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Yazid SNE, Selamat J, Ismail SI, Sanny M, Samsudin NIP. Molecular and aflatoxigenicity analyses of Aspergillus flavus isolates indigenous to grain corn in Malaysia; potentials for biological control. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae145. [PMID: 38877665 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The present work aimed to distinguish the indigenous Aspergillus flavus isolates obtained from the first (pioneer) grain corn farms in Terengganu, Malaysia, into aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic by molecular and aflatoxigenicity analyses, and determine the antagonistic capability of the non-aflatoxigenic isolates against aflatoxigenic counterparts and their aflatoxin production in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven A. flavus isolates previously obtained from the farms were characterized molecularly and chemically. All isolates were examined for the presence of seven aflatoxin biosynthesis genes, and their aflatoxigenicity was confirmed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Phylogenetic relationships of all isolates were tested using ITS and β-tubulin genes. Of the seven isolates, two were non-aflatoxigenic, while the remaining were aflatoxigenic based on the presence of all aflatoxin biosynthesis genes tested and the productions of aflatoxins B1 and B2. All isolates were also confirmed as A. flavus following phylogenetic analysis. The indigenous non-aflatoxigenic isolates were further examined for their antagonistic potential against aflatoxigenic isolates on 3% grain corn agar. Both non-aflatoxigenic isolates significantly reduced AFB1 production of the aflatoxigenic isolates. CONCLUSION The indigenous non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains identified in the present work were effective in controlling the aflatoxin production by the aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates in vitro and can be utilized for in situ testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Izera Ismail
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Fonseca de Oliveira GR, Amaral da Silva EA. Tropical peanut maturation scale for harvesting seeds with superior quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1376370. [PMID: 38784060 PMCID: PMC11113016 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1376370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Determining the moment for harvesting the tropical peanut with a focus on superior seed quality is not an easy task. Particularities such as indeterminate flowering, underground fruiting and uneven maturation further increase this technical challenge. It is in this context that we aim to investigate harvest indicators based on the maturation and late maturation phases of tropical peanuts to obtain seeds with superior physiological and health quality. The plants were grown in field conditions and their development stages were carefully monitored until seed production. The water content, dry weight, germination capacity, desiccation tolerance, vigor, longevity, and seed pathogens were evaluated throughout these stages. We showed that seeds from early stages (R5 and R6) did not fully tolerate desiccation and were highly sensitive to pathogen contamination after storage (Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Bacteria). At late stages (R7, R8, and R9), the seeds had optimized vigor, longevity and bioprotection against fungi and thermal stress. The peanut maturation scale for tropical agriculture provides unique harvesting guidelines that make it possible to monitor the plants' development stages with a focus on producing superior quality seeds.
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Zhu R, Wu X, Wu B, Gao J. High-accuracy classification and origin traceability of peanut kernels based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using Adaboost - Maximum uncertainty linear discriminant analysis. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100766. [PMID: 38770517 PMCID: PMC11103371 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Peanut kernels, known for their high nutritional value and palatability, are classified as nut food. In this study, peanut kernel samples from six distinct cities in Shandong Province, China, were examined to categorize and trace their origins. Near-infrared (NIR) spectra of samples were captured using a portable NIR-M-R2 spectrometer. After the application of Savitzky-Golay (SG) filtering, the classification was attempted using principal component analysis (PCA) plus linear discrimination analysis (LDA). Additionally, maximum uncertainty linear discriminant analysis (MLDA) was applied for comparison. A specific number of eigenvectors could respectively maximize the classification accuracies, 81.48% for PCA + LDA and 76.54% for MLDA. In order to further improve the classification accuracies, Adaboost-MLDA was proposed to develop a stronger classifier. This method, after 18 iterations, achieved remarkable effects, achieving a high accuracy of 95.06%. In a similar vein, the enhancement with preprocessing techniques multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) + SG and standard normal variate (SNV) + SG raised accuracies to 98.77% and 97.53%, respectively. The results of classifying first-order and second-order derivative spectra using Adaboost-MLDA were also described, achieving accuracies near 100%. The experiment demonstrates that integrating Adaboost with NIR spectroscopy offers a highly accurate method for peanut kernel classification, promising for practical applications in food quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Mengxi Honors College, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Information Engineering, Chuzhou Polytechnic, Chuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Gao
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Bastidas-Caldes C, Vasco-Julio D, Huilca-Ibarra M, Guerrero-Freire S, Ledesma-Bravo Y, de Waard JH. Addressing the Concern of Orange-Yellow Fungus Growth on Palm Kernel Cake: Safeguarding Dairy Cattle Diets for Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi. Microorganisms 2024; 12:937. [PMID: 38792767 PMCID: PMC11124023 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Palm kernel cake (PKC), a byproduct of palm oil extraction, serves an important role in Ecuador's animal feed industry. The emergence of yellow-orange fungal growth in PKC on some cattle farms in Ecuador sparked concerns within the cattle industry regarding a potential mycotoxin-producing fungus on this substrate. Due to the limited availability of analytical chemistry techniques in Ecuador for mycotoxin detection, we chose to isolate and identify the fungus to determine its association with mycotoxin-producing genera. Through molecular identification via ITS region sequencing, we identified the yellow-orange fungus as the yeast Candida ethanolica. Furthermore, we isolated two other fungi-the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii, and the fungus Geotrichum candidum. Molecular identification confirmed that all three species are not classified as mycotoxin-producing fungi but in contrast, the literature indicates that all three have demonstrated antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium species, genera associated with mycotoxin production. This suggests their potential use in biocontrol to counter the colonization of harmful fungi. We discuss preventive measures against the fungal invasion of PKC and emphasize the importance of promptly identifying fungi on this substrate. Rapid recognition of mycotoxin-producing and pathogenic genera holds the promise of mitigating cattle intoxication and the dissemination of mycotoxins throughout the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bastidas-Caldes
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (C.B.-C.); (M.H.-I.); or (S.G.-F.); (Y.L.-B.)
| | - David Vasco-Julio
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62050, Mexico
| | - Maria Huilca-Ibarra
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (C.B.-C.); (M.H.-I.); or (S.G.-F.); (Y.L.-B.)
| | - Salomé Guerrero-Freire
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (C.B.-C.); (M.H.-I.); or (S.G.-F.); (Y.L.-B.)
