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Chen Y, Xiao L, Zhou M, Zhang H. The microbiota: a crucial mediator in gut homeostasis and colonization resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1417864. [PMID: 39165572 PMCID: PMC11333231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1417864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and diverse community of microorganisms that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract and influences various aspects of human health. These microbes are closely related to enteric infections. As a foreign entity for the host, commensal microbiota is restricted and regulated by the barrier and immune system in the gut and contributes to gut homeostasis. Commensals also effectively resist the colonization of pathogens and the overgrowth of indigenous pathobionts by utilizing a variety of mechanisms, while pathogens have developed strategies to subvert colonization resistance. Dysbiosis of the microbial community can lead to enteric infections. The microbiota acts as a pivotal mediator in establishing a harmonious mutualistic symbiosis with the host and shielding the host against pathogens. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome and microbiome-pathogen interactions, highlighting the multi-faceted roles of the gut microbiota in preventing enteric infections. We also discuss the applications of manipulating the microbiota to treat infectious diseases in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Xiao MH, Wu S, Liang P, Ma D, Zhang J, Chen H, Zhong Z, Liu J, Jiang H, Feng X, Luo Z. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote ductular reaction through amphiregulin in biliary atresia. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105138. [PMID: 38678809 PMCID: PMC11077624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy with ductular reaction as a key pathogenic feature predicting poor survival. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are enriched in human liver and display multiple roles in liver diseases. We aimed to investigate the function of MAIT cells in BA. METHODS First, we analyzed correlations between liver MAIT cell and clinical parameters (survival, alanine transaminase, bilirubin, histological inflammation and fibrosis) in two public cohorts of patients with BA (US and China). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and spearman correlation analysis were employed for survival data and other clinical parameters, respectively. Next, we obtained liver samples or peripheral blood from BA and control patients for bulk RNA sequencing, flow cytometry analysis, immunostaning and functional experiments of MAIT cells. Finally, we established two in vitro co-culture systems, one is the rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infected co-culture system to model immune dysfunction of human BA which was validated by single cell RNA sequencing and the other is a multicellular system composed of biliary organoids, LX-2 and MAIT cells to evaluate the role of MAIT cells on ductular reaction. FINDINGS Liver MAIT cells in BA were positively associated with low survival and ductular reaction. Moreover, liver MAIT cells were activated, exhibited a wound healing signature and highly expressed growth factor Amphiregulin (AREG) in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner. Antagonism of AREG abrogated the proliferative effect of BA MAIT cells on both cholangiocytes and biliary organoids. A RRV infected co-culture system, recapitulated immune dysfunction of human BA, disclosed that RRV-primed MAIT cells promoted cholangiocyte proliferation via AREG, and further induced inflammation and fibrosis in the multicellular system. INTERPRETATION MAIT cells exhibit a wound healing signature depending on TCR signaling and promote ductular reaction via AREG, which is associated with advanced fibrosis and predictive of low survival in BA. FUNDING This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant (82001589 and 92168108), National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1801600) and by Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong (2020A1515110921).
