1
|
Rana H, Truong NR, Johnson B, Baharlou H, Herbert JJ, Kandasamy S, Goddard R, Cohen RC, Wines M, Nasr N, Harman AN, Bertram KM, Sandgren KJ, Cunningham AL. Herpes simplex virus spreads rapidly in human foreskin, partly driven by chemokine-induced redistribution of Nectin-1 on keratinocytes. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012267. [PMID: 38857290 PMCID: PMC11164381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
HSV infects keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin via nectin-1. We established a human foreskin explant infection model to investigate HSV entry and spread. HSV1 entry could only be achieved by the topical application of virus via high density microarray projections (HD-MAPs) to the epidermis, which penetrated beyond one third of its thickness, simulating in vivo microtrauma. Rapid lateral spread of HSV1 to a mean of 13 keratinocytes wide occurred after 24 hours and free virus particles were observed between keratinocytes, consistent with an intercellular route of spread. Nectin-1 staining was markedly decreased in foci of infection in the epidermis and in the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. Nectin-1 was redistributed, at the protein level, in adjacent uninfected cells surrounding infection, inducible by CCL3, IL-8 (or CXCL8), and possibly CXCL10 and IL-6, thus facilitating spread. These findings provide the first insights into HSV1 entry and spread in human inner foreskin in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Rana
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake Johnson
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Robert Goddard
- Research and Development, Vaxxas Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ralph C. Cohen
- University of Sydney and Australian National University, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Wines
- Urology, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirstie M. Bertram
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie J. Sandgren
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sutter J, Brettschneider J, Wigdahl B, Bruggeman PJ, Krebs FC, Miller V. Non-Thermal Plasma Reduces HSV-1 Infection of and Replication in HaCaT Keratinocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3839. [PMID: 38612649 PMCID: PMC11011387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. The antiviral effect of NTP was investigated using an in vitro model of HSV-1 epithelial infection that involved the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. It was found that NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggests the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sutter
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Jascha Brettschneider
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter J. Bruggeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; (J.S.); (J.B.); (B.W.); (F.C.K.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das Mahapatra A, Patra C, Sepay N, Sinha C, Chattopadhyay D. Anti-HSV nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues: spectroscopic characterisation of naphthyl and coumarinyl amides and their mode and mechanism of antiviral action. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:245. [PMID: 37361241 PMCID: PMC10284772 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues acyclovir, valaciclovir, and famciclovir are the preferred drugs against human Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSVs). However, the viruses rapidly develop resistance against these analogues which demand safer, more efficient, and nontoxic antiviral agents. We have synthesized two non-nucleoside amide analogues, 2-Oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid [2-(pyridin-2-yl methoxy)-phenyl]-amide (HL1) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-(4-pyridine carboxylic) hydrazone (HL2). The compounds were characterized by different physiochemical methods including elementary analysis, FT-IR, Mass spectra, 1H-NMR; and evaluated for their antiviral efficacy against HSV-1F by Plaque reduction assay. The 50% cytotoxicity (CC50), determined by MTT test, revealed that HL1 (270.4 μg/ml) and HL2 (362.6 μg/ml) are safer, while their antiviral activity (EC50) against HSV-1F was 37.20 μg/ml and 63.4 μg/ml against HL1 and HL2 respectively, compared to the standard antiviral drug Acyclovir (CC50 128.8 ± 3.4; EC50 2.8 ± 0.1). The Selectivity Index (SI) of these two compounds are also promising (4.3 for HL1 and 9.7 for HL2), compared to Acyclovir (49.3). Further study showed that these amide derivatives block the early stage of the HSV-1F life cycle. Additionally, both these amides make the virus inactive, and reduce the number of plaques, when infected Vero cells were exposed to HL1 and HL2 for a short period of time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03658-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, 7000125 India
| | - Chiranjit Patra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | | | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010 India
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700102 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Henríquez A, Vargas JP, Landahur C, Corrales N, Agurto-Muñoz A, González PA, Agurto-Muñoz C. Antiviral activity of red algae phycocolloids against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 38:e00798. [PMID: 37181274 PMCID: PMC10172717 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a human infectious agent with significant impact on public health due to its high prevalence in the population and its ability to elicit a wide range of diseases, from mild to severe. Although several antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, are currently available to treat HSV-2-related clinical manifestations, their effectiveness is poor. Therefore, the identification and development of new antiviral drugs against HSV-2 is necessary. Seaweeds are attractive candidates for such purposes because they are a vast source of natural products due to their highly diverse compounds, many with demonstrated biological activity. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral potential of red algae extracts obtained from Agarophyton chilense, Mazzaella laminarioides, Porphyridium cruentum, and Porphyridium purpureum against HSV-2. The phycocolloids agar and carrageenan obtained from the macroalgae dry biomass of A. chilense and M. laminarioides and the exopolysaccharides from P. cruentum and P. purpureum were evaluated. The cytotoxicity of these extracts and the surpluses obtained in the extraction process of the agar and carrageenans were evaluated in human epithelial cells (HeLa cells) in addition to their antiviral activity against HSV-2, which were used to calculate selectivity indexes (SIs). Several compounds displayed antiviral activity against HSV-2, but carrageenans were not considered as a potential antiviral therapeutic agent when compared to the other algae extracts with a SI of 23.3. Future assays in vivo models for HSV-2 infection should reveal the therapeutic potential of these algae compounds as new antivirals against this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Henríquez
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina (GIBMAR), Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Juan Pablo Vargas
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina (GIBMAR), Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Chris Landahur
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina (GIBMAR), Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Andrés Agurto-Muñoz
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina (GIBMAR), Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Agurto-Muñoz
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina (GIBMAR), Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, CyTA. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
MA F, FA C, AJ N, AA S, IA PF, LJ C, PA G. Contribution of carbohydrate-related metabolism in Herpesvirus infections. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100192. [PMID: 37273578 PMCID: PMC10238445 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA genomes highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses are subdivided into three subfamilies, namely alphaherpesvirinae (herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1; herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2; and varicella-zoster virus, VZV), betaherpesvirinae (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV; human herpesvirus 6, HHV-6; and human herpesvirus 7, HHV-7) and gammaherpesvirinae (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV). Besides encoding numerous molecular determinants to evade the host antiviral responses, these viruses also modulate cellular metabolic processes to promote their replication. Here, we review and discuss existing studies describing an interplay between carbohydrate metabolism and the replication cycle of herpesviruses, altogether highlighting potentially new molecular targets based on these interactions that could be used to block herpesvirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farías MA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Cancino FA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Navarro AJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Soto AA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pastén-Ferrada IA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Carreño LJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González PA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Río-Bergé C, Cong Y, Reggiori F. Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins. Traffic 2023; 24:114-130. [PMID: 35146839 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential component of the cell and it is involved in multiple physiological functions, including intracellular organization and transport. It is composed of three main families of proteinaceous filaments; microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments and their accessory proteins. Motor proteins, which comprise the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies, are a remarkable group of accessory proteins that mainly mediate the intracellular transport of cargoes along with the cytoskeleton. Like other cellular structures and pathways, viruses can exploit the cytoskeleton to promote different steps of their life cycle through associations with motor proteins. The complexity of the cytoskeleton and the differences among viruses, however, has led to a wide diversity of interactions, which in most cases remain poorly understood. Unveiling the details of these interactions is necessary not only for a better comprehension of specific infections, but may also reveal new potential drug targets to fight dreadful diseases such as rabies disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this review, we describe a few examples of the mechanisms that some human viruses, that is, rabies virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and papillomavirus, have developed to hijack dyneins, kinesins and myosins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Río-Bergé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sutter J, Bruggeman PJ, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC, Miller V. Manipulation of Oxidative Stress Responses by Non-Thermal Plasma to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4673. [PMID: 36902102 PMCID: PMC10003306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a contagious pathogen with a large global footprint, due to its ability to cause lifelong infection in patients. Current antiviral therapies are effective in limiting viral replication in the epithelial cells to alleviate clinical symptoms, but ineffective in eliminating latent viral reservoirs in neurons. Much of HSV-1 pathogenesis is dependent on its ability to manipulate oxidative stress responses to craft a cellular environment that favors HSV-1 replication. However, to maintain redox homeostasis and to promote antiviral immune responses, the infected cell can upregulate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) while having a tight control on antioxidant concentrations to prevent cellular damage. Non-thermal plasma (NTP), which we propose as a potential therapy alternative directed against HSV-1 infection, is a means to deliver RONS that affect redox homeostasis in the infected cell. This review emphasizes how NTP can be an effective therapy for HSV-1 infections through the direct antiviral activity of RONS and via immunomodulatory changes in the infected cells that will stimulate anti-HSV-1 adaptive immune responses. Overall, NTP application can control HSV-1 replication and address the challenges of latency by decreasing the size of the viral reservoir in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sutter
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Peter J. Bruggeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oh PS, Han YH, Lim S, Jeong HJ. Blue light irradiation exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112632. [PMID: 36608399 PMCID: PMC9771843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antiviral and anti-inflammatory functions of blue light (BL) in cutaneous viral infections. Previously, we examined the photo-biogoverning role of 450 nm BL in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, which showed that photo-energy could inhibit viral activation depending on the number of photons. However, the communication network between photo-energy irradiation and immune cells involved in viral infections has not been clarified. We verified viral activation, inflammatory responses, and relevant downstream cascades caused by human simplex virus type I (HSV-1) after BL irradiation. To examine the antiviral effect of BL, we further tested whether BL could disturb viral absorption or entry into host cells. The results showed that BL irradiation, but not green light (GL) exposure, specifically decreased plaque-forming activity and viral copy numbers in HSV-1-infected cells. Accumulated BL irradiation inhibited the localization of viral proteins and the RNA expression of characteristic viral genes such as UL19, UL27, and US6, thus exerting to an anti-viral effect. The results also showed that BL exposure during viral absorption interfered with viral entry or destroyed the virus, as assessed by plaque formation and quantitative PCR assays. The levels of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-1β in M1-polarized macrophages were increased by HSV-1 infection. However, these increases were attenuated by BL irradiation. Importantly, BL irradiation decreased cGAS and STING expression, as well as downstream NF-κB p65, in M1-polarized HSV-1-infected macrophages, demonstrating anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that BL could serve as an anti-viral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic candidate to treat HSV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Sun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Hee Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - SeokTae Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Jeong Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharma D, Sharma S, Akojwar N, Dondulkar A, Yenorkar N, Pandita D, Prasad SK, Dhobi M. An Insight into Current Treatment Strategies, Their Limitations, and Ongoing Developments in Vaccine Technologies against Herpes Simplex Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020206. [PMID: 36851084 PMCID: PMC9966607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, the most prevalent viral infection that typically lasts for a lifetime, is associated with frequent outbreaks of oral and genital lesions. Oral herpes infection is mainly associated with HSV-1 through oral contact, while genital herpes originates due to HSV-2 and is categorized under sexually transmitted diseases. Immunocompromised patients and children are more prone to HSV infection. Over the years, various attempts have been made to find potential targets for the prevention of HSV infection. Despite the global distress caused by HSV infections, there are no licensed prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines available on the market against HSV. Nevertheless, there are numerous promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical stages of study. The present review gives an overview of two herpes viruses, their history, and life cycle, and different treatments adopted presently against HSV infections and their associated limitations. Majorly, the review covers the recent investigations being carried out globally regarding various vaccine strategies against oral and genital herpes virus infections, together with the recent and advanced nanotechnological approaches for vaccine development. Consequently, it gives an insight to researchers as well as people from the health sector about the challenges and upcoming solutions associated with treatment and vaccine development against HSV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Natasha Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Ayusha Dondulkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Nikhil Yenorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Satyendra K. Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Frasson I, Soldà P, Nadai M, Tassinari M, Scalabrin M, Gokhale V, Hurley LH, Richter SN. Quindoline-derivatives display potent G-quadruplex-mediated antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1. Antiviral Res 2022; 208:105432. [PMID: 36228762 PMCID: PMC9720158 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures that regulate key biological processes, from transcription to genome replication both in humans and viruses. The herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) genome is prone to form G4s that, along with proteins, regulate its viral cycle. General G4 ligands have been shown to hamper the viral cycle, pointing to viral G4s as original antiviral targets. Because cellular G4s are also normally present in infected cells, the quest for improved anti-HSV-1 G4 ligands is still open. Here, we evaluated a series of new quindoline-derivatives which showed high binding to and stabilization of the viral G4s. They displayed nanomolar-range anti-HSV-1 activity paralleled by negligible cytotoxicity in human cells, thus proving remarkable selectivity. The best-in-class compound inhibited the viral life cycle at the early times post infection up to the step of viral genome replication. In infected human cells, it reduced expression of ICP4, the main viral transcription factor, by stabilizing the G4s embedded in ICP4 promoter. Quindoline-derivatives thus emerge as a new class of G4 ligands with potent dual anti HSV-1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Frasson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Soldà
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Scalabrin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Laurence H Hurley
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Immediate Early Proteins of Herpes Simplex Virus Transiently Repress Viral Transcription before Subsequent Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0141622. [PMID: 36300939 PMCID: PMC9683018 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 transcription during productive replication is believed to comprise a series of activation steps leading to a specific sequence of gene expression. Here, we show that virion components and IE gene products ICP0, ICP4, and ICP22 first repress viral gene transcription to various degrees before subsequently activating specific gene subsets.
