1
|
Epstein AL, Rabkin SD. Safety of non-replicative and oncolytic replication-selective HSV vectors. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:781-794. [PMID: 38886138 PMCID: PMC11329358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a DNA virus and human pathogen used to construct promising therapeutic vectors. HSV-1 vectors fall into two classes: replication-selective oncolytic vectors for cancer therapy and defective non-replicative vectors for gene therapy. Vectors from each class can accommodate ≥30 kb of inserts, have been approved clinically, and demonstrate a relatively benign safety profile. Despite oncolytic HSV (oHSV) replication in tumors and elicited immune responses, the virus is well tolerated in cancer patients. Current non-replicative vectors elicit only limited immune responses. Seropositivity and immune responses against HSV-1 do not eliminate either the vector or infected cells, and the vectors can therefore be re-administered. In this review we highlight vectors that have been translated to the clinic and host-virus immune interactions that impact on the safety and efficacy of HSVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Ye Y, Yin H, Sun N, Qin B, Sun N. TRIM35 Negatively Regulates the cGAS-STING-Mediated Signaling Pathway by Attenuating K63-Linked Ubiquitination of STING. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02093-4. [PMID: 39088122 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral response plays an important role in the defense against DNA virus infection. Tripartite motif protein 35 (TRIM35), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, was identified as a positive regulator of RLR-mediated antiviral signaling in our previous study, but the effect of TRIM35 on the cGAS-STING signaling pathway has not been elucidated. Herein, we showed that TRIM35 negatively regulates the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by directly targeting STING. TRIM35 overexpression significantly inhibited the cGAMP-triggered phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, attenuating IFN-β expression and the downstream antiviral response. Mechanistically, TRIM35 colocalized and directly interacted with STING in the cytoplasm. TRM35 removed K63-linked ubiquitin from STING through the C36 and C44 sites in the RING domain, which impaired the interaction of STING with TBK1 or IKKε. In addition, we demonstrated that the RING domain is a key region for the antiviral effects of TIRM35. These results collectively indicate that TRIM35 negatively regulates type I interferon (IFN-I) production by targeting and deubiquitinating STING. TRIM35 may be a potential therapeutic target for controlling viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jikai Zhang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yinlin Ye
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hang Yin
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ningye Sun
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Nan Sun
- Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dai Y, Idorn M, Serrero MC, Pan X, Thomsen EA, Narita R, Maimaitili M, Qian X, Iversen MB, Reinert LS, Flygaard RK, Chen M, Ding X, Zhang BC, Carter-Timofte ME, Lu Q, Jiang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang S, Da L, Zhu J, Denham M, Nissen P, Mogensen TH, Mikkelsen JG, Zhang SY, Casanova JL, Cai Y, Paludan SR. TMEFF1 is a neuron-specific restriction factor for herpes simplex virus. Nature 2024; 632:383-389. [PMID: 39048823 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation1,2. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis3. It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the central nervous system and is not regulated by type I interferon, the best-known innate antiviral system controlling virus infections. Depletion of TMEFF1 in stem-cell-derived human neurons led to elevated viral replication and neuronal death following HSV-1 infection. TMEFF1 blocked the HSV-1 replication cycle at the level of viral entry through interactions with nectin-1 and non-muscle myosin heavy chains IIA and IIB, which are core proteins in virus-cell binding and virus-cell fusion, respectively4-6. Notably, Tmeff1-/- mice exhibited increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in the brain but not in the periphery. Within the brain, elevated viral load was observed specifically in neurons. Our study identifies TMEFF1 as a neuron-specific restriction factor essential for prevention of HSV-1 replication in the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manutea C Serrero
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing (Ministry of Education), Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emil A Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muyesier Maimaitili
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiaoqing Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Flygaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muwan Chen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiangning Ding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Madalina E Carter-Timofte
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuofan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiye Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lintai Da
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Denham
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Xu XQ, Li WJ, Zhang B, Meng FZ, Wang X, Majid SM, Guo Z, Ho WZ. Cytosolic DNA sensors activation of human astrocytes inhibits herpes simplex virus through IRF1 induction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1383811. [PMID: 38808062 PMCID: PMC11130358 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1383811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While astrocytes participate in the CNS innate immunity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, they are the major target for the virus. Therefore, it is of importance to understand the interplay between the astrocyte-mediated immunity and HSV-1 infection. Methods Both primary human astrocytes and the astrocyte line (U373) were used in this study. RT-qPCR and Western blot assay were used to measure IFNs, the antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) and HSV-1 DNA. IRF1 knockout or knockdown was performed with CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA transfection techniques. Results Poly(dA:dT) could inhibit HSV-1 replication and induce IFN-β/IFN-λs production in human astrocytes. Poly(dA:dT) treatment of astrocytes also induced the expression of the antiviral ISGs (Viperin, ISG56 and MxA). Among IRFs members examined, poly(dA:dT) selectively unregulated IRF1 and IRF9, particularly IRF1 in human astrocytes. The inductive effects of poly(dA:dT) on IFNs and ISGs were diminished in the IRF1 knockout cells. In addition, IRF1 knockout attenuated poly(dA:dT)-mediated HSV-1 inhibition in the cells. Conclusion The DNA sensors activation induces astrocyte intracellular innate immunity against HSV-1. Therefore, targeting the DNA sensors has potential for immune activation-based HSV-1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- College of Life Sciences and Health, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xi-Qiu Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Jing Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Feng-Zhen Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Safah M. Majid