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Huan Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Peishi Liang
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Dong Ma
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Huadong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Zhihai Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Juncheng Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Xuyang Feng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
| | - Zhenhua Luo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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Burke Schinkel SC, Barros PO, Berthoud T, Byrareddy SN, McGuinty M, Cameron DW, Angel JB. Comparative analysis of human gut- and blood-derived mononuclear cells: contrasts in function and phenotype. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336480. [PMID: 38444848 PMCID: PMC10912472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alterations in the gut immune system have been implicated in various diseases.The challenge of obtaining gut tissues from healthy individuals, commonly performed via surgical explants, has limited the number of studies describing the phenotype and function of gut-derived immune cells in health. Methods Here, by means of recto-sigmoid colon biopsies obtained during routine care (colon cancer screening in healthy adults), the phenotype and function of immune cells present in the gut were described and compared to those found in blood. Results The proportion of CD4+, CD8+, MAIT, γδ+ T, and NK cells phenotype, expression of integrins, and ability to produce cytokine in response to stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. T cells in the gut were found to predominantly have a memory phenotype as compared to T cells in blood where a naïve phenotype predominates. Recto-sigmoid mononuclear cells also had higher PD-1 and Ki67 expression. Furthermore, integrin expression and cytokine production varied by cell type and location in blood vs. gut. Discussion These findings demonstrate the differences in functionality of these cells when compared to their blood counterparts and validate previous studies on phenotype within gut-derived immune cells in humans (where cells have been obtained through surgical means). This study suggests that recto-sigmoid biopsies collected during colonoscopy can be a reliable yet more accessible sampling method for follow up of alterations of gut derived immune cells in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila O Barros
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tamara Berthoud
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michaeline McGuinty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D William Cameron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P. Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101816. [PMID: 37536148 PMCID: PMC10804939 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells include γδ T cells, invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are distinguished from conventional T cells by their recognition of non-peptide ligands presented by non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecules and rapid effector functions that are pre-programmed during their development. Here we review current knowledge of the effect of age on unconventional T cells, from early life to old age, in both mice and humans. We then discuss the role of unconventional T cells in age-associated diseases and infections, highlighting the similarities between members of the unconventional T cell family in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes, strikingly enriched at mucosal surfaces and characterized by a semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial derived intermediates of riboflavin synthesis presented by the MHC-Ib molecule MR1. At barrier sites MAIT cells occupy a prime position for interaction with commensal microorganisms, comprising the microbiota. The microbiota is a rich source of riboflavin derived antigens required in early life to promote intra-thymic MAIT cell development and sustain a life-long population of tissue resident cells. A symbiotic relationship is thought to be maintained in health whereby microbes promote maturation and homeostasis, and in turn MAIT cells can engage a TCR-dependent "tissue repair" program in the presence of commensal organisms conducive to sustaining barrier function and integrity of the microbial community. MAIT cell activation can be induced in a MR1-TCR dependent manner or through MR1-TCR independent mechanisms via pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12/-15/-18 and type I interferon. MAIT cells provide immunity against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. However, MAIT cells may have deleterious effects through insufficient or exacerbated effector activity and have been implicated in autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic conditions in which microbial dysbiosis is a shared feature. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the microbiota in the development and maintenance of circulating and tissue resident MAIT cells. We also explore how microbial dysbiosis, alongside changes in intestinal permeability and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory components of the immune response are together involved in the potential pathogenicity of MAIT cells. Whilst there have been significant improvements in our understanding of how the microbiota shapes MAIT cell function, human data are relatively lacking, and it remains unknown if MAIT cells can conversely influence the composition of the microbiota. We speculate whether, in a human population, differences in microbiomes might account for the heterogeneity observed in MAIT cell frequency across mucosal sites or between individuals, and response to therapies targeting T cells. Moreover, we speculate whether manipulation of the microbiota, or harnessing MAIT cell ligands within the gut or disease-specific sites could offer novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha F. Jabeen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. C. Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Han F, Gulam MY, Zheng Y, Zulhaimi NS, Sia WR, He D, Ho A, Hadadi L, Liu Z, Qin P, Lobie PE, Kamarulzaman A, Wang LF, Sandberg JK, Lewin SR, Rajasuriar R, Leeansyah E. IL7RA single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with the size and function of the MAIT cell population in treated HIV-1 infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985385. [PMID: 36341446 PMCID: PMC9632172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells are persistently depleted and functionally exhausted in HIV-1-infected patients despite long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). IL-7 treatment supports MAIT cell reconstitution in vivo HIV-1-infected individuals and rescues their functionality in vitro. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL-7RA gene modulate the levels of soluble(s)IL-7Rα (sCD127) levels and influence bioavailability of circulating IL-7. Here we evaluate the potential influence of IL-7RA polymorphisms on MAIT cell numbers and function in healthy control (HC) subjects and HIV-1-infected individuals on long-term cART. Our findings indicate that IL-7RA haplotype 2 (H2*T), defined as T-allele carriers at the tagging SNP rs6897932, affects the size of the peripheral blood MAIT cell pool, as well as their production of cytokines and cytolytic effector proteins in response to bacterial stimulation. H2*T carriers had lower sIL-7Rα levels and higher MAIT cell frequency with enhanced functionality linked to higher expression of MAIT cell-associated transcription factors. Despite an average of 7 years on suppressive cART, MAIT cell levels and function in HIV-1-infected individuals were still significantly lower than those of HC. Notably, we observed a significant correlation between MAIT cell levels and cART duration only in HIV-1-infected individuals carrying IL-7RA haplotype 2. Interestingly, treatment with sIL-7Rα in vitro suppressed IL-7-dependent MAIT cell proliferation and function following cognate stimulations. These observations suggest that sIL-7Rα levels may influence MAIT cell numbers and function in vivo by limiting IL-7 bioavailability to MAIT cells. Collectively, these observations suggest that IL-7RA polymorphisms may play a significant role in MAIT cell biology and influence MAIT cells recovery in HIV-1 infection. The potential links between IL7RA polymorphisms, MAIT cell immunobiology, and HIV-1 infection warrant further studies going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Yaaseen Gulam
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yichao Zheng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nurul Syuhada Zulhaimi
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan He
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Amanda Ho
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leila Hadadi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peter E. Lobie
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Centre, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Edwin Leeansyah,
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Gibbs A, Healy K, Kaldhusdal V, Sundling C, Franzén-Boger M, Edfeldt G, Buggert M, Lajoie J, Fowke KR, Kimani J, Kwon DS, Andersson S, Sandberg JK, Broliden K, Davanian H, Chen MS, Tjernlund A. OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1428-1440. [PMID: 35511032 PMCID: PMC9574661 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells with specialized antimicrobial functions. Circulating MAIT cells are depleted in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but studies examining this effect in peripheral tissues, such as the female genital tract, are lacking. Methods Flow cytometry was used to investigate circulating MAIT cells in a cohort of HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and HIV-seronegative (HIV−) female sex workers (FSWs), and HIV− lower-risk women (LRW). In situ staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to explore the phenotype of MAIT cells residing in paired cervicovaginal tissue. The cervicovaginal microbiome was assessed by means of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Results MAIT cells in the HIV+ FSW group were low in frequency in the circulation but preserved in the ectocervix. MAIT cell T-cell receptor gene segment usage differed between the HIV+ and HIV− FSW groups. The TRAV1-2–TRAJ20 transcript was the most highly expressed MAIT TRAJ gene detected in the ectocervix in the HIV+ FSW group. MAIT TRAVJ usage was not associated with specific genera in the vaginal microbiome. Conclusions MAIT cells residing in the ectocervix are numerically preserved irrespective of HIV infection status and displayed dominant expression of TRAV1-2–TRAJ20. These findings have implications for understanding the role of cervical MAIT cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vilde Kaldhusdal
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Franzén-Boger
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Edfeldt
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Lajoie
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keith R Fowke
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Partners for Health and Development in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonia Andersson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Broliden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haleh Davanian
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Sällberg Chen
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Oral Diagnostics and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annelie Tjernlund
- Correspondence: Annelie Tjernlund, Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, J7:20, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden ()
