1
|
Verma J, Devi S, Narang A, Kaur S, Manhas RK. Probiotic potential of Streptomyces levis strain HFM-2 isolated from human gut and its antibiofilm properties against pathogenic bacteria. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:208. [PMID: 38862894 PMCID: PMC11165917 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious worldwide public health concern that needs immediate action. Probiotics could be a promising alternative for fighting antibiotic resistance, displaying beneficial effects to the host by combating diseases, improving growth, and stimulating the host immune responses against infection. This study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic, antibacterial, and antibiofilm potential of Streptomyces levis strain HFM-2 isolated from the healthy human gut. RESULTS In vitro antibacterial activity in the cell-free supernatant of S. levis strain HFM-2 was evaluated against different pathogens viz. K. pneumoniae sub sp. pneumoniae, S. aureus, B. subtilis, VRE, S. typhi, S. epidermidis, MRSA, V. cholerae, M. smegmatis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and E. aerogenes. Further, the ethyl acetate extract from S. levis strain HFM-2 showed strong biofilm inhibition against S. typhi, K. pneumoniae sub sp. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect biofilm inhibition properties. MIC and MBC values of EtOAc extract were determined at 500 and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Further, strain HFM-2 showed high tolerance in gastric juice, pancreatin, bile, and at low pH. It exhibited efficient adhesion properties, displaying auto-aggregation (97.0%), hydrophobicity (95.71%, 88.96%, and 81.15% for ethyl acetate, chloroform and xylene, respectively), and showed 89.75%, 86.53%, 83.06% and 76.13% co-aggregation with S. typhi, MRSA, S. pyogenes and E. coli, respectively after 60 min of incubation. The S. levis strain HFM-2 was susceptible to different antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, linezolid, meropenem, amikacin, gentamycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin and vancomycin, but resistant to ampicillin and penicillin G. CONCLUSION The study shows that S. levis strain HFM-2 has significant probiotic properties such as good viability in bile, gastric juice, pancreatin environment, and at low pH; proficient adhesion properties, and antibiotic susceptibility. Further, the EtOAc extract of Streptomyces levis strain HFM-2 has a potent antibiofilm and antibacterial activity against antibacterial-resistant clinical pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Anmol Narang
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhraj Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montoya-Giraldo M, Piper KR, Ikhimiukor OO, Park CJ, Caimi NA, Buecher DC, Valdez EW, Northup DE, Andam CP. Ecology shapes the genomic and biosynthetic diversification of Streptomyces bacteria from insectivorous bats. Microb Genom 2024; 10. [PMID: 38625724 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces are prolific producers of secondary metabolites from which many clinically useful compounds have been derived. They inhabit diverse habitats but have rarely been reported in vertebrates. Here, we aim to determine to what extent the ecological source (bat host species and cave sites) influence the genomic and biosynthetic diversity of Streptomyces bacteria. We analysed draft genomes of 132 Streptomyces isolates sampled from 11 species of insectivorous bats from six cave sites in Arizona and New Mexico, USA. We delineated 55 species based on the genome-wide average nucleotide identity and core genome phylogenetic tree. Streptomyces isolates that colonize the same bat species or inhabit the same site exhibit greater overall genomic similarity than they do with Streptomyces from other bat species or sites. However, when considering biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) alone, BGC distribution is not structured by the ecological or geographical source of the Streptomyces that carry them. Each genome carried between 19-65 BGCs (median=42.5) and varied even among members of the same Streptomyces species. Nine major classes of BGCs were detected in ten of the 11 bat species and in all sites: terpene, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, polyketide synthase, siderophore, RiPP-like, butyrolactone, lanthipeptide, ectoine, melanin. Finally, Streptomyces genomes carry multiple hybrid BGCs consisting of signature domains from two to seven distinct BGC classes. Taken together, our results bring critical insights to understanding Streptomyces-bat ecology and BGC diversity that may contribute to bat health and in augmenting current efforts in natural product discovery, especially from underexplored or overlooked environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Montoya-Giraldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn R Piper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Odion O Ikhimiukor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Cooper J Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicole A Caimi
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Ernest W Valdez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana E Northup
