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Ablimit N, Zheng F, Wang Y, Wen J, Wang H, Deng K, Cao Y, Wang Z, Jiang W. Bacillus velezensis strain NA16 shows high poultry feather-degrading efficiency, protease and amino acid production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116353. [PMID: 38691885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Isolated Bacillus velezensis strain NA16, which produces proteases, amino acids and the transcription levels of different keratinolytic enzymes and disulfide reductase genes in whole gene sequencing, was evaluated during feather degradation. The result shows under optimum fermentation conditions, chicken feather fermentation showed total amino acid concentration of 7599 mg/L, degradation efficiency of 99.3% at 72 h, and protease activity of 1058 U/mL and keratinase activity of 288 U/mL at 48 h. Goose feather fermentation showed total amino acid concentration of 4918 mg/L (96 h), and degradation efficiency was 98.9% at 120 h. Chicken feather fermentation broth at 72 h showed high levels of 17 amino acids, particularly phenylalanine (1050 ± 1.90 mg/L), valine (960 ± 1.04 mg/L), and glutamic (950 ± 3.00 mg/L). Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the essential role of peptide bond cleavage in structural changes and degradation of feathers. Protein purification and zymographic analyses revealed a key role in feather degradation of the 39-kDa protein encoded by gene1031, identified as an S8 family serine peptidase. Whole genome sequencing of NA16 revealed 26 metalloproteinase genes and 22 serine protease genes. Among the proteins, S8 family serine peptidase (gene1031, gene1428) and S9 family peptidase (gene3132) were shown by transcription analysis to play major roles in chicken feather degradation. These findings revealed the transcription levels of different families of keratinolytic enzymes in the degradation of feather keratin by microorganisms, and suggested potential applications of NA16 in feather waste management and amino acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuraliya Ablimit
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengzhen Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, 36 Zhoushan E Rd, Hangzhou 310015, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yunhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zengli Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Saravanan K, Vijayaveeran A, Kathirvel P. Biodegradation of Keratin Waste by Bacillus velezensis HFS_F2 through Optimized Keratinase Production Medium. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:179. [PMID: 38761211 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Enormous aggregates of keratinous wastes are produced annually by the poultry and leather industries which cause environmental degradation globally. To combat this issue, microbially synthesized extracellular proteases known as keratinase are used widely which is effective in degrading keratin found in hair and feathers. In the present work, keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm soil and feather waste, and various cultural conditions were optimized to provide the highest enzyme production for efficient keratin waste degradation. Based on the primary and secondary screening methods, the potent keratinolytic strain (HFS_F2T) with the highest enzyme activity 32.65 ± 0.16 U/mL was genotypically characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and was confirmed as Bacillus velezensis HFS_F2T ON556508. Through one-variable-at-a-time approach (OVAT), the keratinase production medium was optimized with sucrose (carbon source), beef extract (nitrogen source) pH-7, inoculum size (5%), and incubation at 37 °C). The degree of degradation (%DD) of keratin wastes was evaluated after 35 days of degradation in the optimized keratinase production medium devoid of feather meal under submerged fermentation conditions. Further, the deteriorated keratin wastes were visually examined and the hydrolysed bovine hair with 77.32 ± 0.32% degradation was morphologically analysed through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to confirm the structural disintegration of the cuticle. Therefore, the current study would be a convincing strategy for reducing the detrimental impact of pollutants from the poultry and leather industries by efficient keratin waste degradation through the production of microbial keratinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushika Saravanan
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aishwarya Vijayaveeran
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Preethi Kathirvel
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Song C, Liu R, Yin D, Xie C, Liang Y, Yang D, Jiang M, Zhang H, Shen N. A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Unveils the Mechanisms of Response in Feather Degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7. Microorganisms 2024; 12:841. [PMID: 38674785 PMCID: PMC11052024 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial degradation of feathers offers potential for bioremediation, yet the microbial response mechanisms warrant additional investigation. In prior work, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Gxun-7, which demonstrated robust degradation of feathers at elevated concentrations, was isolated. However, the molecular mechanism of this degradation remains only partially understood. To investigate this, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to examine the genes that were expressed differentially in P. aeruginosa Gxun-7 when exposed to 25 g/L of feather substrate. The RNA-seq analysis identified 5571 differentially expressed genes; of these, 795 were upregulated and 603 were downregulated. Upregulated genes primarily participated in proteolysis, amino acid, and pyruvate metabolism. Genes encoding proteases, as well as those involved in sulfur metabolism, phenazine synthesis, and type VI secretion systems, were notably elevated, highlighting their crucial function in feather decomposition. Integration of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) taxonomies, combined with a review of the literature, led us to propose that metabolic feather degradation involves environmental activation, reducing agent secretion, protease release, peptide/amino acid uptake, and metabolic processes. Sulfite has emerged as a critical activator of keratinase catalysis, while cysteine serves as a regulatory mediator. qRT-PCR assay results for 11 selected gene subset corroborated the RNA-seq findings. This study enhances our understanding of the transcriptomic responses of P. aeruginosa Gxun-7 to feather degradation and offers insights into potential degradation mechanisms, thereby aiding in the formulation of effective feather waste management strategies in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Rui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Doudou Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Chenjie Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Ying Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, No. 98, Daxue Road, Nanning 530007, China;
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
| | - Naikun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530000, China; (C.S.); (R.L.); (D.Y.); (C.X.); (Y.L.); (M.J.)
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Ke K, Sun Y, He T, Liu W, Wen Y, Liu S, Wang Q, Gao X. Effects of Feather Hydrolysates Generated by Probiotic Bacillus licheniformis WHU on Gut Microbiota of Broiler and Common carp. J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s12275-024-00118-z. [PMID: 38421547 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Due to the ever-increasing demand for meat, it has become necessary to identify cheap and sustainable sources of protein for animal feed. Feathers are the major byproduct of poultry industry, which are rich in hard-to-degrade keratin protein. Previously we found that intact feathers can be digested into free amino acids, short peptides, and nano-/micro-keratin particles by the strain Bacillus licheniformis WHU in water, and the resulting feather hydrolysates exhibit prebiotic effects on mice. To explore the potential utilization of feather hydrolysate in the feed industry, we investigated its effects on the gut microbiota of broilers and fish. Our results suggest that feather hydrolysates significantly decrease and increase the diversity of gut microbial communities in broilers and fish, respectively. The composition of the gut microbiota was markedly altered in both of the animals. The abundance of bacteria with potentially pathogenic phenotypes in the gut microbial community of the fish significantly decreased. Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Neisseria spp., Achromobacter spp. were significantly inhibited by the feather hydrolysates. In addition, feather hydrolysates significantly improved proteolytic activity in the guts of broilers and fish. In fish, the expression levels of ZO-1 and TGF-α significantly improved after administration of feather hydrolysates. The results presented here suggest that feather hydrolysates generated by B. licheniformis WHU could be an alternative protein source in aquaculture and could exert beneficial effects on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting He
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijiao Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Dazhou Vocational College of Chinese Medicine, Dazhou, 635000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Lu WJ, Zhang MS, Lu DL, Li ZW, Yang ZD, Wu L, Ni JT, Chen WD, Deng JJ, Luo XC. Sustainable valorizing high-protein feather waste utilization through solid-state fermentation by keratinase-enhanced Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3 using a novel promoter. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 174:528-538. [PMID: 38134540 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Feather waste, a rich source of proteins, has traditionally been processed through high-temperature puffing and acid-base hydrolysis, contributing to generation of greenhouse gases and H2S. To address this issue, we employed circular economy techniques to recover the nutritional value of feather waste. Streptomyces sp. SCUT-3, an efficient proteolytic and chitinolytic bacterium, was isolated for feather degradation previously. This study aimed to valorize feather waste for feed purposes by enhancing its feather transformation ability through promoter optimization. Seven promoters were identified through omics analysis and compared to a common Streptomyces promoter ermE*p. The strongest promoter, p24880, effectively enhanced the expression of three candidate keratinases (Sep39, Sep40, and Sep53). The expression efficiency of double-, triple-p24880 and sandwich p24880-sep39-p24880 promoters were further verified. The co-overexpression strain SCUT-3-p24880-sep39-p24880-sep40 exhibited a 16.21-fold increase in keratinase activity compared to the wild-type. Using this strain, a solid-state fermentation process was established that increased the feather/water ratio (w/w) to 1:1.5, shortened the fermentation time to 2.5 days, and increased soluble peptide and free amino acid yields to 0.41 g/g and 0.14 g/g, respectively. The resulting has high protein content (90.49 %), with high in vitro digestibility (94.20 %). This method has the potential to revolutionize the feather waste processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Lu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Ming-Shu Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - De-Lin Lu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lei Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jing-Tao Ni
