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Talib N, Mohamad NE, Ho CL, Masarudin MJ, Alitheen NB. Modulatory Effects of Isolated Lactobacillus paracasei from Malaysian Water Kefir Grains on the Intestinal Barrier and Gut Microbiota in Diabetic Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10367-4. [PMID: 39313703 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is one of the four major types of non-communicable diseases that have become a global health concern. Water kefir is a product of a brown sugar solution fermented with kefir grains which comprises around 30 microbial species in its grains. Water kefir possesses a wide range of health benefits, including anti-hyperlipidemic effects, and reduces hypertension and blood glucose levels in animal models. Reportedly, consuming water kefir containing probiotics may enhance the intestinal barrier and positively influence the composition of the intestinal microflora. The present study aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from Malaysian water kefir grains (MWKG) on the alterations of intestinal barrier and gut microbiota in diabetic mice via histopathological analysis of the distal colon and 16S rRNA gene sequencing on fecal microbiome. Results indicated that the administration of isolated Lactobacillus paracasei from MWKG to diabetic mice ameliorated the dominant probiotic phyla in the gut microbiota. Results showed that lower dose (LD) and high dose (HD) treatments of the isolated Lactobacillus paracasei could significantly reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in the distal colon of diabetic mice. The treatments revealed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Firmicutes in the gut, 0.27 ± 0.06% for LD and 0.34 ± 0.04% for HD, compared to untreated (UN) diabetic mice, 0.40 ± 0.02%. These results suggest that L. paracasei isolated from MWKG could serve as a potential dietary supplement against intestinal inflammation and modify gut microbiota composition in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorshafadzilah Talib
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Elyani Mohamad
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chai Ling Ho
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mas Jaffri Masarudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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2
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Dong PY, Yan YMC, Chen Y, Bai Y, Li YY, Dong Y, Liu J, Zhang BQ, Klinger FG, Chen MM, Zhang XF. Multiple omics integration analysis reveals the regulatory effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on testicular development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 283:116802. [PMID: 39106567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Infertility is a global health problem affecting millions of people of reproductive age worldwide, with approximately half caused by males. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has strong antioxidant capacity, but its impact on the male reproductive system has not been effectively evaluated. To address this, we integrated RNA-seq, serum metabolomics and intestinal 16 S rDNA analysis to conduct a comprehensive investigation on the male reproductive system. The results showed that COS has potential targets for the treatment of oligospermia, which can promote the expression of meiotic proteins DDX4, DAZL and SYCP1, benefit germ cell proliferation and testicular development, enhance antioxidant capacity, and increase the expression of testicular steroid proteins STAR and CYP11A1. At the same time, COS can activate PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in testis and TM3 cells. Microbiome and metabolomics analysis suggested that COS alters gut microbial community composition and cooperates with serum metabolites to regulate spermatogenesis. Therefore, COS promotes male reproduction by regulating intestinal microorganisms and serum metabolism, activating PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, improving testicular antioxidant capacity and steroid regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Dong
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yu-Mei Chen Yan
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yue Bai
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yin-Yin Li
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yang Dong
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Analytical & Testing Center of Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bing-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Immune Cells of Qingdao, Qingdao 266111, China; Qingdao Restore Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266111, China
| | | | - Meng-Meng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer and Immune Cells of Qingdao, Qingdao 266111, China; Qingdao Restore Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266111, China.
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Veterinary medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266100, China.
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Tian R, Yu L, Tian F, Zhao J, Chen W, Zhai Q. Effect of inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides, and polyphenols on the gut microbiota, with a focus on Akkermansia muciniphila. Food Funct 2024; 15:4763-4772. [PMID: 38590256 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00428k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Inulins, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and polyphenols are considered to stimulate the growth of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) in the gut. We performed a meta-analysis of six microbiome studies (821 stool samples from 451 participants) to assess the effects of inulin, GOS, and polyphenols on the abundance of A. muciniphila in the gut. The intervention of GOS increased the relative abundance of A. muciniphila in healthy participants. Additionally, metabolic pathways associated with carbohydrate metabolism and short-chain fatty acid release were enriched following the GOS intervention. Furthermore, after the GOS intervention, the coexisting microbial communities of A. muciniphila, such as Eubacterium hallii and Bacteroides, exhibited an enhanced correlation with A. muciniphila. In conclusion, our findings suggest that GOS may promote the growth of A. muciniphila in the gut by modulating the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruocen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Moine L, Canali MM, Salinas SR, Bianco ID, Porporatto C, Correa SG. Role of chitosan in intestinal integrity: TLR4 and IFNAR signaling in the induction of E-cadherin and CD103 in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131334. [PMID: 38582475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Chitin and its derivative chitosan (Q) are abundant structural elements in nature. Q has modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and also regulates the expression of adhesion molecules. The interaction between cells expressing the αEβ7 integrin and E-cadherin facilitates tolerogenic signal transmission and localization of lymphocytes at the frontline for interaction with luminal antigens. In this study we evaluated the ability of orally administered Q to stimulate E-cadherin and CD103 expression in vitro and in vivo. Our findings show that Q promoted epithelial cell migration, accelerated wound healing and increased E-cadherin expression in IEC-18 cells and isolated intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) after Q feeding. The upregulation of E-cadherin was dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR signaling, triggering CD103 expression in lymphocytes. Q reinforced the E-cadherin-αEβ7 axis, crucial for intestinal barrier integrity and contributed to the localization of lymphocytes on the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Moine
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | - Silvina R Salinas
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos Y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ismael D Bianco
- Centro de Excelencia en Productos Y Procesos de Córdoba (CEPROCOR), CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Carina Porporatto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Transferencia Agroalimentaria y Biotecnológica (IMITAB-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Villa María (UNVM), Villa María, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Silvia G Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica-Facultad de Ciencias Químicas-Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Shu S, Jing R, Li L, Wang W, Zhang J, Luo Z, Shan Y, Liu Z. Effects of Different Heat Treatments on Yak Milk Proteins on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolism. Foods 2024; 13:192. [PMID: 38254494 PMCID: PMC10814013 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dairy products are susceptible to modifications in protein oxidation during heat processing, which can lead to changes in protein function, subsequently affecting intestinal health. Despite being a unique nutritional source, yak milk has not been thoroughly examined for the effects of its oxidized proteins on intestinal microbiota and metabolism. Hence, this study employed different heat treatment methods (low-temperature pasteurization, high-temperature pasteurization, and high-temperature sterilization) to induce oxidation in yak milk proteins. The study then assessed the degree of oxidation in these proteins and utilized mice as research subjects. Using metagenomics and metabolomics methods, this study examined the structure of intestinal microbial communities and metabolic products in mice consuming oxidized yak milk. The results showed a decrease in carbonyl and total thiol contents of yak milk proteins after different heat treatments, indicating that heat treatment causes oxidation in yak milk proteins. Metagenomic analysis of mouse intestinal microbiota revealed significant changes in 66 genera. In the high-temperature sterilization group (H), key differential genera included Verrucomicrobiales, Verrucomicrobiae, Akkermansiaceae, and 28 others. The high-temperature pasteurization group (M) mainly consisted of Latilactobacillus, Bacillus, and Romboutsia. The low-temperature pasteurization group (L) primarily comprised of Faecalibacterium, Chaetomium, Paenibacillaceae, Eggerthella, Sordariales, and 33 others. Functionally, compared to the control group (C), the H group upregulated translation and energy metabolism functions, the L group the M group significantly upregulated metabolism of other amino acids, translation, and cell replication and repair functions. Based on metabolomic analysis, differential changes in mouse metabolites could affect multiple metabolic pathways in the body. The most significantly affected metabolic pathways were phenylalanine metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. The changes were similar to the functional pathway analysis of mouse metagenomics, affecting amino acid and energy metabolism in mice. In summary, moderate oxidation of yak milk proteins exhibits a positive effect on mouse intestinal microbiota and metabolism. In conclusion, yak milk has a positive effect on mouse intestinal microflora and metabolism, and this study provides a scientific basis for optimizing dairy processing technology and further developing and applying yak milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senbiao Shu
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (S.S.); (R.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Rong Jing
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (S.S.); (R.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Liang Li
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (S.S.); (R.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wenhan Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China;
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (S.S.); (R.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhang Luo
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (S.S.); (R.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A & F University, Xianyang 712199, China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Food Science College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China; (S.S.); (R.J.); (L.L.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.)