Collapse
|
12
|
Combined Evaluation of HSV Genome and Antibodies in Breast Cancer. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid-116780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer develops due to the combination of external and internal risk factors. Also, the role of viruses is considerable in developing breast cancer. Objectives: This study compared the frequency of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and the level of IgM and IgG antibodies against HSV between cancer patients and healthy individuals. Methods: Sixty women with breast cancer and 60 healthy women (40 with fibroadenoma and 20 in good health) were selected. Breast tissue and serum samples were taken from all the subjects to evaluate the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genome frequency using real-time PCR. Also, serum levels of IgM HSV and IgG HSV antibodies were assessed using the ELISA technique. Results: The HSV-1 genome was detected in six cancer specimens and in two fibroadenoma specimens (P = 0.143, OR: 3.22, CI95%: 0.623 - 16.66). Three cancer cases and one fibroadenoma case were positive for HSV-2 (P = 0.309, OR: 3.105, CI95%: 0.314 - 30.73). HSV IgM antibody was positive in three subjects in the control group and six in the case group (P = 0.298, OR: 2.11, CI95%: 0.503 - 8.87). Although the higher mean levels of antibodies were found in the case group (4.01 ± 5.91 U/mL) compared to the control group (2.95 ± 3.51 U/mL), there was no statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.179). The serum of all samples was positive for the HSV IgG antibody, and there was a statistically significant difference in its mean levels between the case (91.22 ± 13.58 U/mL) and control (81.58 ± 17.02 U/mL) groups (P = 0.008). Conclusions: The present study showed that HSV-1 and HSV-2 were not directly related to breast tissue carcinogenesis and may act as co-factors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Birkmann A, Bonsmann S, Kropeit D, Pfaff T, Rangaraju M, Sumner M, Timmler B, Zimmermann H, Buschmann H, Ruebsamen-Schaeff H. Discovery, Chemistry, and Preclinical Development of Pritelivir, a Novel Treatment Option for Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13614-13628. [PMID: 36202389 PMCID: PMC9620171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
When the nucleoside analogue acyclovir was introduced
in the early
1980s, it presented a game-changing treatment modality for herpes
simplex virus infections. Since then, work has been ongoing to improve
the weaknesses that have now been identified: a narrow time window
for therapeutic success, resistance in immunocompromised patients,
little influence on frequency of recurrences, relatively fast elimination,
and poor bioavailability. The present Drug Annotation focuses on the
helicase–primase inhibitor pritelivir currently in development
for the treatment of acyclovir-resistant HSV infections and describes
how a change of the molecular target (from viral DNA polymerase to
the HSV helicase–primase complex) afforded improvement of the
shortcomings of nucleoside analogs. Details are presented for the
discovery process leading to the final drug candidate, the pivotal
preclinical studies on mechanism of action and efficacy, and on how
ongoing clinical research has been able to translate preclinical promises
into clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dirk Kropeit
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tamara Pfaff
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Melanie Sumner
- AiCuris Anti-Infective Cures AG, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma P, Kapoor D, Shukla D. Role of Heparanase and Syndecan-1 in HSV-1 Release from Infected Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:2156. [PMID: 36298711 PMCID: PMC9612286 DOI: 10.3390/v14102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic human virus that belongs to the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of Herpesviridae. Establishment of its productive infection and progression of disease pathologies depend largely on successful release of virions from the virus-producing cells. HSV-1 is known to exploit many host factors for its release. Recent studies have shown that heparanase (HPSE) is one such host enzyme that is recruited for this purpose. It is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) from the surface of infected cells. HS is a virus attachment coreceptor that is commonly found on cell surfaces as HS proteoglycans e.g., syndecan-1 (SDC-1). The current model suggests that HSV-1 during the late stage of infection upregulates HPSE, which in turn enhances viral release by removing the virus-trapping HS moieties. In addition to its role in directly enabling viral release, HPSE accelerates the shedding of HS-containing ectodomains of SDC-1, which enhances HSV-1 release via a similar mechanism by upregulating CREB3 and COPII proteins. This review outlines the role of HPSE and SDC-1 as newly assigned host factors that facilitate HSV-1 release during a lytic infection cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Role of Epitranscriptomic and Epigenetic Modifications during the Lytic and Latent Phases of Herpesvirus Infections. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091754. [PMID: 36144356 PMCID: PMC9503318 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses occurring at a high prevalence in the human population and are responsible for a wide array of clinical manifestations and diseases, from mild to severe. These viruses are classified in three subfamilies (Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae), with eight members currently known to infect humans. Importantly, all herpesviruses can establish lifelong latent infections with symptomatic or asymptomatic lytic reactivations. Accumulating evidence suggest that chemical modifications of viral RNA and DNA during the lytic and latent phases of the infections caused by these viruses, are likely to play relevant roles in key aspects of the life cycle of these viruses by modulating and regulating their replication, establishment of latency and evasion of the host antiviral response. Here, we review and discuss current evidence regarding epitranscriptomic and epigenetic modifications of herpesviruses and how these can influence their life cycles. While epitranscriptomic modifications such as m6A are the most studied to date and relate to positive effects over the replication of herpesviruses, epigenetic modifications of the viral genome are generally associated with defense mechanisms of the host cells to suppress viral gene transcription. However, herpesviruses can modulate these modifications to their own benefit to persist in the host, undergo latency and sporadically reactivate.