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Coker MO, Cairo C, Garzino-Demo A. HIV-Associated Interactions Between Oral Microbiota and Mucosal Immune Cells: Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676669. [PMID: 34616391 PMCID: PMC8488204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Even with sustained use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of systemic comorbid conditions and oral pathologies, including opportunistic infections, oral mucosal inflammation, and gingival and periodontal diseases. The immune-mediated mechanisms that drive this increased risk, in the context of sustained viral suppression, are unclear. HIV infection, even when controlled, alters microbial communities contributing to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state that underlies these non-HIV co-morbidities. The higher prevalence of dental caries, and mucosal and periodontal inflammation reported in HIV-infected individuals on ART is often associated with differentially abundant oral microbial communities, possibly leading to a heightened susceptibility to inflammation. This mini-review highlights current gaps in knowledge regarding the microbe-mediated oral mucosal immunity with HIV infection while discussing opportunities for future research investigations and implementation of novel approaches to elucidate these gaps. Interventions targeting both inflammation and microbial diversity are needed to mitigate oral inflammation-related comorbidities, particularly in HIV-infected individuals. More broadly, additional research is needed to bolster general models of microbiome-mediated chronic immune activation and aid the development of precise microbiota-targeted interventions to reverse or mitigate adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modupe O Coker
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine at Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health at Rutgers, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Cristiana Cairo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Augmentation of the Riboflavin-Biosynthetic Pathway Enhances Mucosa-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cell Activation and Diminishes Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence. mBio 2021; 13:e0386521. [PMID: 35164552 PMCID: PMC8844931 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03865-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells play a critical role in antimicrobial defense. Despite increased understanding of their mycobacterial ligands and the clinical association of MAIT cells with tuberculosis (TB), their function in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection remains unclear. Here, we show that overexpressing key genes of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway potentiates MAIT cell activation and results in attenuation of M. tuberculosis virulence in vivo. Further, we observed greater control of M. tuberculosis infection in MAIThi CAST/EiJ mice than in MAITlo C57BL/6J mice, highlighting the protective role of MAIT cells against TB. We also endogenously adjuvanted Mycobacterium bovis BCG with MR1 ligands via overexpression of the lumazine synthase gene ribH and evaluated its protective efficacy in the mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that MAIT cells confer host protection against TB and that overexpression of genes in the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway attenuates M. tuberculosis virulence. Enhancing MAIT cell-mediated immunity may also offer a novel approach toward improved vaccines against TB. IMPORTANCE Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an important subset of innate lymphocytes that recognize microbial ligands derived from the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and mediate antimicrobial immune responses. Modulated MAIT cell responses have been noted in different forms of tuberculosis. However, it has been unclear if increased MAIT cell abundance is protective against TB disease. In this study, we show that augmentation of the mycobacterial MAIT cell ligands leads to higher MAIT cell activation with reduced M. tuberculosis virulence and that elevated MAIT cell abundance confers greater control of M. tuberculosis infection. Our study also highlights the potential of endogenously adjuvanting the traditional BCG vaccine with MR1 ligands to augment MAIT cell activation. This study increases current knowledge on the roles of the riboflavin-biosynthetic pathway and MAIT cell activation in M. tuberculosis virulence and host immunity against TB.
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Chuaypen N, Jinato T, Avihingsanon A, Chirapongsathorn S, Cheevadhanarak S, Nookaew I, Tanaka Y, Tangkijvanich P. Improvement of Gut Diversity and Composition after Direct-Acting Antivirals in HCV-Infected Patients with or without HIV Coinfection. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1410-1421. [PMID: 33598686 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on the composition of gut microbiota in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unclear. METHODS We enrolled 62 patients with HCV monoinfection and 24 patients with HCV/HIV coinfection receiving elbasvir/grazoprevir from a clinical trial. Fecal specimens collected at pre-treatment and 12 weeks post-treatment were analyzed using amplicon-based 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Sustained virological response (SVR12) rates in the mono- and co-infection groups were similar (98.4%vs.95.8%). Pre-treatment bacterial communities in the patient groups were less diverse and distinct from those of healthy controls. Compared with HCV-monoinfected patients, HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals showed comparable microbial alpha-diversity but displayed declined Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. The improvement of microbial dysbiosis was observed in responders achieving SVR12 across fibrosis stages but was not found in non-responders. Responders with low degree of fibrosis exhibited a recovery in alpha-diversity to level comparable with healthy controls. Reciprocal alterations of increased beneficial bacteria and reduced pathogenic bacteria were also observed in responders. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates short-term effect of DAAs in restoration of microbial dysbiosis. The favorable changes in gut microbiota profiles after viral eradication might potentially contribute towards the reduction of HCV-related complications among infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthaya Chuaypen