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Abdo A, Zhang C, Al-Dalali S, Hou Y, Gao J, Yahya MA, Saleh A, Aleryani H, Al-Zamani Z, Sang Y. Marine Chitosan-Oligosaccharide Ameliorated Plasma Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters by Modifying the Gut Microflora, Bile Acids, and Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Nutrients 2023; 15:2923. [PMID: 37447249 PMCID: PMC10346597 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the cholesterol-alleviating effect and underlying mechanisms of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Male hamsters (n = 24) were divided into three groups in a random fashion, and each group was fed one particular diet, namely a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), and an HCD diet substituting 5% of the COS diet for six weeks. Subsequently, alterations in fecal bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microflora (GM) were investigated. COS intervention significantly reduced and increased the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in hypercholesteremic hamsters. Furthermore, Non-HDL-C and total triacylglycerols (TG) levels were also reduced by COS supplementation. Additionally, COS could reduce and increase food intake and fecal SCFAs (acetate), respectively. Moreover, COS had beneficial effects on levels of BAs and GM related to cholesterol metabolism. This study provides novel evidence for the cholesterol-lowering activity of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Abdo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Sam Al-Dalali
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Yakun Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
| | - Mohammed Abdo Yahya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali Saleh
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamzah Aleryani
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Zakarya Al-Zamani
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen; (S.A.-D.); (A.S.); (Z.A.-Z.)
| | - Yaxin Sang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; (A.A.); (Y.H.); (J.G.)
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Mo R, Zhang M, Wang H, Liu T, Liu P, Wu Y. Chitosan Enhances Intestinal Health in Cats by Altering the Composition of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040529. [PMID: 37110186 PMCID: PMC10145270 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between gut microbiota and the health of the host has gained increasing attention. Chitosan is a natural alkaline polysaccharide with a wide range of beneficial effects. However, rare studies have been observed on the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on intestinal health in cats. A total of 30 cats with mild diarrhea were divided into three groups, receiving a basic diet with 0 (CON), 500 (L-CS) or 2000 (H-CS) mg/kg chitosan. Samples of blood and feces were collected and analyzed for serology and gut microbiota composition. The results demonstrated that chitosan alleviated symptoms of diarrhea, with enhanced antioxidant capability and decreased inflammatory biomarker levels in serum. Chitosan reshaped the composition of gut microbiota in cats that the beneficial bacteria Allobaculum was significantly increased in the H-CS group. Acetate and butyrate contents in feces were significantly higher in the H-CS group in comparison to the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of dietary chitosan in cats enhanced intestinal health by modulating their intestinal microbes and improved microbiota-derived SCFA production. Our results provided insights into the role of chitosan in the gut microbiota of felines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Chen A, Liu Y, Zhang T, Xiao Y, Xu X, Xu Z, Xu H. Chain conformation, mucoadhesive properties of fucoidan in the gastrointestinal tract and its effects on the gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120460. [PMID: 36641186 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fucoidans are valuable marine polysaccharides with various bioactivities and physicochemical properties. However, its digestive properties, mucoadhesive properties, and bioactivity in the gastrointestinal tract are still unclear. In this study, simulated digestion, fecal fermentation in vitro, and rheology models were utilized to investigate the chain conformation, influence on gut microbiota, and mucin adhesive properties of fucoidan from the sea cucumber Thelenota ananas (Ta-FUC). The results showed that Ta-FUC was nondigestible with a temporary decrease in molecular weight in gastric conditions, accompanied by the chain conformation becoming more flexible. Moreover, Ta-FUC exhibited strong mucin adhesive function in the simulated intestinal environment, with supramolecular disulfide, hydrogen, and hydrophobic interactions in order of intensity. During fermentation, Ta-FUC was degraded by the intestinal flora to produce various short-chain fatty acids and promoted the relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Firmicutes, reducing the proportion of Proteobacteria. Therefore, these results indicate that Ta-FUC could be a potential prebiotic and ingredient for developing targeted delivery systems in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Chen
- College of Food and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Yatong Liu
- College of Food and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Food and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Xiaoqi Xu
- College of Food and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Baolingbao Biology Co. Ltd., Dezhou 251200, PR China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- College of Food and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
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9
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Integrating omics and network pharmacology reveals the anti-constipation role of chitosan with different molecular weights in constipated mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123930. [PMID: 36889616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the constipation-relieving role of chitosan (COS) with different molecular weights (1 kDa, 3 kDa and 244 kDa). Compared with COS3K (3 kDa) and COS240K (244 kDa), COS1K (1 kDa) more significantly accelerated gastrointestinal transit and defecation frequency. These differential effects were reflected in the regulation of specific gut microbiota (Desulfovibrio, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Anaerovorax) and short-chain fatty acids (propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid). RNA-sequencing found that the differential expressed genes (DEGs) caused by different molecular weights of COS were mainly enriched in intestinal immune-related pathways, especially cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, network pharmacology revealed two candidate genes (Clu and Igf2), which can be regarded as the key molecules for the differential anti-constipation effects of COS with different molecular weights. These results were further verified by qPCR. In conclusion, our results provide a novel research strategy to help understand the differences in the anti-constipation effects of chitosan with different molecular weights.
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Domingues C, Cabral C, Jarak I, Veiga F, Dourado M, Figueiras A. The Debate between the Human Microbiota and Immune System in Treating Aerodigestive and Digestive Tract Cancers: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030492. [PMID: 36992076 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiota comprises a group of microorganisms co-existing in the human body. Unbalanced microbiota homeostasis may impact metabolic and immune system regulation, shrinking the edge between health and disease. Recently, the microbiota has been considered a prominent extrinsic/intrinsic element of cancer development and a promising milestone in the modulation of conventional cancer treatments. Particularly, the oral cavity represents a yin-and-yang target site for microorganisms that can promote human health or contribute to oral cancer development, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum. Moreover, Helicobacter pylori has also been implicated in esophageal and stomach cancers, and decreased butyrate-producing bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae spp. and Ruminococcaceae, have demonstrated a protective role in the development of colorectal cancer. Interestingly, prebiotics, e.g., polyphenols, probiotics (Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Burkholderia), postbiotics (inosine, butyrate, and propionate), and innovative nanomedicines can modulate antitumor immunity, circumventing resistance to conventional treatments and could complement existing therapies. Therefore, this manuscript delivers a holistic perspective on the interaction between human microbiota and cancer development and treatment, particularly in aerodigestive and digestive cancers, focusing on applying prebiotics, probiotics, and nanomedicines to overcome some challenges in treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Domingues
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Cabral
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marília Dourado
- Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Health Studies and Research of the University of Coimbra (CEISUC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Studies and Development of Continuous and Palliative Care (CEDCCP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Recent Research and Application Prospect of Functional Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Disease Treatment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217622. [PMID: 36364447 PMCID: PMC9656564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is an essential digestive organ of the human body, and damage to the intestinal barrier will lead to various diseases. Functional oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization and exhibit beneficial effects on human intestinal health. Laboratory experiments and clinical studies indicate that functional oligosaccharides repair the damaged intestinal tract and maintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal barrier function, immune response, and intestinal microbial composition. Functional oligosaccharides treat intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) and have excellent prospects for therapeutic application. Here, we present an overview of the recent research into the effects of functional oligosaccharides on intestinal health.