Collapse
|
16
|
Spuch C, López-García M, Rivera-Baltanás T, Cabrera-Alvargonzález JJ, Gadh S, Rodrigues-Amorim D, Álvarez-Estévez T, Mora A, Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida M, Freiría-Martínez L, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Pérez-González A, López-Domínguez A, Longueira-Suarez MR, Sousa-Domínguez A, Araújo-Ameijeiras A, Mosquera-Rodríguez D, Crespo M, Vila-Fernández D, Regueiro B, Olivares JM. Efficacy and Safety of Lithium Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850583. [PMID: 35496309 PMCID: PMC9046673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the beginning of the pandemic, we observed that lithium carbonate had a positive effect on the recovery of severely ill patients with COVID-19. Lithium is able to inhibit the replication of several types of viruses, some of which are similar to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, increase the immune response and reduce inflammation by preventing or reducing the cytokine storm. Previously, we published an article with data from six patients with severe COVID-19 infection, where we proposed that lithium carbonate could be used as a potential treatment for COVID-19. Now, we set out to conduct a randomized clinical trial number EudraCT 2020–002008–37 to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lithium treatment in patients infected with severe SARS-CoV-2. We showed that lithium was able to reduce the number of days of hospital and intensive care unit admission as well as the risk of death, reduces inflammatory cytokine levels by preventing cytokine storms, and also reduced the long COVID syndromes. We propose that lithium carbonate can be used to reduce the severity of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spuch
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Carlos Spuch,
| | - Marta López-García
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - J. J Cabrera-Alvargonzález
- Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sudhir Gadh
- US Navy Medical Corps Commander, Medical Director at Educational Alliance, Medical Director at Rejuvenation Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniela Rodrigues-Amorim
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Norfolk, United States
| | - Tania Álvarez-Estévez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Almudena Mora
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marta Iglesias-Martínez-Almeida
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Freiría-Martínez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maite Pérez-Rodríguez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alexandre Pérez-González
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana López-Domínguez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Rebeca Longueira-Suarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adrián Sousa-Domínguez
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Araújo-Ameijeiras
- Infectious Diseases Unit and Virology & Pathogenesis Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - David Mosquera-Rodríguez
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care and Emergency Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Crespo
- Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Dolores Vila-Fernández
- Intensive Care Unit, Critical Care and Emergency Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Benito Regueiro
- Microbiology and Infectology Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department Medicine and Odontology, Universidade de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo H, Koehler HS, Dix RD, Mocarski ES. Programmed Cell Death-Dependent Host Defense in Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869064. [PMID: 35464953 PMCID: PMC9023794 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) remains one of the most ubiquitous human pathogens on earth. The classical presentation of HSV1 infection occurs as a recurrent lesions of the oral mucosa commonly refer to as the common cold sore. However, HSV1 also is responsible for a range of ocular diseases in immunocompetent persons that are of medical importance, causing vision loss that may result in blindness. These include a recurrent corneal disease, herpes stromal keratitis, and a retinal disease, acute retinal necrosis, for which clinically relevant animal models exist. Diverse host immune mechanisms mediate control over herpesviruses, sustaining lifelong latency in neurons. Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis serve as an innate immune mechanism that eliminates virus-infected cells and regulates infection-associated inflammation during virus invasion. These different types of cell death operate under distinct regulatory mechanisms but all server to curtail virus infection. Herpesviruses, including HSV1, have evolved numerous cell death evasion strategies that restrict the hosts ability to control PCD to subvert clearance of infection and modulate inflammation. In this review, we discuss the key studies that have contributed to our current knowledge of cell death pathways manipulated by HSV1 and relate the contributions of cell death to infection and potential ocular disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hongyan Guo,
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology Life Sciences, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Richard D. Dix
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Edward S. Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tsai MS, Chen SH, Chang CP, Hsiao YL, Wang LC. Integrin-Linked Kinase Reduces H3K9 Trimethylation to Enhance Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:814307. [PMID: 35350437 PMCID: PMC8957879 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.814307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications control the lytic gene expression of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The heterochromatin mark, trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine (K) 9 (H3K9me3), is detected on HSV-1 genomes at early phases of infection to repress viral gene transcription. However, the components and mechanisms involved in the process are mostly unknown. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is activated by PI3K to phosphorylate Akt and promote several RNA virus infections. Akt has been shown to enhance HSV-1 infection, suggesting a pro-viral role of ILK in HSV-1 infection that has not been addressed before. Here, we reveal that ILK enhances HSV-1 replication in an Akt-independent manner. ILK reduces the accumulation of H3K9me3 on viral promoters and replication compartments. Notably, ILK reduces H3K9me3 in a manner independent of ICP0. Instead, we show an increased binding of H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H1 and corepressor TRIM28 on viral promoters in ILK knockdown cells. Knocking down SUV39H1 or TRIM28 increases HSV-1 lytic gene transcription in ILK knockdown cells. These results show that ILK antagonizes SVU39H1- and TRIM28-mediated repression on lytic gene transcription. We further demonstrate that ILK knockdown reduces TRIM28 phosphorylation on serine 473 and 824 in HSV-1-infected cells, suggesting that ILK facilitates TRIM28 phosphorylation to abrogate its inhibition on lytic gene transcription. OSU-T315, an ILK inhibitor, suppresses HSV-1 replication in cells and mice. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ILK decreases H3K9me3 on HSV-1 DNA by reducing SUV39H1 and TRIM28 binding. Moreover, our results suggest that targeting ILK could be a broad-spectrum antiviral strategy for DNA and RNA virus infections, especially for DNA viruses controlled by histone modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Hsiao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Wang