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thananya Jinato
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sakkarin Chirapongsathorn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, College of Medicine, Royal Thai Army, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supapon Cheevadhanarak
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.,School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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11
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Gebru YA, Choi MR, Raja G, Gupta H, Sharma SP, Choi YR, Kim HS, Yoon SJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020296. [PMID: 33535703 PMCID: PMC7912788 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) present as TCR Vα7.2-Jα33 in humans and TCR Vα19-Jα33 in mice. They are activated by ligands produced during microbial biosynthesis of riboflavin that is presented by major histocompatibility complex class I-related (MR1) molecules on antigen-presenting cells. MAIT cells also possess interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 receptors and can be activated by the respective cytokines released from microbially stimulated antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, MAIT cells can be involved in bacterial and viral defenses and are a significant part of the human immune system. They are particularly abundant in the liver, an organ serving as the second firewall of gut microbes next to the intestinal barrier. Therefore, the immune functions of MAIT cells are greatly impacted by changes in the gut-microbiota and play important roles in the gut-liver pathogenesis axis. In this review, we discuss the nature and mechanisms of MAIT cell activation and their dynamics during different types of liver pathogenesis conditions. We also share our perspectives on important aspects that should be explored further to reveal the exact roles that MAIT cells play in liver pathogenesis in the context of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ki Tae Suk
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-5365-5700; Fax: +82-033-248-5826
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12
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Changes of Gut-Microbiota-Liver Axis in Hepatitis C Virus Infection. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010055. [PMID: 33451143 PMCID: PMC7828638 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Gut microbiota alteration is linked to many health disorders including hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This dysbiosis in turn impacts the coordination between the gut and the liver that is known as the gut–liver-axis. Here, we discuss the latest findings regarding the changes in gut microbiota structure and functionality post HCV infection and its treatment regimens. In addition, we underline the contribution of the microbiota alterations to HCV associated liver complications. Abstract The gut–liver-axis is a bidirectional coordination between the gut, including microbial residents, the gut microbiota, from one side and the liver on the other side. Any disturbance in this crosstalk may lead to a disease status that impacts the functionality of both the gut and the liver. A major cause of liver disorders is hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection that has been illustrated to be associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis at different stages of the disease progression. This dysbiosis may start a cycle of inflammation and metabolic disturbance that impacts the gut and liver health and contributes to the disease progression. This review discusses the latest literature addressing this interplay between the gut microbiota and the liver in HCV infection from both directions. Additionally, we highlight the contribution of gut microbiota to the metabolism of antivirals used in HCV treatment regimens and the impact of these medications on the microbiota composition. This review sheds light on the potential of the gut microbiota manipulation as an alternative therapeutic approach to control the liver complications post HCV infection.
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13
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Sung PS, Shin EC. Immunological Mechanisms for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk after Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E221. [PMID: 33435135 PMCID: PMC7827927 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that allow for rapid clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) may evoke immunological changes. Some cases of rapid de novo hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development or early recurrence of HCC after DAA treatment have been reported. During chronic HCV infection, natural killer (NK) cells exhibited a deviant functional phenotype with decreased production of antiviral cytokines and increased cytotoxicity; however, DAA treatment rapidly decreased their cytotoxic function. Effective DAA therapy also suppressed the intrahepatic activation of macrophages/monocytes. This was followed by a decrease in mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell cytotoxicity without normalization of cytokine production. Rapid changes in the phenotypes of NK and MAIT cells after DAA treatment may attenuate the cytotoxicity of these cells against cancer cells. Moreover, DAA treatment did not normalize the increased frequencies of regulatory T cells even after clearance of HCV infection. Thus, the persistently increased frequency of regulatory T cells may contribute to a local immunosuppressive milieu and hamper the clearance of cancer cells. This review will focus on recent studies describing the changes in innate and adaptive immune responses after DAA treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection in the context of de novo occurrence or recurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Soo Sung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- The Catholic Liver Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- The Center for Epidemic Preparedness, KAIST Institute, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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14
