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Vinueza-Burgos C, Hidalgo-Arellano L, Gómez-Coronado C, Medina-Santana JL, Cevallos-Almeida M. Prevalence, serovars, and risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in pork sold in public markets in Quito, Ecuador. F1000Res 2024; 12:1367. [PMID: 38882713 PMCID: PMC11176892 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.138671.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica are bacteria that include more than 2,500 serovars. Most of these serovars have been linked to human foodborne illnesses, mainly related to poultry and pigs. Thus, these animals are considered the reservoirs of many Salmonella serovars and strains related to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, serovars, β-lactam resistance genes, and the risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica in pork commercialized in open markets of Quito city. Methods For this, 165 pork meat samples were taken from municipal markets in three areas in the city. These samples were microbiologically processed following the ISO 6579-2014 standardized method. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was used to identify Salmonella serotyping and resistance genes. Strains not identified by PCR were typed by the Kauffman White Le Minor scheme. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with the presence of the microorganism. Results Salmonella prevalence in pork was 9.1%. Identified serovars were 4, [5], 12: i:- (53.3%), Infantis (33.3%), and Derby (13.4%). Furthermore, the β-lactam resistance genes bla CTX-M-65 could be identified in three S. infantis isolates. Multivariate analysis showed that temperature (above 8°C) and cutting surfaces (wood) presented significant association values. Conclusions In conclusion, pork in traditional markets of Quito is contaminated with Salmonella enterica, whose main serovars pose a public health concern, and shows beta-lactam resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR). Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Luis Hidalgo-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Gómez-Coronado
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - José Luis Medina-Santana
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR). Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - María Cevallos-Almeida
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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Orimaye OE, Ekunseitan DA, Omaliko PC, Fasina YO. Mitigation Potential of Herbal Extracts and Constituent Bioactive Compounds on Salmonella in Meat-Type Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1087. [PMID: 38612326 PMCID: PMC11011123 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal extracts have been widely evaluated in poultry production for their beneficial effects and potential substitute for antibiotics, which contribute to AMR and risks to human health through the consumption of infected meat. Salmonellosis is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella, an intracellular bacterium with the ability to cause systemic infections with significant implications for both the health and safety of farmers and consumers. The excessive use of antibiotics has escalated the incidence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in the poultry and livestock industry, highlighting the urgent need for alternatives especially in meat-type poultry. Both in vivo usage and in vitro studies of bioactive compounds from herbal extracts have demonstrated the effective antimicrobial activities against pathogenic bacteria, showing promise in managing Salmonella infections and enhancing poultry performance. Phytobiotic feed additives have shown promising results in improving poultry output due to their pharmacological properties, such as stimulating consumption, and enhancing antioxidant properties and preventing the increasing antimicrobial resistance threats. Despite potential for synergistic effects from plant-derived compounds, a further investigation into is essential to fully understand their role and mechanisms of action, for developing effective delivery systems, and for assessing environmental sustainability in controlling Salmonella in poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yewande O. Fasina
- Animal Sciences Department, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (O.E.O.); (D.A.E.)
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Zhou L, Ye Q, Zhou Q, Wang J, Li G, Xiang J, Huang J, Zhao Y, Zheng T, Zuo H, Li S. Antimicrobial resistance and genomic investigation of Salmonella isolated from retail foods in Guizhou, China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345045. [PMID: 38510999 PMCID: PMC10951074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide that causes severe morbidity and mortality. It is mainly caused by consuming contaminated food, with retail food considered the primary source. Methods In Guizhou, China, 102 Salmonella strains isolated from 2016 to 2021 underwent phenotypic antimicrobial resistance testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to understand Salmonella diversity, including serotypes, sequencing types (STs), antimicrobial genes, virulence genes, plasmid types, multi-locus sequence types (MLST), and core genome MLST (cgMLST). Results and discussion S.Typhimurium was the dominant serotype, and O:4(B) was the leading serogroup. The most prevalent genotype was ST40. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance identified 66.7% of the sampled isolates as multi-drug resistant (MDR). S.Enteritidis (n = 7), S.Typhimurium (n = 1), S.Indiana (n = 1), S.Kentucky (n = 1), S.Uganda (n = 1), all of which were MDR, were resistant to Colistin. Resistance rates varied significantly across different strains and food types, particularly meat products exhibiting higher resistance. Notably, significant increases in resistance were observed from 2016 to 2021 for the following: ≥ 1 resistant (P = 0.001), MDR (P = 0.001), ampicillin (P = 0.001), tetracycline (P < 0.001), chloramphenicol (P = 0.030), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (P = 0.003). The marked escalation in drug resistance over the recent years, coupled with the varying resistance rates among food sources, underscores the growing public health concern. Our findings highlight the need for a coordinated approach to effectively monitor and respond to Salmonella infections in Guizhou, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Ye
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Guanqiao Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingshu Xiang
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianli Zheng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haojiang Zuo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijun Li
- Guizhou Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
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Scheik LK, Jaskulski IB, de Lima AS, Haubert L, Kroning IS, Lopes GV, da Silva WP. Occurrence, genetic diversity and resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica from Brazilian sausages collected at production facilities. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:53-61. [PMID: 38192700 PMCID: PMC10771404 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and the genetic diversity of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in sausages from Southern Brazil, evaluate virulence genes and determine the phenotypic and genotypic basis of antimicrobial and sanitizer resistance. Salmonella was detected in sausage samples with an overall prevalence of 5.5%. The prevalent serovars were S. Infantis and S. Rissen. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis yielded nine distinct PFGE profiles, and some of them were recurrently recovered in the same establishment on different dates. Among tested isolates, 28.5% showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent and a multidrug-resistance (MDR) profile was observed in 21.4%. Resistance occurred most frequently to ampicillin, sulfonamide, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Regarding the genotypic antimicrobial resistance profile, S. Schwarzengrund carried tet(B), strA, strB, and sul2 genes. Benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine were more effective than peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite, showing lower minimum inhibitory concentration values. Six Salmonella serovars were found, demonstrating a potential risk of salmonellosis associated with consuming this food. Salmonella carrying virulence genes, MDR profile, and tolerance to sanitizers is a public health concern and a challenge for the food industry, suggesting that new strategies should be developed to control this pathogen. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05809-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Klein Scheik
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Itiane Barcellos Jaskulski
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Andreia Saldanha de Lima
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Louise Haubert
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Isabela Schneid Kroning
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Graciela Volz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Campus Capão do Leão s/nº, Caixa Postal 354, Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS 96160-000 Brazil
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS Brazil
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Elbarbary NK, Abdelmotilib NM, Salem-Bekhit MM, Salem MM, Singh S, Dandrawy MK. Antibacterial efficiency of apple vinegar marination on beef-borne Salmonella. Open Vet J 2024; 14:274-283. [PMID: 38633164 PMCID: PMC11018434 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella-related foodborne illnesses are a significant public health concern. Naturally, antibacterial food components have been shown to limit microbial growth proliferation with various degrees of efficacy. Aims To examine the occurrence, microbial load, and effect of apple vinegar on Salmonella serovars in beef and beef products. Methods 150 beef and beef products were collected between March and May 2022. Total viable count (TVC), Enterobacteriaceae count (ENT), isolation and identification of Salmonella, and their virulence factors detection by multiplex PCR were determined, and an experimental study of the effect of natural apple vinegar marination on Salmonella spp. Results TVC was higher in meatballs (3.32 × 106 ± 1.07 × 106) while beef burgers (4.22 × 103 ± 0.71 × 103) had the highest ENT. Concerning the prevalence of Salmonella spp., meatball (46.7%) and beef burger (25.3%) samples were the highest contamination rate. The common serovars detected were Salmonella typhimurium (6%), Salmonella enteritidis (6%), and Salmonella infantis (4%). Based on the results of PCR, 12, 11, and 11 out of 18 samples of Salmonella isolates possess hila, stn, and invA genes. By immersing the inoculated steak meat in apple vinegar at different concentrations (50%, 70%, and 100%), the initial populations of the Salmonella strains after 12 hours were reduced to 0.38 × 102 ± 0.05 × 102 log CFU/ml; however, after 48 hours become the most reduction (0.31 × 102 ± 0.07 × 102 log CFU/ml) at a concentration of 100% apple vinegar. An enhancement in the sensory attributes was noted across all concentrations. Conclusion The consumed beef and beef products are contaminated with pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. Marinades made using apple vinegar concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% effectively minimized the prevalence of artificially inoculated Salmonella and extended the shelf life of preserved refrigerated beef products to 48 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Khairy Elbarbary
- Food Hygiene and Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Neveen M. Abdelmotilib
- Department of Food Technology, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-CITY), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M. Salem
- College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Soumya Singh
- College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohamed K. Dandrawy