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tognarelli EI, Retamal-Díaz A, Farías MA, Duarte LF, Palomino TF, Ibañez FJ, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, González PA. Pharmacological Inhibition of IRE-1 Alpha Activity in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2-Infected Dendritic Cells Enhances T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:764861. [PMID: 35069537 PMCID: PMC8766714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.764861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections are life-long and highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses persist in the host, eliciting either symptomatic or asymptomatic infections that may occur sporadically or in a recurrent manner through viral reactivations. Clinical manifestations due to symptomatic infection may be mild such as orofacial lesions, but may also translate into more severe diseases, such as ocular infections that may lead to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis. A key feature of herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) is that they have evolved molecular determinants that hamper numerous components of the host’s antiviral innate and adaptive immune system. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), by inhibiting their T cell-activating capacity and eliciting their apoptosis after infection. Previously, we reported that HSV-2 activates the splicing of the mRNA of XBP1, which is related to the activity of the unfolded protein response (UPR) factor Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE-1α). Here, we sought to evaluate if the activation of the IRE-1α pathway in DCs upon HSV infection may be related to impaired DC function after infection with HSV-1 or HSV-2. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of the endonuclease activity of IRE-1α in HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected DCs significantly reduced apoptosis in these cells and enhanced their capacity to migrate to lymph nodes and activate virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings suggest that the activation of the IRE-1α-dependent UPR pathway in HSV-infected DCs may play a significant role in the negative effects that these viruses exert over these cells and that the modulation of this signaling pathway may be relevant for enhancing the function of DCs upon infection with HSVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y de Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco J Ibañez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Song X, Wang Y, Li F, Cao W, Zeng Q, Qin S, Wang Z, Jia J, Xiao J, Hu X, Liu K, Wang Y, Ren Z. Hsp90 Inhibitors Inhibit the Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Into Neuron Cells by Regulating Cofilin-Mediated F-Actin Reorganization. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:799890. [PMID: 35082770 PMCID: PMC8785254 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.799890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a common neurotropic virus, the herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) caused by which is considered to be the most common sporadic but fatal encephalitis. Traditional antiviral drugs against HSV-1 are limited to nucleoside analogs targeting viral factors. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has potent anti-HSV-1 activities via numerous mechanisms, but the effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on HSV-1 infection in neuronal cells, especially in the phase of virus entry, are still unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the Hsp90 inhibitors on HSV-1 infection of neuronal cells. Interestingly, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors promoted viral adsorption but inhibited subsequent penetration in neuronal cell lines and primary neurons, which jointly confers the antiviral activity of the Hsp90 inhibitors. Mechanically, Hsp90 inhibitors mainly impaired the interaction between Hsp90 and cofilin, resulting in reduced cofilin membrane distribution, which led to F-actin polymerization to promote viral attachment. However, excessive polymerization of F-actin inhibited subsequent viral penetration. Consequently, unidirectional F-actin polymerization limits the entry of HSV-1 virions into neuron cells. Our research extended the molecular mechanism of Hsp90 in HSV-1 infection in neuron cells and provided a theoretical basis for developing antiviral drugs targeting Hsp90.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyan Cao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiongzhen Zeng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shurong Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoyan Jia
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaisheng Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Efficacy of Silk Cocoon, Silkworm Pupa and Non-Sericin Extracts. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121553. [PMID: 34943765 PMCID: PMC8698825 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are prevalent worldwide and are the cause of life- threatening diseases. Standard treatment with antiviral drugs, such as acyclovir, could prevent serious complications; however, resistance has been reported specifically among immunocompromised patients. Therefore, the development of an alternative approach is needed. The silk cocoon derived from silkworm, Bombyx mori, has been recognized for its broad-spectrum biological activity, including antiviral activity; however, its effects against HSV infection are unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of silk extracts derived from the cocoon shell, silk cocoon, silkworm pupa and non-sericin extract, on blocking HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding to host cells, resulting in the inhibition of the virus infection in Vero cells. Non-sericin extract demonstrated the greatest effectiveness on inhibiting HSV-1 and HSV-2 binding activity. Moreover, the virucidal effect to inactivate HSV-1 and HSV-2 was determined and revealed that non-sericin extract also exerted the highest potential activity. Using the treatment of non-sericin extract in HSV-2-infected HeLa cells could significantly lower the HSV-induced cell death and prevent inflammation via lowering the inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The non-sericin extract was analyzed for its bioactive compounds in which gallic acid, flavonoid and xanthophyll were identified, and might have partially contributed to its antiviral activity. The finding in our study suggested the potential of silk extract as an alternative therapeutic treatment for HSV infection.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses cause lifelong infections by establishing latency in neurons and undergo sporadic reactivations that promote recurrent disease and new infections. The success of HSVs in persisting in infected individuals is likely due to their multiple molecular determinants involved in escaping the host antiviral and immune responses. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), key immune cells that are involved in establishing effective and balanced immunity against viruses. Here, we review and discuss several molecular and cellular processes modulated by HSVs in DCs, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and the unfolded protein response. Given the central role of DCs in establishing optimal antiviral immunity, particular emphasis should be given to the outcome of the interactions occurring between HSVs and DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farías Ma
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Duarte Lf
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tognarelli Ei
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González Pa