- Programa de Doctorado, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1063ACV, Argentina
| | - Yanua Ledesma-Bravo
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (C.B.-C.); (M.H.-I.); or (S.G.-F.); (Y.L.-B.)
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnología, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito 170530, Ecuador; (C.B.-C.); (M.H.-I.); or (S.G.-F.); (Y.L.-B.)
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Zhou S, Ismail MAI, Aimanianda V, de Hoog GS, Kang Y, Ahmed SA. Aflatoxin profiles of Aspergillus flavus isolates in Sudanese fungal rhinosinusitis. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae034. [PMID: 38578660 PMCID: PMC11040519 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a commonly encountered pathogen responsible for fungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) in arid regions. The species is known to produce aflatoxins, posing a significant risk to human health. This study aimed to investigate the aflatoxin profiles of A. flavus isolates causing FRS in Sudan. A total of 93 clinical and 34 environmental A. flavus isolates were studied. Aflatoxin profiles were evaluated by phenotypic (thin-layer and high-performance chromatography) and genotypic methods at various temperatures and substrates. Gene expression of aflD and aflR was also analyzed. A total of 42/93 (45%) isolates were positive for aflatoxin B1 and AFB2 by HPLC. When the incubation temperature changed from 28°C to 36°C, the number of positive isolates decreased to 41% (38/93). Genetic analysis revealed that 85% (79/93) of clinical isolates possessed all seven aflatoxin biosynthesis-associated genes, while 27% (14/51) of non-producing isolates lacked specific genes (aflD/aflR/aflS). Mutations were observed in aflS and aflR genes across both aflatoxin-producers and non-producers. Gene expression of aflD and aflR showed the highest expression between the 4th and 6th days of incubation on the Sabouraud medium and on the 9th day of incubation on the RPMI (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) medium. Aspergillus flavus clinical isolates demonstrated aflatoxigenic capabilities, influenced by incubation temperature and substrate. Dynamic aflD and aflR gene expression patterns over time enriched our understanding of aflatoxin production regulation. The overall findings underscored the health risks of Sudanese patients infected by this species, emphasizing the importance of monitoring aflatoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Zhou
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 561113, Guiyang, China
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mawahib A I Ismail
- Mycology Reference Laboratory, University of Khartoum, 11115, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Universite ´ Paris Cite ´ 75015, Paris, France
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214 GP, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Yingqian Kang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education of Guizhou, Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department of Guizhou, School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, 561113, Guiyang, China
| | - Sarah A Ahmed
- Radboudumc-CWZ Centre of Expertise for Mycology, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Foundation Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 1214 GP, Hilversum, The Netherlands
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Musangi CR, Juma BS, Mukhebi DW, Isoe EM, Kibiti CM, Mbinda WM. Aspergillus population diversity and its role in aflatoxin contamination of cashew nuts from coastal Kenya. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292519. [PMID: 38271327 PMCID: PMC10810534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cashew nuts are among the main cash crops in coastal Kenya, due in large part to their high nutritional value. Unfortunately, they also make them highly susceptible to mold contamination, resulting in biodeterioration of the nutritional value and potential contamination with toxic secondary metabolites, such as aflatoxins, that cause them to be rejected for sale at the market. We determined the population diversity of the Aspergillus species and their role in aflatoxin contamination in cashew nuts in selected coastal regions of Kenya. Fifty raw cashew nut samples were collected from post-harvest storage facilities across three counties in Kenya's coastal region and examined for moisture content and the presence of Aspergillus fungi. About 63 presumptive isolates were recovered from the cashew nuts. ITS and 28S rDNA regions were sequenced. The aflD, aflM and aflR genes were amplified to identify the potentially aflatoxigenic from the Aspergillus isolates. The Aflatoxins' presence on the isolates was screened using UV and the ammonia vapour test on coconut milk agar and validated using ELISA assay. A comparison of cashew moisture content between the three counties sampled revealed a significant difference. Sixty-three isolates were recovered and identified to section based on morphological characters and their respective ITS regions were used to obtain species identifications. Three sections from the genus were represented, Flavi and Nigri, and Terrei with isolates from the section Nigri having slightly greater abundance (n = 35). The aflD, aflM and aflR genes were amplified for all isolates to assess the presence of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, indicating the potential for aflatoxin production. Less than half of the Aspergillus isolates (39.68%) contained the aflatoxin pathway genes, while 22.22% isolates were aflatoxigenic, which included only the section Flavi isolates. Section Flavi isolates identification was confirmed by calmodulin gene. The presence of species from Aspergillus section Flavi and section Nigri indicate the potential for aflatoxin or ochratoxin in the cashew nuts. The study established a foundation for future investigations of the fungi and mycotoxins contaminating cashew nuts in Kenya, which necessitates developing strategies to prevent infection by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially during the storage and processing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colletah Rhoda Musangi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Bicko Steve Juma
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Wamalabe Mukhebi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Everlyne Moraa Isoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Wilton Mwema Mbinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
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Ghenciu LA, Faur AC, Bolintineanu SL, Salavat MC, Maghiari AL. Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches in Fungal Keratitis: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:161. [PMID: 38257986 PMCID: PMC10820712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis represents a potentially sight-threatening infection associated with poor prognosis, as well as financial burden. Novel diagnostic methods include polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based approaches, metagenomic deep sequences, in vivo confocal microscopy, and antifungal susceptibility testing. The ideal therapeutic approaches and outcomes have been widely discussed in recent times, with early therapy being of the utmost importance for the preservation of visual acuity, minimizing corneal damage and reducing the scar size. However, combination therapy can be more efficacious compared to monotherapy. Understanding the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prevention strategies can be of great importance. In this narrative, we discuss the recent progress that may aid our understanding of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mycotic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andreea Ghenciu
- Department III Functional Sciences, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Sq., no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
- Department IX Surgery, Discipline of Ophtalmology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Sq., no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Corina Faur
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Sq., no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Sorin Lucian Bolintineanu
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Sq., no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.L.M.)
| | - Madalina Casiana Salavat
- Department IX Surgery, Discipline of Ophtalmology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Sq., no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Anca Laura Maghiari
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, E. Murgu Sq., no. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (S.L.B.); (A.L.M.)