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zihan Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cleaver J, Jeffery K, Klenerman P, Lim M, Handunnetthi L, Irani SR, Handel A. The immunobiology of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and post-viral autoimmunity. Brain 2024; 147:1130-1148. [PMID: 38092513 PMCID: PMC10994539 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the leading cause of non-epidemic encephalitis in the developed world and, despite antiviral therapy, mortality and morbidity is high. The emergence of post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis reveals a new immunological paradigm in autoantibody-mediated disease. A reductionist evaluation of the immunobiological mechanisms in HSE is crucial to dissect the origins of post-viral autoimmunity and supply rational approaches to the selection of immunotherapeutics. Herein, we review the latest evidence behind the phenotypic progression and underlying immunobiology of HSE including the cytokine/chemokine environment, the role of pathogen-recognition receptors, T- and B-cell immunity and relevant inborn errors of immunity. Second, we provide a contemporary review of published patients with post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis from a combined cohort of 110 patients. Third, we integrate novel mechanisms of autoimmunization in deep cervical lymph nodes to explore hypotheses around post-HSE autoimmune encephalitis and challenge these against mechanisms of molecular mimicry and others. Finally, we explore translational concepts where neuroglial surface autoantibodies have been observed with other neuroinfectious diseases and those that generate brain damage including traumatic brain injury, ischaemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease. Overall, the clinical and immunological landscape of HSE is an important and evolving field, from which precision immunotherapeutics could soon emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cleaver
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Department of Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ming Lim
- Children’s Neurosciences, Evelina London Children’s Hospital at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- Department Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Handel
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Yang Y, Fan S. Research progress on the dermatomyositis specific autoantibodies and malignancy associated dermatomyositis. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 48:1890-1898. [PMID: 38448383 PMCID: PMC10930743 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.220594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune disease often complicated with malignant tumors. More than 50% of DM patients have myositis specific autoantibodies in their bodies. DM specific autoantibodies [including anti-migration inhibitory factor (Mi)-2 antibody, anti-nuclear matrix protein (NXP)-2 antibody, anti-transcription intermediary factor (TIF) 1-γ antibody, and anti-small ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme (SAE) antibody] play important roles in the pathogenesis of malignancy associated DM. Revealing the role of DM specific autoantibodies in the development of malignant tumors in DM patients can provide important evidence for accurately assessing the risk of developing malignant tumors in DM patients, and also provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis of DM and precise treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salazar S, Luong KTY, Koyuncu OO. Cell Intrinsic Determinants of Alpha Herpesvirus Latency and Pathogenesis in the Nervous System. Viruses 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 38140525 PMCID: PMC10747186 DOI: 10.3390/v15122284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesvirus infections (α-HVs) are widespread, affecting more than 70% of the adult human population. Typically, the infections start in the mucosal epithelia, from which the viral particles invade the axons of the peripheral nervous system. In the nuclei of the peripheral ganglia, α-HVs establish a lifelong latency and eventually undergo multiple reactivation cycles. Upon reactivation, viral progeny can move into the nerves, back out toward the periphery where they entered the organism, or they can move toward the central nervous system (CNS). This latency-reactivation cycle is remarkably well controlled by the intricate actions of the intrinsic and innate immune responses of the host, and finely counteracted by the viral proteins in an effort to co-exist in the population. If this yin-yang- or Nash-equilibrium-like balance state is broken due to immune suppression or genetic mutations in the host response factors particularly in the CNS, or the presence of other pathogenic stimuli, α-HV reactivations might lead to life-threatening pathologies. In this review, we will summarize the molecular virus-host interactions starting from mucosal epithelia infections leading to the establishment of latency in the PNS and to possible CNS invasion by α-HVs, highlighting the pathologies associated with uncontrolled virus replication in the NS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Orkide O. Koyuncu
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine and Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (S.S.); (K.T.Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Doshi H, Spengler K, Godbole A, Gee YS, Baell J, Oakhill JS, Henke A, Heller R. AMPK protects endothelial cells against HSV-1 replication via inhibition of mTORC1 and ACC1. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0041723. [PMID: 37702499 PMCID: PMC10580915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00417-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread contagious pathogen, mostly causing mild symptoms on the mucosal entry side. However, systemic distribution, in particular upon reactivation of the virus in immunocompromised patients, may trigger an innate immune response and induce damage of organs. In these conditions, HSV-1 may infect vascular endothelial cells, but little is known about the regulation of HSV-1 replication and possible defense mechanisms in these cells. The current study addresses the question of whether the host cell protein AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important metabolic sensor, can control HSV-1 replication in endothelial cells. We show that downregulation of the catalytic subunits AMPKα1 and/or AMPKα2 increased HSV-1 replication as monitored by TCID50 titrations, while a potent AMPK agonist, MK-8722, strongly inhibited it. MK-8722 induced a persistent phosphorylation of the AMPK downstream targets acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the rapamycin-sensitive adaptor protein of mTOR (Raptor) and, related to this, impairment of ACC1-mediated lipid synthesis and the mechanistic target of the rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) pathway. Since blockade of mTOR by Torin-2 as well as downregulation of ACC1 by siRNA also decreased HSV-1 replication, MK-8722 is likely to exert its anti-viral effect via mTORC1 and ACC1 inhibition. Importantly, MK-8722 was able to reduce virus replication even when added after HSV-1. Together, our data highlight the importance of endothelial cells as host cells for HSV-1 replication upon systemic infection and identify AMPK, a metabolic host cell protein, as a potential target for antiviral strategies against HSV-1 infection and its severe consequences. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a common pathogen that causes blisters or cold sores in humans. It remains latent in infected individuals and can be reactivated multiple times. In adverse conditions, for instance, in immunocompromised patients, HSV-1 can lead to serious complications such as encephalitis, meningitis, or blindness. In these situations, infection of endothelial cells lining the surface of blood vessels may contribute to the manifestation of disease. Here, we describe the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a potent regulator of cellular energy metabolism, in HSV-1 replication in endothelial cells. While downregulation of AMPK potentiates HSV-1 replication, pharmacological AMPK activation inhibits it by limiting the availability of required host cell macromolecules such as proteins or fatty acids. These data highlight the role of metabolic host cell proteins as antiviral targets and reveal activation of endothelial AMPK as a potential strategy to protect from severe consequences of HSV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heena Doshi