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Khlaiphuengsin A, Chuaypen N, Sodsai P, Reantragoon R, Han WM, Avihingsanon A, Tangkijvanich P. Successful direct-acting antiviral therapy improves circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells in patients with chronic HCV infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244112. [PMID: 33382729 PMCID: PMC7775079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been shown to contribute in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This study was aimed at investigating the frequency, phenotype, and function of circulating MAIT cells, as well as their alterations after successful direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in HCV-infected patients with or without HIV infection. METHODS A total 85 patients (51 HCV-monoinfection and 34 HCV/HIV-coinfection), who received elbasvir/grazoprevir from a clinical trial and 20 healthy controls were included. MAIT cells in blood were characterized using flow cytometry at baseline and 24 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-coinfected patients achieved similar sustained virological response rates (SVR24, 94.1% vs. 97.1%). Circulating MAIT cells in the monoinfection and coinfection groups were presented at low frequencies in comparison with healthy controls (median, 1.1% vs. 1.1% vs. 2.4%, P<0.001) and exhibited features of chronic activation and impaired functional capacity. A negative correlation between circulating MAIT cell frequency and liver stiffness assessed by magnetic resonance elastography was observed. Compared with baseline, increased in circulating MAIT cells after successful DAA therapy was mainly detected in HCV-monoinfected patients compared with HCV/HIV-coinfected individuals. Moreover, MAIT cell restoration was predominantly observed among patients with significant fibrosis to cirrhosis (F2-F4). CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that dysregulation of MAIT cells might play a role in the progression of chronic HCV infection. Partial restoration of MAIT cell frequency and function was observed after successful DAA therapy, particularly in HCV-monoinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apichaya Khlaiphuengsin
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthaya Chuaypen
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimpayao Sodsai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rangsima Reantragoon
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Win Min Han
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pisit Tangkijvanich
- Center of Excellence in Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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15
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Maggiolo F, Bandera A, Bonora S, Borderi M, Calcagno A, Cattelan A, Cingolani A, Gianotti N, Lichtner M, Lo Caputo S, Madeddu G, Maggi P, Marchetti GC, Maserati R, Nozza S, Rusconi S, Zazzi M, Di Biagio A. Enhancing care for people living with HIV: current and future monitoring approaches. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 19:443-456. [PMID: 33054479 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1823217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the most significant advance in the medical management of HIV-1 infection. Given the fact that HIV cannot be eradicated from the body, ART has to be indefinitely maintained. New approaches need to be defined for monitoring HIV-infected individuals (PLWHIV), including clinical, virologic, immunological parameters and also ways to collect individual points of view and quality of life. AREAS COVERED We discuss which tests may be used to improve the management of PLWHIV and respond to a comprehensive health demand. EXPERT OPINION Viral load and CD4 counts are well-validated outcome measures and we still need them, but they do not completely depict the health status of PLWHIV. We need to better understand and to apply to clinical practice what happens in sanctuaries, what is the role of HIV DNA, what is the meaning of low-level viremia. Most of these questions do not yet have a definitive response. Further, we need to understand how to modify these variables in order to improve outcomes.Similar points may be raised for immunological measures and for tests exploring the tolerability of drugs. The goal must be the evolution from a viro/immunologic-based to a comprehensive quality-of-health-based evaluation of PLWHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Maggiolo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- A Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico - B Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Borderi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola Hospital, "Alma Mater Studiorum" University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattelan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera and University of Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Cingolani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Università Cattolica, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | - Nicola Gianotti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Dept of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Sapienza, University of Rome, SM Goretti Hospital, Latina, Italy
| | - Sergio Lo Caputo
- Infection Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia Italy
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Maggi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giulia Carla Marchetti
- Dept of Health Sciences, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Milano, Italy