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Natarajan S, Balachandar D, Paranidharan V. Inhibitory effects of epiphytic Kluyveromyces marxianus from Indian senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) on growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110368. [PMID: 37639733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus infection and subsequent aflatoxin contamination are considered the major constraints in senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) export. Using native epiphytic yeast to control phytopathogens is a successful strategy for managing plant diseases. In the present investigation, we exploited the antagonistic potential of epiphytic yeast isolates obtained from senna against A. flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. Four Kluyveromyces marxianus strains (YSL3, YSL16, YSP12, and YSF9) exhibited vigorous antagonistic activity with a maximum inhibition of 64 %. In vivo evaluation of senna pods showed that K. marxianus strains effectively reduced A. flavus colonization with a population range of 5.87 to 7.08 log10 CFU/g. In contrast, the untreated senna pods were found to have severe fungal colonization with a population of 7.84 log10 CFU/g. In addition, HPLC analysis showed that aflatoxin B1 in senna pods was drastically reduced upon yeast treatment up to 14 DAI. Furthermore, we demonstrated the antifungal action mechanisms of K. marxianus, such as surface colonizing ability on pods, production of antifungal volatiles (VOCs), siderophores, extracellular lytic enzymes, and cell wall binding ability to AFB1. All four strains of K. marxianus showed rapid colonization on the senna pod, and YSP12 reached the maximum population of 7.18 log10 CFU/pod at 9 days after inoculation (DAI). The exposure of A. flavus to K. marxianus VOCs significantly reduced the growth by up to 99 and 93.2 % at 7 and 14 DAI, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic images demonstrated severe mycelial damage and hyphal deformities of A. flavus. In addition, yeast VOCs can reduce aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus by up to 99 and 93.2 % at 7 and 14 DAI, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of antimicrobial compounds such as dimethyl trisulfide, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 3-methyl butanal, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol in the volatiles. K. marxianus strains produced siderophores and hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase. A higher AFB1 binding ability was observed in the heat-killed cells (47.5 to 70.65 %) than in the viable cells (43.16 to 60.98 %) of K. marxianus. The current study demonstrated that epiphytic K. marxianus isolated from senna could be a successful biocontrol source to reduce aflatoxin contamination in senna pods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Natarajan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Biology and Environment Science, Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dananjeyan Balachandar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaikuntavasan Paranidharan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Deligeorgakis C, Magro C, Skendi A, Gebrehiwot HH, Valdramidis V, Papageorgiou M. Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:4328. [PMID: 38231837 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains serve as the cornerstone of global nutrition, providing a significant portion of humanity's caloric requirements. However, the presence of fungal genera, such Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria, known for their mycotoxin-producing abilities, presents a significant threat to human health due to the adverse effects of these toxins. The primary objective of this study was to identify the predominant fungal contaminants in cereal grains utilized in breadmaking, as well as in flour and bread. Moreover, a systematic review, including meta-analysis, was conducted on the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in wheat flour from the years 2013 to 2023. The genera most frequently reported were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. Among the published reports, the majority focused on the analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON), which garnered twice as many reports compared to those focusing on Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, and Ochratoxin A. The concentration of these toxins, in most cases determined by HPLC-MS/MS or HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (FLD), was occasionally observed to exceed the maximum limits established by national and/or international authorities. The prevalence of mycotoxins in flour samples from the European Union (EU) and China, as well as in foods intended for infants, exhibited a significant reduction compared to other commercial flours assessed by a meta-analysis investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Deligeorgakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christopher Magro
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Adriana Skendi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis Valdramidis
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Smaoui S, D’Amore T, Tarapoulouzi M, Agriopoulou S, Varzakas T. Aflatoxins Contamination in Feed Commodities: From Occurrence and Toxicity to Recent Advances in Analytical Methods and Detoxification. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2614. [PMID: 37894272 PMCID: PMC10609407 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesized by the secondary metabolic pathway in Aspergilli, aflatoxins (AFs) cause economic and health issues and are culpable for serious harmful health and economic matters affecting consumers and global farmers. Consequently, the detection and quantification of AFs in foods/feeds are paramount from food safety and security angles. Nowadays, incessant attempts to develop sensitive and rapid approaches for AFs identification and quantification have been investigated, worldwide regulations have been established, and the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the AF degradation process has been explored. Here, occurrences in feed commodities, innovative methods advanced for AFs detection, regulations, preventive strategies, biological detoxification, removal, and degradation methods were deeply reviewed and presented. This paper showed a state-of-the-art and comprehensive review of the recent progress on AF contamination in feed matrices with the intention of inspiring interests in both academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slim Smaoui
- Laboratory of Microbial, Enzymatic Biotechnology and Biomolecules (LBMEB), Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax-Tunisia, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Teresa D’Amore
- IRCCS CROB, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus;
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
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11
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Mukhtar K, Nabi BG, Ansar S, Bhat ZF, Aadil RM, Khaneghah AM. Mycotoxins and consumers' awareness: Recent progress and future challenges. Toxicon 2023:107227. [PMID: 37454753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
While food shortages have become an important challenge, providing safe food resources is a point of interest on a global scale. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are formed through various fungi species. They are mainly spread through diets such as food or beverages. About one quarter of the world's food is spoiled with mycotoxins. As this problem is not resolved, it represents a significant threat to global food security. Besides the current concerns regarding the contamination of food items by these metabolites, the lack of knowledge by consumers and their possible growth and toxin production attracted considerable attention. While globalization provides a favorite condition for some countries, food security still is challenging for most countries. There are various approaches to reducing the mycotoxigenic fungi growth and formation of mycotoxins in food, include as physical, chemical, and biological processes. The current article will focus on collecting data regarding consumers' awareness of mycotoxins. Furthermore, a critical overview and comparison among different preventative approaches to reduce risk by consumers will be discussed. Finally, the current effect of mycotoxins on global trade, besides future challenges faced by mycotoxin contamination on food security, will be discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Mukhtar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Brera Ghulam Nabi
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Ansar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan.