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Spengler
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amod Godbole
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Yi Sing Gee
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jonathan S. Oakhill
- Metabolic Signaling Laboratory, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Henke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Regine Heller
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pennisi R, Maria Teresa S. HSV-1 Triggers an Antiviral Transcriptional Response during Viral Replication That Is Completely Abrogated in PKR -/- Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:1126. [PMID: 37764935 PMCID: PMC10536113 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of the innate immune response during HSV-1 infection stimulates several transcription factors, such as NF-κB and IRF3, which are critical regulators of IFN-β expression. The released IFN-β activates the ISGs, which encode antiviral effectors such as the PKR. We found that HSV-1 triggers an antiviral transcriptional response during viral replication by activating TBK1-IRF3-NF-κB network kinetically. In contrast, we reported that infected PKR-/- cells fail to activate the transcription of TBK1. Downstream, TBK1 was unable to activate the transcription of IRF3 and NF-κB. These data suggested that in PKR-/- cells, HSV-1 replication counteracts TBK1-IRF3-NF-κB network. In this scenario, a combined approach of gene knockout and gene silencing was used to determine how the lack of PKR facilitates HSV-1 replication. We reported that in HEp-2-infected cells, PKR can influence the TBK1-IRF3-NF-κB network, consequently interfering with viral replication. Otherwise, an abrogated PKR-mediated signaling sustains the HSV-1 replication. Our result allows us to add additional information on the complex HSV-host interaction network by reinforcing the concept of the PKR role in the innate response-related networks during HSV replication in an in vitro model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Sciortino Maria Teresa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Goodier JL, Wan H, Soares AO, Sanchez L, Selser JM, Pereira GC, Karma S, García-Pérez JL, Kazazian HH, García Cañadas MM. ZCCHC3 is a stress granule zinc knuckle protein that strongly suppresses LINE-1 retrotransposition. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010795. [PMID: 37405998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons have generated about half of the human genome and LINE-1s (L1s) are the only autonomously active retrotransposons. The cell has evolved an arsenal of defense mechanisms to protect against retrotransposition with factors we are only beginning to understand. In this study, we investigate Zinc Finger CCHC-Type Containing 3 (ZCCHC3), a gag-like zinc knuckle protein recently reported to function in the innate immune response to infecting viruses. We show that ZCCHC3 also severely restricts human retrotransposons and associates with the L1 ORF1p ribonucleoprotein particle. We identify ZCCHC3 as a bona fide stress granule protein, and its association with LINE-1 is further supported by colocalization with L1 ORF1 protein in stress granules, dense cytoplasmic aggregations of proteins and RNAs that contain stalled translation pre-initiation complexes and form when the cell is under stress. Our work also draws links between ZCCHC3 and the anti-viral and retrotransposon restriction factors Mov10 RISC Complex RNA Helicase (MOV10) and Zinc Finger CCCH-Type, Antiviral 1 (ZC3HAV1, also called ZAP). Furthermore, collective evidence from subcellular localization, co-immunoprecipitation, and velocity gradient centrifugation connects ZCCHC3 with the RNA exosome, a multi-subunit ribonuclease complex capable of degrading various species of RNA molecules and that has previously been linked with retrotransposon control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Goodier
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Han Wan
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alisha O Soares
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Sanchez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - John Michael Selser
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gavin C Pereira
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sadik Karma
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose Luis García-Pérez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Haig H Kazazian
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marta M García Cañadas
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pheasant K, Perry D, Wise EL, Cheng V, Elliott G. Dysregulated metabolism of the late herpes simplex virus 1 transcriptome through the vhs-VP22 axis uncouples virus cytopathic effect and virus production. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010966. [PMID: 37343008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) expresses its genes in a classical cascade culminating in the production of large amounts of structural proteins to facilitate virus assembly. HSV1 lacking the virus protein VP22 (Δ22) exhibits late translational shutoff, a phenotype that has been attributed to the unrestrained activity of the virion host shutoff (vhs) protein, a virus-encoded endoribonuclease which induces mRNA degradation during infection. We have previously shown that vhs is also involved in regulating the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalisation of the virus transcriptome, and in the absence of VP22 a number of virus transcripts are sequestered in the nucleus late in infection. Here we show that despite expressing minimal amounts of structural proteins and failing to plaque on human fibroblasts, the strain 17 Δ22 virus replicates and spreads as efficiently as Wt virus, but without causing cytopathic effect (CPE). Nonetheless, CPE-causing virus spontaneously appeared on Δ22-infected human fibroblasts, and four viruses isolated in this way had all acquired point mutations in vhs which rescued late protein translation. However, unlike a virus deleted for vhs, these viruses still induced the degradation of both cellular and viral mRNA suggesting that vhs mutation in the absence of VP22 is necessary to overcome a more complex disturbance in mRNA metabolism than mRNA degradation alone. The ultimate outcome of secondary mutations in vhs is therefore the rescue of virus-induced CPE caused by late protein synthesis, and while there is a clear selective pressure on HSV1 to mutate vhs for optimal production of late structural proteins, the purpose of this is over and above that of virus production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pheasant
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Perry
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Wise
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Cheng
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Elliott