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Mavrogeni ME, Asadpoor M, Henricks PAJ, Keshavarzian A, Folkerts G, Braber S. Direct Action of Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides against a Leaky Gut. Nutrients 2022; 14:4699. [PMID: 36364961 PMCID: PMC9655944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial monolayer is the primary determinant of mucosal barrier function, and tight junction (TJ) complexes seal the paracellular space between the adjacent epithelial cells and represent the main "gate-keepers" of the paracellular route. Impaired TJ functionality results in increased permeation of the "pro-inflammatory" luminal contents to the circulation that induces local and systemic inflammatory and immune responses, ultimately triggering and/or perpetuating (chronic) systemic inflammatory disorders. Increased gut leakiness is associated with intestinal and systemic disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Modulation of TJ dynamics is an appealing strategy aiming at inflammatory conditions associated with compromised intestinal epithelial function. Recently there has been a growing interest in nutraceuticals, particularly in non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs). NDOs confer innumerable health benefits via microbiome-shaping and gut microbiota-related immune responses, including enhancement of epithelial barrier integrity. Emerging evidence supports that NDOs also exert health-beneficial effects on microbiota independently via direct interactions with intestinal epithelial and immune cells. Among these valuable features, NDOs promote barrier function by directly regulating TJs via AMPK-, PKC-, MAPK-, and TLR-associated pathways. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epithelial barrier-protective effects of different NDOs with a special focus on their microbiota-independent modulation of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Mavrogeni
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mostafa Asadpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A. J. Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Zhang M, Li RW, Yang H, Tan Z, Liu F. Recent advances in developing butyrogenic functional foods to promote gut health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4410-4431. [PMID: 36330804 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2142194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As one of the major short-chain fatty acids produced via microbial fermentation, butyrate serves as not only a preferred energy substrate but also an important signaling molecule. Butyrate concentrations in circulation, tissues, and gut luminal contents have important pathophysiological implications. The genetic capacity of butyrate biosynthesis by the gut microbiota is frequently compromised during aging and various disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders and colorectal cancer. Substantial efforts have been made to identify potent butyrogenic substrates and butyrate-hyperproducing bacteria to compensate for butyrate deficiency. Interindividual butyrogenic responses exist, which are more strongly predicted by heterogeneity in the gut microbiota composition than by ingested prebiotic substrates. In this review, we catalog major food types rich in butyrogenic substrates. We also discuss the potential of butyrogenic foods with proven properties for promoting gut health and disease management using findings from clinical trials. Potential limitations and constraints in the current research are highlighted. We advocate a precise nutrition approach in designing future clinical trials by prescreening individuals for key gut microbial signatures when recruiting study volunteers. The information provided in this review will be conducive to the development of microbiota engineering approaches for enhancing the sustained production of butyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Robert W Li
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Haiyan Yang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongfang Tan
- College of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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14
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Influence of free and immobilized chitosan on a defined human gut microbial ecosystem. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Chitosan Oligosaccharide Supplementation Affects Immunity Markers in Ewes and Lambs during Gestation and Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192609. [PMID: 36230349 PMCID: PMC9558557 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is derived through deacetylation of chitin from crustacean shells. Previous studies reported the benefits of COS to gut microbiota, immunity and health of host species. In this study, 120 pregnant composite ewes were subdivided into treatment and control groups in duplicate. COS was supplemented via a loose lick to provide an estimated intake of COS @100−600 mg/d/ewe for five weeks pre-lambing until lamb marking. Body weight was recorded pre-treatment for ewes, and at lamb marking and weaning for both ewes and lambs. Serum immunity markers immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), interleukin (IL)-2, IL10 and faecal sIgA were determined for ewes and lambs at lamb marking and weaning by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that COS can be incorporated in sheep feed without compromising palatability. Maternal COS supplementation did not influence the body weight of ewes or lambs. It did, however, significantly increase the concentrations of serum IL2 in ewes at marking and weaning (p < 0.001). In lambs, COS also significantly increased the IL2 concentration at making (p = 0.018) and weaning (p = 0.029) and serum IgM at marking (p < 0.001). No significant effect was observed in the concentration of any other immune marker or cytokine in either ewes or lambs. In conclusion, maternal COS supplementation significantly modulated some immunity markers in both ewes and lambs. The short duration of maternal COS supplementation and optimal seasonal conditions during the trial may explain the lack of significant body weight in ewes and lambs from the COS supplementation.