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12
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Kortei NK, Badzi S, Nanga S, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Amon DNK, Odamtten GT. Survey of knowledge, and attitudes to storage practices preempting the occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in some Ghanaian staple foods and processed products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8710. [PMID: 37248384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi can infect and produce potent mycotoxins in foodstuffs prior to harvest, during harvest (field fungi), and in storage after harvest (storage fungi), which when ingested, can result in adverse health effects. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices adopted by the Ghanaian populace to help mitigate the occurrence of molds and mycotoxins in foods. A cross-sectional survey involving a structured questionnaire was conducted with 642 respondents from twelve regions of Ghana. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were calculated. Correct Classification Rate (CCR) was measured to assess the utility of a logistic regression model. The results of the study showed that the majority of 299 (46.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18-25. Age and educational level were related to knowledge about the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in foods (p < 0.05). More than half the respondents, 50% indicated that they knew of aflatoxins as a major mycotoxin present in food. Higher education directly influenced on the knowledge of mycotoxicosis and the management of stored food to present intoxication by fungal metabolites. 502 (32.9%) knew that consuming foods with toxins could cause stomach aches. The most commonly consumed food commodity despite the presence of visible growth of fungi was bread (35.3%). The average KAP score for knowledge showed that, out of 100%, there was adequate knowledge (63.8%) among the members of the Ghanaian populace. Favorable environmental conditions of high humidity (> 85% ERH) and temperature (> 28-32 °C) enhance the proliferation of fungi in most foods and the attendant production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins are associated with several severe human and animal health conditions; mycotoxicosis was associated with high fever, pain, vomiting, suppression of immunity, cancer, etc. when these foods are consumed on regular basis for a prolonged length of time. Future examination of the food items used for the School Feeding Programme in Ghana will offer opportunities to examine the risks of feeding youth with fungal-contaminated food preparations from providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Sandra Badzi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Salifu Nanga
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Denick Nii Kotey Amon
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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13
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Chen B, Qian G, Yang Z, Zhang N, Jiang Y, Li D, Li R, Shi D. Virulence capacity of different Aspergillus species from invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155184. [PMID: 37063826 PMCID: PMC10090689 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe opportunistic filamentous fungus Aspergillus causes invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) that often turns into a fatal infection in immunocompromised hosts. However, the virulence capacity of different Aspergillus species and host inflammation induced by different species in IPA are not well understood.MethodsIn the present study, host inflammation, antimicrobial susceptibilities and virulence were compared among clinical Aspergillus strains isolated from IPA patients.ResultsA total of 46 strains were isolated from 45 patients with the invasive infection, of which 35 patients were diagnosed as IPA. Aspergillus flavus was the dominant etiological agent appearing in 25 cases (54.3%). We found that the CRP level and leukocyte counts (elevated neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes, and reduced lymphocytes) were significantly different in IPA patients when compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Antifungal susceptibilities of these Aspergillus isolates from IPA showed that 91%, 31%, 14%, and 14% were resistant to Fluconazole, Micafungin, Amphotericin B and Terbinafine, respectively. The survival rate of larvae infected by A. flavus was lower than larvae infected by A. niger or A. fumigatus (P < 0.05).DiscussionAspergillus flavus was the dominant clinical etiological agent. Given the prevalence of A. flavus in our local clinical settings, we may face greater challenges when treating IPA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- Central Laboratory, Jining No.1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Guocheng Qian
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiya Yang
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Renzhe Li
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Dongmei Shi,
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14
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Maximizing Laboratory Production of Aflatoxins and Fumonisins for Use in Experimental Animal Feeds. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122385. [PMID: 36557638 PMCID: PMC9786054 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Warm and humid climatic conditions coupled with poor agricultural practices in sub-Saharan Africa favor the contamination of food and feed by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides fungi, which subsequently may produce aflatoxins (AFs) and fumonisins (FBs), respectively. The growth of fungi and the production of mycotoxins are influenced by physical (temperature, pH, water activity, light and aeration), nutritional, and biological factors. This study aimed at optimizing the conditions for the laboratory production of large quantities of AFs and FBs for use in the animal experiments. A. flavus and F. verticillioides strains, previously isolated from maize in Kenya, were used. Levels of AFB1 and total FBs (FB1, FB2, and FB3) in different growth substrates were screened using ELISA methods. Maize kernels inoculated with three different strains of A. flavus simultaneously and incubated at 29 °C for 21 days had the highest AFB1 level of 12,550 ± 3397 μg/kg of substrate. The highest level of total FBs (386,533 ± 153,302 μg/kg of substrate) was detected in cracked maize inoculated with three different strains of F. verticillioides and incubated for 21 days at temperatures of 22-25 °C in a growth chamber fitted with yellow light. These two methods are recommended for the mass production of AFB1 and FBs for animal feeding trials.
