in Tat. The absence of stringent AAs inherited from their ancestors between modern BCAR and BPANDEMIC variants support that ecological factors, rather than viral determinants, were the main driving force behind the successful spread of the BPANDEMIC strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ighor Arantes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST-AIDS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suwellen S. D. de Azevedo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Edson Delatorre
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de AIDS & Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
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Nacher M, Valdes A, Adenis A, Blaizot R, Abboud P, Demar M, Djossou F, Epelboin L, Drak Alsibai K, Misslin C, Ntab B, Couppié P. Heterogeneity of Clinical Presentations and Paraclinical Explorations to Diagnose Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Patients with Advanced HIV: 34 Years of Experience in French Guiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030165. [PMID: 32911697 PMCID: PMC7558389 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to describe the ways patients with disseminated histoplasmosis—a multifaceted and often lethal disease—present themselves and are explored. A retrospective, observational, multicentric study spanned the period between 1 January 1981 and 1 October 2014. Principal component analysis was performed for the sampling sites and for the clinical signs and symptoms. The factor loadings of the principal components were selected for eigenvalues > 1. The most frequent signs and symptoms were an alteration of the WHO general performance status, fever, digestive tract, respiratory signs and symptoms and lymphadenopathies. The most common sites sampled were bone marrow, respiratory tract, blood, lymph node and liver biopsies, with significant variations in the number of sites from which samples were taken to try to identify the pathogen. The principal component analysis clinical signs and symptoms leading to the diagnosis showed four main lines of variation. The factor loadings of the four main components were compatible with four broad types of clinical presentations and four types of exploration strategies. Extracting simple algorithms was difficult, emphasizing the importance of clinical expertise when diagnosis depends on obtaining a sample where Histoplasma can be seen or grown. Histoplasma antigen detection tests will help simplifying the algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nacher
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Département Formation Recherche Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (R.B.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +594-594395024
| | - Audrey Valdes
- Equipe Opérationnelle d’Hygiène Hospitalière, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Antoine Adenis
- CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Département Formation Recherche Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (R.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Romain Blaizot
- Département Formation Recherche Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (R.B.); (P.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Philippe Abboud
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.A.); (F.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Tropical Biome and Immunopathology, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Félix Djossou
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.A.); (F.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Loïc Epelboin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (P.A.); (F.D.); (L.E.)
| | - Kinan Drak Alsibai
- Service d’Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana;
| | - Caroline Misslin
- Service de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, 97320 Saint Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana;
| | - Balthazar Ntab
- Département d’Information Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, 97320 Saint Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana;
| | - Pierre Couppié
- Département Formation Recherche Santé, Université de Guyane, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana; (R.B.); (P.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Andree Rosemon Cayenne, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
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Analysis of HIV-1 diversity, primary drug resistance and transmission networks in Croatia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17307. [PMID: 31754119 PMCID: PMC6872562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in treatment-naive HIV-1 infected persons from Croatia was investigated. We included 403 persons, representing 92.4% of all HIV-positive individuals entering clinical care in Croatia in 2014–2017. Overall prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was estimated at 16.4%. Resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside RTI (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) was found in 11.4%, 6.7% and 2.5% of persons, respectively. Triple-class resistance was determined in 2.2% of individuals. In addition, a single case (1.0%) of resistance to integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (InSTIs) was found. Deep sequencing was performed on 48 randomly selected samples and detected additional TDR mutations in 6 cases. Phylogenetic inference showed that 347/403 sequences (86.1%) were part of transmission clusters and identified forward transmission of resistance in Croatia, even that of triple-class resistance. The largest TDR cluster of 53 persons with T215S was estimated to originate in the year 1992. Our data show a continuing need for pre-treatment HIV resistance testing in Croatia. Even though a low prevalence of resistance to InSTI was observed, surveillance of TDR to InSTI should be continued.