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Xu Z, Bai Y, Feng J, Xu L, Li F. Streptomyces albireticuli lung infection managed as a pulmonary air cyst: a case report and literature review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1296491. [PMID: 38274731 PMCID: PMC10808341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1296491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces, the largest genus in the Streptomycetaceae family and a prolific producer of antibacterial drugs, is a saprophytic soil organism that rarely causes invasive infections. Here we report a case of necrotic pneumonia caused by Streptomyces albireticuli in a 75-year-old man who presented with progressive chest tightness and dyspnea. Streptomyces albireticuli was isolated from his bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and identified through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and phylogenetic analysis. The patient responded satisfactorily to clarithromycin therapy. The findings of this study may enhance our vigilance in identifying visceral infections caused by Streptomyces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theatre Command Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoxia Xu
- Department of Emergency Department, The General Hospital of Western Theatre Command Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Bai
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theatre Command Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theatre Command Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chengdu, China
| | - Lunshan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Fuxiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The General Hospital of Western Theatre Command Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bonaccorsi R, Glass B, Moreno-Paz M, García-Villadangos M, Warren-Rhodes K, Parro V, Manchado JM, Wilhelm MB, McKay CP. In Situ Real-Time Monitoring for Aseptic Drilling: Lessons Learned from the Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies Contamination Control Strategy and Implementation and Application to the Icebreaker Mars Life Detection Mission. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:1303-1336. [PMID: 38133823 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies (ARADS) project field-tested an autonomous rover-mounted robotic drill prototype for a 6-Sol life detection mission to Mars (Icebreaker). ARADS drilled Mars-like materials in the Atacama Desert (Chile), one of the most life-diminished regions on Earth, where mitigating contamination transfer into life-detection instruments becomes critical. Our Contamination Control Strategy and Implementation (CCSI) for the Sample Handling and Transfer System (SHTS) hardware (drill, scoop and funnels) included out-of-simulation protocol testing (out-of-sim) for hardware decontamination and verification during the 6-Sol simulation (in-sim). The most effective five-step decontamination combined safer-to-use sterilants (3%_hydrogen-peroxide-activated 5%_sodium-hypochlorite), and in situ real-time verification by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Signs of Life Detector (SOLID) Fluorescence Immunoassay for characterization hardware bioburden and airborne contaminants. The 20- to 40-min protocol enabled a 4-log bioburden reduction down to <0.1 fmoles ATP detection limit (funnels and drill) to 0.2-0.7 fmoles (scoop) of total ATP. The (post-cleaning) hardware background was 0.3 to 1-2 attomoles ATP/cm2 (cleanliness benchmark background values) equivalent to ca. 1-10 colony forming unit (CFU)/cm2. Further, 60-100% of the in-sim hardware background was ≤3-4 bacterial cells/cm2, the threshold limit for Class <7 aseptic operations. Across the six Sols, the flux of airborne contaminants to the drill sites was ∼5 and ∼22 amoles ATP/(cm2·day), accounting for an unexpectedly high Fluorescence Intensity (FI) signal (FI: ∼6000) against aquatic cyanobacteria, but negligible anthropogenic contribution. The SOLID immunoassay also detected microorganisms from multiple habitats across the Atacama Desert (anoxic, alkaline/acidic microenvironments in halite fields, playas, and alluvial fans) in both airborne and post-cleaning hardware background. Finally, the hardware ATP background was 40-250 times lower than the ATP in cores. Similarly, the FI peaks (FImax) against the microbial taxa and molecular biomarkers detected in the post-cleaned hardware (FI: ∼1500-1600) were 5-10 times lower than biomarkers in drilled sediments, excluding significant interference with putative biomarker found in cores. Similar protocols enable the acquisition of contamination-free materials for ultra-sensitive instruments analysis and the integrity of scientific results. Their application can augment our scientific knowledge of the distribution of cryptic life on Mars-like grounds and support life-detection robotic and human-operated missions to Mars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Bonaccorsi
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Brian Glass
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Mercedes Moreno-Paz
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kimberley Warren-Rhodes
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Victor Parro
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Manchado