- Food Hygiene and Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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Yang X, Yang S, Liu S, Liu S, Zhang J, Guo W, Wang J, Song Z, Xue L, Chen M, Wu S, Wei X, Wu Q. Characterization of quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variants from food and patients in China. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 35:216-222. [PMID: 37797810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to characterize the quinolone resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:-) isolated from food and patients in China. METHODS All of the isolates were assessed for quinolone susceptibility via the broth microdilution method. Then, the isolates were checked for mutations within quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE and were examined for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. RESULTS High rates of resistance to nalidixic acid in the S. Typhimurium (70.7%) and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- (41.9%) isolates were observed, and a considerable proportion of isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were also detected. The high frequency of mutations in GyrA (60.8%) and a variety of genes (aac[6']-Ib-cr [23.2%], oqxAB [19.2%], qnrS [13.6%], and qnrA [3.2%]) conferring quinolone resistance in these Salmonella isolates were noteworthy. Lastly, the isolates carrying qnrS for transferability and transmission of the quinolone resistance were analysed by conjugation. Multiple locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis profiles indicated that some qnrS-positive isolates were clonally related, whilst the other isolates were genetically divergent. This suggested that both clonal spread of resistant strains and horizontal transmission of the plasmid-mediated resistance genes contributed to the dissemination of qnrS-positive Salmonella isolates. CONCLUSION This study highlights the prevalence of quinolone-resistant S. Typhimurium and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- in China, posing a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengrong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxiang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Manyi-Loh CE, Lues R. A South African Perspective on the Microbiological and Chemical Quality of Meat: Plausible Public Health Implications. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2484. [PMID: 37894142 PMCID: PMC10608972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat comprises proteins, fats, vitamins, and trace elements, essential nutrients for the growth and development of the body. The increased demand for meat necessitates the use of antibiotics in intensive farming to sustain and raise productivity. However, the high water activity, the neutral pH, and the high protein content of meat create a favourable milieu for the growth and the persistence of bacteria. Meat serves as a portal for the spread of foodborne diseases. This occurs because of contamination. This review presents information on animal farming in South Africa, the microbial and chemical contamination of meat, and the consequential effects on public health. In South Africa, the sales of meat can be operated both formally and informally. Meat becomes exposed to contamination with different categories of microbes, originating from varying sources during preparation, processing, packaging, storage, and serving to consumers. Apparently, meat harbours diverse pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotic residues alongside the occurrence of drug resistance in zoonotic pathogens, due to the improper use of antibiotics during farming. Different findings obtained across the country showed variations in prevalence of bacteria and multidrug-resistant bacteria studied, which could be explained by the differences in the manufacturer practices, handling processes from producers to consumers, and the success of the hygienic measures employed during production. Furthermore, variation in the socioeconomic and political factors and differences in bacterial strains, geographical area, time, climatic factors, etc. could be responsible for the discrepancy in the level of antibiotic resistance between the provinces. Bacteria identified in meat including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., etc. are incriminated as pathogenic agents causing serious infections in human and their drug-resistant counterparts can cause prolonged infection plus long hospital stays, increased mortality and morbidity as well as huge socioeconomic burden and even death. Therefore, uncooked meat or improperly cooked meat consumed by the population serves as a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy E. Manyi-Loh
- Centre of Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa;
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Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8899596. [PMID: 37727836 PMCID: PMC10506869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8899596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen causing diarrhoeal disease to humans after consuming contaminated water, animal, and plant products. The bacterium is the third leading cause of human death among diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Therefore, human salmonellosis is of public health concern demanding integrated interventions against the causative agent, Salmonella enterica. The prevention of salmonellosis in humans is intricate due to several factors, including an immune-stable individual infected with S. enterica continuing to shed live bacteria without showing any clinical signs. Similarly, the asymptomatic Salmonella animals are the source of salmonellosis in humans after consuming contaminated food products. Furthermore, the contaminated products of plant and animal origin are a menace in food industries due to Salmonella biofilms, which enhance colonization, persistence, and survival of bacteria on equipment. The contaminated food products resulting from bacteria on equipment offset the economic competition of food industries and partner institutions in international business. The most worldwide prevalent broad-range Salmonella serovars affecting humans are Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, and poultry products, among others, are the primary source of infection. The broader range of Salmonella serovars creates concern over multiple strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety for humans. Among the strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella spread in animal and plant products include biosecurity measures, isolation and quarantine, epidemiological surveillance, farming systems, herbs and spices, and vaccination. Other measures are the application of phages, probiotics, prebiotics, and nanoparticles reduced and capped with antimicrobial agents. Therefore, Salmonella-free products, such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, milk, and plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, will prevent humans from Salmonella infection. This review explains Salmonella infection in humans caused by consuming contaminated foods and the interventions against Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety and quality for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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9
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Yang C, Chen K, Ye L, Heng H, Yang X, Wai-chi Chan E, Chen S. Prevalence and molecular characterization of cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella strains recovered from retail meat samples in Shenzhen, China, during 2014-2017. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0488622. [PMID: 37615439 PMCID: PMC10580925 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04886-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we collected foodborne Salmonella strains in Shenzhen, China, during 2014-2017 and investigated the genetic profile of all cefotaxime-resistant isolates in the collection. The strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests, whole-genome sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and conjugation studies. A total of 79 cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella were identified and found to exhibit multidrug resistance. Resistance rate recorded during the study period increased from 1.9% to 9.1%. Salmonella Typhimurium was the predominant serovar, and CTX-M family genes were dominant among the ESBLs genes detected. Notably, CTX-M-bearing plasmids or transposons often contain other drug resistance genes. Furthermore, a combination of CTX-M-55 and CTX-M-65 genes was detected for the first time in foodborne Salmonella strains. Our findings reveal the prevalence and molecular characteristics of cefotaxime-resistant foodborne Salmonella strains in southern China. IMPORTANCE Cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella strains pose an increasing threat to human health by causing infections with limited treatment options. It is therefore necessary to undertake a surveillance on the prevalence of such strains and investigate the resistance and transmission mechanisms. In this work, various ESBL genes flanked by different IS located in different mobile genetic elements were detectable among cefotaxime-resistant Salmonella strains. These data show that the high prevalence and genotypic diversity of cefotaxime-resistant foodborne Salmonella strains in China are possibly attributed to the evolution and transmission of a wide range of multidrug resistance-encoding mobile genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Heng Heng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Edward Wai-chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, China
- Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Tang B, Siddique A, Jia C, Ed-Dra A, Wu J, Lin H, Yue M. Genome-based risk assessment for foodborne Salmonella enterica from food animals in China: A One Health perspective. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 390:110120. [PMID: 36758302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne bacterial disease. Animal-borne foods are considered the primary sources of Salmonella transmission to humans. However, genomic assessment of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence of Salmonella based on One Health approach remains obscure in China. For this reason, we analyzed the whole genome sequencing data of 134 Salmonella isolates recovered from different animal and meat samples in China. The 134 Salmonella were isolated from 2819 samples (4.75 %) representing various sources (pig, chicken, duck, goose, and meat) from five Chinese provinces (Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, and Qinghai). AMR was evaluated by the broth dilution method using 13 different antimicrobial agents, and results showed that 85.82 % (115/134) of isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes and were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). Twelve sequence types (STs) were detected, with a dominance of ST469 (29.85 %, 40/134). The prediction of virulence genes showed the detection of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins in one isolate of S. Muenster recovered from chicken, while virulence genes associated with type III secretion systems were detected in all isolates. Furthermore, plasmid-type prediction showed the abundance of IncFII(S) (13/134; 9.7 %) and IncFIB(S) (12/134; 8.95 %) in the studied isolates. Together, this study demonstrated the ability to use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as a cost-effective method to provide comprehensive knowledge about foodborne Salmonella isolates in One Health surveillance approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Abubakar Siddique
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Chenhao Jia
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products & Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Oh H, Yoon Y, Yoon JW, Oh SW, Lee S, Lee H. Salmonella Risk Assessment in Poultry Meat from Farm to Consumer in Korea. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030649. [PMID: 36766177 PMCID: PMC9914641 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study predicted Salmonella outbreak risk from eating cooked poultry in various methods. The incidence of Salmonella in poultry meat and the environment from farm to home for consumption was investigated. To develop the predictive models, Salmonella growth data were collected at 4-25 °C during storage and fitted with the Baranyi model. The effects of cooking on cell counts in poultry meat were investigated. Temperature, duration, and consumption patterns were all searched. A simulation in @Risk was run using these data to estimate the probability of foodborne Salmonella disease. In farm, Salmonella was detected from only fecal samples (8.5%; 56/660). In slaughterhouses, Salmonella was detected from feces 16.0% (38/237) for chicken and 19.5% (82/420) for duck) and from carcasses of each step (scalding, defeathering, and chilling) by cross contamination. In chicken (n = 270) and duck (n = 205), Salmonella was detected in 5 chicken (1.9%) and 16 duck meat samples (7.8%). Salmonella contamination levels were initially estimated to be -3.1 Log CFU/g and -2.5 Log CFU/g, respectively. With R2 values between 0.862 and 0.924, the predictive models were suitable for describing the fate of Salmonella in poultry meat with of 0.862 and 0.924. The Salmonella was not detected when poultry meat cooks completely. However, if poultry meat contaminated with Salmonella were cooked incompletely, Salmonella remained on the food surface. The risk of foodborne Salmonella disease from poultry consumption after cooking was 3.0 × 10-10/person/day and 8.8 × 10-11/person/day in South Korea, indicating a low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Oh
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Won Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Wook Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul 02703, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Food Standard Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.L.)
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12
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Yang X, Huang J, Su Y, Cai S, Zhang J, Guo W, Wang J, Chen M, Wu S, Yang S, Wu Q. Incidence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in fresh retail aquatic products from China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9640828. [PMID: 36406904 PMCID: PMC9668442 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9640828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: blaTEM, temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), blaTEM, temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.