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Duan Q, Liu T, Huang C, Shao Q, Ma Y, Wang W, Liu T, Sun J, Fang J, Huang G, Chen Z. The Chinese Herbal Prescription JieZe-1 Inhibits Membrane Fusion and the Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathway in a Genital Herpes Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707695. [PMID: 34630083 PMCID: PMC8497740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal prescription JieZe-1 is effective for genital herpes with no visible adverse effects clinically. It showed an excellent anti-HSV-2 effect in vitro. However, its mechanism of anti-HSV-2 effect in vivo remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-HSV-2 effect of JieZe-1 and berberine in a genital herpes mouse model and explore the underlying mechanism. The fingerprint of JieZe-1 was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. First, we optimized a mouse model of genital herpes. Next, the weight, symptom score, morphological changes, viral load, membrane fusion proteins, critical proteins of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokines, and immune cells of vaginal tissue in mice at different time points were measured. Finally, we treated the genital herpes mouse model with JieZe-1 gel (2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 g/ml) and tested the above experimental indexes at 12 h and on the 9th day after modeling. JieZe-1 improved the symptoms, weight, and histopathological damage of genital herpes mice, promoted the keratin repair of tissues, and protected organelles to maintain the typical morphology of cells. It downregulated the expression of membrane fusion proteins, critical proteins of the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, cytokines, and immune cells. The vaginal, vulvar, and spinal cord viral load and vaginal virus shedding were also significantly reduced. In summary, JieZe-1 shows significant anti-HSV-2 efficacy in vivo. The mechanism is related to the inhibition of membrane fusion, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, inflammatory cytokines, and cellular immunity. However, berberine, the main component of JieZe-1 monarch medicine, showed no efficacy at a concentration of 891.8 μM (0.3 mg/ml).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Duan
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonggui Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianli Liu
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangying Huang
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of TCM, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xing Y, Wang L, Xu G, Guo S, Zhang M, Cheng G, Liu Y, Liu J. Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharides inhibit Pseudorabies virus replication via downregulating virus-induced autophagy. Res Vet Sci 2021; 140:18-25. [PMID: 34391058 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the common pathogens in farms. Platycodon grandiflorus polysaccharide (PGPS) has been reported with a variety of biological activities. Autophagy is one of the vital mechanisms for cells to cope with virus infection, and it may also inhibit or promote virus replication. This study was conducted to investigate the antiviral activity of total PGPS(PGPSt) against PRV and the role of virus-induced autophagy in the anti-PRV effect of PGPSt in PK-15 cells. First, we established an infection model and detected the autophagy induced by PRV in PK-15 cells. Then, the protective effect of PGPSt against PRV was evaluated, and the effect of PGPSt on PRV replication and virus-induced autophagy were analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot and confocal immunofluorescence. Results showed that PGPSt can reduce the PRV replication. PRV infection resulted in the accumulation of autophagosomes, which were inhibited by PGPSt. Moreover, PGPSt upregulated the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway repressed by PRV infection, whereas rapamycin attenuated the anti-PRV effect of PGPSt. These findings suggest that PGPSt possess a protective effect against PRV infection and can inhibit PRV replication through relieving PRV-induced autophagy. This article can provide ideas for the development of antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Lumei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuhua Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guodong Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Duarte LF, Reyes A, Farías MA, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Crosstalk Between Epithelial Cells, Neurons and Immune Mediators in HSV-1 Skin Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662234. [PMID: 34012447 PMCID: PMC8126613 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is highly prevalent in humans, with approximately two-thirds of the world population living with this virus. However, only a fraction of those carrying HSV-1, which elicits lifelong infections, are symptomatic. HSV-1 mainly causes lesions in the skin and mucosae but reaches the termini of sensory neurons innervating these tissues and travels in a retrograde manner to the neuron cell body where it establishes persistent infection and remains in a latent state until reactivated by different stimuli. When productive reactivations occur, the virus travels back along axons to the primary infection site, where new rounds of replication are initiated in the skin, in recurrent or secondary infections. During this process, new neuron infections occur. Noteworthy, the mechanisms underlying viral reactivations and the exit of latency are somewhat poorly understood and may be regulated by a crosstalk between the infected neurons and components of the immune system. Here, we review and discuss the immune responses that occur at the skin during primary and recurrent infections by HSV-1, as well as at the interphase of latently-infected neurons. Moreover, we discuss the implications of neuronal signals over the priming and migration of immune cells in the context of HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonia Reyes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tognarelli EI, Reyes A, Corrales N, Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Modulation of Endosome Function, Vesicle Trafficking and Autophagy by Human Herpesviruses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030542. [PMID: 33806291 PMCID: PMC7999576 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are a ubiquitous family of viruses that infect individuals of all ages and are present at a high prevalence worldwide. Herpesviruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from skin and mucosal lesions to blindness and life-threatening encephalitis, and some of them, such as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), are known to be oncogenic. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that some herpesviruses may be associated with developing neurodegenerative diseases. These viruses can establish lifelong infections in the host and remain in a latent state with periodic reactivations. To achieve infection and yield new infectious viral particles, these viruses require and interact with molecular host determinants for supporting their replication and spread. Important sets of cellular factors involved in the lifecycle of herpesviruses are those participating in intracellular membrane trafficking pathways, as well as autophagic-based organelle recycling processes. These cellular processes are required by these viruses for cell entry and exit steps. Here, we review and discuss recent findings related to how herpesviruses exploit vesicular trafficking and autophagy components by using both host and viral gene products to promote the import and export of infectious viral particles from and to the extracellular environment. Understanding how herpesviruses modulate autophagy, endolysosomal and secretory pathways, as well as other prominent trafficking vesicles within the cell, could enable the engineering of novel antiviral therapies to treat these viruses and counteract their negative health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I. Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Antonia Reyes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago 8330025, Chile; (E.I.T.); (A.R.); (N.C.); (L.J.C.); (S.M.B.); (A.M.K.)