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun-Jin Deng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources Conservation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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6
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Li K, Li G, Peng S, Tan M. Effective biodegradation on chicken feather by the recombinant KerJY-23 Bacillus subtilis WB600: A synergistic process coupled by disulfide reductase and keratinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127194. [PMID: 37793516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Keratin wastes are abundantly available but rich in hard-degrading fibrous proteins, and the keratinase-producing microorganisms have gained significant attention due to their biodegradation ability against keratinous materials. In order to improve the degradation efficiency of feather keratins, the keratinase gene (kerJY-23) from our previously isolated feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23 was overexpressed in Bacillus subtilis WB600 strain. The recombinant KerJY-23 strain degraded chicken feathers rapidly within 48 h, during which the activities of disulfide reductase and keratinase KerJY-23 were sharply increased, and the free amino acids especially the essential phenylalanine and tyrosine were significantly accumulated in feather hydrolysate. The results of structural characterizations including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, demonstrated that the feather microstructure together with the polypeptide bonds and SS bonds in feather keratins were attacked and destroyed by the recombinant KerJY-23 strain. Therefore, the recombinant KerJY-23 strain contributed to feather degradation through the synergistic action of the secreted disulfide reductase to break the SS bonds and keratinase (KerJY-23) to hydrolyze the polypeptide bonds in keratins. This study offers a new insight into the underlying mechanism of keratin degradation, and provides a potential recombinant strain for the valorization of keratin wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ganghui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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7
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Zhang J, Liang M, Wu L, Yang Y, Sun Y, Wang Q, Gao X. Bioconversion of feather waste into bioactive nutrients in water by Bacillus licheniformis WHU. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7055-7070. [PMID: 37750916 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Feathers become hazardous pollutants when deposited directly into the environment. The rapid expansion of the poultry industry has significantly increased feather waste, necessitating the development of new ways to degrade and utilize feathers. This study investigated the ability of Bacillus licheniformis WHU to digest intact chicken feathers in water. The results indicated that yields of free amino acids, bioactive peptides, and keratin-derived nano-/micro-particles were improved in bacteria- versus purified keratinase-derived feather hydrolysate. Bacteria-derived feather hydrolysate supplementation induced health benefits in mice, including significantly increased intestinal villus height and zonula occludens-1 protein expression, as well as increased secretory immunoglobulin A levels in the intestinal mucosa and superoxide dismutase activity in serum. Additionally, feather hydrolysate supplementation modulated the mouse gut microbiota, reflected by increased relative abundance of probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp., decreased relative abundance of Proteobacteria at the phylum level and pathogens such as Staphylococcus spp., and increased Bacteroidota/Firmicutes ratio. This study developed a simple, cost-effective method to degrade feathers by B. licheniformis WHU digestion, yielding a hydrolysate that can be directly used as a bioactive nutrient resource. The study findings have applications in the livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries, which have high demands for cheap protein. KEY POINTS: • Bacillus licheniformis could degrade intact feather in water. • The resulting feather hydrolysate shows prebiotic effects on mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Manyu Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanhong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Dazhou Vocational College of Chinese Medicine, Tongchuan District, Luojiang Town, Dazhou, 635000, China.
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Dazhou Vocational College of Chinese Medicine, Tongchuan District, Luojiang Town, Dazhou, 635000, China.
- Green Pharmaceutical Technology Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Park G, Lee KM, Lee YS, Kim Y, Jeon CM, Lee OM, Kim YJ, Son HJ. Biodegradation and valorization of feather waste using the keratinase-producing bacteria and their application in environmentally hazardous industrial processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 346:118986. [PMID: 37714086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Poultry feathers are widely discarded as waste worldwide and are considered an environmental pollutant and a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, developing sustainable and environmentally friendly methods for managing feather waste is one of the important environmental protection requirements. In this study, we investigated a rapid and eco-friendly method for the degradation and valorization of feather waste using keratinase-producing Pseudomonas geniculata H10, and evaluated the applicability of keratinase in environmentally hazardous chemical processes. Strain H10 completely degraded chicken feathers within 48 h by producing keratinase using them as sources of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. The culture contained a total of 402.8 μM amino acids, including 8 essential amino acids, which was higher than the chemical treatment. Keratinase was a serine-type metalloprotease with optimal temperature and pH of 30 °C and 9, respectively, and showed relatively high stability at 10-40 °C and pH 3-10. Keratinase was also able to degrade various insoluble keratins such as duck feathers, wool, human hair, and nails. Furthermore, keratinase exhibited more efficient depilation and wool modification than chemical treatment, as well as novel functionalities such as nematicidal and exfoliating activities. This suggests that strain H10 is a promising candidate for the efficient degradation and valorization of feather waste, as well as the improvement of current industrial processes that use hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyulim Park
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Min Lee
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Lee
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Yedam Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Min Jeon
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Mi Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Joo Son
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Abd El-Aziz NM, Khalil BE, El-Gamal NN. Structure prediction, docking studies and molecular cloning of novel Pichia kudriavzevii YK46 metalloprotease (MetPr) for improvement of feather waste biodegradation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19989. [PMID: 37968282 PMCID: PMC10651840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the environmental risks associated with the accumulation of keratin waste from poultry, which is resistant to conventional protein degradation methods. To tackle this issue, microbial keratinases have emerged as promising tools for transforming resilient keratin materials into valuable products. We focus on the Metalloprotease (MetPr) gene isolated from novel Pichia kudriavzevii YK46, sequenced, and deposited in the NCBI GenBank database with the accession number OQ511281. The MetPr gene encodes a protein consisting of 557 amino acids and demonstrates a keratinase activity of 164.04 U/ml. The 3D structure of the protein was validated using Ramachandran's plot, revealing that 93% and 97.26% of the 557 residues were situated within the most favoured region for the MetPr proteins of template Pichia kudriavzevii strain 129 and Pichia kudriavzevii YK46, respectively. Computational analyses were employed to determine the binding affinities between the deduced protein and beta keratin. Molecular docking studies elucidated the optimal binding affinities between the metalloprotease (MetPr) and beta-keratin, yielding values of - 260.75 kcal/mol and - 257.02 kcal/mol for the template strains Pichia kudriavzevii strain 129 and Pichia kudriavzevii YK46, respectively. Subsequent molecular cloning and expression of the MetPr gene in E. coli DH5α led to a significantly higher keratinase activity of 281 ± 12.34 U/ml. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of the MetPr gene and its encoded protein for keratin waste biotransformation, with implications for addressing environmental concerns related to keratinous waste accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa M Abd El-Aziz
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth ST, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Bigad E Khalil
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth ST, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nora N El-Gamal
- Microbial Chemistry Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth ST, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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10
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Škerget M, Čolnik M, Zemljič LF, Gradišnik L, Semren TŽ, Lovaković BT, Maver U. Efficient and Green Isolation of Keratin from Poultry Feathers by Subcritical Water. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2658. [PMID: 37376304 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation of keratin from poultry feathers using subcritical water was studied in a batch reactor at temperatures (120-250 °C) and reaction times (5-75 min). The hydrolyzed product was characterized by FTIR and elemental analysis, while the molecular weight of the isolated product was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. To determine whether disulfide bond cleavage was followed by depolymerization of protein molecules to amino acids, the concentration of 27 amino acids in the hydrolysate was analyzed by GC/MS. The optimal operating parameters for obtaining a high molecular weight protein hydrolysate from poultry feathers were 180 °C and 60 min. The molecular weight of the protein hydrolysate obtained under optimal conditions ranged from 4.5 to 12 kDa, and the content of amino acids in the dried product was low (2.53% w/w). Elemental and FTIR analyses of unprocessed feathers and dried hydrolysate obtained under optimal conditions showed no significant differences in protein content and structure. Obtained hydrolysate is a colloidal solution with a tendency for particle agglomeration. Finally, a positive influence on skin fibroblast viability was observed for the hydrolysate obtained under optimal processing conditions for concentrations below 6.25 mg/mL, which makes the product interesting for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Škerget
