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Ke CH, Lai PY, Hsu FY, Hsueh PR, Chiou MT, Lin CN. Antimicrobial susceptibility and resistome of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Taiwan: a next-generation sequencing analysis. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-13. [PMID: 38688482 PMCID: PMC11064736 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2335947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection causes a high mortality rate in porcine animals. Antimicrobial resistance poses global threats to public health. The current study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities and probe the resistome of A. pleuropneumoniae in Taiwan. Herein, 133 isolates were retrospectively collected; upon initial screening, 38 samples were subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS). Over the period 2017-2022, the lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for ceftiofur, cephalexin, cephalothin, and enrofloxacin, while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for oxytetracycline, streptomycin, doxycycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin, kanamycin, and florfenicol. Furthermore, most isolates (71.4%) showed multiple drug resistance. NGS-based resistome analysis revealed aminoglycoside- and tetracycline-related genes at the highest prevalence, followed by genes related to beta-lactam, sulfamethoxazole, florphenicol, and macrolide. A plasmid replicon (repUS47) and insertion sequences (IS10R and ISVAp11) were identified in resistant isolates. Notably, the multiple resistance roles of the insertion sequence IS10R were widely proposed in human medicine; however, this is the first time IS10R has been reported in veterinary medicine. Concordance analysis revealed a high consistency of phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility to florphenicol, tilmicosin, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline. The current study reports the antimicrobial characterization of A. pleuropneumoniae for the first time in Taiwan using NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Hsu Ke
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pan-Yun Lai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yang Hsu
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ren Hsueh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Sustainable Swine Research Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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2
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Amábile-Cuevas CF, Lund-Zaina S. Non-Canonical Aspects of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:565. [PMID: 38927231 PMCID: PMC11200725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The understanding of antibiotic resistance, one of the major health threats of our time, is mostly based on dated and incomplete notions, especially in clinical contexts. The "canonical" mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics, as well as the methods used to assess their activity upon bacteria, have not changed in decades; the same applies to the definition, acquisition, selective pressures, and drivers of resistance. As a consequence, the strategies to improve antibiotic usage and overcome resistance have ultimately failed. This review gathers most of the "non-canonical" notions on antibiotics and resistance: from the alternative mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the limitations of susceptibility testing to the wide variety of selective pressures, lateral gene transfer mechanisms, ubiquity, and societal factors maintaining resistance. Only by having a "big picture" view of the problem can adequate strategies to harness resistance be devised. These strategies must be global, addressing the many aspects that drive the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria aside from the clinical use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Lund-Zaina
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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3
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Mó I, da Silva GJ. Tackling Carbapenem Resistance and the Imperative for One Health Strategies-Insights from the Portuguese Perspective. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:557. [PMID: 38927223 PMCID: PMC11201282 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbapenemases, a class of enzymes specialized in the hydrolysis of carbapenems, represent a significant threat to global public health. These enzymes are classified into different Ambler's classes based on their active sites, categorized into classes A, D, and B. Among the most prevalent types are IMI/NMC-A, KPC, VIM, IMP, and OXA-48, commonly associated with pathogenic species such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The emergence and dissemination of carbapenemase-producing bacteria have raised substantial concerns due to their ability to infect humans and animals (both companion and food-producing) and their presence in environmental reservoirs. Adopting a holistic One Health approach, concerted efforts have been directed toward devising comprehensive strategies to mitigate the impact of antimicrobial resistance dissemination. This entails collaborative interventions, highlighting proactive measures by global organizations like the World Health Organization, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Food and Agriculture Organization. By synthesizing the evolving landscape of carbapenemase epidemiology in Portugal and tracing the trajectory from initial isolated cases to contemporary reports, this review highlights key factors driving antibiotic resistance, such as antimicrobial use and healthcare practices, and underscores the imperative for sustained vigilance, interdisciplinary collaboration, and innovative interventions to curb the escalating threat posed by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Finally, it discusses potential alternatives and innovations aimed at tackling carbapenemase-mediated antibiotic resistance, including new therapies, enhanced surveillance, and public awareness campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Gabriela Jorge da Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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4
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Ye L, Liu X, Ni Y, Xu Y, Zheng Z, Chen K, Hu Q, Tan L, Guo Z, Wai CK, Chan EWC, Li R, Chen S. Comprehensive genomic and plasmid characterization of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains by R10.4.1 nanopore sequencing. Microbiol Res 2024; 283:127666. [PMID: 38460283 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a significant public health threat. Understanding the genomic features and deciphering the antibiotic resistance profiles of these pathogens is crucial for development of effective surveillance and treatment strategies. In this study, we employed the R10.4.1 nanopore sequencing technology, specifically through the use of the MinION platform, to analyze eight MDR bacterial strains originating from clinical, ecological and food sources. A single 72-hour sequencing run could yield approximately 12 million reads which covered a total of 34 gigabases (Gbp). The nanopore R10.4.1 data was processed using the Flye assembler, successfully assembling the genomes of eight bacterial strains and their 18 plasmids. Notably, the assemblies generated solely from R10.4.1 nanopore data closely matched those from next-generation sequencing data. Diverse antibiotic resistance patterns and specific resistance genes in the test strains were identified. Hospital strains that exhibited multidrug resistance were found to harbor various resistance genes that encode efflux pumps and extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Environmental and food sources were found to display resistance profiles in a species-specific manner. The composition of structurally complex plasmids in the test strains could also be revealed by analysis of nanopore long reads, which also suggested evidence of horizontal transfer of plasmids between different bacterial species. These findings provide valuable insights into the genetic characteristics of MDR bacteria and demonstrating the practicality of nanopore sequencing technology for detecting of resistance elements in bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianwei Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ying Ni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China; Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yating Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China; Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaichao Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Qiao Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China; State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Zhihao Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chan Kwan Wai
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Runsheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China; Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China; Shenzhen Key Lab for Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Animal Health Research Center, City University of Hong Kong Chengdu Research Institute, Chengdu, China.