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ngamcharungchit C, Chaimusik N, Panbangred W, Euanorasetr J, Intra B. Bioactive Metabolites from Terrestrial and Marine Actinomycetes. Molecules 2023; 28:5915. [PMID: 37570885 PMCID: PMC10421486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes inhabit both terrestrial and marine ecosystems and are highly proficient in producing a wide range of natural products with diverse biological functions, including antitumor, immunosuppressive, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities. In this review, we delve into the life cycle, ecology, taxonomy, and classification of actinomycetes, as well as their varied bioactive metabolites recently discovered between 2015 and 2023. Additionally, we explore promising strategies to unveil and investigate new bioactive metabolites, encompassing genome mining, activation of silent genes through signal molecules, and co-cultivation approaches. By presenting this comprehensive and up-to-date review, we hope to offer a potential solution to uncover novel bioactive compounds with essential activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chananan Ngamcharungchit
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Mahidol University and Osaka University Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nutsuda Chaimusik
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Mahidol University and Osaka University Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Watanalai Panbangred
- Research, Innovation and Partnerships Office, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Euanorasetr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- Laboratory of Biotechnological Research for Energy and Bioactive Compounds, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Khet Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Bungonsiri Intra
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Mahidol University and Osaka University Collaborative Research Center on Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Verma J, Attri S, Arora S, Manhas RK. Antioxidant and chemoprotective potential of Streptomyces levis strain isolated from human gut. AMB Express 2023; 13:69. [PMID: 37418125 PMCID: PMC10328884 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, Streptomyces levis strain HFM-2 has been isolated from healthy human gut. Streptomyces sp. HFM-2 was identified based on the polyphasic approach that included cultural, morphological, chemotaxonomical, phylogenetic, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain HFM-2 exhibited 100% similarity with Streptomyces levis strain 15423 (T). The EtOAc extract of Streptomyces levis strain HFM-2 showed potential antioxidant activity, along with 69.53 ± 0.19%, 64.76 ± 0.13%, and 84.82 ± 0.21% of scavenging activity for ABTS, DPPH, and superoxide radicals, respectively at 600 µg/mL. The IC50 values i.e. 50% scavenging activity for DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radicals were achieved at 497.19, 388.13, and 268.79 (µg/mL), respectively. The extract's reducing power and total antioxidant capacity were determined to be 856.83 ± 0.76 and 860.06 ± 0.01 µg AAE/mg of dry extract, respectively. In addition, the EtOAc extract showed protection against DNA damage from oxidative stress caused by Fenton's reagent, and cytotoxic activity against HeLa cervical cancer, Skin (431) cancer, Ehrlich-Lettre Ascites-E (EAC) carcinoma, and L929 normal cell lines. The IC50 values against HeLa, 431 skin, and EAC carcinoma cell lines were found to be 50.69, 84.07, and 164.91 µg/mL, respectively. The EtOAc extract showed no toxicity towards L929 normal cells. In addition, flow cytometric analysis exhibited reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The EtOAc extract was chemically analyzed using GCMS to determine the components executing its bioactivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Shivani Attri
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karthik Y, Kalyani MI. Occurrence of Streptomyces tauricus in mangrove soil of Mangalore region in Dakshina Kannada as a source for antimicrobial peptide. J Basic Microbiol 2023; 63:389-403. [PMID: 35876342 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microbial resistance and deprivation of the effective drugs have become the foremost problem that propels to seek out for advanced approach. This concept initiated a need to search for more effective antimicrobial compounds from reliable sources. The Streptomyces is grouped under phylum Actinobacteria and are considered prolific producers of antibiotics, around 70% of presently available antibiotics are contributed by Streptomyces alone. In this study, Mangroves of the Mangalore Coast offered a unique source for screening Actinomyces group of microorganisms. We investigated on the four soil samples collected from Mangrove swamps of Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Based on their culture traits, the 18 distinct Actinomyces isolates were analyzed through a series of morphological and biochemical tests on starch casein nitrate (SCN) media. Culture biomasses were subjected for intracellular protein extraction through acetone precipitation method; the extracted proteins from each Actinomyces isolate were examined for antimicrobial activity against test organisms. The isolate ANTB-YKMU4 showed potential antimicrobial activity against significant number of test organisms; Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolate ANTB-YKMU4 through 16 s rRNA gene sequence analysis was identified as Streptomyces tauricus strain with GenBank accession no. MW785875.1. The S. tauricus further cultivated for efficient biomass growth on SCN media for subsequent protein extraction and purification by a series of Electrophoretic and chromatographic techniques. Thus, by intracellular extractions from S. tauricus resulted in the identification of peptide with a molecular weight of 266 Da that was characterized by LC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalpi Karthik
- Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjula Ishwara Kalyani
- Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri Campus, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuozzo S, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, LeBlanc J, Hoffmann N, Tortella G. Streptomyces genus as a source of probiotics and its potential for its use in health. Microbiol Res 2023; 266:127248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
9
|
Kumari M, Swarupa P, Kesari KK, Kumar A. Microbial Inoculants as Plant Biostimulants: A Review on Risk Status. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010012. [PMID: 36675961 PMCID: PMC9860928 DOI: 10.3390/life13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Modern agriculture systems are copiously dependent on agrochemicals such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides intended to increase crop production and yield. The indiscriminate use of these chemicals not only affects the growth of plants due to the accumulation of toxic compounds, but also degrades the quality and life-supporting properties of soil. There is a dire need to develop some green approach that can resolve these issues and restore soil fertility and sustainability. The use of plant biostimulants has emerged as an environmentally friendly and acceptable method to increase crop productivity. Biostimulants contain biological substances which may be capable of increasing or stimulating plant growth in an eco-friendly manner. They are mostly biofertilizers that provide nutrients and protect plants from environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. In contrast to the protection of crop products, biostimulants not only act on the plant's vigor but also do not respond to direct actions against pests or diseases. Plant biostimulants improve nutrient mobilization and uptake, tolerance to stress, and thus crop quality when applied to plants directly or in the rhizospheric region. They foster plant growth and development by positively affecting the crop life-cycle starting from seed germination to plant maturity. Legalized application of biostimulants causes no hazardous effects on the environment and primarily provides nutrition to plants. It nurtures the growth of soil microorganisms, which leads to enhanced soil fertility and also improves plant metabolism. Additionally, it may positively influence the exogenous microbes and alter the equilibrium of the microfloral composition of the soil milieu. This review frequently cites the characterization of microbial plant biostimulants that belong to either a high-risk group or are closely related to human pathogens such as Pueudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, etc. These related pathogens cause ailments including septicemia, gastroenteritis, wound infections, inflammation in the respiratory system, meningitis, etc., of varied severity under different conditions of health status such as immunocompromized and comorbidity. Thus it may attract the related concern to review the risk status of biostimulants for their legalized applications in agriculture. This study mainly emphasizes microbial plant biostimulants and their safe application concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menka Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Cheri-Manatu, Kamre, Kanke, Rachi 835222, India
| | - Preeti Swarupa
- Department of Microbiology, Patna Women’s College, Patna 800001, India
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
- Correspondence: or (K.K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand Cheri-Manatu, Kamre, Kanke, Rachi 835222, India
- Correspondence: or (K.K.K.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Polyenic Antibiotics and Other Antifungal Compounds Produced by Hemolytic Streptomyces Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315045. [PMID: 36499372 PMCID: PMC9740855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces are of great interest in the pharmaceutical industry as they produce a plethora of secondary metabolites that act as antibacterial and antifungal agents. They may thrive on their own in the soil, or associate with other organisms, such as plants or invertebrates. Some soil-derived strains exhibit hemolytic properties when cultivated on blood agar, raising the question of whether hemolysis could be a virulence factor of the bacteria. In this work we examined hemolytic compound production in 23 β-hemolytic Streptomyces isolates; of these 12 were soil-derived, 10 were arthropod-associated, and 1 was plant-associated. An additional human-associated S. sp. TR1341 served as a control. Mass spectrometry analysis suggested synthesis of polyene molecules responsible for the hemolysis: candicidins, filipins, strevertene A, tetrafungin, and tetrin A, as well as four novel polyene compounds (denoted here as polyene A, B, C, and D) in individual liquid cultures or paired co-cultures. The non-polyene antifungal compounds actiphenol and surugamide A were also identified. The findings indicate that the ability of Streptomyces to produce cytolytic compounds (here manifested by hemolysis on blood agar) is an intrinsic feature of the bacteria in the soil environment and could even serve as a virulence factor when colonizing available host organisms. Additionally, a literature review of polyenes and non-polyene hemolytic metabolites produced by Streptomyces is presented.