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Čolnik
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Fras Zemljič
- Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Živković Semren
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Blanka Tariba Lovaković
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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11
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Rahimnahal S, Meimandipour A, Fayazi J, Asghar Karkhane A, Shamsara M, Beigi Nassiri M, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR, Tarrahimofrad H, Bakherad H, Zamani J, Mohammadi Y. Biochemical and molecular characterization of novel keratinolytic protease from Bacillus licheniformis (KRLr1). Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1132760. [PMID: 37234543 PMCID: PMC10206251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1132760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The keratin-degrading bacterium Bacillus licheniformis secretes a keratinase with potential industrial interest. Here, the Keratinase gene was intracellularly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using pET-21b (+) vector. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that KRLr1 is closely related to Bacillus licheniformis keratinase that belongs to the serine peptidase/subtilisin-like S8 family. Recombinant keratinase appeared on the SDS-PAGE gel with a band of about 38 kDa and was confirmed by western blotting. Expressed KRLr1 was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with a yield of 85.96% and then refolded. It was found that this enzyme has optimum activity at pH 6 and 37°C. PMSF inhibited the KRLr1 activity and Ca2+ and Mg2+ increased the KRLr1 activity. Using keratin 1% as the substrate, the thermodynamic values were determined as Km 14.54 mM, kcat 912.7 × 10-3 (S-1), and kcat/Km 62.77 (M-1 S-1). Feather digestion by recombinant enzyme using HPLC method, showed that the amino acids cysteine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and lysine had the highest amount compared to other amino acids obtained from digestion. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of HADDOCK docking results exhibited that KRLr1 enzyme was able to interact strongly with chicken feather keratine 4 (FK4) compared to chicken feather keratine 12 (FK12). These properties make keratinase KRLr1 a potential candidate for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Rahimnahal
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Meimandipour
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Fayazi
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Karkhane
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shamsara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadtaghi Beigi Nassiri
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hossein Tarrahimofrad
- Department of Animal Science and Food Technology, Agriculture Science and Natural Resources University Khouzestan, Ahwaz, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Javad Zamani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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12
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Research progress on the degradation mechanism and modification of keratinase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1003-1017. [PMID: 36633625 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is regarded as the main component of feathers and is difficult to be degraded by conventional proteases, leading to substantial abandonment. Keratinase is the only enzyme with the most formidable potential for degrading feathers. Although there have been in-depth studies in recent years, the large-scale application of keratinase is still associated with many problems. It is relatively challenging to find keratinase not only with high activity but could also meet the industrial application environment, so it is urgent to exploit keratinase with high acid and temperature resistance, strong activity, and low price. Therefore, researchers have been keen to explore the degradation mechanism of keratinases and the modification of existing keratinases for decades. This review critically introduces the basic properties and mechanism of keratinase, and focuses on the current situation of keratinase modification and the direction and strategy of its future application and modification. KEY POINTS: •The research status and mechanism of keratinase were reviewed. •The new direction of keratinase application and modification is discussed. •The existing modification methods and future modification strategies of keratinases are reviewed.
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13
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Fervidobacterium pennivorans subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov., a Novel Feather-Degrading Anaerobic Thermophile. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010022. [PMID: 36677314 PMCID: PMC9861569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fervidobacterium pennivorans subsp. keratinolyticus subsp. nov. strain T was isolated from a terrestrial, high-altitude hot spring in Tajikistan. This strain is an obligate anaerobic rod and their cells occur singly, in pairs, or as short chains under the optimal growth conditions of a temperature of 65 °C and pH 6.5, with peptone, glucose, and galactose as the preferred substrates. The minimum generation time of this strain is 150 min. Strain T can efficiently degrade feather keratin at 65-75 °C; this unusual feature is also exhibited by a few other members of the Fervidobacterium genus. The total genome size of this bacterial strain is 2,002,515 base pairs, with a C + G content of 39.0%. The maximum digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) value of 76.9% was observed on comparing the genome of this strain with that of Fervidobacterium pennivorans type strain DSM9078. This study describes the physiological and genomic properties of strain T, with an emphasis on its keratinolytic power and differences from other members of the genus Fervidobacterium.
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14
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Dume B, Hanc A, Svehla P, Michal P, Solcova O, Chane AD, Nigussie A. Nutrient recovery and changes in enzyme activity during vermicomposting of hydrolysed chicken feather residue. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-15. [PMID: 36368925 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2147451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chicken feathers are hazardous to the environment because of their poor digestibility and potential as a source of environmental contaminants. However, this waste contains valuable plant nutrients that can be recovered and used to improve soil fertility and agricultural productivity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate how effective vermicomposting is at recovering nutrients and changes in enzymatic activity during vermicomposting of hydrolysed chicken feather residues (HCFR). The study included four treatments with three replications at different HCFR and pelletized wheat straw (PWS) mixing proportions: (T1) 25% HCFR+75% PWS with earthworms, (T2) 25% HCFR+75% PWS without earthworms, (T3) 50% HCFR+50% PWS with earthworms, and (T4) 50% HCFR+50% PWS (w/w) without earthworms. Eisenia andrei was used in the experiment for 120 days. Earthworm treatments recovered more available plant nutrients than non-earthworm treatments by 14% N - NO 3 - (T1); 50% K (T3); 47% Mg (T3); 75% P (T3); 55% B (T3); 34% Cu (T3); 40% Fe (T1); 46% Mn (T3); 11% Zn (T1). However, N - NH 4 + was significantly reduced by -80% (T1). Acid phosphatase, arylsulphatase, alanine aminopeptidase, and leucine aminopeptidase were more active in the treatments with earthworms and positively correlated with P and C: N ratio. Alanine aminopeptidase (3752 µmol AMCA.g-1.h-1) and leucine aminopeptidase (4252 µmol AMCL.g-1.h-1) had higher activities in T3 on day 60 of vermicomposting. As a result, the earthworm treatment recovers more plant nutrients than the non-earthworm treatments, and it can be recommended as a better vermicomposting approach for nutrient recovery from HCFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayu Dume
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Hanc
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svehla
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Michal
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Solcova
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Abraham Demelash Chane
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food, and Natural Resources, Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Abebe Nigussie
- Jimma University, College of Agriculture, Jimma, Ethiopia
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15
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Asitok A, Ekpenyong M, Ben U, Antigha R, Ogarekpe N, Rao A, Akpan A, Benson N, Essien J, Antai S. Stochastic modeling and meta-heuristic multivariate optimization of bioprocess conditions for co-valorization of feather and waste frying oil toward prodigiosin production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2022:1-14. [PMID: 36269079 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2134891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens strain UCCM 00009 produced a mixture of gelatinase and keratinase to facilitate feather degradation but concomitant production of prodigiosin could make waste feather valorization biotechnologically more attractive. This article describes prodigiosin fermentation through co-valorization of waste feather and waste frying peanut oil by S. marcescens UCCM 00009 for anticancer, antioxidant, and esthetic applications. The stochastic conditions for waste feather degradation (WFD), modeled by multi-objective particle swarm-embedded-neural network optimization (ANN-PSO), revealed a gelatinase/keratinase ratio of 1.71 for optimal prodigiosin production and WFD. Luedeking-Piret kinetics revealed a non-exclusive, non-growth-associated prodigiosin yield of 9.66 g/L from the degradation of 88.55% waste feather within 96 h. The polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000/Na+ citrate aqueous two-phase system-purified serratiopeptidase demonstrated gelatinolytic and keratinolytic activities that were stable for 240 h at 55 °C and pH 9.0. In vitro evaluations revealed that the prodigiosin inhibited methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at IC50 of 4.95 µg/mL, the plant-pathogen, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, at IC50 of 2.58 µg/mL, breast carcinoma at IC50 of 0.60 µg/mL and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free-radical at IC50 of 96.63 µg/mL). The pigment also demonstrated commendable textile dyeing potential of fiber and cotton fabrics. The technology promises cost-effective prodigiosin development through sustainable waste feather-waste frying oil co-management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atim Asitok