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5
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Lin Z, Zhou Z, Shuai X, Zeng G, Bao R, Chen H. Landscape of plasmids encoding β-lactamases in disinfection residual Enterobacteriaceae from wastewater treatment plants. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121549. [PMID: 38564891 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Conventional disinfection processes, such as chlorination and UV radiation, are ineffective in controling antibiotic-resistant bacteria, especially disinfection residual Enterobacteriaceae (DRE) encoding β-lactamases, some of which have been classified as "critical priority pathogens" by the World Health Organization. However, few studies have focused on the transferability, phenotype, and genetic characteristics of DRE-derived plasmids encoding β-lactamases, especially extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases. In this study, we isolated 10 typical DRE harboring plasmid-mediated blaNDM, blaCTX-M, or blaTEM in post-disinfection effluent from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with transfer frequency ranging from 1.69 × 10-6 to 3.02 × 10-5. According to genomic maps of plasmids, all blaNDM and blaTEM were cascaded with IS26, and blaCTX-M was adjacent to ISEcp1 or IS26, indicating the important role of these elements in the movement of β-lactamase-encoding genes. The presence of intact class 1 integrons on pWTPN-01 and pWTPC-03 suggested the ability of these DRE-derived plasmids to integrate other exogenous antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). The coexistence of antibiotic, disinfectant, and heavy metal resistance genes on the same plasmid (e.g., pWTPT-03) implied the facilitating role of disinfectants and heavy metals in the transmission of DRE-derived ARGs. Notably, two plasmid transconjugants exhibited no discernible competitive fitness cost, suggesting a heightened environmental persistence. Furthermore, enhanced virulence induced by β-lactamase-encoding plasmids in their hosts was confirmed using Galleria mellonella infection models, which might be attributed to plasmid-mediated virulence genes. Overall, this study describes the landscape of β-lactamase-encoding plasmids in DRE, and highlights the urgent need for advanced control of DRE to keep environmental and ecological security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Lin
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhenchao Zhou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinyi Shuai
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangshu Zeng
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruiqi Bao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; International Cooperation Base of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Health, Science and Technology Agency of Zhejiang, Zhejiang University, China.
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6
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Alav I, Pordelkhaki P, de Resende PE, Partington H, Gibbons S, Lord RM, Buckner MMC. Cobalt complexes modulate plasmid conjugation in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8103. [PMID: 38582880 PMCID: PMC10998897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG), such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes, are commonly carried on plasmids. Plasmids can transmit between bacteria, disseminate globally, and cause clinically important resistance. Therefore, targeting plasmids could reduce ARG prevalence, and restore the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Cobalt complexes possess diverse biological activities, including antimicrobial and anticancer properties. However, their effect on plasmid conjugation has not been explored yet. Here, we assessed the effect of four previously characterised bis(N-picolinamido)cobalt(II) complexes lacking antibacterial activity on plasmid conjugation in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of these cobalt complexes confirmed the lack of antibacterial activity in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Liquid broth and solid agar conjugation assays were used to screen the activity of the complexes on four archetypical plasmids in E. coli J53. The cobalt complexes significantly reduced the conjugation of RP4, R6K, and R388 plasmids, but not pKM101, on solid agar in E. coli J53. Owing to their promising activity, the impact of cobalt complexes was tested on the conjugation of fluorescently tagged extended-spectrum β-lactamase encoding pCTgfp plasmid in E. coli and carbapenemase encoding pKpQILgfp plasmid in K. pneumoniae, using flow cytometry. The complexes significantly reduced the conjugation of pKpQILgfp in K. pneumoniae but had no impact on pCTgfp conjugation in E. coli. The cobalt complexes did not have plasmid-curing activity, suggesting that they target conjugation rather than plasmid stability. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report reduced conjugation of clinically relevant plasmids with cobalt complexes. These cobalt complexes are not cytotoxic towards mammalian cells and are not antibacterial, therefore they could be optimised and employed as inhibitors of plasmid conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Alav
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Parisa Pordelkhaki
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pedro Ernesto de Resende
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Hannah Partington
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mauz, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa, 616, Oman
| | - Rianne M Lord
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Michelle M C Buckner
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Mattioni Marchetti V, Kuka A, Piazza A, Gaiarsa S, Merla C, Sottosanti M, Cambieri P, Migliavacca R, Baldanti F. Enterobacter asburiae ST229: an emerging carbapenemases producer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6220. [PMID: 38486043 PMCID: PMC10940580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter asburiae, member of the Enterobacter cloacae complex (ECC) group, shows an increasing clinical relevance being responsible for infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections and septicemia. The aim of the present study was the investigation of the genomic features of two XDR E. asburiae ST229 clinical strains co-carrying blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-1 determinants, collected in October 2021 and in June 2022, respectively. Two E. asburiae strains were collected from rectal swabs of as many patients admitted to the cardiopulmonary intensive care unit of Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. "Policlinico San Matteo" in Pavia, Italy. Based on the antibiotic susceptibility profile results, both isolates showed an XDR phenotype, retaining susceptibility only to fluoroquinolones. Both isolates shared identical resistome, virulome, plasmid content, and belonged to ST229, a rarely reported sequence type. They co-harbored blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-1 genes, that resulted located on transferable plasmids by conjugation and transformation. Moreover, both strains differed in 24 SNPs and showed genetic relatedness with E. asburiae ST709 and ST27. We described the first case of ST229 E. asburiae co-harboring blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-1 in Italy. This study points out the emergence of carbapenemases in low-risk pathogens, representing a novel challenge for public health, that should include such types of strains in dedicated surveillance programs. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using Thermo Scientific™ Sensititre™ Gram Negative MIC Plates DKMGN. Both strains underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using Illumina Miseq platform. Resistome, plasmidome, virulome, MLST, plasmid MLST and a SNPs-based phylogenetic tree were in silico determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Kuka
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Specialization School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Aurora Piazza
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Gaiarsa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Merla