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Chen H, Lin B, Zhang R, Gong Z, Wen M, Su W, Zhou J, Zhao L, Wang J. Controllable preparation of chitosan oligosaccharides via a recombinant chitosanase from marine Streptomyces lydicus S1 and its potential application on preservation of pre-packaged tofu. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1007201. [PMID: 36225376 PMCID: PMC9549211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are widely applied in many areas due to its various biological activities. Controllable preparation of COSs with desired degree of polymerization (DP) via suitable chitosanase is of great value. Herein, a novel glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 46 chitosanase (SlCsn46) from marine Streptomyces lydicus S1 was prepared, characterized and used to controllably produce COSs with different DP. The specific activity of purified recombinant SlCsn46 was 1,008.5 U/mg. The optimal temperature and pH of purified SlCsn46 were 50°C and 6.0, respectively. Metal ions Mn2+ could improve the stability of SlCsn46. Additionally, SlCsn46 can efficiently hydrolyze 2% and 4% colloidal chitosan to prepare COSs with DP 2–4, 2–5, and 2–6 by adjusting the amount of SlCsn46 added. Moreover, COSs with DP 2–4, 2–5, and 2–6 exhibited potential application value for prolonging the shelf-life of pre-packaged Tofu. The water-holding capacity (WHC), sensorial properties, total viable count (TVC), pH and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) of pre-packed tofu incorporated with 4 mg/mL COSs with DP 2–4, 2–5, and 2–6 were better than those of the control during 15 days of storage at 10°C. Thus, the controllable hydrolysis strategy provides an effective method to prepare COSs with desired DP and its potential application on preservation of pre-packed tofu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bilian Lin
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Zhouliang Gong
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Ming Wen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Weiming Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Liangzhong Zhao,
| | - Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology and Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- Jianrong Wang,
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17
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Mei Z, Huang X, Zhang H, Cheng D, Xu X, Fang M, Hu J, Liu Y, Liang Y, Mei Y. Chitin derivatives ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by changing gut microbiota and restoring intestinal barrier function. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:375-387. [PMID: 35063480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin derivatives (CDs), including chitosan (CS), chitooligosaccharides (COS), and glucosamine (GlcN), were administrated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. UC symptoms such as body weight loss, reduced food intake, and increased disease activity index were relieved (except GlcNL group). CDs (except GlcNL) exerted a strong protective effect on colon length and colonic structure. Treatment with CDs (except GlcNL) increased IL-10 level, reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and enhanced expression of tight junction proteins significantly. CDs (except GlcNL) significantly upregulated IκB-α level, and downregulated p65 and p38 phosphory lation and TLR-4 mRNA transcription level, indicating inhibition of TRL-4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway activity. CD treatments increased relative abundance of gut microbiota, modulated its composition, and increased the concentrations of SCFAs. Our findings indicate that CDs exert an ameliorative effect on UC by change of gut microbiota composition and restoration of intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xingxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Danyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mingyue Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jutuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuxia Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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18
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Liang Y, Wang Y, Wen P, Chen Y, Ouyang D, Wang D, Zhang B, Deng J, Chen Y, Sun Y, Wang H. The Anti-Constipation Effects of Raffino-Oligosaccharide on Gut Function in Mice Using Neurotransmitter Analyses, 16S rRNA Sequencing and Targeted Screening. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27072235. [PMID: 35408632 PMCID: PMC9000249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Raffino-oligosaccharide (ROS), the smallest oligosaccharide of the raffinose family, is a novel food ingredient. However, the anti-constipation effects of ROS remain obscure. This study investigates the anti-constipation effects of ROS based on the loperamide-induced mice model and reveals the underlying mechanism using constipation parameters, neurotransmitter level, 16S rRNA sequencing, and the targeted screening strategy. The prevention effects were firstly investigated by the gastro-intestinal transit rate experiment (50 mice) and defecation status experiment (50 mice), which were divided into five groups (n = 10/group): blank, model, and low-, medium- and high-dose ROS. Furthermore, the slow-transit constipation experiment (blank, model, and high-dose ROS, n = 10/group) was conducted to illustrate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that ROS aided in preventing the occurrence of constipation by improving the gastro-intestinal transit rate and the defecation frequency in mice, and ROS significantly reduced the serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In addition, ROS regulated the diversity and structure of intestinal flora. Among them, one specific family and six specific genera were significantly regulated in constipated mice. The targeted screening revealed that 29 targets related to the anti-constipation effects of ROS, indicating ROS may play a role by regulating multiple targets. Furthermore, the network pharmacology analysis showed that Akt1, Stat3, Mapk8, Hsp90aa1, Cat, Alb, Icam1, Sod2, and Gsk3b can be regarded as the core anti-constipation targets. In conclusion, ROS could effectively relieve constipation, possibly by inhibiting the level of neurotransmitters and regulating the gut flora in mice. This study also provides a novel network pharmacology-based targeted screening strategy to reveal the anti-constipation effects of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Liang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511400, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Peng Wen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongchun Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dongmei Ouyang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Da Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Deng
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511400, China; (Y.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuanming Sun
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (H.W.)
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.L.); (P.W.); (Y.C.); (D.O.); (D.W.); (B.Z.); (J.D.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (H.W.)
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19
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Kujawska M, Raulo A, Millar M, Warren F, Baltrūnaitė L, Knowles SCL, Hall LJ. Bifidobacterium castoris strains isolated from wild mice show evidence of frequent host switching and diverse carbohydrate metabolism potential. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:20. [PMID: 37938745 PMCID: PMC9723756 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the gut microbiota genus Bifidobacterium are widely distributed human and animal symbionts believed to exert beneficial effects on their hosts. However, in-depth genomic analyses of animal-associated species and strains are somewhat lacking, particularly in wild animal populations. Here, to examine patterns of host specificity and carbohydrate metabolism capacity, we sequenced whole genomes of Bifidobacterium isolated from wild-caught small mammals from two European countries (UK and Lithuania). Members of Bifidobacterium castoris, Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifodobacterium pseudolongum were detected in wild mice (Apodemus sylvaticus, Apodemus agrarius and Apodemus flavicollis), but not voles or shrews. B. castoris constituted the most commonly recovered Bifidobacterium (78% of all isolates), with the majority of strains only detected in a single population, although populations frequently harboured multiple co-circulating strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mouse-associated B. castoris clades were not specific to a particular location or host species, and their distribution across the host phylogeny was consistent with regular host shifts rather than host-microbe codiversification. Functional analysis, including in vitro growth assays, suggested that mouse-derived B. castoris strains encoded an extensive arsenal of carbohydrate-active enzymes, including putative novel glycosyl hydrolases such as chitosanases, along with genes encoding putative exopolysaccharides, some of which may have been acquired via horizontal gene transfer. Overall, these results provide a rare genome-level analysis of host specificity and genomic capacity among important gut symbionts of wild animals, and reveal that Bifidobacterium has a labile relationship with its host over evolutionary time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kujawska
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Intestinal Microbiome, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Aura Raulo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Molly Millar
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Fred Warren
- Food Innovation and Health, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Sarah C L Knowles
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, UK
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, Herfordshire, UK
| | - Lindsay J Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Intestinal Microbiome, ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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20