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15
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Victor Jeyaraj SV, Loy MJ, Goh KW, Lean YL, Chan SY, Ming LC. Aflatoxin tests in herbal products and its quantification: Latest updates. Front Nutr 2022; 9:956077. [PMID: 36159500 PMCID: PMC9493432 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.956077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by fungi. The existence of aflatoxin in herbal medicines is a well-known issue. The detection of aflatoxin with good sensitivity and also that is reliable in complex matrices like herbs usually necessitates difficult processes and powerful detection instrument in preparation of sample. This study investigated the global occurrence of aflatoxin contamination herbal products. This article pivots on key breakthroughs in preparation of sample and its importance in analytical technology. Studies from published studies were screened to determine the general level of aflatoxin contamination. The countries involved were Malaysia, Indonesia, Kenya, Brazil, Nigeria, Thailand, South Africa, and Morocco. This review also includes recent studies on the development and application of screening assays such as lateral flow immunoassays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, aptamer-based lateral flow assays, and cytometric bead arrays, as well as traditional chromatographic techniques for aflatoxin qualification or quantitation. The current study looks at aflatoxin contamination of key herbal drug raw material, which are frequently used in the production of numerous herbal pharmaceuticals. Contamination of aflatoxin might occur in herbal products if the ingredients such as medicinal herbs and plants that are used in manufacturing of herbal products are not dried thoroughly or stored inappropriately after preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei Jun Loy
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
- Khang Wen Goh
| | - Yen Loong Lean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, Ipoh, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Yen Loong Lean
| | - Siok Yee Chan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Long Chiau Ming
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16
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Rahman MAH, Selamat J, Samsudin NIP, Shaari K, Mahror N, John JM. Antagonism of nonaflatoxigenic
Aspergillus flavus
isolated from peanuts against aflatoxigenic
A. flavus
growth and aflatoxin
B
1
production
in vitro. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:3993-4002. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Azuar Hamizan Rahman
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
| | - Norlia Mahror
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology Universiti Sains Malaysia Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Joshua Mark John
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Malaysia
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17
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Prevalence, Identification and Mycotoxigenic Potential of Fungi in Common Spices Used in Local Malaysian Cuisines. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172548. [PMID: 36076734 PMCID: PMC9455050 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spices are widely used in various cuisines in Malaysia to enhance the flavour and aroma. However, spices are susceptible to fungal infection, leading to mycotoxin contamination if the storage conditions are favourable for fungal growth. Thus, this study aimed to identify fungal species in spices commonly used in local Malaysian cuisines and determine their prevalence and mycotoxigenic potential. A total of 110 spice samples consisting of cumin, fennel, coriander, peppers (black pepper and white pepper), chillies (dried chilli, chilli paste and chilli powder), cinnamon, star anise, cloves, curry powder and korma powder were randomly purchased from retail markets in Penang. The samples were analysed for the total fungal count (ground spices) and the incidence of fungal infection (whole spices). The fungal species isolated from spices were identified based on morphological and molecular approaches, and the mycotoxigenic potential was determined using the Coconut Cream Agar method. The results showed that coriander seeds (ground) recorded the highest total fungal count (ADM 3.08 log CFU/g; DG18 3.14 log CFU/g), while black pepper (whole) recorded the highest incidence of fungal infection (94%). Interestingly, star anise and cloves were free from fungal contamination. The mycotoxigenic fungi of A. flavus and A. niger recorded the highest isolation frequency in ground and whole spices. These findings indicate the risk of mycotoxin exposure to consumers due to the high consumption of spices in local Malaysian cuisine.
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18
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The Antifungal Activity of Cinnamon-Litsea Combined Essential Oil against Dominant Fungal Strains of Moldy Peanut Kernels. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111586. [PMID: 35681336 PMCID: PMC9180872 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Presl), litsea [Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.], clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), thyme (Thymus mongolicus Ronn.) and citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) essential oils (EOs) against the dominant fungi isolated from moldy peanuts was investigated in this research. Firstly, strain YQM was isolated and identified by morphological characterization and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus). Next, antifungal effects of single or mixed EOs on strain YQM were evaluated by the inhibition zone test. The cinnamon-litsea combined essential oil (CLCEO, Vcinnamon oil:Vlitsea oil = 3:5) displayed the best antifungal effect on strain YQM. The chemical composition of CLCEO was identified and quantified by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and results revealed that the major components of CLCEO were cinnamaldehyde and citral. Finally, the effect of EOs on the microstructure of strain YQM mycelia was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The mycelia exposed to cinnamon essential oil (CEO) and litsea essential oil (LEO) were partly deformed and collapsed, while the mycelia treated with CLCEO were seriously damaged and the deformation phenomena such as shrinking, shriveling and sinking occurred. Therefore, CLCEO has great potential for using as anti-mildew agents during peanut storage.