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Sottosanti
- Unit of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care II, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cambieri
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Migliavacca
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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8
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Mei L, Song Y, Liu X, Li K, Guo X, Liu L, Liu Y, Kozlakidis Z, Cheong IH, Wang D, Wei Q. Characterization and Implications of IncP-2A Plasmid pMAS152 Harboring Multidrug Resistance Genes in Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms 2024; 12:562. [PMID: 38543613 PMCID: PMC10973999 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global public health challenge. The escalation of AMR is primarily attributed to the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), often facilitated by plasmids. This underscores the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of the resistance mechanisms and transmission dynamics of these plasmids. In this study, we utilized in vitro drug sensitivity testing, conjugation transfer assays, and whole-genome sequencing to investigate the resistance mechanism of an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolate, MAS152. We specifically focused on analyzing the drug-resistant plasmid pMAS152 it harbors and its potential for widespread dissemination. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that MAS152 carries a distinct IncpP-2A plasmid, pMAS152, characterized by a 44.8 kb multidrug resistance (MDR) region. This region houses a 16S rRNA methyltransferase (16S-RMTase) gene, rmtB, conferring high-level resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Notably, this region also contains an extended-spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) gene, blaPER-1, and an efflux pump operon, tmexCD-oprJ, which mediate resistance to β-Lactams and quinolone antibiotics, respectively. Such a combination of ARGs, unprecedented in reported plasmids, could significantly undermine the effectiveness of first-line antibiotics in treating P. aeruginosa infections. Investigation into the genetic environment of the MDR region suggests that Tn2 and IS91 elements may be instrumental in the horizontal transfer of rmtB. Additionally, a complex Class I integron with an ISCR1 structure, along with TnAs1, seems to facilitate the horizontal transfer of blaPER-1. The conjugation transfer assay, coupled with the annotation of conjugation-related genes and phylogenetic analysis, indicates that the plasmid pMAS152 functions as a conjugative plasmid, with other genus Pseudomonas species as potential hosts. Our findings provide vital insights into the resistance mechanisms and transmission potential of the XDR P. aeruginosa isolate MAS152, underlining the urgent need for novel strategies to combat the spread of AMR. This study highlights the complex interplay of genetic elements contributing to antibiotic resistance and underscores the importance of continuous surveillance of emerging ARGs in clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mei
- National Pathogen Resource Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.M.); (L.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Song
- Division of Infectious Disease, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
| | - Xiao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Kun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Xu Guo
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Li Liu
- National Pathogen Resource Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.M.); (L.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Liu
- National Pathogen Resource Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.M.); (L.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Io Hong Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Centre for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Duochun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases (NITFID), National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (X.L.); (K.L.)
| | - Qiang Wei
- National Pathogen Resource Center, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.M.); (L.L.); (Y.L.)
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9
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Costa TRD, Patkowski JB, Macé K, Christie PJ, Waksman G. Structural and functional diversity of type IV secretion systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:170-185. [PMID: 37814112 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the structural and molecular biology of type IV secretion systems in Gram-negative bacteria. The latest advances have substantially improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the recruitment and delivery of DNA and protein substrates to the extracellular environment or target cells. In this Review, we aim to summarize these exciting structural and molecular biology findings and to discuss their functional implications for substrate recognition, recruitment and translocation, as well as the biogenesis of extracellular pili. We also describe adaptations necessary for deploying a breadth of processes, such as bacterial survival, host-pathogen interactions and biotic and abiotic adhesion. We highlight the functional and structural diversity that allows this extremely versatile secretion superfamily to function under different environmental conditions and in different bacterial species. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of further understanding the mechanism of type IV secretion, which will support us in combating antimicrobial resistance and treating type IV secretion system-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago R D Costa
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - Jonasz B Patkowski
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kévin Macé
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and UCL, London, UK
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGDR), Université de Rennes and CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Peter J Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gabriel Waksman
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and UCL, London, UK.
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10
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Yu MK, Fogarty EC, Eren AM. Diverse plasmid systems and their ecology across human gut metagenomes revealed by PlasX and MobMess. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:830-847. [PMID: 38443576 PMCID: PMC10914615 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Plasmids alter microbial evolution and lifestyles by mobilizing genes that often confer fitness in changing environments across clades. Yet our ecological and evolutionary understanding of naturally occurring plasmids is far from complete. Here we developed a machine-learning model, PlasX, which identified 68,350 non-redundant plasmids across human gut metagenomes and organized them into 1,169 evolutionarily cohesive 'plasmid systems' using our sequence containment-aware network-partitioning algorithm, MobMess. Individual plasmids were often country specific, yet most plasmid systems spanned across geographically distinct human populations. Cargo genes in plasmid systems included well-known determinants of fitness, such as antibiotic resistance, but also many others including enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of essential nutrients and modification of transfer RNAs, revealing a wide repertoire of likely fitness determinants in complex environments. Our study introduces computational tools to recognize and organize plasmids, and uncovers the ecological and evolutionary patterns of diverse plasmids in naturally occurring habitats through plasmid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Yu
- Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Emily C Fogarty
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee On Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Murat Eren
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany.
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Marine 'Omics Group, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany.