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Reconstructing the Dissemination Dynamics of the Major HIV-1 Subtype B Non-Pandemic Lineage Circulating in Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100909. [PMID: 31581471 PMCID: PMC6832740 DOI: 10.3390/v11100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-pandemic variants of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B accounts for a significant fraction of HIV infections in several Caribbean islands, Northeastern South American countries and the Northern Brazilian states of Roraima and Amazonas. In this paper, we used a comprehensive dataset of HIV-1 subtype B pol sequences sampled in Amazonas and Roraima between 2007 and 2017 to reconstruct the phylogeographic and demographic dynamics of the major HIV-1 subtype B non-pandemic Brazilian lineage, designated as BCAR-BR-I. Our analyses revealed that its origin could be traced to one of many viral introductions from French Guiana and Guyana into Northern Brazil, which probably occurred in the state of Amazonas around the late 1970s. The BCAR-BR-I clade was rapidly disseminated from Amazonas to Roraima, and the epidemic grew exponentially in these Northern Brazilian states during the 1980s and 1990s, coinciding with a period of economic and fast population growth in the region. The spreading rate of the BCAR-BR-I clade, however, seems to have slowed down since the early 2000s, despite the continued expansion of the HIV-1 epidemic in this region in the last decade.
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Crispim MAE, Reis MNDG, Abrahim C, Kiesslich D, Fraiji N, Bello G, Stefani MMA. Homogenous HIV-1 subtype B from the Brazilian Amazon with infrequent diverse BF1 recombinants, subtypes F1 and C among blood donors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221151. [PMID: 31498798 PMCID: PMC6733458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade a growing HIV/AIDS epidemic with increased incidence and AIDS-related mortality has been reported in Northern Brazil from which molecular data are scarce. Also, apparently healthy, adult blood donors, recently diagnosed with HIV-1 represent important sentinel populations for molecular studies. This cross-sectional study describes HIV-1 subtypes in blood donors from three reference public blood centers located in three States in Northern Brazil. HIV-1 pol sequencing (protease/PR, reverse transcriptase/RT) was performed on plasma samples of HIV-1 positive donors from HEMOAM, Manaus, Amazonas (n = 198), HEMERON, Porto Velho, Rondônia (n = 20) and HEMORAIMA, Boa Vista, Roraima (n = 9) collected from 2011-2017. HIV-1 subtypes were identified by REGA, phylogenetic inference; recombinant viruses were characterized by SIMPLOT. Young, single, males predominated, around half was first-time donors. Syphilis co-infection was detected in 17% (39 out of 227), 8% (18 out of 227) was anti-HBc positive. Subtype B represented ≥ 90% in Amazonas, Rondônia and Roraima, subtype C (3.1%) was found in Amazonas and Rondônia; subtype F1 (0.9%) and BF1 recombinants (5.3%) were only detected in Amazonas. Subtype B sequences from Amazonas (n = 179), Rondônia (n = 18) and Roraima (n = 9) were combined with viral strains representative of the BPANDEMIC (n = 300) and BCARIBBEAN/BCAR (n = 200) lineages. The BPANDEMIC lineage predominated (78%) although BCAR lineages were frequent in Roraima (56%) and Amazonas (22%). Subtype C and subtype F1 sequences identified here clustered within Brazilian CBR and F1BR lineages, respectively. Twelve BF1 mosaics showed 11 different recombination profiles: six were singleton unique-recombinant-forms/URFs, one displays a CRF28/29_BF-like recombinant pattern and the remaining four BF1 isolates branched with other Brazilian BF1 viruses previously described and may represent putative new CRF_BF1 from Northern Brazil. Our study shows a highly homogeneous molecular pattern with prevalent subtype B, followed by BF1, and sporadic subtype C and F1 in blood donors from the Northern region. Surveillance studies are important to monitor HIV-1 diversity which can reveal patterns of viral dissemination, especially in a highly endemic, remote and geographically isolated region as Northern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mônica Nogueira da Guarda Reis
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Imunologia da AIDS e da Hanseniase, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Claudia Abrahim
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas/HEMOAM, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Dagmar Kiesslich
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas/HEMOAM, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nelson Fraiji
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas/HEMOAM, Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Gonzalo Bello
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariane Martins Araújo Stefani