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19
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Silva JJ, Fungaro MHP, Soto TS, Taniwaki MH, Iamanaka BT. Low-cost, specific PCR assays to identify the main aflatoxigenic species of Aspergillus section Flavi. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 196:106470. [PMID: 35447279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are fungal metabolites that are present as contaminants in food globally. Most aflatoxigenic species belong to Aspergillus section Flavi, and the main ones are grouped in the A. flavus clade, where many cryptic species that are difficult to discriminate are found. In this study, we investigated inter- and intraspecific diversity of the A. flavus clade to develop low-cost, species-specific PCR assays for identifying aflatoxigenic species. A total of 269 sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) locus were retrieved from GenBank, and primer pairs were designed using data mining to identify A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus. Species-specific amplicons of approximately 620, 350, and 860 bp enabled identification of target species as A. flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. novoparasiticus, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué J Silva
- Institute of Food Technology - ITAL, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Chen ZY, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Rai M. Editorial: Research Efforts, Challenges, and Opportunities in Mitigating Aflatoxins in Food and Agricultural Crops and Its Global Health Impacts. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881858. [PMID: 35391739 PMCID: PMC8981455 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh
- Department of Mycology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mehdi Razzaghi-Abyaneh
| | - Zhi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | | | - Mahendra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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21
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Ong P, Tung IC, Chiu CF, Tsai IL, Shih HC, Chen S, Chuang YK. Determination of aflatoxin B1 level in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through near-infrared spectroscopy and an improved simulated annealing variable selection method. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Wang X, Serrano R, González-Menéndez V, Mackenzie TA, Ramos MC, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. A Molecular Networking Based Discovery of Diketopiperazine Heterodimers and Aspergillicins from Aspergillus caelatus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:25-33. [PMID: 35045259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of species in Aspergillus section Flavi has recently increased to 36 and includes some of the most important and well-known species in the genus Aspergillus. Numerous secondary metabolites, especially mycotoxins, have been reported from species such as A. flavus; however many of the more recently described species are less studied from a chemical point of view. This paper describes the use of MS/MS-based molecular networking to investigate the metabolome of A. caelatus leading to the discovery of several new diketopiperazine dimers and aspergillicins. An MS-guided isolation procedure yielded six new compounds, including asperazines D-H (1-5) and aspergillicin H (6). Asperazines G and H are artifacts derived from asperazines E and F formed during the separation process by formic acid. Two known compounds, aspergillicins A and C (7 and 8), were isolated from the same strain. Structures were elucidated by analyzing their HR-MS/MS and NMR spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of asperazines D-F and aspergillicin H were deduced from the combination of NMR, Marfey's method, and ECD analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rachel Serrano
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Thomas A Mackenzie
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria C Ramos
- Fundación MEDINA, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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23
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Mukunzi D, Habimana JDD, Li Z, Zou X. Mycotoxins detection: view in the lens of molecularly imprinted polymer and nanoparticles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6034-6068. [PMID: 35048762 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2027338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are tailor-made functional composites which selectively recognize and bind the target molecule of interest. MIP composites are products of the massively cross-linked polymer matrices, generated via polymerization, with bio-inspired recognition cavities that are morphologically similar in size, shape and spatial patterns to the target conformation. These features have enabled researchers to expand the field of molecular recognition, more specifically for target with peculiar requirements. Nevertheless, MIPs alone are characterized with weak sensitivity. Besides, nanoparticles (NPs) are remarkably sensitive but also suffer from poor selectivity. Intriguingly, the combination of the two results in a highly sensitive and selective MIP composite. For instance, the conjugation of different functional NPs with MIPs can generate new flexible target capture tools, either a dynamic sensor or a novel drug delivery system. In this regard, although the technology is considered an established and feasible approach, it is still perceived as a burgeoning technology for various fields, which makes it unceasingly worthy reviewing. Therefore, in this review, we attempt to give an update on various custom-made biosensors based on MIPs in combination with various NPs for the detection of mycotoxins, the toxic secondary metabolites of fungi. We first summarize the classification, prevalence, and toxicological characteristics of common mycotoxins. Next, we provide an overview of MIP composites and their characterization, and then segment the role of NPs with respect to common types of MIP-based sensors. At last, conclusions and outlook are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mukunzi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jean de Dieu Habimana
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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24
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Banfalvi G. Janus-Faced Molecules against Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12323. [PMID: 34830204 PMCID: PMC8623416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high cytotoxicity of the secondary metabolites of mycotoxins is capable of killing microbes and tumour cells alike, similarly to the genotoxic effect characteristic of Janus-faced molecules. The "double-edged sword" effect of several cytotoxins is known, and these agents have, therefore, been utilized only reluctantly against fungal infections. In this review, consideration was given to (a) toxins that could be used against plant and human pathogens, (b) animal models that measure the effect of antifungal agents, (c) known antifungal agents that have been described and efficiently prevent the growth of fungal cells, and (d) the chemical interactions that are characteristic of antifungal agents. The utilization of apoptotic effects against tumour growth by agents that, at the same time, induce mutations may raise ethical issues. Nevertheless, it deserves consideration despite the mutagenic impact of Janus-faced molecules for those patients who suffer from plant pathogenic fungal infections and are older than their fertility age, in the same way that the short-term cytotoxicity of cancer treatment is favoured over the long-term mutagenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Banfalvi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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25
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Behaviour of Aspergillus parasiticus in aflatoxin production as influenced by storage parameters using response surface methodology approach. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109369. [PMID: 34474198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus parasiticus is a pre-harvest and postharvest pathogen that is known to produce aflatoxin; however, it is less studied compared to A. flavus. Inappropriate storage conditions are a cause of food spoilage and growth of mycotoxigenic fungi especially in low moisture foods thus constituting hazards to health. Hence, this study investigated the behaviour of A. parasiticus on aflatoxin production in inoculated wheat flour as influenced by storage conditions using the response surface methodology. Twenty experimental runs consisting of independent variables (incubation temperature (A), time (B) and (C) moisture content) and responses (aflatoxin concentrations, i.e., AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and AFTOT) were developed. A central composite face-centered design was used with lower and upper limits: A (25-35 °C), B (7-15 days) and C (15-25%), while the non-inoculated wheat flour served as the negative control. Aflatoxin production was determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) according to standard procedures. Numerical and graphical process variables were optimized, adequate models were predicted and optimal point prediction for aflatoxin concentration was determined. AFG1 concentrations ranged from 1.10 to 360.06 μg/g, AFG2 (0.91-446.94 μg/g), AFB2 (7.95-488.77 μg/g), AFB1 (17.21-20,666.6 μg/g) and AFTOT (15.91-21,851.09 μg/g). Aflatoxin concentration increased with increase in 'B' and 'A' but decreased with prolonged increase in 'B'. AFB1 concentrations in A. parasiticus inoculated wheat flour increased at prolonged 'B' and 'A' at constant moisture (12.09%). A reduced cubic model was significantly adequate to describe the relationship between process variables and responses (AFG1 and AFG2), cubic model (AFB1 and AFTOT) and a transformed square root cubic model for AFG2 concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). 'A' influenced AFG1 production more than 'C' while 'C' and 'A' had no significant effect on AFG2 production. Process variables 'AB' influenced AFB2 concentrations more than 'C' while 'A' had a more significant effect on the AFTOT production than 'B' (p ≤ 0.05). The predicted (R2) and adjusted coefficient of regression (adj R2) were in reasonable agreement. After optimal point prediction and validation, minimum aflatoxin concentration ≤ 0 μg/g could be achieved at the predicted conditions (A = 30.42 °C, B = 10.58 days and C = 14.49%) except in AFG2 (3.33 μg/g).