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Saeb A, Grundmann SM, Gessner DK, Schuchardt S, Most E, Wen G, Eder K, Ringseis R. Feeding of cuticles from Tenebrio molitor larvae modulates the gut microbiota and attenuates hepatic steatosis in obese Zucker rats. Food Funct 2022; 13:1421-1436. [PMID: 35048923 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03920b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insect biomass obtained from large-scale mass-rearing of insect larvae has gained considerable attention in recent years as an alternative and sustainable source of food and feed. A byproduct from mass-rearing of insect larvae is the shed cuticles - the most external components of insects which are a relevant source of the polysaccharide chitin. While it has been shown that chitin modulates the gut microbiota and ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders in obese rodent models, feeding studies dealing with isolated insects' cuticles are completely lacking. Thus, the present study tested the hypothesis that dietary insects' cuticles modulate the gut microbiome and improve hepatic lipid metabolism in obese Zucker rats. To test this hypothesis, three groups of obese Zucker rats were fed a nutrient-adequate, semisynthetic basal diet which was supplemented with either 0% (group O), 1.5% (group O1.5) or 3.0% (group O3.0) Tenebrio molitor cuticles at the expense of cellulose. Oil red O-stained liver sections showed a marked lipid accumulation, but lipid accumulation was clearly less in group O3.0 than in groups O and O1.5. In line with this, hepatic lipid concentrations were 30% lower in group O3.0 than in group O (p < 0.05). No differences were observed across the obese groups regarding liver concentrations of methionine, S-adenosylmethionine and homocysteine. Analysis of cecal microbial community at the family level revealed that the relative abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae Erysipelotrichaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Prevotellaceae, Sutterellaceae, unknown Deltaproteobacteria and unknown Firmicutes were higher and those of Anaeroplasmataceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Saccharibacteria and unknown Clostridiales were lower in group O3.0 compared to group O (p < 0.05). Cecal digesta concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were higher in group O3.0 than in group O (p < 0.05). Targeted plasma metabolomics revealed 53 metabolites differing between groups, amongst which two indole metabolites, indole-3-propionic acid and 3-indoxylsulfate, were markedly elevated in group O3.0 compared to groups O1.5 and O. Regarding that increased abundances of bacteria of the Actinobacteria phylum and Lactobacillaceae family in the gut have been reported to be associated with antisteatotic, hepatoprotective and antiinflammatory effects, the pronounced increases of Bifidobacteriaceae and Coriobacteriaceae (both Actinobacteria), and of Lactobacillaceae in group O3.0 might have contributed to the amelioration of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaghan Saeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Wang J, Wang P, Zhu M, Chen W, Yu S, Zhong B. Overexpression and Biochemical Properties of a GH46 Chitosanase From Marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 Suitable for Chitosan Oligosaccharides Preparation. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:816845. [PMID: 35173697 PMCID: PMC8841797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.816845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the various biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), they have great potential value for use in many areas. Chitosanase plays an important role in enzymatic preparation of COSs. Herein, a gene encoding a chitosanase (ShCsn46) from marine Streptomyces hygroscopicus R1 was cloned and the sequences encoding ShCsn46 without signal peptide were optimized based on the codon usage of Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). In addition, the optimized gene was ligated to pPICZαA and transformed to P. pastoris X33. After screening, a recombinant strain named X33-Sh33 with the highest activity was isolated from 96 recombinant colonies. The maximum activity and total protein concentration of the recombinant strain ShCsn46 were 2250 U/ml and 3.98 g/l, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature of purified ShCsn46 were 5.5 and 55°C, respectively. Meanwhile, ShCsn46 was stable from pH 5.0 to 10.0 and 40 to 55°C, respectively. The purified ShCsn46 was activated by Mn2+ and inhibited by Cu2+, Fe2+, and Al3+. In addition, substrate specificity of the purified ShCsn46 showed highest activity toward colloidal chitosan with 95% degree of deacetylation. Furthermore, the purified ShCsn46 exhibited high efficiency to hydrolyze 4% colloidal chitosan to prepare COSs. COSs with degree of polymerization of 2–6, 2–5, and 2–4 were controllably produced by adjusting the reaction time. This study provides an excellent chitosanase for the controllable preparation of COSs with a desirable degree of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianrong Wang,
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Mujin Zhu
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Si Yu
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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22
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Kim WK, Singh AK, Wang J, Applegate T. Functional role of branched chain amino acids in poultry: a review. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101715. [PMID: 35299066 PMCID: PMC8927823 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the effects of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) on the growth, production performance, immunity, and intestinal health of poultry. Besides providing nitrogen substrates and carbon framework for energy homeostasis and transamination, BCAA also function as signaling molecules in the regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein synthesis via protein kinase B and as a mechanistic target of the rapamycin (AKT-mTOR) signaling pathway that is important for muscle accretion. The level of leucine is generally high in cereals and an imbalance in the ratio among the 3 BCAA in a low protein diet would produce a negative effect on poultry growth performance. This occurs due to the structural similarity of the 3 BCAA, which leads to metabolic competition and interference with the enzymatic degradation pathway. Emerging evidence shows that the inclusion of BCAA is essential for the proper functioning of the innate and adaptive immune system and the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity. The recommended levels of BCAA for poultry are outlined by NRC (1994), but commercial broilers and laying hen breed standards also determine their own recommended levels. In this review, it has been noted that the requirement for BCAA is influenced by the diet type, breed, and age of the birds. Additionally, several studies focused on the effects of BCAA in low protein diets as a strategy to reduce nitrogen excretion. Notably, there is limited research on the inclusion ratio of BCAA in a supplemental form as compared to the ingredient-bound form which would affect the dynamics of utilization in different disease-challenged conditions, especially those affecting digesta passage ratio. In summary, this review encompasses the role of BCAA as functional AA and discusses their physiological effects on the productivity and health of poultry. The observations and interpretations of this review can guide future research to adjust the recommended levels of BCAA in feeding programs in the absence of subtherapeutic antibiotics in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Todd Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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23
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Yang W, Tu A, Ma Y, Li Z, Xu J, Lin M, Zhang K, Jing L, Fu C, Jiao Y, Huang L. Chitosan and Whey Protein Bio-Inks for 3D and 4D Printing Applications with Particular Focus on Food Industry. Molecules 2021; 27:173. [PMID: 35011406 PMCID: PMC8746959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of chitosan (CS) and whey protein (WP) alone or in combination in 3D/4D printing has been well considered in previous studies. Although several excellent reviews on additive manufacturing discussed the properties and biomedical applications of CS and WP, there is a lack of a systemic review about CS and WP bio-inks for 3D/4D printing applications. Easily modified bio-ink with optimal printability is a key for additive manufacturing. CS, WP, and WP-CS complex hydrogel possess great potential in making bio-ink that can be broadly used for future 3D/4D printing, because CS is a functional polysaccharide with good biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, and non-carcinogenicity, while CS-WP complex hydrogel has better printability and drug-delivery effectivity than WP hydrogel. The review summarizes the current advances of bio-ink preparation employing CS and/or WP to satisfy the requirements of 3D/4D printing and post-treatment of materials. The applications of CS/WP bio-ink mainly focus on 3D food printing with a few applications in cosmetics. The review also highlights the trends of CS/WP bio-inks as potential candidates in 4D printing. Some promising strategies for developing novel bio-inks based on CS and/or WP are introduced, aiming to provide new insights into the value-added development and commercial CS and WP utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Quality and Technology Center, Hainan Xiangtai Fishery Co., Ltd., Chengmai 571924, China;
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Inspection and Quarantine Technology Research, Fuzhou 350309, China
| | - Anqianyi Tu
- Food Science and Technology Department, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China; (A.T.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (J.X.); (L.J.); (C.F.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Yuchen Ma
- Food Science and Technology Department, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China; (A.T.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (J.X.); (L.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Zhanming Li
- Food Science and Technology Department, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China; (A.T.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (J.X.); (L.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Jie Xu
- Food Science and Technology Department, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China; (A.T.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (J.X.); (L.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Min Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China;
| | - Kailong Zhang
- The Marketing Department, Beijing Zhongwei Research Center of Biological and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100071, China;
| | - Linzhi Jing
- Food Science and Technology Department, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China; (A.T.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (J.X.); (L.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Caili Fu
- Food Science and Technology Department, National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China; (A.T.); (Y.M.); (Z.L.); (J.X.); (L.J.); (C.F.)