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Maurice Ekpenyong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ubong Ben
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Richard Antigha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nkpa Ogarekpe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Anitha Rao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Akpan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Nsikak Benson
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Essien
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Sylvester Antai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.,University of Calabar Collection of Microorganisms (UCCM), University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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16
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Zhang RX, Wu ZW, Cui HY, Chai YN, Hua CW, Wang P, Li L, Yang TY. Production of surfactant-stable keratinase from Bacillus cereus YQ15 and its application as detergent additive. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:26. [PMID: 36076195 PMCID: PMC9454225 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the growing concern for the environment, there are trends that bio-utilization of keratinous waste by keratinases could ease the heavy burden of keratinous waste from the poultry processing and leather industry. Especially surfactant-stable keratinases are beneficial for the detergent industry. Therefore, the production of keratinase by Bacillus cereus YQ15 was improved; the characterization and use of keratinase in detergent were also studied. Results A novel alkaline keratinase-producing bacterium YQ15 was isolated from feather keratin-rich soil and was identified as Bacillus cereus. Based on the improvement of medium components and culture conditions, the maximum keratinase activity (925 U/mL) was obtained after 36 h of cultivation under conditions of 35 °C and 160 rpm. Moreover, it was observed that the optimal reacting temperature and pH of the keratinase are 60 °C and 10.0, respectively; the activity was severely inhibited by PMSF and EDTA. On the contrary, the keratinase showed remarkable stability in the existence of the various surfactants, including SDS, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80, and Triton X-100. Especially, 5% of Tween 20 and Tween 60 increased the activity by 100% and 60%, respectively. Furtherly, the keratinase revealed high efficiency in removing blood stains. Conclusion The excellent compatibility with commercial detergents and the high washing efficiency of removing blood stains suggested its suitability for potential application as a bio-detergent additive. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-022-00757-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhong-Wei Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yang Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Nan Chai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Hua
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-You Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, People's Republic of China
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Li Q. Perspectives on Converting Keratin-Containing Wastes Into Biofertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918262. [PMID: 35794912 PMCID: PMC9251476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin-containing wastes become pollution to the environment if they are not treated properly. On the other hand, these wastes can be converted into value-added products applicable to many fields. Organic fertilizers and biofertilizers are important for sustainable agriculture by providing nutrients to enhance the growth speed of the plant and production. Keratin-containing wastes, therefore, will be an important resource to produce organic fertilizers. Many microorganisms exhibit capabilities to degrade keratins making them attractive to convert keratin-containing wastes into valuable products. In this review, the progress in microbial degradation of keratins is summarized. In addition, perspectives in converting keratin into bio- and organic fertilizers for agriculture are described. With proper treatment, feather wastes which are rich in keratin can be converted into high-value fertilizers to serve as nutrients for plants, reduce environmental pressure and improve the quality of the soil for sustainable agriculture.
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18
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Jóźwik-Pruska J, Wrześniewska-Tosik K, Mik T, Wesołowska E, Kowalewski T, Pałczyńska M, Walisiak D, Szalczyńska M. Biodegradable Nonwovens with Poultry Feather Addition as a Method for Recycling and Waste Management. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122370. [PMID: 35745946 PMCID: PMC9230047 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Geotextiles are used for separation, drainage, filtration and anti-erosion protection sealing, as well as to improve plant vegetation conditions. The research objective of this study was to verify the influence of the addition of poultry feathers on accelerating the biodegradation of nonwovens in cultivated soil. The tests were carried out in laboratory conditions and were based on the assessment of weight loss. The experiments confirmed the positive effects of the presence of waste that was rich in keratin on the time required for the biodegradation of the tested materials (the period of biodegradation was 8–24 weeks). Additionally, the influence of the biodegradation of the tested materials on the ecotoxicity was investigated and showed no negative effects on the microbiological activity (106 cfu). The research also included the determination of the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the test medium (blank, 12–14:1; with feather addition, 19–20:1). A statistical analysis revealed a correlation between the mechanical properties and the period of biological decomposition. This research was an important step for the management of poultry feather waste in agricultural applications. The tested materials could be seen an alternative that meets all ecological criteria, which seems to be a golden solution that not only allows the delivery of important nutrients to the soil, but also manages waste in an environmentally safe manner.
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19
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Emetere ME, Chikwendu L, Afolalu SA. Improved Biogas Production from Human Excreta Using Chicken Feather Powder: A Sustainable Option to Eradicating Poverty. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2022; 6:2100117. [PMID: 35712022 PMCID: PMC9189137 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that providing energy for cooking and lighting would solve over 65% of energy needs in rural communities. The use of biomass resources has been found not sustainable as other bioproducts such as biodiesel and bioethanol depend on it. More so that there is a depletion of bioresources in some parts of the world. The shift into animal waste such as poultry droppings and cattle dung has huge prospects, but it is not sustainable in the long term as rural farmers depend on it. The use of human excreta is the most available and sustainable due to the human population. This research aims to provide a workable blueprint of biogas production to meet energy needs. The research considers a laboratory-scale experiment whose result is used to project the medium-scale biodigester. Microbial culturing from human waste is used to initiate the codigestion of human excreta and powdered chicken feathers. It is observed that this procedure drastically reduces the high nitrogen content in the biogas and improves its methane and carbon dioxide content. It is observed that the scaled-up biodigester in a worst case scenario can function at 67%. Design parameters are documented for the onward adoption of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses E. Emetere
- Department of Mechanical Engineering ScienceUniversity of JohannesburgJohannesburg2006South Africa
| | - L. Chikwendu
- Department of PhysicsCovenant University Canaan landOtaPMB 1023Nigeria
| | - S. A. Afolalu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringAfe Babalola UniversityAdo Ekiti360102Nigeria
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20
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Sharma C, Timorshina S, Osmolovskiy A, Misri J, Singh R. Chicken Feather Waste Valorization Into Nutritive Protein Hydrolysate: Role of Novel Thermostable Keratinase From Bacillus pacificus RSA27. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:882902. [PMID: 35547122 PMCID: PMC9083118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.882902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratinases exhibit a momentous role in converting keratin biowastes into exceedingly valuable protein supplements. This study reports a novel, highly stable keratinase from Bacillus pacificus RSA27 for the production of pure peptides rich in essential amino acids from chicken feathers. Purified keratinase showed a specific activity of 38.73 U/mg, 2.58-fold purification, and molecular weight of 36 kDa. Kinetic studies using a chicken feather as substrate report Km and Vmax values of 5.69 mg/ml and 142.40 μg/ml/min, respectively, suggesting significant enzyme-substrate affinity/biocatalysis. Identification and in silico structural-functional analysis of keratinase discovered the presence of distinct amino acid residues and their positions. Besides, keratinase possesses a high-affinity calcium-binding site (Asp128, Leu162, Asn164, Ile166, and Val168) and a catalytic triad of Asp119, His151, and Ser308, known attributes of serine protease (subtilisin family). Furthermore, a scale-up to 5 L fermenter revealed complete feather hydrolysis (94.5%) within 24 h with high activity (789 U/ml) and total amino acid of 153.97 μmol/ml. Finally, cytotoxicity evaluation of protein hydrolysate resulted in negligible cytotoxic effects (1.02%) on the mammalian hepatoblastoma cell line, signifying its potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Svetlana Timorshina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Osmolovskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, India