Collapse
|
11
|
Watson AK, Kepplinger B, Bakhiet SM, Mhmoud NA, Chapman J, Allenby NEE, Mickiewicz K, Goodfellow M, Fahal AH, Errington J. Systematic whole-genome sequencing reveals an unexpected diversity among actinomycetoma pathogens and provides insights into their antibacterial susceptibilities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010128. [PMID: 35877680 PMCID: PMC9352199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycetoma is a neglected tropical chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. More than 70 species with a broad taxonomic diversity have been implicated as agents of mycetoma. Understanding the full range of causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity profiles are essential for the appropriate treatment of infections. The present study focuses on the analysis of full genome sequences and antibiotic inhibitory concentration profiles of actinomycetoma strains from patients seen at the Mycetoma Research Centre in Sudan with a view to developing rapid diagnostic tests. Seventeen pathogenic isolates obtained by surgical biopsies were sequenced using MinION and Illumina methods, and their antibiotic inhibitory concentration profiles determined. The results highlight an unexpected diversity of actinomycetoma causing pathogens, including three Streptomyces isolates assigned to species not previously associated with human actinomycetoma and one new Streptomyces species. Thus, current approaches for clinical and histopathological classification of mycetoma may need to be updated. The standard treatment for actinomycetoma is a combination of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Most tested isolates had a high IC (inhibitory concentration) to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or to amoxicillin alone. However, the addition of the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid to amoxicillin increased susceptibility, particularly for Streptomyces somaliensis and Streptomyces sudanensis. Actinomadura madurae isolates appear to have a particularly high IC under laboratory conditions, suggesting that alternative agents, such as amikacin, could be considered for more effective treatment. The results obtained will inform future diagnostic methods for the identification of actinomycetoma and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Keith Watson
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Kepplinger
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Najwa Adam Mhmoud
- The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Jonathan Chapman
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nick EE Allenby
- Odyssey Therapeutics Inc, The Biosphere, Draymans Way, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Mickiewicz
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Goodfellow
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Hassan Fahal
- The Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
- * E-mail: (AHF); (JH)
| | - Jeff Errington
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AHF); (JH)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Özçam M, Oh JH, Tocmo R, Acharya D, Zhang S, Astmann TJ, Heggen M, Ruiz-Ramírez S, Li F, Cheng CC, Vivas E, Rey FE, Claesen J, Bugni TS, Walter J, van Pijkeren JP. A secondary metabolite drives intraspecies antagonism in a gut symbiont that is inhibited by cell-wall acetylation. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:824-835.e6. [PMID: 35443156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian microbiome encodes numerous secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters; yet, their role in microbe-microbe interactions is unclear. Here, we characterized two polyketide synthase gene clusters (fun and pks) in the gut symbiont Limosilactobacillus reuteri. The pks, but not the fun, cluster encodes antimicrobial activity. Forty-one of 51 L. reuteri strains tested are sensitive to Pks products; this finding was independent of strains' host origin. Sensitivity to Pks was also established in intraspecies competition experiments in gnotobiotic mice. Comparative genome analyses between Pks-resistant and -sensitive strains identified an acyltransferase gene (act) unique to Pks-resistant strains. Subsequent cell-wall analysis of wild-type and act mutant strains showed that Act acetylates cell-wall components, providing resistance to Pks-mediated killing. Additionally, pks mutants lost their competitive advantage, while act mutants lost their Pks resistance in in vivo competition assays. These findings provide insight into how closely related gut symbionts can compete and co-exist in the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Özçam
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jee-Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Restituto Tocmo
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Deepa Acharya
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Shenwei Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Theresa J Astmann
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark Heggen
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Fuyong Li
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Christopher C Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Eugenio Vivas
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Federico E Rey
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jan Claesen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences and Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Tim S Bugni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; Department of Medicine and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Jan-Peter van Pijkeren