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Castillo E, Duarte LF, Corrales N, Álvarez DM, Farías MA, Henríquez A, Smith PC, Agurto-Muñoz C, González PA. Anti-herpetic Activity of Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica Algae Extracts Against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2006. [PMID: 33013743 PMCID: PMC7516053 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent in the human population, and the infections they produce are lifelong with frequent reactivations throughout life. Both viruses produce uncomfortable and sometimes painful lesions in the orofacial and genital areas, as well as herpetic gingivostomatitis, among other clinical manifestations. At present, the most common treatments against HSVs consist of nucleoside analogs that target the viral polymerases. However, such drugs are poorly effective for treating skin lesions, as they only reduce in 1-2 days the duration of the herpetic lesions. Additionally, viral isolates resistant to these drugs can emerge in immunosuppressed individuals, and second-line drugs for such variants are frequently accompanied by adverse effects requiring medical supervision. Thus, novel or improved therapeutic drugs for treating HSV lesions are needed. Here, we assessed the potential antiviral activity of aqueous extracts obtained from two brown macroalgae, namely Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica against HSVs. Both extracts showed antiviral activity against acyclovir-sensitive and acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 and HSV-2. Our analyses show that there is a significant antiviral activity associated with proteins in the extract, although other compounds also seem to contribute to inhibiting the replication cycle of these viruses. Evaluation of the algae extracts as topical formulations in an animal model of HSV-1 skin infection significantly reduced the severity of the disease more than acyclovir, as well as the duration of the herpetic lesions, when compared to mock-treated animals, with the D. antarctica extract performing best. Taken together, these findings suggest that these algae extracts may be potential phytotherapeutics against HSVs and may be useful for the treatment and reduction of common herpetic manifestations in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Castillo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F. Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diana M. Álvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A. Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo Henríquez
- GIBMAR, Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Patricio C. Smith
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Agurto-Muñoz
- GIBMAR, Grupo Interdisciplinario de Biotecnología Marina, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Elsehemy IA, Noor El Deen AM, Awad HM, Kalaba MH, Moghannem SA, Tolba IH, Farid MAM. Structural, physical characteristics and biological activities assessment of scleroglucan from a local strain Athelia rolfsii TEMG. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1196-1207. [PMID: 32622769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Athelia rolfsii TEMG (MH 236106) an exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing fungal strain was isolated and identified. Extraction, purification, characterization, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral and antitumor activities of the polysaccharide were investigated. It characterized as a homopolysaccharide of glucose with a molecular weight of 345.622 kDa. The identification of the polysaccharide was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The existence of β-1,3 and β-1,6 linkages suggests that EPS could be scleroglucan. The purified scleroglucan showed considerable antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that, there was no cytotoxicity on normal cell (W138) and no effect on tumor cell lines including HepG2 and PC3 showing IC50 of 5096.83, 5885.80 and 4803.90 μg/mL, respectively. The results showed also that Sclg could reduce the cytopathic effect by 50% (EC50) at 15 and 50 μg/mL of herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and influenza virus (H5N1), respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam A Elsehemy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Div., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza M Noor El Deen
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Div., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Awad
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Div., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Kalaba
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saad A Moghannem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H Tolba
- Plant Pathology Branch, Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Farid
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Div., National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Duan Q, Liu T, Yuan P, Huang C, Shao Q, Xu L, Sun J, Huang G, Chen Z. Antiviral effect of Chinese herbal prescription JieZe-1 on adhesion and penetration of VK2/E6E7 with herpes simplex viruses type 2. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112405. [PMID: 31743766 PMCID: PMC7126206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese Herbal Prescription JieZe-1(JZ-1), added and subtracted from Yihuang Decoction, a famous formula in the 12th year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, has a clear effect on Genital Herpes (GH) and no obvious adverse reactions occur clinically. JZ-1 also has preventive and therapeutic effects on Trichomonas vaginitis, Candida albicans vaginitis and GH in vitro and in vivo experiments. AIM OF STUDY The effect and mechanism of JZ-1 on anti-herpes simplex virus type 2(HSV-2) in vitro focusing on adhesion and penetration stages were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A model of HSV-2 infection of VK2/E6E7 was developed. In order to explore JZ-1's anti-HSV-2 effect in vitro, cell morphology, ultrastructural pathology, cell viability and expression of viral glycoprotein D (gD) were assessed at 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h of JZ-1 treatment. Then we measured the exact time required for adhesion and penetration of HSV-2 into VK2/E6E7 among a series of times at room temperature and under temperature control techniques. We treated VK2/E6E7 with JZ-1, penciclovir, or berberine and explored the mechanism of JZ-1 in blocking HSV-2 adhesion and penetration of host cells by assessing the cell ultrastructural pathology, viability, viral proteins gB, gD, VP16, ICP5, and ICP4 and host cell proteins HVEM, Nectin-1, and Nectin-2. RESULTS HSV-2 can fully adhere and penetrate into VK/E6E7 within 5 mins at room temperature while it takes 60mins under temperature control techniques. JZ-1 and penciclovir showed significant anti-HSV-2 effects, with improved host cell morphologies and increased host cell viabilities observed after treatment for 24 h. The anti-HSV-2 effect of JZ-1 can be detected after treatment for 6 h while that of penciclovir was not obvious until treatment for 12 h. JZ-1 showed distinct effect on HSV-2 adhesion and penetration stages by significantly reducing the expression of viral proteins gB, gD, VP16, ICP5, and ICP4, improving cell morphology and increasing cell viability. However, these effects were not exerted via downregulated expression of membrane fusion-related proteins such as HVEM, Nectin-1, or Nectin-2. The specific anti-HSV-2 mechanism of JZ-1 need to be further explored. CONCLUSION The anti-HSV-2 effect of JZ-1 was superior to that of penciclovir and berberine in vitro, and was mainly mediated by enhancing host cell defense and blocking adhesion and penetration of HSV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianni Duan
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Cong Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Qingqing Shao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Lijun Xu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Guangyin Huang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Dept.of TCM, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