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14
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Guan Y, Li Y, Li J, Yang Z, Zhu D, Jia R, Liu M, Wang M, Chen S, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Gao Q, Ou X, Mao S, Huang J, Sun D, Tian B, Cheng A, Zhao X. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of antimicrobial resistance profiles in Salmonella isolated from waterfowl in 2002–2005 and 2018–2020 in Sichuan, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:987613. [PMID: 36274743 PMCID: PMC9582774 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.987613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a widespread foodborne pathogen with concerning antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Waterfowl are a major source of Salmonella transmission, but there are few systematic studies on Salmonella prevalence in waterfowl species. In this study, 126 Salmonella isolates (65 collected in 2018–2020 and 61 collected in 2002–2005) were obtained from waterfowl samples in Sichuan, China. Their serotypes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types, and phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles were systematically examined. The isolates were distributed in 7 serotypes, including serovars Enteritidis (46.0%), Potsdam (27.8%), Montevideo (7.9%), Cerro (6.3%), Typhimurium (4.8%), Kottbus (4.0%) and Apeyeme (3.2%). Their PFGE characteristics were diverse; all isolates were distributed in four groups (cutoff value: 60.0%) and 20 clusters (cutoff value: 80.0%). Moreover, all isolates were multidrug resistant, and high rates of AMR to lincomycin (100.0%), rifampicin (100.0%), sulfadiazine (93.7%), erythromycin (89.7%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and gentamicin (75.4%) were observed. Finally, 49 isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing, and a wide variety of AMR genes were found, including multiple efflux pump genes and specific resistance genes. Interestingly, the tet(A)/tet(B) and catII resistance genes were detected in only isolates obtained in the first collection period, while the gyrA (S83F, D87N and D87G) and gyrB (E466D) mutations were detected at higher frequencies in the isolates obtained in the second collection period, supporting the findings that isolates from different periods exhibited different patterns of resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid. In addition, various incompatible plasmid replicon fragments were detected, including Col440I, Col440II, IncFIB, IncFII, IncX1, IncX9, IncI1-I and IncI2, which may contribute to the horizontal transmission of AMR genes and provide competitive advantages. In summary, we demonstrated that the Salmonella isolates prevalent in Sichuan waterfowl farms exhibited diverse serotypes, multiple AMR phenotypes and genotypes, and AMR changes over time, indicating their potential risks to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanwan Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhishuang Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Anchun Cheng,
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Xinxin Zhao,
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15
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Peruzy MF, Proroga YTR, Capuano F, Mancusi A, Montone AMI, Cristiano D, Balestrieri A, Murru N. Occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serovars in carcasses and foods in southern Italy: Eleven-year monitoring (2011–2021). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1005035. [PMID: 36274687 PMCID: PMC9582760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1005035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common agents of foodborne illness. The genus Salmonella includes two species (Salmonella bongori and S. enterica) and six subspecies (enterica I, salamae II, arizonae IIIa, diarizonae IIIb, houtenae IV, and indica VI), each of which contains multiple serotypes associated with animal and human infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of Salmonella spp. in carcasses of food-producing animals and foods in southern Italy and the serovar distribution among different sources. From 2011 to 2021, a total of 12,246 foods and 982 samples from animal carcasses were collected and analyzed. The overall percentage of positive samples was 5.84% (N = 773) and a significant increase in prevalence was observed by comparing the years 2011–2015 (257, 3.27%) and 2016–2021 (516, 9.61%; p < 0.05). The highest percentage of positive food samples was observed in “Meat and Meat Products” (N = 327/2,438, 13.41%) followed by “Fish and fishery products” (N = 115/1,915, 6.01%). In carcasses, the highest percentage of positive samples was reported from broilers (N = 42/81, 51.85%) followed by buffalo (N = 50/101, 49.50%) and pork (N = 140/380, 36.84%). After typing, the isolates were assigned to the species S. enterica and to the subspecies: enterica (N = 760, 98.32%), diarizonae (N = 8, 1.03%), salamae (N = 3, 0.39%) and houtenae (N = 2, 0.26%). S. Infantis was the most frequently detected (N = 177, 24.76%), followed by S. Derby (N = 77, 10.77%), monophasic S. Typhimurium (N = 63, 8.81%), S. Typhimurium (N = 54, 7.55%), and S. Rissen (N = 47, 6.57%). By comparing the sampling period 2011–2015 with that of 2016–2021, an increase in the prevalence of S. Infantis and monophasic S. Typhimurium and a decrease of S. Typhimurium were recorded (p < 0.05). Thus, present data suggest that, despite the implementation of national and European control strategies to protect against Salmonella, the prevalence of this pathogen in southern Italy is still increasing and a change of national control programs to protect against Salmonella are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Peruzy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Federico Capuano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancusi
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Cristiano
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Anna Balestrieri
- Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
- *Correspondence: Anna Balestrieri,
| | - Nicoletta Murru
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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16
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Salmonella spp. in Chicken: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Detection Methods. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. is one of the leading causes of worldwide foodborne disease outbreaks. Animal-derived foods, particularly chicken and poultry products, are the most likely source of Salmonella transmission to humans. The increasing demand for chicken meat has raised a global food safety issue. This review aims to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in chickens from various countries in Asia. The methods for detecting Salmonella will also be discussed in this review. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in chicken and poultry products is lower in developed countries than in developing countries. In addition, the incidence of Salmonella spp. in chicken and poultry products from fresh markets is higher than those from supermarkets. Furthermore, this review also reported the presence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains in various Asian countries. Rapid Salmonella detection based on immunological assays, molecular-based assays, and biosensors can provide more accurate results with high sensitivity and specificity. These methods also require a shorter time than the cultural-based Salmonella detection method. The use of suitable detection methods to determine the presence of Salmonella spp. in chicken and poultry products is important to ensure food safety.
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Pławińska-Czarnak J, Wódz K, Kizerwetter-Świda M, Bogdan J, Kwieciński P, Nowak T, Strzałkowska Z, Anusz K. Multi-Drug Resistance to Salmonella spp. When Isolated from Raw Meat Products. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070876. [PMID: 35884130 PMCID: PMC9311972 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spp. is the most frequent cause of foodborne diseases, and the increasing occurrence of MDR strains is an additional and increasing problem. We collected Salmonella spp. strains isolated from meat (poultry and pork) and analysed their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and the occurrence of resistance genes. To determine the susceptibility profiles and identify MDR strains, we used two MIC methods (MICRONAUT and VITEC2 Compact) and 25 antibiotics. Phenotypic tests showed that 53.84% strains were MDR. Finally, molecular analysis strains revealed the presence of blaSHV, blaPSE-1, blaTEM, but not blaCTX-M genes. Moreover, several genes were associated with resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluorochinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines. This suggests that further research on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in foodborne strains is needed, especially from a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pławińska-Czarnak
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.S.); (K.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Wódz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Vet-Lab Brudzew, Ul. Turkowska 58c, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland; (K.W.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego Str. 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Janusz Bogdan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Piotr Kwieciński
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Vet-Lab Brudzew, Ul. Turkowska 58c, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland; (K.W.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Vet-Lab Brudzew, Ul. Turkowska 58c, 62-720 Brudzew, Poland; (K.W.); (P.K.); (T.N.)
| | - Zuzanna Strzałkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Anusz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.B.); (Z.S.); (K.A.)
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Weng R, Gu Y, Zhang W, Hou X, Wang H, Tao J, Deng M, Zhou M, Zhao Y. Whole-Genome Sequencing Provides Insight Into Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Characteristics of Salmonella From Livestock Meat and Diarrhea Patient in Hanzhong, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899024. [PMID: 35756010 PMCID: PMC9219581 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major zoonotic pathogen, which usually contaminates food resulting in salmonellosis in humans. Exploring the characteristics and origins of Salmonella is essential in formulating prevention and control measures for Salmonella infection. We used slide agglutination, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing to analyze and compare Salmonella’s phenotype, genotyping diversity, and genetic relatedness from livestock meat and diarrhea patients in Hanzhong, China, from 2018 to 2020. Totally 216 Salmonella enterica isolates were screened from frozen whole chicken carcasses (44.3%, 70/158), frozen raw ground pork (36.2%, 59/163), and diarrhea patients (4.4%, 87/1964). Salmonella Typhimurium was the dominant serotype. Notably, compared with other sources, isolates obtained from frozen whole chicken carcasses showed significant resistance to third-generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolones (p < 0.05). All strains were assigned into 36 sequence types (STs) and two novel STs, and an excellent consistency was observed between ST and serotype. Genomic data revealed that extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes were responsible for third-generation cephalosporin resistance in 52 Salmonella strains, and the most predominant resistance determinant was blaCTX–M. Furthermore, of the 60 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, five single-base mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions were identified in gyrA or parC, and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene aac(6’)Ib-cr was most often detected. The cgMLST clusters show that five clusters among four serotypes (including S. Typhimurium, S. London, S. Derby, and S. Agona) cover samples from diarrhea patients and livestock meat pathway isolate, indicating a possibility of cross-host transmission. In conclusion, the livestock meat isolates have a higher level of resistance than diarrhea patients’ isolates and could be an essential source of human Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Weng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China.,Department of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Yihai Gu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Xuan Hou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Junqi Tao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Minghui Deng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Mengrong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Hanzhong, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Spleen of Different Chicken Breeds Revealed the Differential Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050811. [PMID: 35627196 PMCID: PMC9142047 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) is a foodborne pathogen that adversely affects the health of both animals and humans. Since poultry is a common source and carrier of the disease, controlling ST infection in chickens will have a protective impact on human health. In the current study, Beijing-You (BY) and Cobb chicks (5-day-old specific-pathogen-free) were orally challenged by 2.4 × 1012 CFU ST, spleen transcriptome was conducted 1 day post-infection (DPI) to identify gene markers and pathways related to the immune system. A total of 775 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons between BY and Cobb were identified, including 498 upregulated and 277 downregulated genes (fold change ≥2.0, p < 0.05). Several immune response pathways against Salmonella were enriched, including natural killer-cell-mediated-cytotoxicity, cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction, antigen processing and presentation, phagosomes, and intestinal immune network for IgA production, for both BY and Cobb chickens. The BY chicks showed a robust response for clearance of bacterial load, immune response, and robust activation of phagosomes, resulting in ST resistance. These results confirmed that BY breed more resistance to ST challenge and will provide a better understanding of BY and Cobb chickens’ susceptibility and resistance to ST infection at the early stages of host immune response, which could expand the known intricacies of molecular mechanisms in chicken immunological responses against ST. Pathways induced by Salmonella infection may provide a novel approach to developing preventive and curative strategies for ST, and increase inherent resistance in animals through genetic selection.