| | - Renato Maserati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Nozza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Dept of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, A.O.U. Senese - Ospedale Santa Maria Alle Scotte, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Biagio
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, San Martino Hospital - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
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16
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Preeyaa SU, Murugesan A, Sopnajothi S, Yong YK, Tan HY, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM. Peripheral Follicular T Helper Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Represent Activated Phenotypes During the Febrile Phase of Acute Dengue Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:610-615. [PMID: 32996843 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral follicular helper T (pTfh) cells represent specialized CD4+ T cells that help B cells to secrete antibodies. Dengue infection appears to cause immune activation in a wide array of immune cells. Herein, we investigated the signatures of immune activation of circulating Tfh cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in adult subjects with confirmed acute clinical dengue virus (DENV) infection by multiparametric flow cytometry. The acute DENV infection induced a significant expansion of highly activated pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells during acute febrile infection. We found a higher frequency of activated PD-1+ Tfh cells and CD38+ pTfh cells in clinical DENV infection. We also found similar activated and expanding phenotypes of MAIT cells in the patients tested. The total counts of activated pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells were higher in dengue patients relative to healthy controls. We concluded that pTfh cells and circulating MAIT cells represent activated phenotypes in acute DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathappan U Preeyaa
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | | | - Yean K Yong
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Hong Y Tan
- Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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17
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Corbett AJ, Awad W, Wang H, Chen Z. Antigen Recognition by MR1-Reactive T Cells; MAIT Cells, Metabolites, and Remaining Mysteries. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32973800 PMCID: PMC7482426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells recognize vitamin B-based antigens presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related-1 molecule (MR1). Both MAIT T cell receptors (TCR) and MR1 are highly conserved among mammals, suggesting an important, and conserved, immune function. For many years, the antigens they recognize were unknown. The discovery that MR1 presents vitamin B-based small molecule ligands resulted in a rapid expansion of research in this area, which has yielded information on the role of MAIT cells in immune protection, autoimmune disease and recently in homeostasis and cancer. More recently, we have begun to appreciate the diverse nature of the small molecule ligands that can bind MR1, with several less potent antigens and small molecule drugs that can bind MR1 being identified. Complementary structural information has revealed the complex nature of interactions defining antigen recognition. Additionally, we now view MAIT cells (defined here as MR1-riboflavin-Ag reactive, TRAV1-2+ cells) as one subset of a broader family of MR1-reactive T cells (MR1T cells). Despite these advances, we still lack a complete understanding of how MR1 ligands are generated, presented and recognized in vivo. The biological relevance of these MR1 ligands and the function of MR1T cells in infection and disease warrants further investigation with new tools and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Meggyes M, Nagy DU, Szigeti B, Csiszar B, Sandor B, Tamas P, Szereday L. Investigation of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells expressing immune checkpoint receptors (TIGIT and CD226) in early-onset preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 252:373-381. [PMID: 32682212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE During our work, we examined the possible contribution of MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of the clinical phase of early-onset preeclampsia and how this could be influenced by TIGIT and CD226 immune checkpoint molecules. STUDY DESIGN 37 pregnant women diagnosed with early-onset preeclampsia and 36 healthy, age-matched control women were involved in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient and frozen. After thawing, cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies to characterize MAIT, MAIT-like, and non-MAIT cells. Flow cytometric analyses were used to measure TIGIT, CD226, intracellular perforin, and granzyme B expression. RESULTS MAIT (CD3+ CD8+ Vα7.2+ CD161++), MAIT-like (CD3+ CD8+ Vα7.2+ CD161+) and non-MAIT (CD3+ CD8+ Vα7.2+ CD161-) cell population were identified based on their CD161 receptor positivity. MAIT cells markedly differed in proportion, TIGIT expression, granzyme B, and perforin content compared to MAIT-like and non-MAIT cells. A significant difference was determined in TIGIT expression by non-MAIT cells and in CD8/CD226 positive relationship between the preeclamptic and healthy condition. CONCLUSIONS Considering that we did not detect a notable difference between early-onset preeclampsia and healthy pregnancy, we suppose that peripheral MAIT cells expressing TIGIT and CD226 immune checkpoint molecules have a marginal role in the pathogenesis of early-onset preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Meggyes
- University of Pecs, Medical School, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 7624, Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 7624 Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Street, Hungary.
| | - David U Nagy
- University of Pécs, Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, 7624 Pecs, 6 Ifjusag Street, Hungary.