| | - Yang Jiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China;
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24
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Yu M, Meng T, He W, Huang H, Liu C, Fu X, He J, Yin Y, Xiao D. Dietary Chito-oligosaccharides Improve Intestinal Immunity via Regulating Microbiota and Th17/Treg Balance-Related Immune Signaling in Piglets Challenged by Enterotoxigenic E. coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15195-15207. [PMID: 34881888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate how chito-oligosaccharides (COSs) affect the growth performance and immune stress response and to further explain their mechanisms. A total of 32 boars that were 28 days old and three-way weaned were randomly allotted to four equal groups [CON (basal diet) group, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) group, COS group, and COS*ETEC group]. The results showed that COS partially reversed the negative changes in the average daily gain and average daily feed intake caused by the ETEC challenge and thereby alleviated the increase in the feed conversion ratio. Dietary COS increased the villus length as compared with the CON group and improved the ileal morphological structure. Additionally, it increased the bacterial diversity and Bacteroidetes abundance and lowered the Firmicutes abundance and Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level. COS treatment lowered the abundance of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Anarovovrio in the intestines of piglets, while it increased Muribaculaceae_unclassified and Prevotella at the genus level. COS had a significant inhibitory effect on the increase in the relative expression abundance of STAT3 mRNA caused by ETEC. The IL-10 and FOXP3 mRNAs were found to be significantly lower in the COS, ETEC, and COS*ETEC groups as compared to the CON group. These results demonstrate that COS could be beneficial for improving the growth performance and attenuating ETEC-challenged intestinal inflammation via regulating microbiota and Th17/Treg balance-related immune signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manrong Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tiantian Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenxiang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaoqin Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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25
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Wang J, Li X, Chen H, Lin B, Zhao L. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a High-Efficiency Chitosanase From Bacillus mojavensis SY1 Suitable for Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharides. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:781138. [PMID: 34912320 PMCID: PMC8667621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase plays an important role in enzymatic production of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs). The present study describes the gene cloning and high-level expression of a high-efficiency chitosanase from Bacillus mojavensis SY1 (CsnBm). The gene encoding CsnBm was obtained by homologous cloning, ligated to pPICZαA, and transformed into Pichia pastoris X33. A recombinant strain designated X33-C3 with the highest activity was isolated from 120 recombinant colonies. The maximum activity and total protein concentration of recombinant strain X33-C3 were 6,052 U/ml and 3.75 g/l, respectively, which were obtained in fed-batch cultivation in a 50-l bioreactor. The optimal temperature and pH of purified CsnBm were 55°C and 5.5, respectively. Meanwhile, CsnBm was stable from pH 4.0 to 9.0 and 40 to 55°C. The purified CsnBm exhibited high activity toward colloidal chitosan with degrees of deacetylation from 85 to 95%. Furthermore, CsnBm exhibited high efficiency to hydrolyze different concentration of colloidal chitosan to produce COSs. The result of this study not only identifies a high-efficiency chitosanase for preparation of COSs, but also casts some insight into the high-level production of chitosanase in heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Bioengineering Research Center, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Bilian Lin
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
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26
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He Q, Huang J, Zheng T, Lin D, Zhang H, Li J, Sun Z. Treatment with mixed probiotics induced, enhanced and diversified modulation of the gut microbiome of healthy rats. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6430860. [PMID: 34792102 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that multi-strain probitics could more strongly regulate intestinal cytokines and the mucosal barrier than the individual ingredient strains. Nevertheless, the potentially different gut microbiome modulation effects between multi-strain and single-strain probiotics treatments remain unexplored. Here, we administered three different Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains or their mixture to healthy Wistar rats and compared the shift of gut microbiome among the treatment groups. A 4-week intervention with mixed probiotics induced more drastic and diversified gut microbiome modulation than single-strain probiotics administration (alpha diversity increased 8% and beta diversity increased 18.7%). The three single-strain probiotics treatments all converged the gut microbiota, decreasing between-individual beta diversity by 12.7% on average after the treatment, while multi-strain probiotics treatment diversified the gut microbiome and increased between-individual beta diversity by 37.2% on average. Covariation analysis of the gut microbes suggests that multi-strain probiotics could exert synergistic, modified and enhanced modulation effects on the gut microbiome based on strain-specific modulation effects of probiotics. The more heterogeneous responses to the multi-strain probiotics treatment suggest that future precision microbiome modulation should consider the potential interactions of the probiotic strains, and personalized response to probiotic formulas due to heterogenous gut microbial compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwen He
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jiating Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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27
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Bringer MA, Gabrielle PH, Bron AM, Creuzot-Garcher C, Acar N. The gut microbiota in retinal diseases. Exp Eye Res 2021; 214:108867. [PMID: 34856206 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract and consists of archaea, fungi, viruses, and bacteria, with bacteria being dominant. From birth onwards, it coevolves dynamically together with the host. The composition of the gut microbiota is under the influence of a complex interplay between both host and environmental factors. Scientific advances in the past few decades have shown that it is essential in maintaining homeostasis and tipping the balance between health and disease. In addition to its role in food digestion, the gut microbiota is implicated in regulating multiple physiological processes in the host gut mucosa and in distant organs such as the brain. Persistent imbalance between gut microbial communities, termed "dysbiosis," has been associated with several inflammatory and metabolic diseases as well as with central nervous system disorders. In this review, we present the state of the art of current knowledge on an emerging concept, the microbiota-retina axis, and the potential role of its disturbance in the development of retinopathies. We also describe several microbiota-targeting strategies that could constitute preventive and therapeutic tools for retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Pierre-Henry Gabrielle
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Alain M Bron
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Creuzot-Garcher
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Eye and Nutrition Research Group, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
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28
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Bertuccioli A, Cardinali M, Biagi M, Moricoli S, Morganti I, Zonzini GB, Rigillo G. Nutraceuticals and Herbal Food Supplements for Weight Loss: Is There a Prebiotic Role in the Mechanism of Action? Microorganisms 2021; 9:2427. [PMID: 34946029 PMCID: PMC8703584 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous nutraceuticals and botanical food supplements are used with the intention of modulating body weight. A recent review examined the main food supplements used in weight loss, dividing them according to the main effects for which they were investigated. The direct or indirect effects exerted on the intestinal microbiota can also contribute to the effectiveness of these substances. The aim of this review is to evaluate whether any prebiotic effects, which could help to explain their efficacy or ineffectiveness, are documented in the recent literature for the main nutraceuticals and herbal food supplements used for weight loss management. Several prebiotic effects have been reported for various nutraceutical substances, which have shown activity on Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzi, Roseburia spp., and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Different prebiotics have beneficial effects on weight and the related metabolic profile, in some cases even acting on the microbiota with mechanisms that are completely independent from those nutraceuticals for which certain products are normally used. Further studies are necessary to clarify the different levels at which a nutraceutical substance can exert its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bertuccioli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Cardinali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infermi Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47900 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Marco Biagi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Sara Moricoli
- AIFeM, 48100 Ravenna, Italy; (S.M.); (I.M.); (G.B.Z.)