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Miao S, Liu LI, Fu Z. Prevalence of Salmonella in Chinese Food Commodities: A Meta-Analysis. J Food Prot 2022; 85:859-870. [PMID: 34818424 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of Salmonella in multiple food commodities in the People's Republic of China by performing a meta-analysis. Accordingly, we screened studies that examined the prevalence of Salmonella in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Methodological quality assessment and heterogeneity analyses were performed for included studies. The prevalence rate with the 95% confidence interval (CI) was selected as the effect size. Subgroup analyses for each food type were conducted and then stratified by regions, food chain processing points, and seasons. In total, 49 studies were included in the meta-analysis, among them, 8 (16.3%) studies were deemed "high risk," 13 (26.5%) studies were "unclear risk," and 28 (57.2%) studies were "low risk." The overall prevalence rate of Salmonella was 20.0% (95% CI: 15.9 to 24.4). The prevalence rate of Salmonella in raw meat products was 23.6% (95% CI: 19.8 to 27.6), which was higher than that in aquatic products, 13.7% (95% CI: 3.1 to 29.9), milk products, 0.9% (95% CI: 0.0 to 3.9), frozen convenience foods, 6.5% (95% CI: 4.4 to 8.9), ready-to-eat foods, 2.0% (95% CI: 1.1 to 3.2), vegetables and fruits, 0.9% (95% CI: 0.0 to 5.2), and shell eggs, 4.2% (95% CI: 3.0 to 5.7). Subgroup analyses revealed that prevalence rates of Salmonella in raw meat products from abattoirs, 26.3% (95% CI: 17.4 to 36.3) and retail stores, 30.0% (95% CI: 24.6 to 35.8) were higher than those determined from farms, 10.2% (95% CI: 7.0 to 13.9); P < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Salmonella stratified by different geographical regions or seasons (P > 0.05). On the basis of these findings, high levels of Salmonella contamination could be detected in raw meat products in China, and the prevalence rate of Salmonella in raw meat products from abattoirs and retail stores was high. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Miao
- Department of Inspection, Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - L I Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Medical College, Shizhong District, Jinan, Shandong 250002, People's Republic of China
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21
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Morasi RM, Rall VLM, Dantas STA, Alonso VPP, Silva NCC. Salmonella spp. in low water activity food: Occurrence, survival mechanisms, and thermoresistance. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2310-2323. [PMID: 35478321 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of disease outbreaks involving low-water-activity (aw ) foods has gained increased prominence due in part to the fact that reducing free water in these foods is normally a measure that controls the growth and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms. Salmonella, one of the main bacteria involved in these outbreaks, represents a major public health problem worldwide and in Brazil, which highlights the importance of good manufacturing and handling practices for food quality. The virulence of this pathogen, associated with its high ability to persist in the environment, makes Salmonella one of the main challenges for the food industry. The objectives of this article are to present the general characteristics, virulence, thermoresistance, control, and relevance of Salmonella in foodborne diseases, and describe the so-called low-water-activity foods and the salmonellosis outbreaks involving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Martins Morasi
- Department of Food Sciences And Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Mores Rall
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stéfani Thais Alves Dantas
- Sector of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pereira Perez Alonso
- Department of Food Sciences And Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
- Department of Food Sciences And Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street, 80, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Qin X, Yang M, Cai H, Liu Y, Gorris L, Aslam MZ, Jia K, Sun T, Wang X, Dong Q. Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040532. [PMID: 35453283 PMCID: PMC9031511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella is a global public health problem. Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-), a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhmurium, is one of the leading Salmonella serovars in several countries. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance to this serovar in China through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nineteen eligible studies during 2011–2021 were included. A total of 4514 isolates from humans, animals, foods, and the environment were reported, which mainly concerned isolates found in Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu, and Shanghai. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled resistance rate of S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-. Rates were found to be very high (values ≥ 75%) for tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin; high (50–75%) for nalidixic acid, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol; and moderate (25–50%) for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, and gentamicin. The rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftazidime, and colistin were low (values ≤ 25%), but of great concern in terms of their current clinical importance. Furthermore, a high multidrug resistance rate (86%, 95% CI: 78–92%) was present in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, with the ASSuT pattern largely dominating. Subgroup analysis results showed that the high heterogeneity of resistance rates was not entirely dependent on isolated sources. Taken together, the severity of antibiotic resistance in S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- urgently requires the rational use of antibiotics in future infection control and antibiotic stewardship programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qin
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingzhe Yang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China;
| | - Yangtai Liu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Leon Gorris
- Food Safety Futures, 6524 BS Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Muhammad Zohaib Aslam
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Jia
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Tianmei Sun
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Qingli Dong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (X.Q.); (M.Y.); (Y.L.); (M.Z.A.); (K.J.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chu C, Wang J, Jiao X, Li Q. Whole-genome sequencing analysis reveals pig as the main reservoir for persistent evolution of Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen causing human salmonellosis. Food Res Int 2022; 154:111007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Holohan N, Wallat M, Hai Yen Luu T, Clark E, Truong DTQ, Xuan SD, Vu HTK, Van Truong D, Tran Huy H, Nguyen-Viet H, Unger F, Thi Thanh Dang S, Stabler RA. Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Non-typhoidal Salmonella Collected From Pork Retail Outlets and Slaughterhouses in Vietnam Using Whole Genome Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:816279. [PMID: 35425826 PMCID: PMC9002014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.816279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonella (TS) remains a significant health burden worldwide. In Vietnam, pork accounts for 70% of the total meat consumed, and contamination with Salmonella is high. High levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have emerged among porcine NTS and of particular concern is the emergence of colistin resistance, a “last defense” antibioic against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of 69 NTS isolates collected from the pork retail outlets and slaughterhouses in Vietnam during 2014 a nd 2018/19. Phenotypic testing and whole genome sequencing was used to assess the serotype and AMR gene profiles of the 69 NTS isolates. Seventeen different serotypes were identified, of which S. enterica subsp enterica serotype Typhimurium was the most common followed by S. ser. Rissen, S. ser. London, S. ser. Anatum, and S. ser. Derby. Phenotype AMR was common with 41 (59.4%) isolates deemed MDR. MDR strains were most common in slaughterhouses (83%) and supermarkets (75%) and lowest in traditional markets (38%) and convenience stores (40%). Colistin resistance was identified in 18 strains (15 resistant, three intermediate) with mcr-1 identified in seven isolates (S. ser. Meleagridis, S. Rissen, S. Derby) and mcr-3 in two isolates (S. Typhimurium). This includes the first mcr positive S. Meleagridis to our knowledge. Surprisingly, boutique stores had high levels (60%) of MDR isolates including 5/20 isolates with mcr-1. This study demonstrates that pork from modern retail stores classed as supermarkets or boutique (with pork claiming to be high quality, traceable, environmentally friendly marketed toward higher income consumers) still contained NTS with high levels of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Holohan
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Wallat
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thi Hai Yen Luu
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Eleanor Clark
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duong Thi Quy Truong
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Sinh Dang Xuan
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hue Thi Kim Vu
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Van Truong
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Tran Huy
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Regional Office for East and Southeast Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Son Thi Thanh Dang
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Richard A. Stabler
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Richard A. Stabler
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25
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Ahirwar A, Kesharwani K, Deka R, Muthukumar S, Khan MJ, Rai A, Vinayak V, Varjani S, Joshi KB, Morjaria S. Microalgal drugs: A promising therapeutic reserve for the future. J Biotechnol 2022; 349:32-46. [PMID: 35339574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the decades, a variety of chemically synthesized drugs are being used to cure existing diseases but often these drugs could not be effectively employed for the treatment of serious and newly emerging diseases. Fortunately, in nature there occurs immense treasure of plants and microorganisms which are living jewels with respect to their richness of medically important metabolites of high value. Hence, amongst the existing microorganism(s), the marine world offers a plethora of biological entities that can contribute to alleviate numerous human ailments. Algae are one such photosynthetic microorganism found in both marine as well as fresh water which are rich source of metabolites known for their nutrient content and health benefits. Various algal species like Haematococcus, Diatoms, Griffithsia, Chlorella, Spirulina, Ulva, etc. have been identified and isolated to produce biologically active and pharmaceutically important high value compounds like astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, sulphur polysaccharides mainly galactose, rhamnose, xylose, fucose etc., which show antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-cancer, and antiviral activities. However, the production of either of these bio compounds is favored under conditions of stress. This review gives detailed information on various nutraceutical metabolites extracted from algae. Additionally focus has been made on the role of these bio compounds extracted from algae especially sulphur polysaccharides to treat several diseases with prospective treatment for SARS-CoV-2. Lastly it covers the knowledge gaps and future perspectives in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankesh Ahirwar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Khushboo Kesharwani
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Rahul Deka
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Shreya Muthukumar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Mohd Jahir Khan
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Anshuman Rai
- MMU, Deemed University, School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Ambala, Haryana, 133203, India
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India.
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382 010, India.
| | - Khashti Ballabh Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
| | - Shruti Morjaria
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar (MP) 470003, India
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26
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Shen W, Chen H, Geng J, Wu RA, Wang X, Ding T. Prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 361:109473. [PMID: 34768041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. in pork have been widely studied in China, but the results remain inconsistent. This study aimed to summarize the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella spp. isolated from pork, including its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance rate. We systematically reviewed published studies on Salmonella spp. isolated from pork in China between 2000 and 2020 in two Chinese and three English databases and quantitatively summarized its prevalence, serovar distribution, and antibiotic resistance using meta-analysis methods. Furthermore, we conducted subgroup analysis and meta-regression to explore the source of the heterogeneity from historical changes and regional difference perspectives. Ninety-one eligible studies published between 2000 and 2020 were included. The meta-analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of Salmonella isolated from pork was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.20), with a detected growing trend over time. For the proportions of serovars, Derby (0.32, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.38), Typhimurium (0.10, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.15) and London (0.05, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.08) were dominant in these studies. The antibiotic resistance rates were high for tetracycline (0.68, 95% CI: 0.59, 0.77), sulfisoxazole (0.65, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.83), ampicillin (0.43, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.53), streptomycin (0.42, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.56), and sulfamethoxazole (0.42, 95% CI: 0.25, 0.60). The results of this study revealed a high prevalence, the regional characteristics of serovar distribution, and the severe challenges of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella originating from pork in China, suggesting the potential increasing risk and disease burden. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the prevention and control strategies of Salmonella in pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiawei Geng
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ricardo A Wu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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27
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Occurrence, serovars and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella spp. in retail ready-to-eat food products in some Chinese provinces. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotype diversity of Salmonella isolates recovered from retail meat in Hebei Province, China. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 364:109515. [PMID: 35030440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in 210 retail meat samples (105 raw chicken and 105 raw pork) collected from supermarkets and wet markets in 13 areas of Hebei Province, China, from June to October 2018. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all 125 Salmonella isolates to investigate their genetic relationship. Core genome multilocus sequence typing of 77 representative isolates was used to further elucidate the genetic relatedness among the Salmonella isolated from retail meat. The mean detection rate of Salmonella in all samples was 59.5% (125/210). The prevalence of Salmonella was 53.3% (56/105) in chicken and 65.7% (69/105) in pork. Chicken and pork samples collected in July had the highest detection rate of Salmonella among the sampling months. The isolates were assigned to 19 serotypes, with S. Derby, S. London, and S. Thompson being the most frequent serotypes. Resistance to tetracycline (primarily used for the treatment of bacterial infections) was observed in 89.6% of the isolates, and 84.0% were resistant to doxycycline (also a tetracycline antibiotic) or gemifloxacin (commonly used for clinical treatment of human acute bronchitis). More than 80% of the isolates were multidrug resistant. A total of 21 sequence types were identified. Sequence type 40 (ST-40), the predominant genotype among all isolates, was found only in pork; the sequence types of chicken isolates were more diverse. A total of 58 different antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected in the 125 isolates. Most types of ARGs were associated with aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance. Nevertheless, the tetracycline resistance gene tet(A) was the most frequently occurring ARG in all isolates at 78.4%. Multiple isolates of ST-26 contained 20 ARGs. All isolates of ST-40 were divided into two clusters, with at least 160 allelic differences between them. The findings highlight the need to continually monitor ARGs in foodborne Salmonella with particular emphasis on ST-40 and ST-26; the monitoring should include as many retail meat types as possible in the study area.