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11
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Sobkowiak A, Scherff N, Schuler F, Bletz S, Mellmann A, Schwierzeck V, van Almsick V. Plasmid-encoded gene duplications of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in clinical bacterial isolates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1343858. [PMID: 38469349 PMCID: PMC10925753 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1343858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae is an urgent and alarming One Health problem. This study aimed to investigate duplications of plasmid-encoded ESBL genes and their impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes in clinical and screening isolates. Methods Multi-drug-resistant bacteria from hospitalized patients were collected during routine clinical surveillance from January 2022 to June 2023, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined. Genotypes were extracted from long-read whole-genome sequencing data. Furthermore, plasmids and other mobile genetic elements associated with ESBL genes were characterized, and the ESBL genes were correlated to ceftazidime minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results In total, we identified four cases of plasmid-encoded ESBL gene duplications that match four genetically similar plasmids during the 18-month surveillance period: five Escherichia coli and three Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. As the ESBL genes were part of transposable elements, the surrounding sequence regions were duplicated as well. In-depth analysis revealed insertion sequence (IS)-mediated transposition mechanisms. Isolates with duplicated ESBL genes exhibited a higher MIC for ceftazidime in comparison to isolates with a single gene copy (3-256 vs. 1.5-32 mg/L, respectively). Conclusion ESBL gene duplications led to an increased phenotypic resistance against ceftazidime. Our data suggest that ESBL gene duplications by an IS-mediated transposition are a relevant mechanism for how AMR develops in the clinical setting and is part of the microevolution of plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sobkowiak
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalie Scherff
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Schuler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bletz
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Vera Schwierzeck
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Vincent van Almsick
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Cardiology I – Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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Gunarathne V, Phillips AJ, Zanoletti A, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Di Maria F, Pivato A, Korzeniewska E, Bontempi E. Environmental pitfalls and associated human health risks and ecological impacts from landfill leachate contaminants: Current evidence, recommended interventions and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169026. [PMID: 38056656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The improper management of solid waste, particularly the dumping of untreated municipal solid waste, poses a growing global challenge in both developed and developing nations. The generation of leachate is one of the significant issues that arise from this practice, and it can have harmful impacts on both the environment and public health. This paper presents an overview of the primary waste types that generate landfill leachate and their characteristics. This includes examining the distribution of waste types in landfills globally and how they have changed over time, which can provide valuable insights into potential pollutants in a given area and their trends. With a lack of specific regulations and growing concerns regarding environmental and health impacts, the paper also focuses on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, the environmental and ecological impacts of leachate, along with associated health risks, are analyzed. The potential applications of landfill leachate, suggested interventions and future directions are also discussed in the manuscript. Finally, this work addresses future research directions in landfill leachate studies, with attention, for the first time to the potentialities that artificial intelligence can offer for landfill leachate management, studies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO 10250, Sri Lanka; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ankur J Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Alessandra Zanoletti
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Francesco Di Maria
- LAR5 Laboratory, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pivato
- DICEA - Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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13
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Castañeda-Barba S, Top EM, Stalder T. Plasmids, a molecular cornerstone of antimicrobial resistance in the One Health era. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:18-32. [PMID: 37430173 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a substantial threat to human health. The widespread prevalence of AMR is, in part, due to the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), typically mediated by plasmids. Many of the plasmid-mediated resistance genes in pathogens originate from environmental, animal or human habitats. Despite evidence that plasmids mobilize ARGs between these habitats, we have a limited understanding of the ecological and evolutionary trajectories that facilitate the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) plasmids in clinical pathogens. One Health, a holistic framework, enables exploration of these knowledge gaps. In this Review, we provide an overview of how plasmids drive local and global AMR spread and link different habitats. We explore some of the emerging studies integrating an eco-evolutionary perspective, opening up a discussion about the factors that affect the ecology and evolution of plasmids in complex microbial communities. Specifically, we discuss how the emergence and persistence of MDR plasmids can be affected by varying selective conditions, spatial structure, environmental heterogeneity, temporal variation and coexistence with other members of the microbiome. These factors, along with others yet to be investigated, collectively determine the emergence and transfer of plasmid-mediated AMR within and between habitats at the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Castañeda-Barba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Eva M Top
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Institute for Modelling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Thibault Stalder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Data Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
- Institute for Modelling Collaboration and Innovation, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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14
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Wanyan R, Pan M, Mai Z, Xiong X, Wang S, Han Q, Yu Q, Wang G, Wu S, Li H. Fate of high-risk antibiotic resistance genes in large-scale aquaculture sediments: Geographical differentiation and corresponding drivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167068. [PMID: 37714353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), emerging environmental contaminants, have become challenges of public health security. However, the distribution and drivers of ARGs, especially high-risk ARGs, in large-scale aquaculture sediments remain unknown. Here, we collected sediment samples from 40 crayfish ponds in seven main crayfish culture provinces in China and then investigated the distribution and risk of ARGs based on high-throughput sequencing and quantitative PCR techniques. Our results suggested that aquaculture sediment was potential reservoir of ARGs and the abundance of aadA-02 was the highest. High-risk ARG (floR) was also prevalent in the sediment and was the most abundant in Jiangsu Province, where opportunistic pathogens were also enriched. The abundance of floR was positively correlated with different environmental factors, such as total phosphorus in water and total carbon in sediment. In addition, Mycobacterium sp., opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, might be potential host for floR. Furthermore, the potential propagation pathway of ARGs was from sediment to crayfish gut, and Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria might be the main bacterial groups responsible for the proliferation of ARGs. Generally, our results illustrate that pond sediment may be an ARG reservoir of aquatic animals. Meanwhile, our study helps develop valuable strategies for accessing risks and managing ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Wanyan
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meijing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhan Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qian Han
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiaoling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Guitang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Huan Li
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Gansu 730000, China.
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15