- Section of Virology, Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ding X, Neumann DM, Zhu L. Host factors associated with either VP16 or VP16-induced complex differentially affect HSV-1 lytic infection. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2394. [PMID: 36069169 PMCID: PMC9786836 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen with neurotropism. Following lytic infection in mucosal or skin epithelium, life-long latency is established mainly in sensory neurons, which can periodically reactivate by stress, leading to recurrent disease and virus transmission. During the virus's productive infection, the tegument protein VP16, a component of HSV-1 virion, is physically associated with two cellular factors, host cell factor-1 (HCF-1), and POU domain protein Oct-1, to construct the VP16-induced complex, which is essential to stimulate immediate early (IE)-gene transcription as well as initiate the lytic programme. Apart from HCF-1 and Oct-1, VP16 also associates with a series of other host factors, making a VP16-induced regulatory switch to either activate or inactivate virus gene transcription. In addition, VP16 has effects on distinct signalling pathways via binding to various host molecules that are essentially related to innate immune responses, RNA polymerases, molecular chaperones, and virus infection-induced host shutoff. VP16 also functionally compensates for given host factors, such as PPAR-γ and ß-catenin. In this review, we provide an overview of the updated insights on the interplay between VP16 and the host factors that coordinate virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Ding
- Institute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentSchool of Life ScienceHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Donna M. Neumann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Liqian Zhu
- Institute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentSchool of Life ScienceHebei UniversityBaodingChina,College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina,Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceHebei UniversityBaodingChina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cao K, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Peng Y, Pan Q, Jiao Q, Ren K, Sun F, Zhang Q, Guo R, Zhang J, Chen T. Hypericin blocks the function of HSV-1 alkaline nuclease and suppresses viral replication. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115524. [PMID: 35811028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypericum perforatum L. has a long history in many countries of being used as a herbal medicine. It is also widely used in Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of infections. Hypericin, a main component extracted from Hypericum perforatum L., has attracted the attention of many researchers for its remarkable antiviral, antitumor and antidepressant effects. AIM OF THE STUDY To find plant molecules that inhibit the alkaline nuclease (AN) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and suppress viral replication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatics methods were used to determine which compounds from a variety of natural compounds in our laboratory interact with AN. By this means we predicted that hypericin may interact with AN and suppress HSV-1 replication. Experiments were then carried out to verify whether hypericin inhibits the bioactivity of AN. The Pichia pastoris expression system was used to obtain recombinant AN. The exonuclease and endonuclease activity of AN treated with hypericin were tested by electrophoresis. Immunohistochemical staining of the HSV-1 nucleocapsids was used to find out whether hypericin inhibits the intracellular function of AN. Real-time PCR and western blotting analysis were performed to test viral gene expression and viral protein synthesis. The extent of viral replication inhibited by hypericin was determined by a plaque assay and a time of addition assay. RESULTS Recombinant AN was obtained by Pichia pastoris expression system. The exonuclease and endonuclease activity of recombinant AN were inhibited by hypericin in the electrophoresis assay. Hypericin showed no inhibitory effect on BeyoZonase™ Super Nuclease or DNase I. T5 Exonuclease activity was inhibited partially by10 μM hypericin, and was completely suppressed by 50 μM hypericin. Hind Ⅲ was inhibited by hypericin at concentrations greater than 100 μM, but EcoR I, BamH I, and Sal I were not inhibited by hypericin. HSV-1 nucleocapsids gathered in the nucleus when the viruses were treated with hypericin. Plaque formation was significantly reduced by hypericin (EC50 against HSV-1 F is 2.59 ± 0.08 μM and EC50 against HSV-1 SM44 is 2.94 ± 0.10 μM). UL12, ICP27, ICP8, gD, and UL53 gene expression (P < 0.01, 4.0 μM hypericin treated group vs control group) and ICP4 (P < 0.05, 6.0 μM hypericin treated group vs control group), ICP8 and gD (P < 0.05, 2.0 μM hypericin treated group vs control group) protein synthesis were inhibited by hypericin. In the time of addition assay, HSV-1 was suppressed by hypericin in the early stages of viral replication. Hypericin exhibits potent virucidal activity against HSV-1 and inhibits the adsorption and penetration of HSV-1. CONCLUSION Hypericin inhibits the bioactivity of AN and suppresses HSV-1 replication. The data revealed a novel mechanism of the antiherpetic effect of hypericin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; Department of Pathology, Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjuan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qu Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxia Jiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenghui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The Second People's Hospital of Xindu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Grade 2019 of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Grade 2019 of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Th1 regulatory events by infectious pathogens, herpes zoster and herpes simplex viruses: prospects for therapeutic options for atopic eczema. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2022; 39:662-667. [PMID: 36090727 PMCID: PMC9454353 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2022.118920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by viral and bacterial pathogens are typically perceived as harmful, such as in cases of herpes zoster and herpes simplex virus infections. However, clinical observation of an improvement in atopic skin lesions upon herpes virus infection has been noted, particularly at the site of varicella and Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption. Th1 immune cells and cytokines, mobilized and induced for protection against infectious pathogens, are expected to improve Th2 dominant atopic symptoms. This study focuses on Th1 immunoregulatory events mediated by infectious pathogens, particularly herpes viruses. Immunoregulatory events induced by herpes viruses may have a potential therapeutic value for treating atopic eczema.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng W, Xia N, Zhang J, Cao Q, Jiang S, Luo J, Wang H, Chen N, Zhang Q, Meurens F, Zhu J. African Swine Fever Virus Structural Protein p17 Inhibits cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway Through Interacting With STING. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941579. [PMID: 35844609 PMCID: PMC9283692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) encodes more than 150 proteins, which establish complex interactions with the host for the benefit of the virus in order to evade the host’s defenses. However, currently, there is still a lack of information regarding the roles of the viral proteins in host cells. Here, our data demonstrated that ASFV structural protein p17 exerts a negative regulatory effect on cGAS-STING signaling pathway and the STING signaling dependent anti-HSV1 and anti-VSV functions. Further, the results indicated that ASFV p17 was located in ER and Golgi apparatus, and interacted with STING. ASFV p17 could interfere the STING to recruit TBK1 and IKKϵ through its interaction with STING. It was also suggested that the transmembrane domain (amino acids 39–59) of p17 is required for interacting with STING and inhibiting cGAS-STING pathway. Additionally, with the p17 specific siRNA, the ASFV induced IFN-β, ISG15, ISG56, IL-6 and IL-8 gene transcriptions were upregulated in ASFV infected primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Taken together, ASFV p17 can inhibit the cGAS-STING pathway through its interaction with STING and interference of the recruitment of TBK1 and IKKϵ. Our work establishes the role of p17 in the immune evasion and thus provides insights on ASFV pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Zheng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nengwen Xia