| | - Brigitta Szigeti
- University of Pecs, Medical School, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 7624, Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Hungary.
| | - Beata Csiszar
- University of Pecs, Medical School, 1st Department of Medicine, 7624 Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Street, Hungary.
| | - Barbara Sandor
- University of Pecs, Medical School, 1st Department of Medicine, 7624 Pecs, 13 Ifjusag Street, Hungary.
| | - Peter Tamas
- University of Pecs, Medical School, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 7624 Pecs, 17 Edesanyak Street, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Szereday
- University of Pecs, Medical School, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 7624, Pecs, 12 Szigeti Street, Hungary; Janos Szentagothai Research Centre, 7624 Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Street, Hungary.
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19
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Stamataki Z, Swadling L. The liver as an immunological barrier redefined by single-cell analysis. Immunology 2020; 160:157-170. [PMID: 32176810 PMCID: PMC7218664 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a front-line immune tissue that plays a major role in the detection, capture and clearance of pathogens and foreign antigens entering the bloodstream, especially from the gut. Our largest internal organ maintains this immune barrier in the face of constant exposure to external but harmless antigens through a highly specialized network of liver-adapted immune cells. Mapping the immune resident compartment in the liver has been challenging because it requires multimodal single-cell deep phenotyping approaches of often rare cell populations in difficult to access samples. We can now measure the RNA transcripts present in a single cell (scRNA-seq), which is revolutionizing the way we characterize cell types. scRNA-seq has been applied to the diverse array of immune cells present in murine and human livers in health and disease. Here, we summarize how emerging single-cell technologies have advanced or redefined our understanding of the immunological barrier provided by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zania Stamataki
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyCentre for Liver and Gastrointestinal ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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20
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Lukasik Z, Elewaut D, Venken K. MAIT Cells Come to the Rescue in Cancer Immunotherapy? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020413. [PMID: 32053875 PMCID: PMC7072265 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in immunobiology has led to the observation that, among cells classically categorized as the typical representatives of the adaptive immune system, i.e., T cells, some possess the phenotype of innate cells. Invariant T cells are characterized by T cell receptors recognizing a limited range of non-peptide antigens, presented only in the context of particular molecules. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are an example of such unconventional cells. In humans, they constitute between 1% and 8% of the peripheral blood T lymphocytes and are further enriched in mucosal tissues, mesenteric lymph nodes, and liver, where they can account for even 40% of all the T cells. MAIT cells recognize antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein (MR1). Upon activation, they instantly release pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediate cytolytic function towards bacterially infected cells. As such, they have been a rapidly evolving research topic not only in the field of infectious diseases but also in the context of many chronic inflammatory diseases and, more recently, in immuno-oncology. Novel findings suggest that MAIT cells function could also be modulated by endogenous ligands and drugs, making them an attractive target for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of MAIT cell biology, their role in health and disease and discuss their future potential in cancer immunotherapy. This is discussed through the prism of knowledge and experiences with invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT)—another prominent unconventional T cell subset that shares many features with MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Lukasik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Rheumatology Unit), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Y, Kong D, Wang H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T cell in liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:460-470. [PMID: 32015682 PMCID: PMC6990906 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) are a new population of innate immune cells, which are abundant in the liver and play complex roles in various liver diseases. In this review, we summarize MAIT cells in the liver diseases in recent studies, figure out the role of MAIT cells in various liver disease, including Alcoholic liver disease, Non-alcoholic liver disease, Autoimmune liver diseases, Viral hepatitis and Liver Cancer. Briefly, MAIT cells are involved in anti-bacteria responses in the alcoholic liver diseases. Besides, the activated MAIT cells promote the liver inflammation by secreting inflammatory cytokines and produce regulatory cytokines, which induces anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization. MAIT cells participate in the liver fibrosis via enhancing hepatic stellate cell activation. In viral hepatitis, MAIT cells exhibit a flawed and exhausted phenotype, which results in little effect on controlling the virus and bacteria. In liver cancer, MAIT cells indicate the disease progression and the outcome of therapy. In summary, MAIT cells are attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
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