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Ossai IC, Hamid FS, Hassan A. Micronised keratinous wastes as co-substrates, and source of nutrients and microorganisms for trichoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Samoraj M, Mironiuk M, Izydorczyk G, Witek-Krowiak A, Szopa D, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K. The challenges and perspectives for anaerobic digestion of animal waste and fertilizer application of the digestate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133799. [PMID: 35114259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in livestock production creates a serious problem of managing animal waste and by-products. Among the wide range of waste valorization methods available, anaerobic digestion is very promising. It is a form of material recycling that also produces renewable energy in the form of biogas, which is reminiscent of energy recycling. The effluent and digestate from the anaerobic digestion process need to be processed further. These materials are widely used in agriculture due to their composition. Both the liquid and solid fractions of digestate are high in nitrogen, making them a valuable source for plants. Before soil or foliar application, conditioning (e.g., with inorganic acids) and neutralization (e.g., with potassium hydroxide) is required to eliminate odorous compounds and microorganisms. Various methods of conducting the process by anaerobic digestion (use of additives increasing activity of microorganisms, co-digestion, multiple techniques of substrate preparation) and the possibility of controlling process parameters such as optimal C/N ratio (15-30), optimal temperature (psychrophilic (<20 °C), mesophilic (35-37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) for microorganism activity ensure high efficiency of the process. Literature data describing tests of various digestates on different plants prove high efficiency, determined by yield increase (even by 28%), nitrogen uptake (by 20%) or phosphorus recovery rate (by 43%) or increase of biometric parameters (e.g., leaf area).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Samoraj
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Mironiuk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Izydorczyk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Szopa
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zographou Campus, GR-15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
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Liaqat I, Sadiqa A, Butt A, Durrani AI, Zafar U, Rubab S, Naseem S, Iftikhar T. Purification and Characterization of Keratinase from Bacillus licheniformis dcs1 for Poultry Waste Processing. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:693-700. [PMID: 35387918 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feather wastes-byproduct of commercial poultry processing plant is produced in large amounts. Keratinolytic enzymes produced by feather degrading bacteria can easily degrade these waste products releasing pure keratin as a residue. The aim of present study was to isolate, and characterize feather degrading bacteria as well as assess the keratinolytic potential of purified enzyme. Three feather degrading bacteria (dps3, wps1 and dcs1) were isolated from feathers of domestic chickens. Preliminary characterization of isolated bacteria revealed these isolates belonging to genus Bacillus. 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified the isolates as B. subtilis dps3 (MW255302), B. cereus wps1 (MW255303) and B. licheniformis dcs1 (MW255304). Cell free supernatant of B. licheniformis dcs1 degraded feathers completely in 14 days indicating its keratinolytic ability. Purification of keratinase enzyme from B. licheniformis dcs1 was performed using column chromatography. SDS-PAGE indicated its molecular weight as 32 KDa. Kerotinolytice activity was maximum at optimum pH of 7 and 45°C temperature. Enzyme showed the potential to degrade keratin material such as hairs and nails of humans. Findings of current study suggested that purified enzyme possess potential to upgrade nutritional quality of poultry waste containing keratin and might play as important biotechnological tool for keratin hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Liaqat
- Microbiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Government College University
| | | | - Abida Butt
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab
| | | | - Urooj Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi
| | - Saima Rubab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Lahore Pharmacy College
| | - Sajida Naseem
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education
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Yan RR, Gong JS, Su C, Liu YL, Qian JY, Xu ZH, Shi JS. Preparation and applications of keratin biomaterials from natural keratin wastes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2349-2366. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Pu Y, Qiang T, Ren L. Waste feather fiber based high extraction capacity bio-adsorbent for sustainable uranium extraction from seawater. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:699-707. [PMID: 35259433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recycling uranium from seawater is of great significance to the development of nuclear industry. However, due to high salinity and low uranium concentration in seawater, there are still many challenges in current seawater uranium extraction technology. In this study, waste feather fibers (FF) were used as raw materials to develop a phosphonate-functionalized feather fiber (FF-PT). The study on the adsorption performance shows that FF-PT have good adsorption and recycling performance for uranium. The study on the adsorption performance shows that FF-PT have good adsorption and recycling performance for uranium. The adsorption capacity reaches up to 342.5 mg·g-1 in the 8 ppm uranium solution, and service life of at least 10 cycles were obtained. In addition, in the environment with high salinity and the coexistence of metal competitive ions, FF-PT also shows excellent selectivity, and it can reach 3.22 mg·g-1 adsorption capacity after immersed in natural seawater for 30 days. Combined with the results of economic analysis, we believe that the FF-PT has broad application prospects in the industrialized uranium extraction from seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Pu
- College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
| | - Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China.
| | - Longfang Ren
- College of Bioresources and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China.
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26
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Osunbami OT, Adeola O. Energy value of hydrolyzed feather meal and flash-dried poultry protein for broiler chickens and pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac073. [PMID: 35263422 PMCID: PMC9030123 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) and nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) contents of hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM) and flash-dried poultry protein (FDPP) for broiler chickens and to determine their digestible energy (DE) and ME for pigs. The energy-yielding ingredients in a reference diet (RD) were replaced at 0, 75, or 150 g/kg by HFM in experiment (Exp.) 1; at 0, 75, or 150 g/kg by FDPP in Exp. 2; and at 0, 150 g/kg HFM, or 150 g/kg FDPP in Exp. 3. Birds were fed a standard broiler starter diet from hatch to days 18 and 17 for respective Exp. 1 and 2, following which 144 birds (8 replicate cages of 6 birds per cage) were assigned to the three experimental diets in a randomized complete block design with body weight as the blocking factor. Experimental diets were fed for 5 d, and excreta were collected during the last 3 d. Twenty-four 20-kg barrows, individually housed in metabolic crates equipped with a feeder and drinker, were used in Exp. 3. The barrows were assigned to the three experimental diets in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor. Following a 5-d adaptation period, feces and urine were collected for 5 d in a total collection method. Data were used to determine the regression-derived ME and MEn of HFM and FDPP for broiler chickens in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. The DE and ME of HFM and FDPP for pigs in Exp. 3 were determined using the difference procedure. In Exp. 1, the inclusion of HFM linearly increased (P < 0.05) ME from 3,231 to 3,368 kcal/kg DM for 0 to 150 g/kg replacement of RD. The total tract retention of DM and metabolizability of energy linearly increased (P < 0.05) as replacement of RD with FDPP increased from 0 to 150 g/kg in Exp. 2. Inclusion of FDPP linearly increased (P < 0.01) ME from 3,425 to 3,591 kcal/kg DM. In Exp. 3, the diets containing 150 g/kg HFM or FDPP induced greater (P < 0.05) fecal DM and energy losses than the RD; however, the digestibility of energy across the three experimental diets was not different. The respective regression-derived ME and MEn of hydrolyzed feather meal for broiler chickens in the current study were 4,250 and 3,745 kcal/kg DM with corresponding values of 4,710 and 4,081 kcal/kg DM for flash-dried poultry protein. In pigs, 4,783 and 4,405 kcal/kg DM were the respective DE and ME of hydrolyzed feather meal, and 4,553 and 4,320 kcal/kg DM were the corresponding estimates for flash-dried poultry protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeadura T Osunbami
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Olayiwola Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Mozhiarasi V, Natarajan TS. Slaughterhouse and poultry wastes: management practices, feedstocks for renewable energy production, and recovery of value added products. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022:1-24. [PMID: 35194536 PMCID: PMC8830992 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The slaughterhouse and poultry industry is possibly one of the fastest-growing sectors driven by the increasing demand in food availability. Subsequently, the wastes produced from the slaughterhouse and poultry industry are in huge quantities, which could be a promising resource for the recovery of value added products, and bioenergy production to minimize the dependence on fossil fuels. Furthermore, the wastes from slaughterhouses and poultry are a hub of pathogens that is capable of infecting humans and animals. This demands the emerging need for an effective and safe disposal method to reduce the spread of diseases following animal slaughtering. In light of that, the state of the production of slaughterhouse and poultry wastes was presented at first. Following this, the impact of solid waste exposure in terms of air, water, and soil pollution and the associated health challenges due to improper solid waste management practices were presented to highlight the importance of the topic. Secondly, the potency of these solid wastes and the various waste-to-energy technologies that have been employed for effective management and resource utilization of wastes generated from slaughterhouses and poultry were reviewed in detail. Finally, this review also highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with effective solid waste management, future requirements for the development of effective technologies for the recovery of value added products (like keratin, fibreboards), and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Mozhiarasi