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29
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Rakitin AL, Yushina YK, Zaiko EV, Bataeva DS, Kuznetsova OA, Semenova AA, Ermolaeva SA, Beletskiy AV, Kolganova TV, Mardanov AV, Shapovalov SO, Tkachik TE. Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Serotypes and Whole-Genome Sequencing of Multiresistant Strains Isolated from Food Products in Russia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:1. [PMID: 35052878 PMCID: PMC8773070 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food products may be a source of Salmonella, one of the main causal agents of food poisoning, especially after the emergence of strains resistant to antimicrobial preparations. The present work dealt with investigation of the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial preparations among S. enterica strains isolated from food. The isolates belonged to 11 serovars, among which Infantis (28%), Enteritidis (19%), and Typhimurium (13.4%) predominated. The isolates were most commonly resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n = 19, 59.38%), cefazolin (n = 15, 46.86%), tetracycline (n = 13, 40.63%), and amikacin (n = 9, 28.13%). Most of the strains (68.75%) exhibited multiple resistance to commonly used antibiotics. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyse three multidrug-resistant strains (resistant to six or more antibiotics). Two of them (SZL 30 and SZL 31) belonged to S. Infantis, while one strain belonged to S. Typhimurium (SZL 38). Analysis of the genomes of the sequenced strains revealed the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance. In the genomes of strains SZL 30 and SZL 31 the genes of antibiotic resistance were shown to be localized mostly in integrons within plasmids, while most of the antibiotic resistance genes of strain SZL 38 were localized in a chromosomal island (17,949 nt). Genomes of the Salmonella strains SZL 30, SZL 31, and SZL 38 were shown to contain full-size pathogenicity islands: SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-4, SPI-5, SPI-9, SPI-11, SPI-13, SPI-14, and CS54. Moreover, the genome of strain SZL 38 was also found to contain the full-size pathogenicity islands SPI-3, SPI-6, SPI-12, and SPI-16. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of various Salmonella serovars indicates that further research on the transmission pathways for these genetic determinants and monitoring of the distribution of these microorganisms are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey L. Rakitin
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.R.); (A.V.B.); (T.V.K.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Yulia K. Yushina
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.Z.); (D.S.B.); (O.A.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Elena V. Zaiko
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.Z.); (D.S.B.); (O.A.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Dagmara S. Bataeva
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.Z.); (D.S.B.); (O.A.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Oksana A. Kuznetsova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.Z.); (D.S.B.); (O.A.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Anastasia A. Semenova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.Z.); (D.S.B.); (O.A.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Svetlana A. Ermolaeva
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod Research Veterinary Institute Branch, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia;
- Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey V. Beletskiy
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.R.); (A.V.B.); (T.V.K.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Tat’yana V. Kolganova
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.R.); (A.V.B.); (T.V.K.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Andrey V. Mardanov
- Research Center of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioengineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.R.); (A.V.B.); (T.V.K.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Sergei O. Shapovalov
- Research and Scientific Testing Center “Cherkizovo”, 108805 Moscow, Russia; (S.O.S.); (T.E.T.)
| | - Timofey E. Tkachik
- Research and Scientific Testing Center “Cherkizovo”, 108805 Moscow, Russia; (S.O.S.); (T.E.T.)
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Yan S, Zhang W, Li C, Liu X, Zhu L, Chen L, Yang B. Serotyping, MLST, and Core Genome MLST Analysis of Salmonella enterica From Different Sources in China During 2004-2019. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:688614. [PMID: 34603224 PMCID: PMC8481815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is an important foodborne pathogen, causing food poisoning and human infection, and critically threatening food safety and public health. Salmonella typing is essential for bacterial identification, tracing, epidemiological investigation, and monitoring. Serotyping and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis are standard bacterial typing methods despite the low resolution. Core genome MLST (cgMLST) is a high-resolution molecular typing method based on whole genomic sequencing for accurate bacterial tracing. We investigated 250 S. enterica isolates from poultry, livestock, food, and human sources in nine provinces of China from 2004 to 2019 using serotyping, MLST, and cgMLST analysis. All S. enterica isolates were divided into 36 serovars using slide agglutination. The major serovars in order were Enteritidis (31 isolates), Typhimurium (29 isolates), Mbandaka (23 isolates), and Indiana (22 isolates). All strains were assigned into 43 sequence types (STs) by MLST. Among them, ST11 (31 isolates) was the primary ST. Besides this, a novel ST, ST8016, was identified, and it was different from ST40 by position 317 C → T in dnaN. Furthermore, these 250 isolates were grouped into 185 cgMLST sequence types (cgSTs) by cgMLST. The major cgST was cgST235530 (11 isolates), and only three cgSTs contained isolates from human and other sources, indicating a possibility of cross-species infection. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of the same serovar strains were putatively homologous except Saintpaul and Derby due to their multilineage characteristics. In addition, serovar I 4,[5],12:i:- and Typhimurium isolates have similar genomic relatedness on the phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, we sorted out the phenotyping and genotyping diversity of S. enterica isolates in China during 2004-2019 and clarified the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of Salmonella from different hosts in China in the recent 16 years. These results greatly supplement Salmonella strain resources, genetic information, and traceability typing data; facilitate the typing, traceability, identification, and genetic evolution analysis of Salmonella; and therefore, improve the level of analysis, monitoring, and controlling of foodborne microorganisms in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigan Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Sciences and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Schwan CL, Lomonaco S, Bastos LM, Cook PW, Maher J, Trinetta V, Bhullar M, Phebus RK, Gragg S, Kastner J, Vipham JL. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated From Cambodian Informal Markets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711472. [PMID: 34603240 PMCID: PMC8481621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a pathogen of global importance, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The presence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) strains in market environments poses a serious health threat to consumers. In this study we identified and characterized the genotypic and phenotypic AMR profiles of 81 environmental S. enterica strains isolated from samples from informal markets in Cambodia in 2018–2019. AMR genotypes were retrieved from the NCBI Pathogen Detection website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/) and using ResFinder (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/) Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) were identified with SPIFinder (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/). Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standard guidelines M100-S22 using the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Sensititre Gram Negative plate. A total of 17 unique AMR genes were detected in 53% (43/81) of the isolates, including those encoding tetracycline, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, quinolone, aminoglycoside, phenicol, and trimethoprim resistance. A total of 10 SPIs (SPI-1, 3–5, 8, 9, 12–14, and centisome 63 [C63PI]) were detected in 59 isolates. C63PI, an iron transport system in SPI-1, was observed in 56% of the isolates (n = 46). SPI-1, SPI-4, and SPI-9 were present in 13, 2, and 5% of the isolates, respectively. The most common phenotypic resistances were observed to tetracycline (47%; n = 38), ampicillin (37%; n = 30), streptomycin (20%; n = 16), chloramphenicol (17%; n = 14), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (16%; n = 13). This study contributes to understanding the AMR genes present in S. enterica isolates from informal markets in Cambodia, as well as support domestic epidemiological investigations of multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Schwan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sara Lomonaco
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Peter W Cook
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joshua Maher
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Manreet Bhullar
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS, United States
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sara Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Justin Kastner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie L Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Molecular characterisation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and class 1 integrons of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis strains from retail food in China. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Gomes-Neto JC, Pavlovikj N, Cano C, Abdalhamid B, Al-Ghalith GA, Loy JD, Knights D, Iwen PC, Chaves BD, Benson AK. Heuristic and Hierarchical-Based Population Mining of Salmonella enterica Lineage I Pan-Genomes as a Platform to Enhance Food Safety. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.725791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent incorporation of bacterial whole-genome sequencing (WGS) into Public Health laboratories has enhanced foodborne outbreak detection and source attribution. As a result, large volumes of publicly available datasets can be used to study the biology of foodborne pathogen populations at an unprecedented scale. To demonstrate the application of a heuristic and agnostic hierarchical population structure guided pan-genome enrichment analysis (PANGEA), we used populations of S. enterica lineage I to achieve two main objectives: (i) show how hierarchical population inquiry at different scales of resolution can enhance ecological and epidemiological inquiries; and (ii) identify population-specific inferable traits that could provide selective advantages in food production environments. Publicly available WGS data were obtained from NCBI database for three serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica lineage I (S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, and S. Infantis). Using the hierarchical genotypic classifications (Serovar, BAPS1, ST, cgMLST), datasets from each of the three serovars showed varying degrees of clonal structuring. When the accessory genome (PANGEA) was mapped onto these hierarchical structures, accessory loci could be linked with specific genotypes. A large heavy-metal resistance mobile element was found in the Monophasic ST34 lineage of S. Typhimurium, and laboratory testing showed that Monophasic isolates have on average a higher degree of copper resistance than the Biphasic ones. In S. Newport, an extra sugE gene copy was found among most isolates of the ST45 lineage, and laboratory testing of multiple isolates confirmed that isolates of S. Newport ST45 were on average less sensitive to the disinfectant cetylpyridimium chloride than non-ST45 isolates. Lastly, data-mining of the accessory genomic content of S. Infantis revealed two cryptic Ecotypes with distinct accessory genomic content and distinct ecological patterns. Poultry appears to be the major reservoir for Ecotype 1, and temporal analysis further suggested a recent ecological succession, with Ecotype 2 apparently being displaced by Ecotype 1. Altogether, the use of a heuristic hierarchical-based population structure analysis that includes bacterial pan-genomes (core and accessory genomes) can (1) improve genomic resolution for mapping populations and accessing epidemiological patterns; and (2) define lineage-specific informative loci that may be associated with survival in the food chain.