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cao
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - François Meurens
- BIOEPAR, INRAE, Oniris, Nantes, France
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianzhong Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses cause lifelong infections by establishing latency in neurons and undergo sporadic reactivations that promote recurrent disease and new infections. The success of HSVs in persisting in infected individuals is likely due to their multiple molecular determinants involved in escaping the host antiviral and immune responses. Importantly, HSVs infect and negatively modulate the function of dendritic cells (DCs), key immune cells that are involved in establishing effective and balanced immunity against viruses. Here, we review and discuss several molecular and cellular processes modulated by HSVs in DCs, such as autophagy, apoptosis, and the unfolded protein response. Given the central role of DCs in establishing optimal antiviral immunity, particular emphasis should be given to the outcome of the interactions occurring between HSVs and DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farías Ma
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Duarte Lf
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tognarelli Ei
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González Pa
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tijtgat J, De Munck J, Dufait I, Schwarze JK, Van Riet I, Franceschini L, Breckpot K, Aerts JL, Neyns B, Tuyaerts S. Unraveling the Effects of a Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC)-Induced Tumor Oncolysate on Myeloid Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733506. [PMID: 34777344 PMCID: PMC8581672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T-VEC, a HSV-1 derived oncolytic virus, is approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The mechanisms that underly the systemic anti-tumor effect that is seen following intratumoral injection have not yet been studied but are likely to be mediated by myeloid dendritic cells (myDC) that initiate an adaptive immune response. In this study we could demonstrate that T-VEC is non-toxic for human myDC. T-VEC and a T-VEC oncolysate of melanoma cell lines were able to mature human myDC. myDC were able to take up lysed melanoma cells and cross-present melanoma-derived tumor antigens to antigen-specific T cells. Our results support the possible role of myDC as mediators of an adaptive anti-tumor effect and intratumoral co-administration of T-VEC plus autologous myDC could be a complementary treatment option. A clinical trial that investigates this hypothesis is currently ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tijtgat
- Department of Medical Oncology/Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jolien De Munck
- Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inès Dufait
- Department of Radiotherapy/Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Supportive Care and Physics (TROP), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)/Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Katharina Schwarze
- Department of Medical Oncology/Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Van Riet
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Hematology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Franceschini
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy (LMCT), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joeri L Aerts
- Neuro-Aging and Viro-Immunotherapy (NAVI) Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Neyns
- Department of Medical Oncology/Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra Tuyaerts
- Department of Medical Oncology/Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Charman M, McFarlane S, Wojtus JK, Sloan E, Dewar R, Leeming G, Al-Saadi M, Hunter L, Carroll MW, Stewart JP, Digard P, Hutchinson E, Boutell C. Constitutive TRIM22 Expression in the Respiratory Tract Confers a Pre-Existing Defence Against Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:689707. [PMID: 34621686 PMCID: PMC8490869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.689707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of antiviral effector proteins as part of a homeostatically controlled innate immune response to infection plays a critical role in limiting the propagation and transmission of respiratory pathogens. However, the prolonged induction of this immune response can lead to lung hyperinflammation, tissue damage, and respiratory failure. We hypothesized that tissues exposed to the constant threat of infection may constitutively express higher levels of antiviral effector proteins to reduce the need to activate potentially harmful innate immune defences. By analysing transcriptomic data derived from a range of human tissues, we identify lung tissue to express constitutively higher levels of antiviral effector genes relative to that of other mucosal and non-mucosal tissues. By using primary cell lines and the airways of rhesus macaques, we show the interferon-stimulated antiviral effector protein TRIM22 (TRIpartite Motif 22) to be constitutively expressed in the lung independently of viral infection or innate immune stimulation. These findings contrast with previous reports that have shown TRIM22 expression in laboratory-adapted cell lines to require interferon stimulation. We demonstrate that constitutive levels of TRIM22 are sufficient to inhibit the onset of human and avian influenza A virus (IAV) infection by restricting the onset of viral transcription independently of interferon-mediated innate immune defences. Thus, we identify TRIM22 to confer a pre-existing (intrinsic) intracellular defence against IAV infection in cells derived from the respiratory tract. Our data highlight the importance of tissue-specific and cell-type dependent patterns of pre-existing immune gene expression in the intracellular restriction of IAV from the outset of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Charman
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Steven McFarlane
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna K Wojtus
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Sloan
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Dewar
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Leeming
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Al-Saadi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Animal Production, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
| | - Laura Hunter
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - James P Stewart