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Rangnoi K, Rüker F, Wozniak-Knopp G, Cvak B, O’Kennedy R, Yamabhai M. Binding Characteristic of Various Antibody Formats Against Aflatoxins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25258-25268. [PMID: 34632185 PMCID: PMC8495687 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of recombinant antibodies for the analysis of foods and food contaminants is now a major focus, given their capacity to be engineered to tailor their specificity, enhance their stability, and modify their structural formats to fit the desired analytical platform. In this study, human scFv antibody fragments generated against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were selected as the model antibody to explore the effect of antibody formats on their binding activity and to evaluate their potential use as immunoreagents for food contaminant analysis. Four human scFv antibody fragments against aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), previously isolated and engineered by chain shuffling, were converted into various formats, that is, scFv-AP fusions, scFv-Fc, and whole IgG molecules. The result indicated that the effects of the antibody format on the binding property varied, depending on the sequence of scFv. For all of the scFv clones, the scFv-AP fusion format showed the highest sensitivity by competitive ELISA, while the effects on the binding activity after conversion to scFv-Fc or IgG format varied, depending on the amino acid sequence of the antibodies. The sAFH-3e3 antibodies that showed the best performance by competitive ELISA were selected for further investigation. The sAFH-3e3 was converted to the scFv-GFP format and tested by fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA), which showed that its binding property was equivalent to those of scFv-Fc and IgG formats. The potential applications of the sAFH-3e3 in a rapid test kit format based on ELISA (scFv-AP) and in a lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) (IgG) were demonstrated. A comparison of methods for the extraction of AFB1 from matrices for use with these assay formats indicated that PBS and TBST are better than 70% methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntalee Rangnoi
- Molecular
Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agriculture
Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Florian Rüker
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Gordana Wozniak-Knopp
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvak
- Romer
Labs Division Holding GmbH, Technopark 5, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Richard O’Kennedy
- School
of Biotechnology and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 DX63, Ireland
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- Molecular
Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agriculture
Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Habibi A, Afzali D. Aspergillus Section Flavi from Four Agricultural Products and Association of Mycotoxin and Sclerotia Production with Isolation Source. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3674-3685. [PMID: 34398304 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Many agricultural products are susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin-producing species from Aspergillus section Flavi. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of Aspergillus section Flavi in four agricultural products, such as pistachio, walnut, hazelnut, and dried fruits, collected from market and retail shops in various areas of Kerman County and obtain information on the relationships between isolation source and ability to produce sclerotia and potential for aflatoxin production. Aspergillus species were identified based on morphological characteristics as well as subsequent sequencing of the parts of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes. From 207 isolated strains, the following species were identified: A. flavus, A. tamarii A. nomius, A. parasiticus, A. arachidicola, A. caelatus, A. pseudotamarii, and A. leporis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of A. pseudotamarii and A. arachidicola with the potential to produce aflatoxins from dried apricots and hazelnuts, respectively. Sclerotial type was significantly different between isolates from different isolation sources. From 192 tested isolates, 38% were aflatoxin producer from which 5% were scored as strong aflatoxin producers and 33% as average aflatoxin producers. A significant difference in the population of aflatoxin-producing strains across the isolation sources was observed which may reflect host adaptation and thereby different vulnerabilities to aflatoxin-producing species among the examined products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Habibi
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Daryoush Afzali
- Department of Environment, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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Wang X, Subko K, Kildgaard S, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. Mass Spectrometry-Based Network Analysis Reveals New Insights Into the Chemodiversity of 28 Species in Aspergillus section Flavi. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:719420. [PMID: 37744124 PMCID: PMC10512371 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.719420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Flavi includes some of the most famous mycotoxin producing filamentous fungi known to mankind. In recent years a number of new species have been included in section Flavi, however these species have been much less studied from a chemical point of view. In this study, we explored one representative strain of a total of 28 fungal species in section Flavi by systematically evaluating the relationship between taxonomy and secondary metabolites with LC-MS/MS analysis for the first time and dereplication through an in-house database and the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform. This approach allowed rapid identification of two new cyclopiazonic acid producers (A. alliaceus and A. arachidicola) and two new tenuazonic acid producers (A. arachidicola and A. leporis). Moreover, for the first time we report species from section Flavi to produce fumifungin and sphingofungins B-D. Altogether, this study emphasizes that the chemical diversity of species in genus Aspergillus section Flavi is larger than previously recognized, and especially that understudied species are prolific producers of important mycotoxins such as fumi- and sphingofungins not previously reported from this section. Furthermore, our work demonstrates Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) Molecular Networking as a powerful tool for large-scale chemotaxonomic analysis of closely related species in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karolina Subko
- Food Machinery and Chemical (FMC) Agricultural Solutions, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Sara Kildgaard
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas O. Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030204. [PMID: 33808964 PMCID: PMC7999035 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are among the most harmful fungal secondary metabolites imposing serious health risks on both household animals and humans. The more frequent occurrence of aflatoxins in the feed and food chain is clearly foreseeable as a consequence of the extreme weather conditions recorded most recently worldwide. Furthermore, production parameters, such as unadjusted variety use and improper cultural practices, can also increase the incidence of contamination. In current aflatoxin control measures, emphasis is put on prevention including a plethora of pre-harvest methods, introduced to control Aspergillus infestations and to avoid the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on public health. Nevertheless, the continuous evaluation and improvement of post-harvest methods to combat these hazardous secondary metabolites are also required. Already in-use and emerging physical methods, such as pulsed electric fields and other nonthermal treatments as well as interventions with chemical agents such as acids, enzymes, gases, and absorbents in animal husbandry have been demonstrated as effective in reducing mycotoxins in feed and food. Although most of them have no disadvantageous effect either on nutritional properties or food safety, further research is needed to ensure the expected efficacy. Nevertheless, we can envisage the rapid spread of these easy-to-use, cost-effective, and safe post-harvest tools during storage and food processing.