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34
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Wang X, Xie Y, Cai H, Duan S, Song X, Wu Y, Fang T, Dong Q, Liu H. Growth and survival characteristics of Salmonella enterica regarding antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang W, Chen J, Shao X, Huang P, Zha J, Ye Y. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from retail meats in Anhui, China. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4701-4710. [PMID: 34531984 PMCID: PMC8441314 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is considered one of the major foodborne pathogens associated with severe infections. Little attempt has been focused on the distribution of Salmonella in retail meats and the analysis of its phenotypic characteristics in Anhui Province. The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of Salmonella serovars, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes, and virulence genes in Salmonella recovered from retail meats in Anhui, China. Out of the 120 samples collected from supermarket chains and open-air markets, 16 samples (13.3%) were positive for Salmonella, of which Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the common serotypes. Significant differences in incidence were found between supermarket chains and open-air markets (p < 0.05). Overall, all 16 isolates were resistant to at least two tested antimicrobials, while 12 isolates showed multiple antimicrobial resistant phenotypes. High resistance was observed for ampicillin (87.5%), doxycycline (75.0%), and tetracycline (62.5%). The sul2 was detected in all isolates, and the aac(6')-Ib-cr (93.8%) and the tetA (81.3%) were predominant in 10 resistance genes conferring five classes of antimicrobials. In addition, the correlation between resistance phenotypes and genes of tetracyclines and aminoglycosides was more than 80%. Interestingly, all the Salmonella isolates contained the genes mogA, mgtC, sopB, and spvB, whereas the siiE was variably represented. The findings in this study showed high prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and the existence of virulence genes, suggesting that effective measures are required to ensure microbial safety from retail meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐processMinistry of EducationHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Jing Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐processMinistry of EducationHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Xuefei Shao
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐processMinistry of EducationHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Pan Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐processMinistry of EducationHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Jing Zha
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐processMinistry of EducationHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Yingwang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio‐processMinistry of EducationHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringHefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
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Maina J, Ndung'u P, Muigai A, Kiiru J. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic basis of resistance among non-fastidious Gram-negative bacteria recovered from ready-to-eat foods in Kibera informal housing in Nairobi, Kenya. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000236. [PMID: 34423251 PMCID: PMC8374547 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This cross-sectional study conducted in Kibera, Kenya, sought to gain insights on relative microbial contamination levels of popular unprocessed food types, determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden and the carriage of integrons that are essential elements for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Foods analysed consisted of cooked vegetables (kale, cabbage, and nightshades), boiled cereal foods (beans, rice, and Githeri, which is a mixture of beans and maize), meat, Omena fish (fried silver cyprinids), and Ugali (a product of simmered maize flour in boiled water). Results The analysis detected contamination levels exceeding 2×104 c.f.u. ml-1 in 106 (38 %) of the 281 ready-to-eat foods analysed. The majority of food types had microbial contaminations of between 4.0×104 and 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml-1. Kale was the most contaminated with a mean of 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml-1, while Omena was the least contaminated with 4.0×104 c.f.u. ml-1. Foods sold close to open sewage and refuse sites were more contaminated than those sold in relatively 'cleaner' settings (P <0.0001, O.R 0.1162, C.I 0.1162-0.120). A total of 405 bacterial isolates were recovered and included; Klebsiella spp 116 (29 %), Escherichia coli 104 (26 %), Enterobacter agglomerans 88 (22 %), Proteus mirabilis 30 (7 %), Salmonella spp 28 (7 %), Citrobacter freundii 27 (7 %) and Serratia marcescens 12 (3 %). Imipenem (IPM, 100 %) was the most effective antimicrobial agent, followed by cefepime (98 %). Ampicillin (AMP, 33 %), trimethoprim (TMP, 27 %), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, 23 %) on the other hand, were the least effective antimicrobials. The analysis also found ten isolates (2 %) that had co-resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolone (CIP), quinolones (NAL) and aminoglycosides (GEN); hereby we refer to this phenotype as the βFQA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 23 % (93), while that of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing strains was 4 % (17). The bla TEM was the most prevalent (55 %) β-lactamase (bla) gene among the screened 93 MDR-strains. Carriage of class one integrons (intI1) was more common (23 %) than intl2 (3 %) among these MDR-strains. Bacterial diversity analysis using the GTG5-PCR found no significant clusters for analysed E. coli and K. pneumoniae, suggesting recovered isolates were genetically diverse and not due to non-clonal expansion. The findings of this study are an indication that contaminated foods can be a reservoir for enteric pathogens and a source of AMR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maina
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | | | - Anne Muigai
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
| | - John Kiiru
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Rincón-Gamboa SM, Poutou-Piñales RA, Carrascal-Camacho AK. Analysis of the assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. Non-typhoid Salmonella in meat and meat products as model (systematic review). BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:223. [PMID: 34340654 PMCID: PMC8328484 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific publications of antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance must be precise, with interpretations adjusted to the standard. In this frame, knowledge of antimicrobial resistance is fundamental in pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp., known for many annual deaths worldwide. The objective of this work was to compare the interpretation of standards, the concentrations, and the breakpoints, to study antimicrobial resistance in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from beef, pork, and chicken meat, meat products, and propose additional considerations that improve the use and usefulness of published results. RESULTS After refining the search based on meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 48 papers were selected. In 33 (68.8%) of them, the disc diffusion method was used, in 11 (22.9%) the MIC determination method, and in 4 (8.33%) were used both. In 24 (50%) of the articles, the selection of a different (correct) standard could have had an impact on the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility, which observed when considering three scenarios, i) comparison between the year of the isolation versus the implemented standard, ii) comparison between the year of submission versus implemented standard and iii) comparison between the year of publication versus implemented standard. CONCLUSIONS The most frequent scenario was the inadequate selection of standards, indicating that some studies had not ensured that applied standards kept in line with the date of isolation, date of publication and interpretation of susceptibilities. We proposed 2 years for standards use for resistance and multi-resistance interpretations. On the other hand, we invite researchers to publish their results in the shortest possible time, and editors and reviewers of scientific journals to prioritise these types of studies and verify the correspondence between the standard cited and the one used and the one to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Rincón-Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos. Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Molecular. Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Raúl A Poutou-Piñales
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Molecular. Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Ana K Carrascal-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos. Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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Rincón-Gamboa SM, Poutou-Piñales RA, Carrascal-Camacho AK. Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-Typhoid Salmonella in Meat and Meat Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081731. [PMID: 34441509 PMCID: PMC8392175 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovars are associated with numerous annual deaths worldwide and are responsible for a large number of foodborne diseases. Within this frame of reference, knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibility represents the fundamental approach of most Salmonella treatments. Therefore, scientific publications of antimicrobial susceptibilities and resistance must be precise, with interpretations adjusted to a particular standard. Hence, the three objectives in this study were: (i) to describe the frequency of antimicrobial-resistant isolates of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from beef, pork, chicken meat, and other meat products; (ii) to describe the distribution of serovars and their multi-resistance to antibiotics for clinical use (veterinary and human) between 1996 and 2019; and (iii) to propose additional considerations that could improve the use and usefulness of the published results. Our results determined that the predominant isolates came from poultry. Enteritidis and Typhimurium were the most reported serovars by MIC (with both having the highest resistance to TET) while the lowest resistance was to CIP and CRO for Enteritidis and Typhimurium, respectively. The multi-resistance pattern AMP AMC CEP GEN KAN STR TET was the most frequently observed pattern by MIC in Montevideo and Seftenberg, while, for disc diffusion, the pattern AMP STR TET was the most frequent in the Bredeney serotype. In conclusion, researchers should carry out homogeneous sampling procedures, identify the types of the samples, use standard identification methods, and employ appropriate standards for antimicrobial susceptibility interpretation. Additionally, there is also a need for all WHO members to comply with the WHA 73.5 resolution. Our final recommendation is for all producers to reduce antibiotic prophylactic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Rincón-Gamboa
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia; (S.M.R.-G.); (A.K.C.-C.)
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia
| | - Raúl A. Poutou-Piñales
- Laboratorio Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +57-1-320-83-20 (ext. 4021)
| | - Ana K. Carrascal-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110-23, Colombia; (S.M.R.-G.); (A.K.C.-C.)