- CLRI Regional Centre, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Punjab Jalandhar, 144021 India
| | - Thillai Sivakumar Natarajan
- Environmental Science Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Chennai, 600020 Tamil Nadu India
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28
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Li KT, Yang Y, Zhang SW, Cheng X. Dynamics of the Bacterial Community's Soil During the In-Situ Degradation Process of Waste Chicken Feathers. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:225-233. [DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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29
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Molecular Identification of Keratinase DgokerA from Deinococcus gobiensis for Feather Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is a tough fibrous structural protein that is difficult to digest with pepsin and trypsin because of the presence of a large number of disulfide bonds. Keratin is widely found in agricultural waste. In recent years, especially, the development of the poultry industry has resulted in a large accumulation of feather keratin resources, which seriously pollute the environment. Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin, converting them from complex to simplified forms. The keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. It is significant to identify keratinases and improve their thermostability from microorganism in extreme environments. In this study, the keratinases DgoKerA was identified in Deinococcus gobiensis I-0 from the Gobi desert. The amino acid sequence analysis revealed that DgoKerA was 58.68% identical to the keratinase MtaKerA from M. thermophila WR-220 and 40.94% identical to the classical BliKerA sequence from B. licheniformis PWD-1. In vitro enzyme activity analysis showed that DgoKerA exhibited an optimum temperature of 60 °C, an optimum pH of 7 and a specific enzyme activity of 51147 U/mg. DgoKerA can degrade intact feathers at 60 °C and has good potential for industrial applications. The molecular modification of DgoKerA was also carried out using site-directed mutagenesis, in which the mutant A350S enzyme activity was increased by nearly 30%, and the results provide a theoretical basis for the development and optimization of keratinase applications.
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30
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Pan X, Yang J, Xie P, Zhang J, Ke F, Guo X, Liang M, Liu L, Wang Q, Gao X. Enhancement of Activity and Thermostability of Keratinase From Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCTCC AB2013184 by Directed Evolution With Noncanonical Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:770907. [PMID: 34733836 PMCID: PMC8558439 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.770907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A keratinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (KerPA), which belongs to the M4 family of metallopeptidases, was characterised in this study. This enzyme was engineered with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) using genetic code expansion. Several variants with enhanced activity and thermostability were identified and the most prominent, Y21pBpF/Y70pBpF/Y114pBpF, showed an increase in enzyme activity and half-life of approximately 1.3-fold and 8.2-fold, respectively. Considering that keratinases usually require reducing agents to efficiently degrade keratin, the Y21pBpF/Y70pBpF/Y114pBpF variant with enhanced activity and stability under reducing conditions may have great significance for practical applications. Molecular Dynamics (MD) was performed to identify the potential mechanisms underlying these improvements. The results showed that mutation with pBpF at specific sites of the enzyme could fill voids, form new interactions, and reshape the local structure of the active site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Peijuan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Famin Ke
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiurong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manyu Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Mutations in the regulatory regions result in increased streptomycin resistance and keratinase synthesis in Bacillus thuringiensis. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5387-5396. [PMID: 34390357 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Keratinases are a group of proteases of great industrial significance. To take full advantage of Bacillus species as an inherent superior microbial producer of proteases, we performed the ribosome engineering to improve the keratinase synthesis capacity of the wild-type Bacillus thuringiensis by inducing streptomycin resistance. Mutant Bt(Str-O) was identified as a stable keratinase overproducer. Comparative characterization of the two strains revealed that, although the resistance to Streptomycin increased by eight-fold in MIC, the mutant's resistance to other commonly used antibiotics was not affected. Furthermore, the mutant exhibited an enhanced keratinase synthesis (1.5-fold) when cultured in a liquid LB medium. In the whole feather degradation experiment, the mutant could secret twofold keratinase into the medium, reaching 640 U/mL per 107 CFU. By contrast, no significant differences were found in the scanning electron microscopic analysis and spore formation experiment. To understand the genetic factors causing these phenotypic changes, we cloned and analyzed the rpsL gene. No mutation was observed. We subsequently determined the genome sequences of the two strains. Comparing the rpsL gene revealed that the emergence of streptomycin resistance was not necessarily dependent on the mutation(s) in the generally recognized "hotspot." Genome-wide analysis showed that the phenotypic changes of the mutant were the collective consequence of the genetic variations occurring in the regulatory regions and the non-coding RNA genes. This study demonstrated the importance of genetic changes in regulatory regions and the effectiveness of irrational ribosome engineering in creating prokaryotic microbial mutants without sufficient genetic information.
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Immobilization and Biochemical Characterization of Keratinase 2S1 onto Magnetic Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates and its Application on the Hydrolysis of Keratin Waste. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03833-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Application of recombinant hyperthermostable keratinase for degradation of chicken feather waste. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hendrick Q, Nnolim NE, Nwodo UU. Chryseobacterium cucumeris FHN1 keratinolytic enzyme valorized chicken feathers to amino acids with polar, anionic and non-polar imino side chain characteristics. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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35
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Li Q. Structure, Application, and Biochemistry of Microbial Keratinases. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:674345. [PMID: 34248885 PMCID: PMC8260994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.674345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinases belong to a class of proteases that are able to degrade keratins into amino acids. Microbial keratinases play important roles in turning keratin-containing wastes into value-added products by participating in the degradation of keratin. Keratin is found in human and animal hard tissues, and its complicated structures make it resistant to degradation by common proteases. Although breaking disulfide bonds are involved in keratin degradation, keratinase is responsible for the cleavage of peptides, making it attractive in pharmaceutical and feather industries. Keratinase can serve as an important tool to convert keratin-rich wastes such as feathers from poultry industry into diverse products applicable to many fields. Despite of some progress made in isolating keratinase-producing microorganisms, structural studies of keratinases, and biochemical characterization of these enzymes, effort is still required to expand the biotechnological application of keratinase in diverse fields by identifying more keratinases, understanding the mechanism of action and constructing more active enzymes through molecular biology and protein engineering. Herein, this review covers structures, applications, biochemistry of microbial keratinases, and strategies to improve its efficiency in keratin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High Value Utilization, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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36
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Kang D, Shoaie S, Jacquiod S, Sørensen SJ, Ledesma-Amaro R. Comparative Genomics Analysis of Keratin-Degrading Chryseobacterium Species Reveals Their Keratinolytic Potential for Secondary Metabolite Production. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051042. [PMID: 34066089 PMCID: PMC8151938 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising keratin-degrading strain from the genus Chryseobacterium (Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2) was investigated using comparative genomic tools against three publicly available reference genomes to reveal the keratinolytic potential for biosynthesis of valuable secondary metabolites. Genomic features and metabolic potential of four species were compared, showing genomic differences but similar functional categories. Eleven different secondary metabolite gene clusters of interest were mined from the four genomes successfully, including five common ones shared across all genomes. Among the common metabolites, we identified gene clusters involved in biosynthesis of flexirubin-type pigment, microviridin, and siderophore, showing remarkable conservation across the four genomes. Unique secondary metabolite gene clusters were also discovered, for example, ladderane from Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2. Additionally, this study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the potential metabolic pathways of keratin utilization in Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2, with the involvement of amino acid metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, propanoate metabolism, and sulfate reduction. This work uncovers the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite gene clusters from four keratinolytic Chryseobacterium species and shades lights on the keratinolytic potential of Chryseobacterium sp. KMC2 from a genome-mining perspective, can provide alternatives to valorize keratinous materials into high-value bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingrong Kang
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Lodon SE1 9RT, UK;
- TERRA Research and Teaching Centre, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.L-A.)