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kotrbová L, Lara AC, Corretto E, Scharfen J, Ulmann V, Petříčková K, Chroňáková A. Evaluation and comparison of antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Streptomyces spp. from clinical specimens revealed common and region-dependent resistance patterns. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9353. [PMID: 35672429 PMCID: PMC9174267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the fact that streptomycetes are overlooked in clinical laboratories, studies describing their occurrence in disease and potential pathogenicity are emerging. Information on their species diversity in clinical specimens, aetiology and appropriate therapeutic treatment is scarce. We identified and evaluated the antibiotic susceptibility profile of 84 Streptomyces clinical isolates from the Czech Republic. In the absence of appropriate disk diffusion (DD) breakpoints for antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of Streptomyces spp., we determined DD breakpoints by correlation with the broth microdilution method and by the distribution of zone diameters among isolates. Correlation accuracy was high for 9 antibiotics, leading to the establishment of the most valid DD breakpoints for Streptomyces antibiotic susceptibility evaluation so far. Clinical strains belonged to 17 different phylotypes dominated by a cluster of strains sharing the same percentage of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with more than one species (S. albidoflavus group, S. hydrogenans, S. resistomycificus, S. griseochromogenes; 70% of isolates). AST results showed that Streptomyces exhibited intrinsic resistance to penicillin, general susceptibility to amikacin, gentamycin, vancomycin and linezolid, and high percentage of susceptibility to tetracyclines and clarithromycin. For the remaining antibiotics, AST showed inter- and intra-species variations when compared to available literature (erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), indicating a region-dependent rather than species-specific patterns.
Collapse
|
14
|
Actinomycin X2, an Antimicrobial Depsipeptide from Marine-Derived Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus Applied as a Good Natural Dye for Silk Fabric. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010016. [PMID: 35049871 PMCID: PMC8778624 DOI: 10.3390/md20010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycins as clinical medicine have been extensively studied, while few investigations were conducted to discover the feasibility of actinomycins as antimicrobial natural dye contributing to the medical value of the functional fabrics. This study was focused on the application of actinomycin X2 (Ac.X2), a peptide pigment cultured from marine-derived Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus, in the dyeing and finishing of silk fabric. The dyeing potential of Ac.X2 with silk vs. cotton fabrics was assessed. As a result, the silk fabric exhibited greater uptake and color fastness with Ac.X2. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, some changes of chemical property for the dyed fabric and Ac.X2 were studied. The silk fabric dyed with Ac.X2 exhibited good UV protection ability. The antibacterial properties of dyed and finished silk were also evaluated, which exhibited over 90% antibacterial activity even after 20 washing cycles. In addition, the brine shrimp assay was conducted to evaluate the general toxicity of the tested fabric, and the results indicated that the dyed silk fabrics had a good biological safety property.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lara AC, Corretto E, Kotrbová L, Lorenc F, Petříčková K, Grabic R, Chroňáková A. The Genome Analysis of the Human Lung-Associated Streptomyces sp. TR1341 Revealed the Presence of Beneficial Genes for Opportunistic Colonization of Human Tissues. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081547. [PMID: 34442631 PMCID: PMC8401907 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces sp. TR1341 was isolated from the sputum of a man with a history of lung and kidney tuberculosis, recurrent respiratory infections, and COPD. It produces secondary metabolites associated with cytotoxicity and immune response modulation. In this study, we complement our previous results by identifying the genetic features associated with the production of these secondary metabolites and other characteristics that could benefit the strain during its colonization of human tissues (virulence factors, modification of the host immune response, or the production of siderophores). We performed a comparative phylogenetic analysis to identify the genetic features that are shared by environmental isolates and human respiratory pathogens. The results showed a high genomic similarity of Streptomyces sp. TR1341 to the plant-associated Streptomyces sp. endophyte_N2, inferring a soil origin of the strain. Putative virulence genes, such as mammalian cell entry (mce) genes were not detected in the TR1341’s genome. The presence of a type VII secretion system, distinct from the ones found in Mycobacterium species, suggests a different colonization strategy than the one used by other actinomycete lung pathogens. We identified a higher diversity of genes related to iron acquisition and demonstrated that the strain produces ferrioxamine B in vitro. These results indicate that TR1341 may have an advantage in colonizing environments that are low in iron, such as human tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catalina Lara
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.L.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Erika Corretto
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.L.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Lucie Kotrbová
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.L.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (F.L.)