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Hutchinson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yin Y, Romero N, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies Virus Inhibits Type I and Type III Interferon-Induced Signaling via Proteasomal Degradation of Janus Kinases. J Virol 2021; 95:e0079321. [PMID: 34379505 PMCID: PMC8475505 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00793-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both type I and III interferons (IFNs) play a crucial role in host antiviral response by activating the JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling pathway to trigger the expression of antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). We report that the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) triggers proteasomal degradation of the key Janus kinases Jak1 and to a lesser extent Tyk2, thereby inhibiting both type I and III IFN-induced STAT1 phosphorylation and suppressing IFN-induced expression of ISGs. UV-inactivated PRV did not interfere with IFN signaling. In addition, deletion of the EP0 gene from the PRV genome or inhibition of viral genome replication did not affect PRV-induced inhibition of IFN signaling. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing Janus kinase degradation by alphaherpesviruses. These findings thus reveal a novel alphaherpesvirus evasion mechanism of type I and type III IFNs. IMPORTANCE Type I and III interferons (IFNs) trigger signaling via Janus kinases that phosphorylate and activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors, leading to the expression of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that result in an antiviral state of host cells. Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to evade this response. Our results indicate that an alphaherpesvirus, the porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV), inhibits both type I and III IFN signaling pathways by triggering proteasome-dependent degradation of the key Janus kinases Jak1 and Tyk2 and consequent inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation and suppression of ISG expression. Moreover, we found that this inhibition is not caused by incoming virions and does not depend on expression of the viral EP0 protein or viral true late proteins. These data for the first time address alphaherpesvirus evasion of type III IFN-mediated signaling and reveal a previously uncharacterized alphaherpesvirus mechanism of IFN evasion via proteasomal degradation of Janus kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicolás Romero
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
St. Leger AJ, Koelle DM, Kinchington PR, Verjans GMGM. Local Immune Control of Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Ganglia of Mice and Man. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723809. [PMID: 34603296 PMCID: PMC8479180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen. HSV-1 genomes persist in trigeminal ganglia neuronal nuclei as chromatinized episomes, while epithelial cells are typically killed by lytic infection. Fluctuations in anti-viral responses, broadly defined, may underlay periodic reactivations. The ganglionic immune response to HSV-1 infection includes cell-intrinsic responses in neurons, innate sensing by several cell types, and the infiltration and persistence of antigen-specific T-cells. The mechanisms specifying the contrasting fates of HSV-1 in neurons and epithelial cells may include differential genome silencing and chromatinization, dictated by variation in access of immune modulating viral tegument proteins to the cell body, and protection of neurons by autophagy. Innate responses have the capacity of recruiting additional immune cells and paracrine activity on parenchymal cells, for example via chemokines and type I interferons. In both mice and humans, HSV-1-specific CD8 and CD4 T-cells are recruited to ganglia, with mechanistic studies suggesting active roles in immune surveillance and control of reactivation. In this review we focus mainly on HSV-1 and the TG, comparing and contrasting where possible observational, interventional, and in vitro studies between humans and animal hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. St. Leger
- Department of Ophthalmology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
O’Connor CM, Sen GC. Innate Immune Responses to Herpesvirus Infection. Cells 2021; 10:2122. [PMID: 34440891 PMCID: PMC8394705 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of a host cell by an invading viral pathogen triggers a multifaceted antiviral response. One of the most potent defense mechanisms host cells possess is the interferon (IFN) system, which initiates a targeted, coordinated attack against various stages of viral infection. This immediate innate immune response provides the most proximal defense and includes the accumulation of antiviral proteins, such as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), as well as a variety of protective cytokines. However, viruses have co-evolved with their hosts, and as such, have devised distinct mechanisms to undermine host innate responses. As large, double-stranded DNA viruses, herpesviruses rely on a multitude of means by which to counter the antiviral attack. Herein, we review the various approaches the human herpesviruses employ as countermeasures to the host innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. O’Connor
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Infection Biology Program, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang F, Liu Y, You Q, Yang E, Liu B, Wang H, Xu S, Nawaz W, Chen D, Wu Z. NSC23766 and Ehop016 Suppress Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Replication by Inhibiting Rac1 Activity. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1263-1271. [PMID: 34162786 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection of the eyes leads to herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK), the main cause of infectious blindness in the world. As the current therapeutics for HSV-1 infection are rather limited and prolonged use of acyclovir (ACV)/ganciclovir (GCV) and in immunocompromised patients lead to the rise of drug resistant mutants, it underlines the urgent need for new antiviral agents with distinct mechanisms. Our study attempted to establish ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) as a new therapeutic target for HSV-1 infection by using Rac1-specific inhibitors to evaluate the in vitro inhibition of virus growth. Our results showed that increased Rac1 activity facilitated HSV-1 replication and inhibition of Rac1 activity by NSC23766 and Ehop016 significantly reduced HSV-1 replication. Thus, we identified NSC23766 and Ehop016 as possessing potent anti-HSV-1 activities by suppressing the Rac1 activity, suggesting that Rac1 is a potential target for treating HSV-1-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Ye Liu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Department of Ophthalmology, JinLing Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Qiao You
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Enhui Yang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Huanru Wang
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Shijie Xu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Waqas Nawaz
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Deyan Chen