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, Lodon SE1 9RT, UK;
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Protein Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 17 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samuel Jacquiod
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Søren J. Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.L-A.)
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Yahaya RSR, Normi YM, Phang LY, Ahmad SA, Abdullah JO, Sabri S. Molecular strategies to increase keratinase production in heterologous expression systems for industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3955-3969. [PMID: 33937928 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase is an important enzyme that can degrade recalcitrant keratinous wastes to form beneficial recyclable keratin hydrolysates. Keratinase is not only important as an alternative to reduce environmental pollution caused by chemical treatments of keratinous wastes, but it also has industrial significance. Currently, the bioproduction of keratinase from native keratinolytic host is considered low, and this hampers large-scale usage of the enzyme. Straightforward approaches of cloning and expression of recombinant keratinases from native keratinolytic host are employed to elevate the amount of keratinase produced. However, this is still insufficient to compensate for the lack of its large-scale production to meet the industrial demands. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the various sources of keratinase and the strategies to increase its production in native keratinolytic hosts. Molecular strategies to increase the production of recombinant keratinase such as plasmid selection, promoter engineering, chromosomal integration, signal peptide and propeptide engineering, codon optimization, and glycoengineering were also described. These mentioned strategies have been utilized in heterologous expression hosts, namely, Escherichia coli, Bacillus sp., and Pichia pastoris, as they are most widely used for the heterologous propagations of keratinases to further intensify the production of recombinant keratinases adapted to better suit the large-scale demand for them. KEY POINTS: • Molecular strategies to enhance keratinase production in heterologous hosts. • Construction of a prominent keratinolytic host from a native strain. • Patent analysis of keratinase production shows rapid high interest in molecular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radin Shafierul Radin Yahaya
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lai Yee Phang
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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A Novel Thermostable Keratinase from Deinococcus geothermalis with Potential Application in Feather Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11073136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Keratinase can specifically attack disulfide bridges in keratin to convert them from complex to simplified forms. Keratinase thermal stability has drawn attention to various biotechnological industries. In this study, a keratinase DgeKer was identified from a slightly thermophilic species, D. geothermalis. The in silico analysis showed that DgeKer is composed of signal peptide, N-terminal propeptide, mature domain, and C-terminal extension. DgeKer and its C-terminal extension-truncated enzyme (DgeKer-C) were cloned and expressed in E. coli. The purified DgeKer and DgeKer-C showed maximum activity at 70 °C and pH 9–The thermal stability assay (60 °C) showed that the half-life value of DgeKer and DgeKer-C were 103.45 min and 169.10 min, respectively. DgeKer and DgeKer-C were stable at the range of pH from 9 to 11 and showed good tolerance to some metal ions, surfactants and organic solvent. Furthermore, DgeKer could degrade feathers at 70 °C for 60 min. However, the medium became turbid with obvious softening of barbules after being treated with DgeKer-C, which might be due to C-terminal extension. In summary, a thermostable keratinase DgeKer with high efficiency degradation of feathers may have great potential in industry.
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Two-step functional screen on multiple proteinaceous substrates reveals temperature-robust proteases with a broad-substrate range. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3195-3209. [PMID: 33770243 PMCID: PMC8053189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract To support the bio-based industry in development of environment-friendly processes and products, an optimal toolbox of biocatalysts is key. Although functional screen of (meta)genomic libraries may potentially contribute to identifying new enzymes, the discovery of new enzymes meeting industry compliance demands is still challenging. This is particularly noticeable in the case of proteases, for which the reports of metagenome-derived proteases with industrial applicability are surprisingly limited. Indeed, proteolytic clones have been typically assessed by its sole activity on casein or skim milk and limited to mild screening conditions. Here, we demonstrate the use of six industry-relevant animal and plant by-products, namely bone, feather, blood meals, gelatin, gluten, and zein, as complementary substrates in functional screens and show the utility of temperature as a screening parameter to potentially discover new broad-substrate range and robust proteases for the biorefinery industry. By targeting 340,000 clones from two libraries of pooled isolates of mesophilic and thermophilic marine bacteria and two libraries of microbial communities inhabiting marine environments, we identified proteases in four of eleven selected clones that showed activity against all substrates herein tested after prolonged incubation at 55 °C. Following sequencing, in silico analysis and recombinant expression in Escherichia coli, one functional protease, 58% identical at sequence level to previously reported homologs, was found to readily hydrolyze highly insoluble zein at temperatures up to 50 °C and pH 9–11. It is derived from a bacterial group whose ability to degrade zein was unknown. This study reports a two-step screen resulting in identification of a new marine metagenome-derived protease with zein-hydrolytic properties at common biomass processing temperatures that could be useful for the modern biorefinery industry. Key points • A two-step multi-substrate strategy for discovery of robust proteases. • Feasible approach for shortening enzyme optimization to industrial demands. • A new temperature-tolerant protease efficiently hydrolyzes insoluble zein. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11235-9.
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40
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Karaveli O, Deniz I. Key Challenges of Microbial Degradation of Keratinous Wastes. Protein J 2021; 40:361-366. [PMID: 33550498 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Feather is the main waste of poultry industries and constitutes of 90% keratin. Wastes composed of keratin are insoluble and recalcitrant to degradation using conventional decomposing methods. Microbial degradation for keratinous wastes is a promising approach for being eco-friendly and economically. However, due to insolubility of keratinous waste, it has several challenges in upstream and downstream processes such as culture medium optimization, designing of bioreactor, bioreaction/flow type, bioreactor configurations considering mass and heat transfer limitations, rheology derived problems, monitoring of microbial activity, choosing of the right scale-up parameter and purification. In this study, the challenges for keratin degradation processes were discussed with the aim of opening new opportunities for keratinous waste treatments in industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Karaveli
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Irem Deniz
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, 45140, Manisa, Turkey.
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41
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Optimization of Keratinase Production and Utilization of Bacillus pumilus for Feather Degradation. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.4.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil samples were collected from the feather dumped area where Bacillus pumilus was isolated and used for keratinase production and keratinolytic activity. In the optimization study, optimal condition for enzyme production was observed at 144 h, pH 7, temperature 37°C. The organism was utilized for feather degradation study. The maximum degradation of 57% was obtained at 37°C, pH 7 and 6 days incubation. The size of keratinase was determined by SDS- PAGE and was observed as 52 KDa.