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Malir F. A Recent Overview of Producers and Important Dietary Sources of Aflatoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:186. [PMID: 33802572 PMCID: PMC7998637 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are some of the most agriculturally important and harmful mycotoxins. At least 20 AFs have been identified to this date. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent fungal toxin, can cause toxicity in many species, including humans. AFs are produced by 22 species of Aspergillus section Flavi, 4 species of A. section Nidulantes, and 2 species of A. section Ochraceorosei. The most important and well-known AF-producing species of section Flavi are Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius. AFs contaminate a wide range of crops (mainly groundnuts, pistachio nuts, dried figs, hazelnuts, spices, almonds, rice, melon seeds, Brazil nuts, and maize). Foods of animal origin (milk and animal tissues) are less likely contributors to human AF exposure. Despite the efforts to mitigate the AF concentrations in foods, and thus enhance food safety, AFs continue to be present, even at high levels. AFs thus remain a current and continuously pressing problem in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (F.M.)
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Peles F, Sipos P, Kovács S, Győri Z, Pócsi I, Pusztahelyi T. Biological Control and Mitigation of Aflatoxin Contamination in Commodities. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020104. [PMID: 33535580 PMCID: PMC7912779 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced mostly by Aspergillus species. AF contamination entering the feed and food chain has been a crucial long-term issue for veterinarians, medicals, agroindustry experts, and researchers working in this field. Although different (physical, chemical, and biological) technologies have been developed, tested, and employed to mitigate the detrimental effects of mycotoxins, including AFs, universal methods are still not available to reduce AF levels in feed and food in the last decades. Possible biological control by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, their excretes, the role of the ruminal degradation, pre-harvest biocontrol by competitive exclusion or biofungicides, and post-harvest technologies and practices based on biological agents currently used to alleviate the toxic effects of AFs are collected in this review. Pre-harvest biocontrol technologies can give us the greatest opportunity to reduce AF production on the spot. Together with post-harvest applications of bacteria or fungal cultures, these technologies can help us strictly reduce AF contamination without synthetic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Peles
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Péter Sipos
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - Szilvia Kovács
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Győri
- Institute of Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (P.S.); (Z.G.)
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi str. 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-210-9491
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Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Aflatoxin Detoxification Using Microorganisms and Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010046. [PMID: 33435382 PMCID: PMC7827145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination causes significant economic loss to food and feed industries and seriously threatens human health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and other fungi that are commonly found in the production and preservation of grain and feed. AFs can cause harm to animal and human health due to their toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic) effects. How to remove AF has become a major problem: biological methods cause no contamination, have high specificity, and work at high temperature, affording environmental protection. In the present research, microorganisms with detoxification effects researched in recent years are reviewed, the detoxification mechanism of microbes on AFs, the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the degradation process, and the application of microorganisms as detoxification strategies for AFs were investigated. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for biological detoxification of AFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
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Norlia M, Jinap S, Nor-Khaizura MAR, Radu S, John JM, Rahman MAH, Peter ML, Sharif Z. Modelling the effect of temperature and water activity on the growth rate of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in peanut meal extract agar. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108836. [PMID: 33065380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is the predominant species that produce aflatoxins in stored peanuts under favourable conditions. This study aimed to describe the growth and aflatoxin production by two A. flavus strains isolated from imported raw peanuts and to model the effects of temperature and aw on their colony growth rate as a function of temperature and aw in Peanut Meal Extract Agar (PMEA). A full factorial design with seven aw levels (0.85-0.98 aw) and five temperature levels (20-40 °C) was used to investigate the growth and aflatoxin production. Colony diameter was measured daily for 28 days while AFB1 and total aflatoxin were determined on day 3, 7, 14, and 21. The maximum colony growth rate, μmax (mm/day) was estimated by using the primary model of Baranyi, and the μmax was then fitted to the secondary model; second-order polynomial and linear Arrhenius-Davey to describe the colony growth rate as a function of temperature and aw. The results indicated that both strains failed to grow at temperature of 20 °C with aw <0.94 and aw of 0.85 for all temperatures except 30 °C. The highest growth rate was observed at 30 °C, with 0.98 aw for both strains. The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of strain, temperature, and aw on the fungal growth and aflatoxin production (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both secondary models were in good agreement with the observed μmax. However, the polynomial model was found to be a better predictor of the experimental data. A similar pattern was observed in aflatoxin production but in a narrower range of temperature (25-35 °C) and aw (0.92-0.98 aw). The highest production of aflatoxins was observed on day 21 at 30 °C with the aw level of 0.98 for both strains. Overall, the current findings may help in improving the mycotoxin management and intervention strategies in peanuts, especially during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahror Norlia
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Selamat Jinap
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Son Radu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Joshua Mark John
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azuar Hamizan Rahman
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mshelia Ladi Peter
- Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Zawiyah Sharif
- Food Safety and Quality Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Presint 3, 62675 Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, Malaysia
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