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Center for Public Health Research, Medical School of Nanjing University.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University.,School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim ET, Dybas JM, Kulej K, Reyes ED, Price AM, Akhtar LN, Orr A, Garcia BA, Boutell C, Weitzman MD. Comparative proteomics identifies Schlafen 5 (SLFN5) as a herpes simplex virus restriction factor that suppresses viral transcription. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:234-245. [PMID: 33432153 PMCID: PMC7856100 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsic antiviral host factors confer cellular defence by limiting virus replication and are often counteracted by viral countermeasures. We reasoned that host factors that inhibit viral gene expression could be identified by determining proteins bound to viral DNA (vDNA) in the absence of key viral antagonists. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ICP0 (ICP0), which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase required to promote infection. Cellular substrates of ICP0 have been discovered as host barriers to infection but the mechanisms for inhibition of viral gene expression are not fully understood. To identify restriction factors antagonized by ICP0, we compared proteomes associated with vDNA during HSV-1 infection with wild-type virus and a mutant lacking functional ICP0 (ΔICP0). We identified the cellular protein Schlafen family member 5 (SLFN5) as an ICP0 target that binds vDNA during HSV-1 ΔICP0 infection. We demonstrated that ICP0 mediates ubiquitination of SLFN5, which leads to its proteasomal degradation. In the absence of ICP0, SLFN5 binds vDNA to repress HSV-1 transcription by limiting accessibility of RNA polymerase II to viral promoters. These results highlight how comparative proteomics of proteins associated with viral genomes can identify host restriction factors and reveal that viral countermeasures can overcome SLFN antiviral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui Tae Kim
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph M. Dybas
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kulej
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emigdio D. Reyes
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander M. Price
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa N. Akhtar
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ann Orr
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chris Boutell
- MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Correspondence: All correspondence and request for materials should be addressed to Matthew D. Weitzman (, )
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reddi TS, Merkl PE, Lim SY, Letvin NL, Knipe DM. Tripartite Motif 22 (TRIM22) protein restricts herpes simplex virus 1 by epigenetic silencing of viral immediate-early genes. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009281. [PMID: 33524065 PMCID: PMC7877759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic resistance is a crucial line of defense against virus infections, and members of the Tripartite Ring Interaction Motif (TRIM) family of proteins are major players in this system, such as cytoplasmic TRIM5α or nuclear promyelocytic leukemia (PML/TRIM19) protein. Previous reports on the antiviral function of another TRIM protein, TRIM22, emphasized its innate immune role as a Type I and Type II interferon-stimulated gene against RNA viruses. This study shows that TRIM22 has an additional intrinsic role against DNA viruses. Here, we report that TRIM22 is a novel restriction factor of HSV-1 and limits ICP0-null virus replication by increasing histone occupancy and heterochromatin, thereby reducing immediate-early viral gene expression. The corresponding wild-type equivalent of the virus evades the TRIM22-specific restriction by a mechanism independent of ICP0-mediated degradation. We also demonstrate that TRIM22 inhibits other DNA viruses, including representative members of the β- and γ- herpesviruses. Allelic variants in TRIM22 showed different degrees of anti-herpesviral activity; thus, TRIM22 genetic variability may contribute to the varying susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in humans. Collectively, these results argue that TRIM22 is a novel restriction factor and expand the list of restriction factors functioning in the infected cell nucleus to counter DNA virus infection. The host immune response to herpesviruses includes intrinsic immunity, which is a constitutively active line of defense. Members of the Tripartite Motif (TRIM) superfamily of proteins, such as cytoplasmic TRIM5α and nuclear TRIM19, are examples of such restriction factors against the prototypical α-herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1). Previous reports on the antiviral function of the protein encoded by TRIM22, a gene closely related to the TRIM5 gene, emphasized its antiretroviral role. We show that TRIM22 has an additional role as a restriction factor against herpesviruses. We found that TRIM22 inhibits a mutant form of HSV-1, by promoting chromatin compaction of the viral DNA encoding immediate-early viral genes–this consequently inhibits viral replication and reduces virus yields. Unlike other restriction factors that are degraded by the viral infected cell polypeptide 0 (ICP0), TRIM22 is not degraded by ICP0. We also show that TRIM22 inhibits representative members of the β-herpesvirus (cytomegalovirus) and γ- herpesviruses (Epstein-Barr virus). In addition, different TRIM22 genetic variants show differing levels of HSV-1 inhibition. Together, these results argue for the importance of the TRIM22 gene as a restriction factor against herpesviruses, and offer a novel avenue for further investigation on the role of TRIM genes in host genetic variation in herpesviral susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini S. Reddi
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philipp E. Merkl
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhao J, Qin C, Liu Y, Rao Y, Feng P. Herpes Simplex Virus and Pattern Recognition Receptors: An Arms Race. Front Immunol 2021; 11:613799. [PMID: 33584700 PMCID: PMC7878388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.613799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are experts in establishing persistent infection in immune-competent humans, in part by successfully evading immune activation through diverse strategies. Upon HSV infection, host deploys pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize various HSV-associated molecular patterns and mount antiviral innate immune responses. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the contributions of cytosolic PRRs to detect HSV and the direct manipulations on these receptors by HSV-encoded viral proteins as countermeasures. The continuous update and summarization of these mechanisms will deepen our understanding on HSV-host interactions in innate immunity for the development of novel antiviral therapies, vaccines and oncolytic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chao Qin
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Youliang Rao