| | | | | | - Giovanna Rigillo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
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29
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Wang Y, Liu S, Tang D, Dong R, Feng Q. Chitosan Oligosaccharide Ameliorates Metabolic Syndrome Induced by Overnutrition via Altering Intestinal Microbiota. Front Nutr 2021; 8:743492. [PMID: 34660667 PMCID: PMC8517441 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.743492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) play a prebiotic role in many ways, whereas its function on microbiota is not fully understood. In this study, the effects of COS on metabolic syndrome were initially investigated by testing changes in the physiological indicators after adding COS to the diet of mice with high fat (group H) and low fat (group L). The results showed that COS markedly inhibited the accumulation of body weight and liver fat induced by high-fat diet, as well as restored the elevated concentration of blood glucose and fasting insulin to normal levels. Next, changes of the murine intestinal microbiota were examined. The results exhibited that COS reduced with-in-sample diversity, while the between-sample microbial diversity enhanced. Specifically, COS enriched Clostridium paraputrificum and Clostridium ramosum in the mice on a high-fat diet, while the abundance of Clostridium cocleatum was reduced. As a comparison, Parabacteroides goldsteinii and Bacteroides uniformis increased their abundance in response to COS in the low-fat diet group. Noticeably, a large amount of Akkermansia muciniphila was enriched in both high-fat or low-fat diet groups. Among the differential fecal bacteria, Clostridium ramosume was found to be positively interacted with Faecalibacterim prausnitzii and Clostridium paraputrificum; Clostridium paraputrificum had a positive interactions with Lactococcus chungangensis and Bifidobacterium mongoliense, suggesting that COS probably ameliorate metabolic syndrome through the microbiota in view of the lipid-lowering effects of these interacted bacteria. Furthermore, the gene expression data revealed that COS improved the functions related to intestinal barrier and glucose transport, which could be the trigger and consequence of the variations in gut microbiota induced by COS. Additionally, correlation analysis found that intestinal bacteria are related to physiological parameters, which further supports the mediating role of gut microbiota in the beneficial effect of COS. In summary, our research results provide new evidence for the prebiotic effects of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shili Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Di Tang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Dong
- School and Hospital of Stomatology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- School and Hospital of Stomatology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration and School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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30
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He N, Wang S, Lv Z, Zhao W, Li S. Low molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides (LMW-COSs) prevent obesity-related metabolic abnormalities in association with the modification of gut microbiota in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Food Funct 2021; 11:9947-9959. [PMID: 33108433 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the two enzymatic low molecular weight chitosan oligosaccharides (LMW-COSs), LMW-COS-H and LMW-COS-L, were prepared with average MWs of 879.6 Da and 360.9 Da, respectively. Compared to LMW-COS-L, the LMW-COS-H was more effective in improving high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic abnormalities, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. The subsequent analysis of gut microbiota showed that the supplement of LMW-COSs caused overall structural and genus/species-specific changes in the gut microbiota, which were significantly correlated with the metabolic parameters. Specifically, both of the LMW-COSs significantly decreased the relative abundance of inflammatory bacteria such as Erysipelatoclostridium and Alistipes, whereas that of the beneficial intestinal bacteria (such as Akkermansia and Gammaproteobacteria) increased significantly. This study suggested that there were potential prebiotic functions of LMW-COSs in HFD fed mice, which regulated the dysfunctional gut microbiota, alleviated low-grade inflammation and maintained the intestinal epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning He
- College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, China.
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Naree S, Ponkit R, Chotiaroonrat E, Mayack CL, Suwannapong G. Propolis Extract and Chitosan Improve Health of Nosema ceranae Infected Giant Honey Bees, Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793. Pathogens 2021; 10:785. [PMID: 34206455 PMCID: PMC8308750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nosema ceranae is a large contributing factor to the most recent decline in honey bee health worldwide. Developing new alternative treatments against N. ceranae is particularly pressing because there are few treatment options available and therefore the risk of increased antibiotic resistance is quite high. Recently, natural products have demonstrated to be a promising avenue for finding new effective treatments against N. ceranae. We evaluated the effects of propolis extract of stingless bee, Tetrigona apicalis and chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on giant honey bees, Apis dorsata, experimentally infected with N. ceranae to determine if these treatments could improve the health of the infected individuals. Newly emerged Nosema-free bees were individually inoculated with 106N. ceranae spores per bee. We fed infected and control bees the following treatments consisting of 0%, 50%, propolis extracts, 0 ppm and 0.5 ppm COS in honey solution (w/v). Propolis extracts and COS caused a significant increase in trehalose levels in hemolymph, protein contents, survival rates and acini diameters of the hypopharyngeal glands in infected bees. Our results suggest that propolis and COS could improve the health of infected bees. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for the improved health of the infected bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchai Naree
- Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand; (S.N.); (R.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Rujira Ponkit
- Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand; (S.N.); (R.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Evada Chotiaroonrat
- Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand; (S.N.); (R.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Christopher L. Mayack
- Molecular Biology, Genetics, and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Guntima Suwannapong
- Biological Science Program, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri 20131, Thailand; (S.N.); (R.P.); (E.C.)
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Zhou DY, Wu ZX, Yin FW, Song S, Li A, Zhu BW, Yu LL(L. Chitosan and Derivatives: Bioactivities and Application in Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:407-432. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-070720-112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic aminopolysaccharide. This review summarizes and discusses the structural modifications, including substitution, grafting copolymerization, cross-linking, and hydrolysis, utilized to improve the physicochemical properties and enhance the bioactivity and functionality of chitosan and related materials. This manuscript also reviews the current progress and potential of chitosan and its derivatives in body-weight management and antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities as well as their ability to interact with gut microbiota. In addition, the potential of chitosan and its derivatives as functional ingredients in food systems, such as film and coating materials, and delivery systems is discussed. This manuscript aims to provide up-to-date information to stimulate future discussion and research to promote the value-added utilization of chitosan in improving the safety, quality, nutritional value and health benefits, and sustainability of our food system while reducing the environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Fa-Wen Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Bei-Wei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Liang-Li (Lucy) Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Satitsri S, Muanprasat C. Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterial Resources for Biological and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245961. [PMID: 33339290 PMCID: PMC7766609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, which is regularly found in the exoskeleton of arthropods including insects, shellfish and the cell wall of fungi. It has been known that chitin can be used for biological and biomedical applications, especially as a biomaterial for tissue repairing, encapsulating drug for drug delivery. However, chitin has been postulated as an inducer of proinflammatory cytokines and certain diseases including asthma. Likewise, chitosan, a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine derived from chitin deacetylation, and chitosan oligosaccharide, a short chain polymer, have been known for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and anti-Alzheimer effects. This review summarizes potential utilization and limitation of chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, future direction of research and development of chitin, chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharide for biomedical applications is discussed.
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Intestinal Population in Host with Metabolic Syndrome during Administration of Chitosan and Its Derivatives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245857. [PMID: 33322383 PMCID: PMC7764266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and its derivatives can alleviate metabolic syndrome by different regulation mechanisms, phosphorylation of AMPK (AMP-activated kinase) and Akt (also known as protein kinase B), suppression of PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ) and SREBP-1c (sterol regulatory element–binding proteins), and translocation of GLUT4 (glucose transporter-4), and also the downregulation of fatty-acid-transport proteins, fatty-acid-binding proteins, fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase), and HMG-CoA reductase (hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase). The improved microbial profiles in the gastrointestinal tract were positively correlated with the improved glucose and lipid profiles in hosts with metabolic syndrome. Hence, this review will summarize the current literature illustrating positive correlations between the alleviated conditions in metabolic syndrome hosts and the normalized gut microbiota in hosts with metabolic syndrome after treatment with chitosan and its derivatives, implying that the possibility of chitosan and its derivatives to serve as therapeutic application will be consolidated. Chitosan has been shown to modulate cardiometabolic symptoms (e.g., lipid and glycemic levels, blood pressure) as well as gut microbiota. However, the literature that summarizes the relationship between such metabolic modulation of chitosan and prebiotic-like effects is limited. This review will discuss the connection among their structures, biological properties, and prebiotic effects for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Our hope is that future researchers will consider the prebiotic effects as significant contributors to the mitigation of metabolic syndrome.