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Fresno M, Pavez L, Poblete Y, Cortez A, Del Pozo T. Unveiling antimicrobial resistance in Chilean fertilized soils: a One Health perspective on environmental AMR surveillance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1239761. [PMID: 38107869 PMCID: PMC10722175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1239761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to humans and animals as well as the environment. Within agricultural settings, the utilization of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry can lead to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. In Chile, the widespread use of animal-derived organic amendments, including manure and compost, requires an examination of the potential emergence of AMR resulting from their application. The aim of this research was to identify and compare AMR genes found in fertilized soils and manure in Los Andes city, Chile. Soil samples were collected from an agricultural field, comprising unamended soils, amended soils, and manure used for crop fertilization. The selected genes (n = 28) included genes associated with resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, polymyxins, macrolides, quinolones, aminoglycosides, as well as mobile genetic elements and multidrug resistance genes. Twenty genes were successfully identified in the samples. Tetracycline resistance genes displayed the highest prevalence, followed by MGE and sulfonamides, while quinolone resistance genes were comparatively less abundant. Notably, blaOXA, sulA, tetO, tetW, tetM, aac (6) ib., and intI1, exhibited higher frequencies in unamended soils, indicating their potential persistence within the soil microbiome and contribution to the perpetuation of AMR over time. Given the complex nature of AMR, it is crucial to adopt an integrated surveillance framework that embraces the One Health approach, involving multiple sectors, to effectively address this challenge. This study represents the first investigation of antimicrobial resistance genes in agricultural soils in Chile, shedding light on the presence and dynamics of AMR in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Fresno
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Red CYTED-USCC. CYTED 412RT0117: Una Salud en Iberoamérica y El Caribe frente al cambio climático y la pérdida de biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Pavez
- Núcleo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas (NICB), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Humanas, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yanina Poblete
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandra Cortez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Talía Del Pozo
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Bravo A, Moreno-Blanco A, Espinosa M. One Earth: The Equilibrium between the Human and the Bacterial Worlds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15047. [PMID: 37894729 PMCID: PMC10606248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Misuse and abuse of antibiotics on humans, cattle, and crops have led to the selection of multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria, the most feared 'superbugs'. Infections caused by superbugs are progressively difficult to treat, with a subsequent increase in lethality: the toll on human lives is predicted to reach 10 million by 2050. Here we review three concepts linked to the growing resistance to antibiotics, namely (i) the Resistome, which refers to the collection of bacterial genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, (ii) the Mobilome, which includes all the mobile genetic elements that participate in the spreading of antibiotic resistance among bacteria by horizontal gene transfer processes, and (iii) the Nichome, which refers to the set of genes that are expressed when bacteria try to colonize new niches. We also discuss the strategies that can be used to tackle bacterial infections and propose an entente cordiale with the bacterial world so that instead of war and destruction of the 'fierce enemy' we can achieve a peaceful coexistence (the One Earth concept) between the human and the bacterial worlds. This, in turn, will contribute to microbial biodiversity, which is crucial in a globally changing climate due to anthropogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bravo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Espinosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Bhaskaran R, Ramachandra KSS, Peter R, Gopakumar ST, Gopalan MK, Mozhikulangara RR. Antimicrobial resistance and antagonistic features of bivalve-associated Vibrio parahaemolyticus from the south-west coast of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107681-107692. [PMID: 37740157 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29924-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a potent human and aquatic pathogen, is usually found in estuaries and oceans. Human illness is associated with consuming uncooked/partially cooked contaminated seafood. The study on bivalve-associated V. parahaemolyticus revealed that the post-monsoon season had the highest bacterial abundance (9 ± 1.5 log cfu) compared to the monsoon season (8.03 ± 0.56 log cfu). Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiling was performed on 114 V. parahaemolyticus isolates obtained from bivalves. The highest AMR was observed against ampicillin (78%). Chloramphenicol was found to be effective against all the isolates. Multiple antibiotic resistance index values of 0.2 or higher were detected in 18% of the isolates. Molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) revealed the high prevalence (100%) of the TEM-1 gene in the aquatic environment. After plasmid profiling and curing, 41.6% and 100% of the resistant isolates were found to be sensitive to ampicillin and cephalosporins, respectively, indicating the prevalence of plasmid-associated ARGs in the aquatic environment. A study to evaluate the antagonistic properties of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against V. parahaemolyticus isolates identified the potential of these bacteria to resist the growth of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Bhaskaran
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri - 574 199, Karnataka State, India
| | - Krupesha Sharma Sulumane Ramachandra
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India.
| | - Reynold Peter
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
| | - Sumithra Thangalazhy Gopakumar
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition and Health Division (MBFNHD), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
| | - Mini Kalappurakkal Gopalan
- Fishery Resources Assessment, Economics and Extension Division (FRAEED), ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Post Box No. 1603, Kochi, Ernakulam North (P.O.), 682 018, India
| | - Rithin Raj Mozhikulangara
- School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Lakeside Campus, Kochi, 682 016, India
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Sabar MA, Van Huy T, Sugie Y, Wada H, Zhao B, Matsuura N, Ihara M, Watanabe T, Tanaka H, Honda R. Antimicrobial resistome and mobilome in the urban river affected by combined sewer overflows and wastewater treatment effluent. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1032-1050. [PMID: 37632379 PMCID: wh_2023_073 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment is an emerging global health problem. Wastewater treatment effluent and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are major sources of antimicrobial resistance in urban rivers. This study aimed to clarify the effect of municipal wastewater treatment effluent and CSO on antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), mobile gene elements, and the microbial community in an urban river. The ARG abundance per 16S-based microbial population in the target river was 0.37-0.54 and 0.030-0.097 during the CSO event and dry weather, respectively. During the CSO event, the antimicrobial resistome in the river shifted toward a higher abundance of ARGs to clinically important drug classes, including macrolide, fluoroquinolone, and β-lactam, whereas ARGs to sulfonamide and multidrug by efflux pump were relatively abundant in dry weather. The abundance of intI1 and tnpA genes were highly associated with the total ARG abundance, suggesting their potential application as an indicator for estimating resistome contamination. Increase of prophage during the CSO event suggested that impact of CSO has a greater potential for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) via transduction. Consequently, CSO not only increases the abundance of ARGs to clinically important antimicrobials but also possibly enhances potential of HGT in urban rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Sabar
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan E-mail:
| | - Than Van Huy
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sugie
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-0811, Japan; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Norihisa Matsuura
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-0811, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku 780-8072, Japan
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-0811, Japan
| | - Ryo Honda
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Otsu 520-0811, Japan; Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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19