RNA Polymerase II Promoter-Proximal Pausing and Release to Elongation Are Key Steps Regulating Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Transcription. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02035-19. [PMID: 31826988 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02035-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes are transcribed by cellular RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Expression of viral immediate early (α) genes is followed sequentially by early (β), late (γ1), and true late (γ2) genes. We used precision nuclear run-on with deep sequencing to map and to quantify Pol II on the HSV-1(F) genome with single-nucleotide resolution. Approximately 30% of total Pol II relocated to viral genomes within 3 h postinfection (hpi), when it occupied genes of all temporal classes. At that time, Pol II on α genes accumulated most heavily at promoter-proximal pause (PPP) sites located ∼60 nucleotides downstream of the transcriptional start site, while β genes bore Pol II more evenly across gene bodies. At 6 hpi, Pol II increased on γ1 and γ2 genes while Pol II pausing remained prominent on α genes. At that time, average cytoplasmic mRNA expression from α and β genes decreased, relative to levels at 3 hpi, while γ1 relative expression increased slightly and γ2 expression increased more substantially. Cycloheximide treatment during the first 3 h reduced the amount of Pol II associated with the viral genome and confined most of the remaining Pol II to α gene PPP sites. Inhibition of both cyclin-dependent kinase 9 activity and viral DNA replication reduced Pol II on the viral genome and restricted much of the remaining Pol II to PPP sites.IMPORTANCE These data suggest that viral transcription is regulated not only by Pol II recruitment to viral genes but also by control of elongation into viral gene bodies. We provide a detailed map of Pol II occupancy on the HSV-1 genome that clarifies features of the viral transcriptome, including the first identification of Pol II PPP sites. The data indicate that Pol II is recruited to late genes early in infection. Comparing α and β gene occupancy at PPP sites and gene bodies suggests that Pol II is released more efficiently into the bodies of β genes than α genes at 3 hpi and that repression of α gene expression late in infection is mediated by prolonged promoter-proximal pausing. In addition, DNA replication is required to maintain full Pol II occupancy on viral DNA and to promote elongation on late genes later in infection.
Collapse
|
31
|
Álvarez DM, Castillo E, Duarte LF, Arriagada J, Corrales N, Farías MA, Henríquez A, Agurto-Muñoz C, González PA. Current Antivirals and Novel Botanical Molecules Interfering With Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:139. [PMID: 32117158 PMCID: PMC7026011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent within the human population and are characterized by lifelong infections and sporadic recurrences due to latent neuron infection. Upon reactivations, HSVs may manifest either, symptomatically or asymptomatically and be shed onto others through mucosae body fluids. Although, HSVs can produce severe disease in humans, such as life-threatening encephalitis and blindness, the most common symptoms are skin and mucosal lesions in the oro-facial and the genital areas. Nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity can prevent severe HSV infection, yet they are not very effective for treating skin manifestations produced by these viruses, as they only reduce in a few days at most the duration of lesions. Additionally, HSV variants that are resistant to these antivirals may arise, especially in immunosuppressed individuals. Thus, new antivirals that can reduce the severity and duration of these cutaneous manifestations would certainly be welcome. Here, we review currently available anti-herpetic therapies, novel molecules being assessed in clinical trials and new botanical compounds reported in the last 20 years with antiviral activities against HSVs that might represent future treatments against these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Álvarez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estefanía Castillo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F. Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Arriagada
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A. Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adolfo Henríquez
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Agurto-Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin Y, Zheng C. A Tug of War: DNA-Sensing Antiviral Innate Immunity and Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2627. [PMID: 31849849 PMCID: PMC6901958 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic DNA sensors are the most recently described class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which induce the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and trigger the induction of a rapid and efficient innate immune response. Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), a typical DNA virus, has displayed the ability to manipulate and evade host antiviral innate immune responses. Therefore, with an aim to highlight IFN-I-mediated innate immune response in a battle against viral infection, we have summarized the current understandings of DNA-sensing signal pathways and the most recent findings on the molecular mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to counteract antiviral immune responses. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay between HSV-1 and host early antiviral immune responses will contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Stewart JA, Holland TC, Bhagwat AS. Human Herpes Simplex Virus-1 depletes APOBEC3A from nuclei. Virology 2019; 537:104-109. [PMID: 31493648 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3 family of DNA-cytosine deaminases inactivate and mutate several human viruses. We constructed a human cell line that is inducible for EGFP-tagged APOBEC3A and found A3A predominantly in the nuclei. When these cells were infected with Herpes Simplex Virus-1, virus titer was unaffected by A3A expression despite nuclear virus replication. When A3A expression and virus infection were monitored, A3A was found predominantly to be nuclear in infected cells up to 3 h post-infection, but was predominantly cytoplasmic by 12 h. This effect did not require the whole virus, and could be reproduced using the UL39 gene of the virus which codes for a subunit of the viral ribonucleotide reductase. These results are similar to the reported exclusion of APOBEC3B by Epstein Barr virus ortholog of UL39, BORF2, but HSV1 UL39 gene product appears better at excluding A3A than A3B from nuclei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Thomas C Holland
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Ashok S Bhagwat
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tognarelli EI, Palomino TF, Corrales N, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Evasion of Early Host Antiviral Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 31114761 PMCID: PMC6503643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) have co-evolved with humans for thousands of years and are present at a high prevalence in the population worldwide. HSV infections are responsible for several illnesses including skin and mucosal lesions, blindness and even life-threatening encephalitis in both, immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages. Therefore, diseases caused by HSVs represent significant public health burdens. Similar to other herpesviruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 produce lifelong infections in the host by establishing latency in neurons and sporadically reactivating from these cells, eliciting recurrences that are accompanied by viral shedding in both, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The ability of HSVs to persist and recur in otherwise healthy individuals is likely given by the numerous virulence factors that these viruses have evolved to evade host antiviral responses. Here, we review and discuss molecular mechanisms used by HSVs to evade early innate antiviral responses, which are the first lines of defense against these viruses. A comprehensive understanding of how HSVs evade host early antiviral responses could contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines to counteract these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|