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Azad MA, Gao J, Ma J, Li T, Tan B, Huang X, Yin J. Opportunities of prebiotics for the intestinal health of monogastric animals. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:379-388. [PMID: 33364453 PMCID: PMC7750794 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of prebiotic applications from different sources is to improve the gut ecosystem where the host and microbiota can benefit from prebiotics. It has already been recognized that prebiotics have potential roles in the gut ecosystem because gut microbiota ferment complex dietary macronutrients and carry out a broad range of functions in the host body, such as the production of nutrients and vitamins, protection against pathogens, and maintenance of immune system balance. The gut ecosystem is very crucial and can be affected by numerous factors consisting of dietary constituents and commensal bacteria. This review focuses on recent scientific evidence, confirming a beneficial effect of prebiotics on animal health, particularly in terms of protection against pathogenic bacteria and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria that may improve epithelial cell barrier functions. It has also been reviewed that modification of the gut ecosystem through the utilization of prebiotics significantly affects the intestinal health of animals. However, the identification and characterization of novel potential prebiotics remain a topical issue and elucidation of the metagenomics relationship between gut microbiota alteration and prebiotic substances is necessary for future prebiotic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md A.K. Azad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, 410128, China
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Zhang X, Yang H, Zheng J, Jiang N, Sun G, Bao X, Lin A, Liu H. Chitosan oligosaccharides attenuate loperamide-induced constipation through regulation of gut microbiota in mice. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 253:117218. [PMID: 33278982 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the improvement of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on constipation through regulation of gut microbiota. Here, we proved that COS treatment profoundly boosted intestinal motility, restrained inflammatory responses, improved water-electrolyte metabolism and prevented gut barrier damage in constipated mice induced by loperamide. By 16S rDNA gene sequencing, the disbalanced gut microbiota was observed in constipated mice, while COS treatment statistically reversed the abundance changes of several intestinal bacteria at either phylum, family and genus levels, which partly led to the balance in production of intestinal metabolites including bile acids, short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan catabolites. In addition, COS failed to relieve the constipation in mice with intestinal flora depletion, confirming the essentiality of gut microbiota in COS-initiated prevention against constipation. In summary, COS can ameliorate the development of loperamide-induced constipation in mice by remodeling the structure of gut microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400065, PR China
| | - Huabing Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, PR China
| | - Junping Zheng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Guangjun Sun
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Xinkun Bao
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Aizhen Lin
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, PR China; Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, PR China; Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400065, PR China
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Yang Q, Keerthisinghe TP, Tan TRJ, Cao X, Setyawati MI, DeLoid G, Ng KW, Loo SCJ, Demokritou P, Fang M. A high-throughput method to characterize the gut bacteria growth upon engineered nanomaterial treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2020; 7:3155-3166. [PMID: 33101690 PMCID: PMC7577393 DOI: 10.1039/d0en00568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human are increasingly exposed to various types of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) via dietary ingestion of nano-enabled food products, but these ENMs' impact on the gut bacteria health is still poorly understood. Current efforts in understanding the impact of these ENMs are hampered by their optical interferences in conventional quantification and viability assays, such as optical density and whole cell fluorescence staining assays. Therefore, there is a need to develop a more reliable bacteria quantification method in the presence of ENMs to effectively screen the potential adverse effects arising from the exposure of increasing ENMs on human gut microbiome. In this study, we developed a DNA-based quantification (DBQ) method in a 96-well plate format. Post-spiking method was used to correct the interference from ENMs on the reading. We showed the applicability of this method for several types of ENMs, i.e., cellulose nanofiber (CNF), graphene oxide (GO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and chitosan, both in pure bacterial culture and in vitro human gut microbiome community. The detection limit for the highest dosing of CNF, GO, SiO2, and chitosan ENMs was approximately 0.18, 0.19, 0.05, and 0.24 as OD600, respectively. The method was also validated by a dose response experiment of E. coli with chitosan in the course of 8 hr. We believe that this method has great potential to be used in screening the effect of ENMs on the growth of gut bacteria or any other in vitro models and normalization for metabolites or proteins analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Tharushi Prabha Keerthisinghe
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Tiffany Rou Jie Tan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Glen DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Say Chye Joachim Loo
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore
- Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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Lopez-Santamarina A, Mondragon ADC, Lamas A, Miranda JM, Franco CM, Cepeda A. Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review. Foods 2020; 9:E782. [PMID: 32545663 PMCID: PMC7353569 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been revealed in recent years as a factor that plays a decisive role in the maintenance of human health, as well as in the development of many non-communicable diseases. This microbiota can be modulated by various dietary factors, among which complex carbohydrates have a great influence. Although most complex carbohydrates included in the human diet come from vegetables, there are also options to include complex carbohydrates from non-vegetable sources, such as chitin and its derivatives. Chitin, and its derivatives such as chitosan can be obtained from non-vegetable sources, the best being insects, crustacean exoskeletons and fungi. The present review offers a broad perspective of the current knowledge surrounding the impacts of chitin and its derived polysaccharides on the human gut microbiota and the profound need for more in-depth investigations into this topic. Overall, the effects of whole insects or meal on the gut microbiota have contradictory results, possibly due to their high protein content. Better results are obtained for the case of chitin derivatives, regarding both metabolic effects and effects on the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.L.); (J.M.M.); (C.M.F.)
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Effect of chitooligosaccharides on human gut microbiota and antiglycation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116413. [PMID: 32564858 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have garnered great attention in the field of human healthcare. The prebiotic activities and antiglycation of COS were investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. COS supplementation dramatically increased the levels of acetic acid, while reducing the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids. It also decreased the total bacterial population; however, it did not affect diversity and richness of the gut microbiota. In addition, COS modulated the gut microbiota composition by increasing Bacteroidetes, decreasing Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and lowering the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. COS promoted the generation of beneficial Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium genera, while suppressing the pathogenic Klebsiella genus. The antiglycation activity of COS and acetic acid was dose-dependent. Furthermore, COS prevented the decrease of serum Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) level caused by CML ingestion in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. To improve host health, COS could be potential prebiotics in food products.
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A Chitosanase mutant from Streptomyces sp. N174 prefers to produce functional chitopentasaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1091-1098. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tong AJ, Hu RK, Wu LX, Lv XC, Li X, Zhao LN, Liu B. Ganoderma polysaccharide and chitosan synergistically ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders and modulate gut microbiota composition in high fat diet-fed golden hamsters. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13109. [PMID: 31793675 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) and sucrose intake can lead to hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as disturbed gastrointestinal microbiota and dysfunctional intestinal barrier. In the present study, we showed that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and chitosan (PC) significantly mitigated the hyperlipidemia in HFD-fed hamsters via lowering the contents of serum total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Furthermore, PC changed the composition of gastrointestinal microbiota and elevated the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria, such as Prevotella, Oscillibacter, and SCFA-producers. Interestingly, we also found that the abundances of Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, and Alistipes were negatively associated with serum lipid profiles. Collectively, the above-mentioned findings indicated that PC could improve lipid metabolic disorders, at least in part, by modulating gastrointestinal microbiota, suggesting that PC could be used as a potential lipid-lowering ingredient in functional foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: PC could ameliorate lipid metabolism disorder, at least in part, by regulating specific gut microbiota, suggesting its potential as a novel lipid-lowering ingredient in functional foods. We believed that our findings could be of interest to the readers because they help others further understand the gut microbiota alterations that occurred after PC supplementation in the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Jun Tong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Kang Hu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin-Xiu Wu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Cong Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China.,National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, P.R. China
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