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42
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Nnolim NE, Udenigwe CC, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Microbial Keratinase: Next Generation Green Catalyst and Prospective Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:580164. [PMID: 33391200 PMCID: PMC7775373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.580164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for novel renewable products over synthetics hallmarked this decade and those of the recent past. Most economies that are prospecting on biodiversity for improved bio-economy favor renewable resources over synthetics for the potential opportunity they hold. However, this field is still nascent as the bulk of the available resources are non-renewable based. Microbial metabolites, emphasis on secondary metabolites, are viable alternatives; nonetheless, vast microbial resources remain under-exploited; thus, the need for a continuum in the search for new products or bio-modifying existing products for novel functions through an efficient approach. Environmental distress syndrome has been identified as a factor that influences the emergence of genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Still, the process of how the change comes about is poorly understood. The emergence of new traits may present a high prospect for the industrially viable organism. Microbial enzymes have prominence in the bio-economic space, and proteases account for about sixty percent of all enzyme market. Microbial keratinases are versatile proteases which are continuously gaining momentum in biotechnology owing to their effective bio-conversion of recalcitrant keratin-rich wastes and sustainable implementation of cleaner production. Keratinase-assisted biodegradation of keratinous materials has revitalized the prospects for the utilization of cost-effective agro-industrial wastes, as readily available substrates, for the production of high-value products including amino acids and bioactive peptides. This review presented an overview of keratin structural complexity, the potential mechanism of keratin biodegradation, and the environmental impact of keratinous wastes. Equally, it discussed microbial keratinase; vis-à-vis sources, production, and functional properties with considerable emphasis on the ecological implication of microbial producers and catalytic tendency improvement strategies. Keratinase applications and prospective high-end use, including animal hide processing, detergent formulation, cosmetics, livestock feed, and organic fertilizer production, were also articulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonso E. Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony I. Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U. Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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43
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Johnson AN, Barlow DE, Kelly AL, Varaljay VA, Crookes‐Goodson WJ, Biffinger JC. Current progress towards understanding the biodegradation of synthetic condensation polymers with active hydrolases. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel E Barlow
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Vanessa A Varaljay
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base OH USA
| | - Wendy J Crookes‐Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate Air Force Research Laboratory Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base OH USA
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44
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Yi D, Xing J, Gao Y, Pan X, Xie P, Yang J, Wang Q, Gao X. Enhancement of keratin-degradation ability of the keratinase KerBL from Bacillus licheniformis WHU by proximity-triggered chemical crosslinking. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1458-1470. [PMID: 32771518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Keratinases are valuable enzymes, given their application in keratin-rich waste recycling. Considering that keratinases usually require reducing agents to efficiently degrade keratin, improving the stability of keratinases under reducing conditions is highly desirable for practical applications. Here, we show that the introduction of several tyrosine derivatives containing para-substituted long-chain haloalkanes into the keratinase KerBL, which enabled proximity-triggered covalent crosslinking by rational design, could improve both the thermostability and autolytic resistance of the enzyme. After screening a series of noncanonical amino acid (ncAA)-based variants generated by rational design, two variants, N159C/Y260BprY and N159C/Y260BbtY, with enhanced keratinolytic activity were obtained. Both variants increased the Tm of the enzyme by approximately 10 °C. The potential mechanism underlying these improvements was investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) analysis. The results indicated that BprY-Cys and BbtY-Cys covalent bonds in the N159C/Y260TAG variant could significantly decrease the flexibility and fluctuations of the long loop (residues 151-162).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Xing
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianchao Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Peijuan Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiaowei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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45
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Statistical optimisation of protease production using a freshwater bacterium Chryseobacterium cucumeris SARJS-2 for multiple industrial applications. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:279. [PMID: 32537379 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feathers, rich in keratin, are usually the unused by-products of poultry industries. In addition, the cast-off X-ray films serve as secondary sources of silver, and the traditional method of silver extraction from this source is costly and not eco-friendly. Therefore, the current study focuses on protease production using a freshwater bacterium Chryseobacterium cucumeris SARJS-2, aiming to convert these wastes into useful products. The protease production was optimized by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT), followed by Plackett Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The protease production got enhanced by more than two folds after the statistical optimisation. Upon partial purification, the enzyme activity increased by approximately three folds. The protease was active in the range of temperatures from 25 to 75 °C, but the optimum temperature was recorded as 35 °C. The protease exhibited detergent compatibility and organic solvent stability. The detergent compatibility suggests the protease could be a detergent additive. It was also found that the presence of Fe+2 enhanced protease activity. The protease was tested for stain removal, feather degradation and silver recovery applications. It was found that the protease could efficiently remove stains of blood and tomato sauce. In addition, the protease was found to be a successful candidate for feather degradation, thereby feather-hydrolysate production which has prominent roles as nature-friendly fertilizer and animal feed ingredient. The protease also degraded gelatin from the X-ray films to release the silver-halides for silver recovery. The results recommend that the SARJS-2 protease is a potential candidate for use in eco-friendly applications in various industrial sectors.
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Pradhan S, Brooks A, Yadavalli V. Nature-derived materials for the fabrication of functional biodevices. Mater Today Bio 2020; 7:100065. [PMID: 32613186 PMCID: PMC7317235 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature provides an incredible source of inspiration, structural concepts, and materials toward applications to improve the lives of people around the world, while preserving ecosystems, and addressing environmental sustainability. In particular, materials derived from animal and plant sources can provide low-cost, renewable building blocks for such applications. Nature-derived materials are of interest for their properties of biodegradability, bioconformability, biorecognition, self-repair, and stimuli response. While long used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, their use in functional devices such as (bio)electronics, sensors, and optical systems for healthcare and biomonitoring is finding increasing attention. The objective of this review is to cover the varied nature derived and sourced materials currently used in active biodevices and components that possess electrical or electronic behavior. We discuss materials ranging from proteins and polypeptides such as silk and collagen, polysaccharides including chitin and cellulose, to seaweed derived biomaterials, and DNA. These materials may be used as passive substrates or support architectures and often, as the functional elements either by themselves or as biocomposites. We further discuss natural pigments such as melanin and indigo that serve as active elements in devices. Increasingly, combinations of different biomaterials are being used to address the challenges of fabrication and performance in human monitoring or medicine. Finally, this review gives perspectives on the sourcing, processing, degradation, and biocompatibility of these materials. This rapidly growing multidisciplinary area of research will be advanced by a systematic understanding of nature-inspired materials and design concepts in (bio)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pradhan
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - A.K. Brooks
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - V.K. Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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Mamo G, Mattiasson B. Alkaliphiles: The Versatile Tools in Biotechnology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 172:1-51. [PMID: 32342125 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extreme environments within the biosphere are inhabited by organisms known as extremophiles. Lately, these organisms are attracting a great deal of interest from researchers and industrialists. The motive behind this attraction is mainly related to the desire for new and efficient products of biotechnological importance and human curiosity of understanding nature. Organisms living in common "human-friendly" environments have served humanity for a very long time, and this has led to exhaustion of the low-hanging "fruits," a phenomenon witnessed by the diminishing rate of new discoveries. For example, acquiring novel products such as drugs from the traditional sources has become difficult and expensive. Such challenges together with the basic research interest have brought the exploration of previously neglected or unknown groups of organisms. Extremophiles are among these groups which have been brought to focus and garnering a growing importance in biotechnology. In the last few decades, numerous extremophiles and their products have got their ways into industrial, agricultural, environmental, pharmaceutical, and other biotechnological applications.Alkaliphiles, organisms which thrive optimally at or above pH 9, are one of the most important classes of extremophiles. To flourish in their extreme habitats, alkaliphiles evolved impressive structural and functional adaptations. The high pH adaptation gave unique biocatalysts that are operationally stable at elevated pH and several other novel products with immense biotechnological application potential. Advances in the cultivation techniques, success in gene cloning and expression, metabolic engineering, metagenomics, and other related techniques are significantly contributing to expand the application horizon of these remarkable organisms of the 'bizarre' world. Studies have shown the enormous potential of alkaliphiles in numerous biotechnological applications. Although it seems just the beginning, some fantastic strides are already made in tapping this potential. This work tries to review some of the prominent applications of alkaliphiles by focusing such as on their enzymes, metabolites, exopolysaccharides, and biosurfactants. Moreover, the chapter strives to assesses the whole-cell applications of alkaliphiles including in biomining, food and feed supplementation, bioconstruction, microbial fuel cell, biofuel production, and bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Mattiasson
- Department of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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