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He S, Shi X. Microbial Food Safety in China: Past, Present, and Future. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:510-518. [PMID: 34242111 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety is a major public health issue worldwide, especially in heavily populated countries such as China. As in other countries, the predominant food safety issues in China are foodborne diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Hence, this review provides a systematic overview on microbial food safety in the past, present, and future in China. Management of microbial food safety in China is generally divided into three stages: Stage I before 2000, Stage II from 2000 to 2009, and Stage III from 2010 to present. At Stage I, China's main food concern gradually shifted from food security to food safety. At Stage II, foodborne pathogen surveillance was initiated and gradually became a focus of microbial food safety marked by the establishment of national food contamination monitoring system in 2000 and the promulgation of China Food Safety Law in 2009, although chemical food safety was considered a priority issue during this stage. At Stage III, microbial food safety was recognized as a high priority supported by many national food safety policies such as the launch of a national foodborne disease molecular tracing network in 2013 and the revision of China Food Safety Law in 2015. Advancement in food safety education and research support by central and local governments has also made significant contributions to tackling and solving microbial food safety problems. Management in the future should be focused on active involvement of food industries in mitigating microbial risks by introducing ISO 22000, regulatory enforcement to oversee compliances to standards and rules, and application of molecular tools for fast detection and source tracking to support decision-making. Future research efforts may include, but are not limited to, exploitation of interaction mechanisms among pathogenic bacteria, food and gut microbiota, smart traceability of microbial hazards, and development of novel antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukui He
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Lyu N, Feng Y, Pan Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Xue C, Zhu B, Hu Y. Genomic Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates From Retail Meat in Beijing, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636332. [PMID: 33897640 PMCID: PMC8058101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica remains one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial disease. Retail meat is a major source of human salmonellosis. However, comparative genomic analyses of S. enterica isolates from retail meat from different sources in China are lacking. A total of 341 S. enterica strains were isolated from retail meat in sixteen districts of Beijing, China, at three different time points (January 1st, May 1st, and October 1st) in 2017. Comparative genomics was performed to investigate the genetic diversity, virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) profiles of these isolates. The most common serotype was S. Enteritidis (203/341, 59.5%), which dominated among isolates from three different time points during the year. Laboratory retesting confirmed the accuracy of the serotyping results predicted by the Salmonella In Silico Typing Resource (SISTR) (96.5%). The pangenome of the 341 S. enterica isolates contained 13,931 genes, and the core genome contained 3,635 genes. Higher Salmonella phage 118970 sal3 (219/341, 64.2%) and Gifsy-2 (206/341, 60.4%) prevalence contributed to the diversity of the accessory genes, especially those with unknown functions. IncFII(S), IncX1, and IncFIB(S) plasmid replicons were more common in these isolates and were major sources of horizontally acquired foreign genes. The virulence gene profile showed fewer virulence genes associated with type III secretion systems in certain isolates from chicken. A total of 88 different ARGs were found in the 341 isolates. Three beta-lactamases, namely, blaCTX–M–55 (n = 15), blaCTX–M–14 (n = 11), and blaCTX–M–65 (n = 11), were more prevalent in retail meats. The emergence of qnrE1 and blaCTX–M–123 indicated a potential increase in the prevalence of retail meats. After the prohibition of colistin in China, three and four isolates were positive for the colistin resistance genes mcr-1.1 and mcr-9, respectively. Thus, we explored the evolution and genomic features of S. enterica isolates from retail meats in Beijing, China. The diverse ARGs of these isolates compromise food security and are a clinical threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanlong Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Beijing Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyu Xue
- Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Agyemang K, Ofori Donkor P, Ayim I, Adzitey F, Lin L, Cui H. Retracted:
Antibacterial activity and mechanism of
Tetrapleura tetraptera
stem extract against
Salmonella
strains and its application in raw chicken meat. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena Agyemang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | | | - Ishmael Ayim
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Frederick Adzitey
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture University for Development Studies Tamale Ghana
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Haiying Cui
- School of Food & Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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Liu Y, Jiang J, Ed-Dra A, Li X, Peng X, Xia L, Guo Q, Yao G, Yue M. Prevalence and genomic investigation of Salmonella isolates recovered from animal food-chain in Xinjiang, China. Food Res Int 2021; 142:110198. [PMID: 33773671 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide, causing serious cases of morbidity and mortality due to the consumption of contaminated foods. Animal-borne foods were considered the main source of transferring Salmonella to humans; however, route surveillance by genomic platforms along the food-chain is limited in China. Here, we proceeded to the application of whole genome sequencing in the epidemiological analysis of Salmonella isolated along the food-chain in Xinjiang, China. A total of 2408 samples were collected from farms, slaughterhouses, and markets, and subjected to the isolation of Salmonella strains. 314 (13.04%) of the samples were positive for Salmonella. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was conducted by the broth dilution method using 14 antimicrobial agents belonging to ten classes for all 314 isolates. A selection of representative 103 isolates was subjected to whole-genome sequencing for understanding the Salmonella diversity, including serovars, antimicrobial and virulence genes, plasmid types, multi-locus sequence types, and allelic types. We found that S. Agona was the dominant serovar and O:4(B) was the dominant serogroup. The dominant genotype was ST13 and each serovar has a unique MLST pattern. Plasmids prediction reported Col(MGD2)_1 and Col(Ye4449)_1 as the dominant plasmids, in addition to the detection of IncFII(S)_1 and IncFIB(S)_1 carried by all S. Enteritidis isolates. Importantly, virulence genes prediction showed the presence of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins, spv genes, and pef gene cluster encoding fimbriae in the genomes of S. Indiana and S. Enteritidis. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance identified 92.04% of the sampled isolates as multi-drug resistance (MDR), with high resistance to tetracycline (78.03%; 245/314), amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid (75.80%; 238/314), and ampicillin (70.70%; 222/314). Together, we firstly reported the prevalence of MDR Salmonella isolates harboring critical virulence factors transmission via animal-borne food-chain in Xinjiang, hence route surveillance by whole-genome sequencing platform could facilitate recognition and project early warning for the emerging MDR clones along the food-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jindou Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianqi Peng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lining Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qingyong Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Min Yue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.
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43
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Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity and Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus plantarum Isolated from Chinese Homemade Pickles. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8818989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the antipathogenic activity and probiotic potential of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Chinese homemade pickles. In total, 27 samples were collected from different sites in China. Fifty-nine yielded pure colonies were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as LAB and were initially evaluated for the antibacterial activity in vitro. Initial screening yielded Lactobacillus plantarum GS083, GS086, and GS090, which showed a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens, especially multidrug-resistant pathogens. Meanwhile, organic acids were mainly responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the LAB strains, and the most abundant of these was lactic acid (19.32 ± 0.95 to 24.79 ± 0.40 g/l). Additionally, three L. plantarum strains demonstrated several basic probiotic characteristics including cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and survival under gastrointestinal (GI) tract conditions. The safety of these isolates was also evaluated based on their antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic risk, bile salt hydrolase activity, and existence of virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. All strains were safe at both the genomic and phenotypic levels. Therefore, L. plantarum GS083, GS086, and GS090 are fairly promising probiotic candidates and may be favorable for use as preservatives in the food industry.
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Ben Hassena A, Haendiges J, Zormati S, Guermazi S, Gdoura R, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Siala M. Virulence and resistance genes profiles and clonal relationships of non-typhoidal food-borne Salmonella strains isolated in Tunisia by whole genome sequencing. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108941. [PMID: 33181420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has made impressive progress in the field of molecular biology. Its most common application for public health is in the area of surveillance of food-borne diseases. WGS has the potential for providing a large amount of information, such as the identification of the strain type, the characterization of antibiotic resistance and virulence, and phylogeny. In our study, thirty-nine non-typhoidal Salmonella strains were isolated from diverse sources in Tunisia. Non-typhoidal Salmonella are among the most common pathogens contaminating food animals. The presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants in those strains were investigated using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and appropriate data analysis. The genomes were screened for several Salmonella virulence genes using the Virulence Factor Database VFDB. Twelve different virulence profiles, which correspond to the 12 identified serovars, were recognized. Several antimicrobial resistance genes were also detected: aac (6')-Iaa, sul1, tetA, bla-TEM and qnrS genes. Phylogenetic relationships among the strains were further assessed by a cgMLST analysis. The resulting phylogenetic tree consisted of several clusters consistently with the in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and serotyping. Our findings demonstrated that WGS and subsequent data analysis provided an accurate tool for genetic characterization of bacterial strains compared to usual molecular typing techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an application of WGS for genetic characterization of food-borne Tunisian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ben Hassena
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology-Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Julie Haendiges
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sonia Zormati
- Regional Center of Veterinary research of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sonda Guermazi
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology-Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology-Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Narjol Gonzalez-Escalona
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mariam Siala
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology-Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia; Department of Biology, Preparatory Institute for Engineering Studies of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia.
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45
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Maguiña-Molina C, Pons MJ, Beltrán MJ, Morales-Cauti S. Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolated in Paca ( Cuniculus paca) Carcasses from the Belen Market, Iquitos, Perú. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:131-138. [PMID: 33085530 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of wildlife meat is traditionally accepted in the Peruvian Amazon; however, little is known about the pathogens present in this type of food. One of the most frequently consumed species is a rodent, the paca (Cuniculus paca) or "majaz" in the Peruvian language. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of Salmonella enterica and its antimicrobial resistance profile in paca carcasses sold in the Belen Market of Iquitos-Peru. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out. Fresh and smoked paca carcasses (72 samples) were evaluated during the low-rain period (July 2019) in the traditional market of Iquitos, in the Amazonian Region. Meat samples were swabbed, and International Standards Organization (ISO) 6579-1: 2017 protocol was followed to Salmonella isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis was performed by the disk diffusion method. In addition, serotyping was performed by using the Kauffmann-White scheme. A total of 25 strains of S. enterica were isolated in the paca carcasses, mainly in fresh carcasses (48.6%). The serovars isolated were Agona (45.8%), Infantis (41.7%), Wangata (8.3%), and Javiana (4.2%). A considerable number of the isolated strains were multidrug resistant (40%). The highest prevalence of resistance corresponded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (64%) followed by nitrofurantoin (44%), chloramphenicol (40%), cefotaxime (40%), and nalidixic acid (40%). Ten strains isolated (40%) were identified as producers of extended spectrum beta lactamases, all in S. enterica serovar Infantis. This study describes the presence of Salmonella Infantis with multidrug resistance profiles in wildlife meat carcasses, making the consumption of this type of products a risk factor for the development of foodborne diseases in the Amazon region. Institutional Review Board: Approval Resolution of Thesis Project: N° 024-DACMVZ-DAFCVB-U.CIENTÍFICA-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria J Pons
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Genómica Bacteriana, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Manuel J Beltrán
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Siever Morales-Cauti
- Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
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Silva A, Silva SA, Lourenço-Lopes C, Jimenez-Lopez C, Carpena M, Gullón P, Fraga-Corral M, Domingues VF, Barroso MF, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Antibacterial Use of Macroalgae Compounds against Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E712. [PMID: 33080894 PMCID: PMC7603221 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for food resources is a constant in human history. Nowadays, the search for natural and safe food supplies is of foremost importance. Accordingly, there is a renewed interest in eco-friendly and natural products for substitution of synthetic additives. In addition, microbial contamination of food products during their obtaining and distribution processes is still a sanitary issue, and an important target for the food industry is to avoid food contamination and its related foodborne illnesses. These diseases are fundamentally caused by certain microorganisms listed in this review and classified according to their Gram negative or positive character. Algae have proven to possess high nutritional value and a wide variety of biological properties due to their content in active compounds. Among these capabilities, macroalgae are recognized for having antimicrobial properties. Thus, the present paper revises the actual knowledge of microbial contaminants in the food industry and proposes antimicrobial algal compounds against those pathogenic bacteria responsible for food contamination as valuable molecules for its growth inhibition. The capacity of algae extracts to inhibit some major food pathogen growth was assessed. Moreover, the main applications of these compounds in the food industry were discussed while considering their favorable effects in terms of food safety and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Silva
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Sofia A. Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-168 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - C. Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
| | - C. Jimenez-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - M. Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
| | - P. Gullón
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
| | - M. Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - V. F. Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (M.F.B.)