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Laboratório de Imunologia da AIDS e da Hanseniase, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Bello G, Arantes I, Lacoste V, Ouka M, Boncy J, Césaire R, Liautaud B, Nacher M, Dos Santos G. Phylogeographic Analyses Reveal the Early Expansion and Frequent Bidirectional Cross-Border Transmissions of Non-pandemic HIV-1 Subtype B Strains in Hispaniola. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1340. [PMID: 31333594 PMCID: PMC6622406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B has probably been circulating on the island of Hispaniola since the 1960s, but information about the early viral history on this Caribbean island is scarce. In this study, we reconstruct the dissemination dynamics of early divergent non-pandemic subtype B lineages (designated BCAR) on Hispaniola by analyzing a country-balanced dataset of HIV-1 BCARpol sequences from Haiti (n = 103) and the Dominican Republic (n = 123). Phylogenetic analyses supported that BCAR strains from Haiti and the Dominican Republic were highly intermixed between each other, although the null hypothesis of completely random mixing was rejected. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses placed the ancestral BCAR virus in Haiti and the Dominican Republic with the same posterior probability support. These analyses estimate frequent viral transmissions between Haiti and the Dominican Republic since the early 1970s onwards, and the presence of local BCAR transmission networks in both countries before first AIDS cases was officially recognized. Demographic reconstructions point that the BCAR epidemic in Hispaniola grew exponentially until the 1990s. These findings support that the HIV-1 epidemics in Haiti and the Dominican Republic have been connected by a recurrent bidirectional viral flux since the initial phase, which poses a great challenge in tracing the geographic origin of the BCAR epidemic within Hispaniola using only genetic data. These data also reinforce the notion that prevention programs have successfully reduced the rate of new HIV-1 transmissions in Hispaniola since the end of the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Bello
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ighor Arantes
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marlene Ouka
- Virology Laboratory, EA 4537, Martinique University Hospital, Fort de France, Martinique
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Raymond Césaire
- Virology Laboratory, EA 4537, Martinique University Hospital, Fort de France, Martinique
| | | | - Mathieu Nacher
- Coordination Régionale de la lutte contre le VIH (COREVIH) and Centre d'Investigation Clinique-CIC INSERM 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne "Andrée Rosemon", Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Georges Dos Santos
- Virology Laboratory, EA 4537, Martinique University Hospital, Fort de France, Martinique
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Medkour H, Davoust B, Dulieu F, Maurizi L, Lamour T, Marié JL, Mediannikov O. Potential animal reservoirs (dogs and bats) of human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in French Guiana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007456. [PMID: 31216270 PMCID: PMC6602241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, cutaneous leishmaniasis is highly endemic, whereas no autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis have been reported so far. However, due to its proximity to Brazil which is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, and the high transboundary population flow, an epidemiological challenge could arise at any time. As an overseas department and region and the largest outermost region of the European Union, epidemiological surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis is of great importance. Our study aimed to investigate the presence of Leishmania spp. in domestic (dogs) and sylvatic (bats) animals from French Guiana. Over the 2008-2018 period, samples from 349 animals were collected. They included blood from 179 autochthonous dogs and 59 bats, spleen samples from 33 bats and, blood from 78 military working dogs (MWD) collected before their departure from continental France and at the end of their four-month stay in French Guiana. Samples were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays targeting Leishmania DNA followed by sequencing of 18S rRNA, kDNA and ITS2 genes. L. infantum was detected in 2.3% (8/349) of animals with 1.7% (3/179) of autochthonous dogs, 5.1% (4/78) of MWD returning from French Guiana, whereas they were negative before their departure. One of them dates back to 2012. All these dogs were positive for serological tests. In addition, L. infantum DNA was detectable in one bat spleen sample, belonging to Carollia perspicillata species. We report here for the first time an infection with L. infantum in dogs and bat from French Guiana. Our results suggest the existence of potential reservoir and transmission cycle for visceral leishmaniasis, at least since 2012, which was unknown in this territory until now. Further studies are needed to determine how these animals were infected and which vectors are involved in the transmission in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Lou Marié
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, Marseille, France
- French Army Health Service, Paris, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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