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Birzer A, Kraner ME, Heilingloh CS, Mühl-Zürbes P, Hofmann J, Steinkasserer A, Popella L. Mass Spectrometric Characterization of HSV-1 L-Particles From Human Dendritic Cells and BHK21 Cells and Analysis of Their Functional Role. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1997. [PMID: 33117298 PMCID: PMC7550753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a very common human pathogenic virus among the world’s population. The lytic replication cycle of HSV-1 is, amongst others, characterized by a tripartite viral gene expression cascade, the assembly of nucleocapsids involving their subsequent nuclear egress, tegumentation, re-envelopment and the final release of progeny viral particles. During productive infection of a multitude of different cell types, HSV-1 generates not only infectious heavy (H-) particles, but also non-infectious light (L-) particles, lacking the capsid. In monocyte-derived mature dendritic cells (mDCs), HSV-1 causes a non-productive infection with the predominant release of L-particles. Until now, the generation and function of L-particles is not well understood, however, they are described as factors transferring viral components to the cellular microenvironment. To obtain deeper insights into the L-particle composition, we performed a mass-spectrometry-based analysis of L-particles derived from HSV-1-infected mDCs or BHK21 cells and H-particles from the latter one. In total, we detected 63 viral proteins in both H- and L-particle preparations derived from HSV-1-infected BHK21 cells. In L-particles from HSV-1-infected mDCs we identified 41 viral proteins which are differentially distributed compared to L-particles from BHK21 cells. In this study, we present data suggesting that L-particles modify mDCs and suppress their T cell stimulatory capacity. Due to the plethora of specific viral proteins incorporated into and transmitted by L-particles, it is tempting to speculate that L-particles manipulate non-infected bystander cells for the benefit of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Birzer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max Edmund Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Petra Mühl-Zürbes
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Linda Popella
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Small Noncoding RNAs Antisense to the VZV Latency-Encoded Transcript VLT Enhance Viral Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00123-20. [PMID: 32295909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00123-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNA), including microRNA (miR), are expressed by many viruses to provide an additional layer of gene expression regulation. Our work has shown that varicella-zoster virus (VZV; also called human herpesvirus 3 [HHV3]), the human alphaherpesvirus causing varicella and herpes zoster, expresses 24 virally encoded sncRNA (VZVsncRNA) in infected cells. Here, we demonstrate that several VZVsncRNA can modulate VZV growth, including four VZVsncRNA (VZVsncRNA10, -11, -12, and -13) that are antisense to VLT, a transcript made in lytic infections and associated with VZV latency. The influence on productive VZV growth and spread was assessed in epithelial cells transfected with locked nucleotide analog antagonists (LNAA). LNAA to the four VZVsncRNA antisense to VLT significantly reduced viral spread and progeny titers of infectious virus, suggesting that these sncRNA promoted lytic infection. The LNAA to VZVsncRNA12, encoded in the leader to ORF61, also significantly increased the levels of VLT transcripts. Conversely, overexpression of VZVsncRNA13 using adeno-associated virus consistently increased VZV spread and progeny titers. These results suggest that sncRNA antisense to VZV may regulate VZV growth, possibly by affecting VLT expression. Transfection of LNAA to VZVsncRNA14 and VZVsncRNA9 decreased and increased VZV growth, respectively, while LNAA to three other VZVsncRNA had no significant effects on replication. These data strongly support the conclusion that VZV replication is modulated by multiple virally encoded sncRNA, revealing an additional layer of complexity of VZV regulation of lytic infections. This may inform the development of novel anti-sncRNA-based therapies for treatment of VZV diseases.IMPORTANCE Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes herpes zoster, a major health issue in the aging and immunocompromised populations. Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNA) are recognized as important actors in modulating gene expression. This study extends our previous work and shows that four VZVsncRNA clustering in and near ORF61 and antisense to the latency-associated transcript of VZV can positively influence productive VZV infection. The ability of multiple exogenous small oligonucleotides targeting VZVsncRNA to inhibit VZV replication strengthens the possibility that they may inform development of novel treatments for painful herpes zoster.
Collapse
|
28
|
The HSV-1 ubiquitin ligase ICP0: Modifying the cellular proteome to promote infection. Virus Res 2020; 285:198015. [PMID: 32416261 PMCID: PMC7303953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ICP0 is a viral E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes HSV-1 infection. ICP0 interacts with multiple component proteins of the ubiquitin pathway. ICP0 disrupts multiple cellular processes activated in response to infection ICP0 remodels the SUMO proteome to counteract host immune defences to infection. ICP0 is an attractive drug target for the development of antiviral HSV-1 therapeutics.
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) hijacks ubiquitination machinery to modify the cellular proteome to create an environment permissive for virus replication. HSV-1 encodes its own RING-finger E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase, Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0), that directly interfaces with component proteins of the Ub pathway to inactivate host immune defences and cellular processes that restrict the progression of HSV-1 infection. Consequently, ICP0 plays a critical role in the infectious cycle of HSV-1 that is required to promote the efficient onset of lytic infection and productive reactivation of viral genomes from latency. This review will describe the current knowledge regarding the biochemical properties and known substrates of ICP0 during HSV-1 infection. We will highlight the gaps in the characterization of ICP0 function and propose future areas of research required to understand fully the biological properties of this important HSV-1 regulatory protein.
Collapse
|
29
|
Replication Compartments of DNA Viruses in the Nucleus: Location, Location, Location. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020151. [PMID: 32013091 PMCID: PMC7077188 DOI: 10.3390/v12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus encompass a range of ubiquitous and clinically important viruses, from acute pathogens to persistent tumor viruses. These viruses must co-opt nuclear processes for the benefit of the virus, whilst evading host processes that would otherwise attenuate viral replication. Accordingly, DNA viruses induce the formation of membraneless assemblies termed viral replication compartments (VRCs). These compartments facilitate the spatial organization of viral processes and regulate virus–host interactions. Here, we review advances in our understanding of VRCs. We cover their initiation and formation, their function as the sites of viral processes, and aspects of their composition and organization. In doing so, we highlight ongoing and emerging areas of research highly pertinent to our understanding of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The human betaherpesviruses, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV; species Human betaherpesvirus 5) and human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, -6B, and -7; species Human betaherpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7) are highly prevalent and can cause severe disease in immune-compromised and immune-naive populations in well- and under-developed communities. Herpesvirus virion assembly is an intricate process that requires viral orchestration of host systems. In this review, we describe recent advances in some of the many cellular events relevant to assembly and egress of betaherpesvirus virions. These include modifications of host metabolic, immune, and autophagic/recycling systems. In addition, we discuss unique aspects of betaherpesvirus virion structure, virion assembly, and the cellular pathways employed during virion egress.
Collapse
|