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LIN T, NOMURA S, SOMENO S, ABE T, NISHIYAMA M, SHIKI S, HARIMA H, ISHIHARA K. Role of multidrug resistance and co-resistance on a high percentage of streptomycin resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from chicken meats in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:832-836. [PMID: 37344389 PMCID: PMC10466057 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We focused on streptomycin resistance because of the high percentage of streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli concerning the amount used of streptomycin. Antimicrobial resistance and horizontal transfer were identified in 117 isolates of coliform bacteria from chicken meat to identify the factors that increase streptomycin resistance. Escherichia (45 isolates) was the predominant genus. Most streptomycin-resistant Escherichia isolates were resistant to other antimicrobials (17/18), suggesting that using various antimicrobials could select streptomycin-resistant Escherichia isolates. Resistance was transferred from 7 out of the 18 streptomycin-resistant isolates. The transconjugants acquired strA/strB (7/7), blaTEM (5/7), aphA1 (5/7), tetB (3/7), dfrA14 (1/7) and/or dfrA17 (1/7). The co-resistance of streptomycin resistance with other resistances would also increase streptomycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thein LIN
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- International Innovative Agricultural Science Course,
Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture
and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuka NOMURA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suzuka SOMENO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro ABE
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki NISHIYAMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunya SHIKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato HARIMA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanako ISHIHARA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of
Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Almuhayawi MS, Gattan HS, Alruhaili MH, Alharbi MT, Nagshabandi MK, Tarabulsi MK, Almuhayawi SM, Al Jaouni SK, Selim S, Alanazi A, Alruwaili Y, Faried OA, Amin I, Elnosary ME. Molecular Profile and the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials Drugs Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Diagnostic Approaches of Otitis Infection. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4397-4408. [PMID: 37431447 PMCID: PMC10329836 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s418685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Otitis externa and otitis media are two types of ear infections that affect people of all ages, although they are more common in newborns and young children. Antibiotic usage, healthcare, and advanced age all play a role in the development of this illness. Methods Fifty-eight patients with various kinds of infections of the ears were voluntary patients attending the outpatient clinics of the Prince Mutaib Bin Abdulaziz Hospital in Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia, examined to evaluate the role of bacteria and the likely significance of plasmids in their antibiotic resistance as ear infectious agents. Results Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most prevalent bacteria found in ear infections. The greatest number of major bacterial isolates were S. aureus (54%), followed by P. aeruginosa (13%), whereas a smaller number of isolates (3%) were from Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus vulgaris, respectively. Mixed growth was noted in 3.4% of instances. The isolation rate for Gram-positive organisms was 72%, while the rate for Gram-negative species was 28%. All the isolates had DNA greater than 14 kilobases. Hind III analysis of the plasmid DNA extracted from the resistant strains of ear infection demonstrated that antibiotic-resistance plasmids were extensively dispersed. Exotoxin A PCR amplification indicated 396 pb PCR-positive DNA for all identified samples, with the exception of three strains for which no band was observed. Patients in the epidemiological study ranged in number, but all were linked together for the purposes of the study because of their shared epidemiological characteristics. Conclusion Vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline, rifampin, and daptomycin are all antibiotics that have been shown to be effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Microbiological pattern evaluation and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the microorganisms providing empirical antibiotics are becoming increasingly crucial to minimize issues and the development of antibiotic-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Almuhayawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed H Alruhaili
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanned Talal Alharbi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed K Nagshabandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muyassar K Tarabulsi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M Almuhayawi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awadh Alanazi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Alruwaili
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Ahmed Faried
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | - Islam Amin
- Central Laboratory, Ismailia General Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Elnosary
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
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21
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Venkateswaran P, Vasudevan S, David H, Shaktivel A, Shanmugam K, Neelakantan P, Solomon AP. Revisiting ESKAPE Pathogens: virulence, resistance, and combating strategies focusing on quorum sensing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1159798. [PMID: 37457962 PMCID: PMC10339816 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1159798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-bacterial association is long-known and well-established in terms of both augmentations of human health and attenuation. However, the growing incidents of nosocomial infections caused by the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter sp.) call for a much deeper understanding of these organisms. Adopting a holistic approach that includes the science of infection and the recent advancements in preventing and treating infections is imperative in designing novel intervention strategies against ESKAPE pathogens. In this regard, this review captures the ingenious strategies commissioned by these master players, which are teamed up against the defenses of the human team, that are equally, if not more, versatile and potent through an analogy. We have taken a basketball match as our analogy, dividing the human and bacterial species into two teams playing with the ball of health. Through this analogy, we make the concept of infectious biology more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathy Venkateswaran
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Sahana Vasudevan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Helma David
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Adityan Shaktivel
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Karthik Shanmugam
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
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22
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Messele YE, Trott DJ, Hasoon MF, Veltman T, McMeniman JP, Kidd SP, Petrovski KR, Low WY. Phylogeny, Virulence, and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Profiles of Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Australian Feedlot Cattle and Their Significance to Public and Environmental Health. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1122. [PMID: 37508218 PMCID: PMC10376260 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of similarity between E. faecium strains found in healthy feedlot beef cattle and those causing extraintestinal infections in humans is not yet fully understood. This study used whole-genome sequencing to analyse the antimicrobial resistance profile of E. faecium isolated from beef cattle (n = 59) at a single feedlot and compared them to previously reported Australian isolates obtained from pig (n = 60) and meat chicken caecal samples (n = 8), as well as human sepsis cases (n = 302). The E. faecium isolated from beef cattle and other food animal sources neither carried vanA/vanB responsible for vancomycin nor possessed gyrA/parC and liaR/liaS gene mutations associated with high-level fluoroquinolone and daptomycin resistance, respectively. A small proportion (7.6%) of human isolates clustered with beef cattle and pig isolates, including a few isolates belonging to the same sequence types ST22 (one beef cattle, one pig, and two human isolates), ST32 (eight beef cattle and one human isolate), and ST327 (two beef cattle and one human isolate), suggesting common origins. This provides further evidence that these clonal lineages may have broader host range but are unrelated to the typical hospital-adapted human strains belonging to clonal complex 17, significant proportions of which contain vanA/vanB and liaR/liaS. Additionally, none of the human isolates belonging to these STs contained resistance genes to WHO critically important antimicrobials. The results confirm that most E. faecium isolated from beef cattle in this study do not pose a significant risk for resistance to critically important antimicrobials and are not associated with current human septic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes E Messele
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mauida F Hasoon