| | - František Lorenc
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.L.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (F.L.)
| | - Kateřina Petříčková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Studničkova 7, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1645/31a, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, Zátiší 728/II, 38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic;
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Na Sádkách 702/7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; (A.C.L.); (E.C.); (L.K.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cao X, Liu K, Liu J, Liu YW, Xu L, Wang H, Zhu Y, Wang P, Li Z, Wen J, Shen C, Li M, Nie Z, Kong XJ. Dysbiotic Gut Microbiota and Dysregulation of Cytokine Profile in Children and Teens With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:635925. [PMID: 33642989 PMCID: PMC7902875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.635925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and the gut-brain axis have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). To further understand the relationship between aberrant immune responses and dysbiotic features of the gut microbiome in ASD, we enrolled 45 ASD individuals and 41 healthy control subjects with ages ranging from 2 to 19 years. We found that ASD group subjects have significantly higher plasma levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-β, and IFN-γ when compared to healthy controls (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). The plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 are found to be further associated with several largely pathogenic gut microbiota uniquely detected in subjects with ASD. Furthermore, the ASD gut microbiome is characterized by reduced levels of several beneficial microbiota, including Bacteroides (FDR-adjusted p < 0.01) and Lachnospiraceae (FDR-adjusted p < 0.001). Analysis of Lachnospiraceae family and genus level taxa suggested that relative abundances of such taxa are negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory signaling cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6, particularly in subjects with severe ASD as defined by CARS (p < 0.05). Several largely pathogenic genera are determined to be associated with the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 (FDR-adjusted p < 0.1). Additionally, IL-4 is significantly negatively correlated with CARS total score (p < 0.05). Based on such results, we propose that the association between the disturbances of specific cytokines and alterations in gut microbiota abundance observed in children and adolescents with ASD provides additional evidence on the induction of aberrant pro-inflammatory mechanisms in ASD and its early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kevin Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Jun Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yen-Wenn Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li Xu
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Hong-Ta District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yuxi, China
| | - Yunhui Zhu
- Hong-Ta District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Yuxi, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Meng Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zuqing Nie
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xue-Jun Kong
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hrdý J, Súkeníková L, Petrásková P, Novotná O, Kahoun D, Petříček M, Chroňáková A, Petříčková K. Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Metabolites of Streptomycetes-A Potential Alternative to Current Anti-Inflammatory Drugs? Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050621. [PMID: 32344935 PMCID: PMC7284804 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Current treatment of chronic diseases includes, among others, application of cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, and immunostimulants. As all the underlying mechanisms of a particular diseases are not always fully clarified, treatment can be inefficient and associated with various, sometimes serious, side effects. Small secondary metabolites produced by various microbes represent an attractive alternative as future anti-inflammatory drug leads. Compared to current drugs, they are cheaper, can often be administered orally, but still can keep a high target-specificity. Some compounds produced by actinomycetes or fungi have already been used as immunomodulators—tacrolimus, sirolimus, and cyclosporine. This work documents strong anti-inflammatory features of another secondary metabolite of streptomycetes—manumycin-type polyketides. We compared the effect of four related compounds: manumycin A, manumycin B, asukamycin, and colabomycin E on activation and survival of human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1. The anti-cancer effect of manucycine A has been demonstrated; the immunomodulatory capacities of manumycin A are obvious when using micromolar concentrations. The application of all four compounds in 0.25–5 μM concentrations leads to efficient, concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1β and TNF expression in THP-1 upon LPS stimulation, while the three latter compounds show a significantly lower pro-apoptotic effect than manumycin A. We have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory capacity of selected manumycin-type polyketides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Hrdý
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lenka Súkeníková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Petra Petrásková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Olga Novotná
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - David Kahoun
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Miroslav Petříček
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Petříčková
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.S.); (P.P.); (O.N.); (M.P.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|