| | - M. Fátima Barroso
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (V.F.D.); (M.F.B.)
| | - J. Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
| | - M. A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.S.); (C.L.-L.); (C.J.-L.); (M.C.); (P.G.); (M.F.-C.)
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Nationwide surveillance on serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars isolated from food-producing animals in South Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108893. [PMID: 33007603 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Food-producing animals are considered a leading source of human Salmonella infections in Korea. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and up-to-date data regarding the diversity and resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes in these animals. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from cattle, pigs, and chickens in Korea between 2010 and 2018. A total of 3018 Salmonella isolates were obtained from 16 laboratories/centers participating in the Korean Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Salmonella serotypes were identified from the following isolates: 179 cattle (17 serotypes), 959 pig (45 serotypes), and 1880 chicken (64 serotypes). The most frequent serotypes in cattle (Typhimurium, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-, and Schwarzengrund), pigs (Typhimurium, Rissen, and S. 4,[5],12:i:-), and chickens (Enteritidis, Albany, Virchow, and Montevideo) accounted for more than 50% of the total serotypes in the respective animal species. To the best of our knowledge, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has not been identified in cattle in Korea to date. More than 80% of the isolates demonstrated resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent. Multidrug-resistance was found in almost half of the serotypes; the highest proportion in cattle (59.2%), followed by pigs (53.4%), and chickens (45.7%). Significant proportions of the serotypes were resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Ceftiofur and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were the highest in Salmonella isolated from chickens (17.1% and 4.1%, respectively) and cattle (10.1% and 3.9%, respectively) compared to that in pigs. Among the frequent serotypes, Albany demonstrated the highest resistance rate (>90%) to five different antimicrobials. Alarmingly, some Salmonella serotypes that are frequently associated with human infections demonstrated a trend of increasing resistance to critically important antibiotics, including 3rd generation cephalosporins and quinolones. Collectively, the presence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in food-producing animals poses a potential risk to public health.
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Shen H, Chen H, Ou Y, Huang T, Chen S, Zhou L, Zhang J, Hu Q, Zhou Y, Ma W. Prevalence, serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from patients with diarrhea in Shenzhen, China. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:197. [PMID: 32631309 PMCID: PMC7339465 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01886-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is one of the main causative agents of diarrhea which results in substantial disease burden. To determine the prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance profiles of clinical Salmonella isolates in Shenzhen, a 6-year surveillance study was conducted. RESULTS A total of 297 (5.7%) Salmonella strains were isolated from stool samples from 5239 patients. Among the 42 serotypes identified, serotype Typhimurium was the most common one which represented 39.7% of the isolates (118), followed by serotype Enteritidis (71, 23.9%), London (12, 4.0%), 4, 5, 12: i: - (11, 3.7%), and Senftenberg (8, 2.7%). A high frequency of resistance was found in ampicillin (70.6%), piperacillin (64.5%), tetracycline (63.5%), and streptomycin (54.3%). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was observed in 95.3% of S. Typhimurium isolates; and nalidixic acid in 93.1% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Resistance to 5 or more antimicrobial agents was found in 78.8% of S. Typhimurium and 69.0% of S. Enteritidis isolates. A decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was associated with amino acid alteration in gyrA gene. Point mutations without amino acid changes were seen in gyrB, parC, and parE genes. CONCLUSIONS A broad range of serotypes are responsible for Salmonellosis in Shenzhen, with Enteritidis and Typhimurium being the most common serotypes. The high level of antibiotic resistance is of public health significance and ongoing monitoring combined with rational use of antibiotics are recommended. Point mutations in gyrA gene might play an important role in the resistance to fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shen
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China.,Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Haochuan Chen
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Yongxuan Ou
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Lintao Zhou
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Yitian Road 7019, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Futian District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hongli Xilu 8043, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518040, China
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Longyuan Road 8, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yiwen Zhou
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Ma
- Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Xinhu Road 1333, Baoan District, Shenzhen, 518110, Guangdong, China.
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49
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Adzitey F, Teye GA, Amoako DG. Prevalence, phylogenomic insights, and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolated from meats in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:3647-3655. [PMID: 32724627 PMCID: PMC7382109 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of foodborne pathogens including Salmonella species allows for the determination of their relationship and/or relatedness with others. This study characterized Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) isolated from five meat types (mutton, beef, chevon, guinea fowl, and local chicken) obtained from Tamale metropolis, Ghana. The S. enterica were characterized phenotypically (n = 44) based on their antibiotic resistance pattern with the disc diffusion method and genetically (n = 16) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) as well as with bioinformatic analysis for the prediction of their clonal and phylogenomic relationship. Of the 225 meat samples examined, 107 (47.56%) were positive for S. enterica. Mutton was the most contaminated meat type and the least was local chicken. The 44 S. enterica isolates exhibited five different antibiotic patterns with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranging from 0.13 to 0.63. Resistant to only erythromycin was most common and was exhibited by 34 isolates (77.27%). Four isolates were resistant to four different antibiotics (TeAmpSxtECro) with a percentage of 9.09%, while two isolates (4.55%) were resistant to none of the antibiotics. The sequenced S. enterica isolates consisted of 7 serovars and 8 clonal lineages with the S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Hato (ST5308) being the predominate strain. Phylogenomic analysis showed that the isolates clustered according to their serovars and sequence types (clonal lineages). However, further metadata insights coupled with the phylogenomics revealed a complex intraspread of multiple S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars in diverse meat sources in areas in Tamale which is very worrying for infection management. In summary, our study provides useful insights into S. enterica in meat reservoirs obtained from Tamale metropolis, Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Adzitey
- Department of Veterinary ScienceUniversity for Development StudiesTamaleGhana
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity for Development StudiesTamaleGhana
| | - Gabriel Ayum Teye
- Department of Animal ScienceUniversity for Development StudiesTamaleGhana
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Infection Genomics and Applied Bioinformatics Division, Antimicrobial Research UnitUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurbanSouth Africa
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Altaf Hussain M, Wang W, Sun C, Gu L, Liu Z, Yu T, Ahmad Y, Jiang Z, Hou J. Molecular Characterization Of Pathogenic Salmonella Spp From Raw Beef In Karachi, Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E73. [PMID: 32050654 PMCID: PMC7168182 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella and investigate the dominant serovars distribution in raw beef and to screen the isolated serovars for the prescense of beta-lactamases and virulence genes. A total of 150 samples of raw beef sold at butcher shops (n = 75) and supermarkets (n = 75) in Karachi city were collected (50 samples each from muscles, lymph nodes, and minced beef). The samples were cultured according to the ISO-6579-1guidlines. The overall prevalence of Salmonella strains was found to be 21.34%. A total of 56 isolates of Salmonella belonging to four serogroups (Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis) were isolated from beef muscles (12%), lymph nodes (24%) and minced beef (28%) samples collected from butcher shops (av. 21.34%). No Salmonella was detected in beef samples collected from supermarkets. S. Enteritidis contamination was highest (37.5 %), followed by S. Choleraesuis (30.4%), S. Pullorum (19.6%) and S. Typhimurium (12.5 %). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Salmonella isolates were highly resistant to Oxytetracycline (90%), Ampicillin (90.5%), Amoxicillin (81.1%), Tetracycline (76%), Neomycin, (79.8%) and Ciprofloxacin (61.4%). The Salmonella isolates examined were more susceptible to the Cephalosporin antibiotics such as Cefixime (43.2%), Cefepime (48.2) and Cefoxitin (49.8%). PCR based screening of blaTEM, blaCTX-M and blaSHV revealed that blaCTX-M and blaTEM were the dominant resistant genes in S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium followed by S. Pullorum and S. Choleraesuis whereas blaSHV was the least detected beta-lactamase in Salmonella isolates. Virulence genes screening revealed that at least five genes were present in all the serovars, highest being present in S. Enteritidis (12/17) and S. Typhimurium (12/17). S. Cholerasuis (5/17) carried the least number of virulence genes followed by S. Pullorum (6/17). The present data suggest that beef samples from butcher shops of Karachi city are heavily contaminated with MDR Salmonella. The presence of resistance and virulence genes in MDR strains of Salmonella may play a significant role in transmission and development of Salmonella infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Altaf Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Wan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Changbao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Liya Gu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zhijing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Tong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Yasin Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45710, Pakistan;
| | - Zhanmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
| | - Juncai Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (M.A.H.); (W.W.); (C.S.); (L.G.); (Z.L.); (T.Y.); (Z.J.)
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