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tania Veltman
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Joe P McMeniman
- Meat & Livestock Australia, Level 1, 40 Mount Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Stephen P Kidd
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Research Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kiro R Petrovski
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Wai Y Low
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
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23
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Predoi D, Ciobanu CS, Iconaru SL, Raaen S, Rokosz K. Biocomposite Coatings Doped with Magnesium and Zinc Ions in Chitosan Matrix for Antimicrobial Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4412. [PMID: 37374594 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite doped with magnesium and zinc in chitosan matrix biocomposites have great potential for applications in space technology, aerospace, as well as in the biomedical field, as a result of coatings with multifunctional properties that meet the increased requirements for wide applications. In this study, coatings on titanium substrates were developed using hydroxyapatite doped with magnesium and zinc ions in a chitosan matrix (MgZnHAp_Ch). Valuable information concerning the surface morphology and chemical composition of MgZnHAp_Ch composite layers were obtained from studies that performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), metallographic microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The wettability of the novel coatings, based on magnesium and zinc-doped biocomposites in a chitosan matrix on a titanium substrate, was evaluated by performing water contact angle studies. Furthermore, the swelling properties, together with the coating's adherence to the titanium substrate, were also analyzed. The AFM results emphasized that the composite layers exhibited the surface topography of a uniform layer, and that there were no evident cracks and fissures present on the investigated surface. Moreover, antifungal studies concerning the MgZnHAp_Ch coatings were also carried out. The data obtained from quantitative antifungal assays highlight the strong inhibitory effects of MgZnHAp_Ch against C. albicans. Additionally, our results underline that after 72 h of exposure, the MgZnHAp_Ch coatings display fungicidal features. Thus, the obtained results suggest that the MgZnHAp_Ch coatings possess the requisite properties that make them suitable for use in the development of new coatings with enhanced antifungal features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Predoi
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street, No. 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Carmen Steluta Ciobanu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street, No. 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Simona Liliana Iconaru
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Street, No. 405A, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Steinar Raaen
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Realfagbygget E3-124 Høgskoleringen 5, NO 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Krzysztof Rokosz
- Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science, Koszalin University of Technology, Śniadeckich 2, PL 75-453 Koszalin, Poland
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24
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Yang X, Niu Y, Yang Y, Zhou H, Li J, Fu X, Shen Z, Wang J, Qiu Z. Pheromone effect of estradiol regulates the conjugative transfer of pCF10 carrying antibiotic resistance genes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131087. [PMID: 36889077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mediated by conjugative plasmids greatly contributes to bacteria evolution and the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In addition to the selective pressure imposed by extensive antibiotic use, environmental chemical pollutants facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, consequently posing a serious threat to the ecological environment. Presently, the majority of studies focus on the effects of environmental compounds on R plasmid-mediated conjugation transfer, and pheromone-inducible conjugation has largely been neglected. In this study, we explored the pheromone effect and potential molecular mechanisms of estradiol in promoting the conjugative transfer of pCF10 plasmid in Enterococcus faecalis. Environmentally relevant concentrations of estradiol significantly increased the conjugative transfer of pCF10 with a maximum frequency of 3.2 × 10-2, up to 3.5-fold change compared to that of control. Exposure to estradiol induced the activation of pheromone signaling cascade by increasing the expression of ccfA. Furthermore, estradiol might directly bind to the pheromone receptor PrgZ and promote pCF10 induction and finally enhance the conjugative transfer of pCF10. These findings cast valuable insights on the roles of estradiol and its homolog in increasing antibiotic resistance and the potential ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yuanyuan Niu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Hongrui Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xinyue Fu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China.
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25
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Negeri AA, Mamo H, Gahlot DK, Gurung JM, Seyoum ET, Francis MS. Characterization of plasmids carrying bla CTX-M genes among extra-intestinal Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8595. [PMID: 37237011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CTX-Ms are encoded by blaCTX-M genes and are widely distributed extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). They are the most important antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mechanism to β-lactam antibiotics in the Enterobacteriaceae. However, the role of transmissible AMR plasmids in the dissemination of blaCTX-M genes has scarcely been studied in Africa where the burden of AMR is high and rapidly spreading. In this study, AMR plasmid transmissibility, replicon types and addiction systems were analysed in CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Ethiopia with a goal to provide molecular insight into mechanisms underlying such high prevalence and rapid dissemination. Of 100 CTX-Ms-producing isolates obtained from urine (84), pus (10) and blood (6) from four geographically distinct healthcare settings, 75% carried transmissible plasmids encoding for CTX-Ms, with CTX-M-15 being predominant (n = 51). Single IncF plasmids with the combination of F-FIA-FIB (n = 17) carried the bulk of blaCTX-M-15 genes. In addition, IncF plasmids were associated with multiple addiction systems, ISEcp1 and various resistance phenotypes for non-cephalosporin antibiotics. Moreover, IncF plasmid carriage is associated with the international pandemic E. coli ST131 lineage. Furthermore, several CTX-M encoding plasmids were associated with serum survival of the strains, but less so with biofilm formation. Hence, both horizontal gene transfer and clonal expansion may contribute to the rapid and widespread distribution of blaCTX-M genes among E. coli populations in Ethiopian clinical settings. This information is relevant for local epidemiology and surveillance, but also for global understanding of the successful dissemination of AMR gene carrying plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Aseffa Negeri
- National Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dharmender K Gahlot
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jyoti M Gurung
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eyasu Tigabu Seyoum
- Global One Health Initiative of the Ohio State University, East African Regional Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Matthew S Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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26
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Messele YE, Trott DJ, Hasoon MF, Veltman T, McMeniman JP, Kidd SP, Djordjevic SP, Petrovski KR, Low WY. Phylogenetic Analysis of Escherichia coli Isolated from Australian Feedlot Cattle in Comparison to Pig Faecal and Poultry/Human Extraintestinal Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050895. [PMID: 37237797 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The similarity of commensal Escherichia coli isolated from healthy cattle to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria causing extraintestinal infections in humans is not fully understood. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach based on whole genome sequencing data to determine the genetic characteristics and phylogenetic relationships among faecal Escherichia coli isolates from beef cattle (n = 37) from a single feedlot in comparison to previously analysed pig faecal (n = 45), poultry extraintestinal (n = 19), and human extraintestinal E. coli isolates (n = 40) from three previous Australian studies. Most beef cattle and pig isolates belonged to E. coli phylogroups A and B1, whereas most avian and human isolates belonged to B2 and D, although a single human extraintestinal isolate belonged to phylogenetic group A and sequence type (ST) 10. The most common E. coli sequence types (STs) included ST10 for beef cattle, ST361 for pig, ST117 for poultry, and ST73 for human isolates. Extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamase genes were identified in seven out of thirty-seven (18.9%) beef cattle isolates. The most common plasmid replicons identified were IncFIB (AP001918), followed by IncFII, Col156, and IncX1. The results confirm that feedlot cattle isolates examined in this study represent a reduced risk to human and environmental health with regard to being a source of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes E Messele
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Mauida F Hasoon
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tania Veltman
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Joe P McMeniman
- Meat & Livestock Australia, Level 1, 40 Mount Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Stephen P Kidd
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Research Centre for Infectious Disease, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- Australian Institute for Microbiology & Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kiro R Petrovski
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
- The Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Wai Y Low
- The Davies Livestock Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5371, Australia
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27
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Walker-Sünderhauf D, Klümper U, Pursey E, Westra ER, Gaze WH, van Houte S. Removal of AMR plasmids using a mobile, broad host-range CRISPR-Cas9 delivery tool. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001334. [PMID: 37226834 PMCID: PMC10268836 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes are widely disseminated on plasmids. Therefore, interventions aimed at blocking plasmid uptake and transfer may curb the spread of AMR. Previous studies have used CRISPR-Cas-based technology to remove plasmids encoding AMR genes from target bacteria, using either phage- or plasmid-based delivery vehicles that typically have narrow host ranges. To make this technology feasible for removal of AMR plasmids from multiple members of complex microbial communities, an efficient, broad host-range delivery vehicle is needed. We engineered the broad host-range IncP1-plasmid pKJK5 to encode cas9 programmed to target an AMR gene. We demonstrate that the resulting plasmid pKJK5::csg has the ability to block the uptake of AMR plasmids and to remove resident plasmids from Escherichia coli. Furthermore, due to its broad host range, pKJK5::csg successfully blocked AMR plasmid uptake in a range of environmental, pig- and human-associated coliform isolates, as well as in isolates of two species of Pseudomonas. This study firmly establishes pKJK5::csg as a promising broad host-range CRISPR-Cas9 delivery tool for AMR plasmid removal, which has the potential to be applied in complex microbial communities to remove AMR genes from a broad range of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Walker-Sünderhauf
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Uli Klümper
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Pursey
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Edze R. Westra
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - William H. Gaze
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Stineke van Houte
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK
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28
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Juárez-Fernández G, Höfle U, Simón C, Rueda S, Martínez A, Álvarez-Martínez S, Eguizábal P, Martínez-Cámara B, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Nasotracheal enterococcal carriage and resistomes: detection of optrA-, poxtA- and cfrD-carrying strains in migratory birds, livestock, pets, and in-contact humans in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:569-581. [PMID: 36890281 PMCID: PMC10105672 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the carriage rates and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of enterococci from nasotracheal samples of three healthy animal species and in-contact humans. Nasal samples were collected from 27 dog-owning households (34 dogs, 41 humans) and 4 pig-farms (40 pigs, 10 pig-farmers), and they were processed for enterococci recovery (MALDI-TOF-MS identification). Also, a collection of 144 enterococci previously recovered of tracheal/nasal samples from 87 white stork nestlings were characterized. The AMR phenotypes were determined in all enterococci and AMR genes were studied by PCR/sequencing. MultiLocus-Sequence-Typing was performed for selected isolates. About 72.5% and 60% of the pigs and pig-farmers, and 29.4% and 4.9%, of healthy dogs and owners were enterococci nasal carriers, respectively. In storks, 43.5% of tracheal and 69.2% of nasal samples had enterococci carriages. Enterococci carrying multidrug-resistance phenotype was identified in 72.5%/40.0%/50.0%/23.5%/1.1% of pigs/pig-farmers/dogs/dogs' owners/storks, respectively. Of special relevance was the detection of linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) in (a) 33.3% of pigs (E. faecalis-carrying optrA and/or cfrD of ST59, ST330 or ST474 lineages; E. casseliflavus-carrying optrA and cfrD); (b) 10% of pig farmers (E. faecalis-ST330-carrying optrA); (c) 2.9% of dogs (E. faecalis-ST585-carrying optrA); and (d) 1.7% of storks (E. faecium-ST1736-carrying poxtA). The fexA gene was found in all optrA-positive E. faecalis and E. casseliflavus isolates, while fexB was detected in the poxtA-positive E. faecium isolate. The enterococci diversity and AMR rates from the four hosts reflect differences in antimicrobial selection pressure. The detection of LRE carrying acquired and transferable genes in all the hosts emphasizes the need to monitor LRE using a One-Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Guillermo Juárez-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Rueda
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Angela Martínez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Sandra Álvarez-Martínez
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Paula Eguizábal
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Cámara
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
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Francis F, Robertson RC, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Prendergast AJ, Manges AR. Antibiotic use and resistance in children with severe acute malnutrition and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 61:106690. [PMID: 36372343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection underlie a major proportion of the childhood disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. These diseases commonly co-occur and lead to higher risk of other endemic infectious diseases, thereby compounding the risk of mortality and morbidity. The widespread use of antibiotics as treatment and prophylaxis in childhood SAM and HIV infections, respectively, has reduced mortality and morbidity but canlead to increasing antibiotic resistance. Development of antibiotic resistance could render future infections untreatable. This review summarises the endemic co-occurrence of undernutrition, particularly SAM, and HIV in children, and current treatment practices, specifically WHO-recommended antibiotic usage. The risks and benefits of antibiotic treatment, prophylaxis and resistance are reviewed in the context of patients with SAM and HIV and associated sub-populations. Finally, the review highlights possible research areas and populations where antibiotic resistance progression can be studied to best address concerns associated with the future impact of resistance. Current antibiotic usage is lifesaving in complicated SAM and HIV-infected populations; nevertheless, increasing baseline resistance and infection remain a significant concern. In conclusion, antibiotic usage currently addresses the immediate needs of children in SAM and HIV endemic regions; however, it is prudent to evaluate the impact of antibiotic use on resistance dynamics and long-term child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Francis
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, U.K; Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe..
| | - Amee R Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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DNA-measuring Wadjet SMC ATPases restrict smaller circular plasmids by DNA cleavage. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4727-4740.e6. [PMID: 36525956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes fold DNA by loop extrusion to support chromosome segregation and genome maintenance. Wadjet systems (JetABCD/MksBEFG/EptABCD) are derivative SMC complexes with roles in bacterial immunity against selfish DNA. Here, we show that JetABCD restricts circular plasmids with an upper size limit of about 100 kb, whereas a linear plasmid evades restriction. Purified JetABCD complexes cleave circular DNA molecules, regardless of the DNA helical topology; cleavage is DNA sequence nonspecific and depends on the SMC ATPase. A cryo-EM structure reveals a distinct JetABC dimer-of-dimers geometry, with the two SMC dimers facing in opposite direction-rather than the same as observed with MukBEF. We hypothesize that JetABCD is a DNA-shape-specific endonuclease and propose the "total extrusion model" for DNA cleavage exclusively when extrusion of an entire plasmid has been completed by a JetABCD complex. Total extrusion cannot be achieved on the larger chromosome, explaining how self-DNA may evade processing.
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Cryo-EM structure of the Agrobacteriumtumefaciens T-pilus reveals the importance of positive charges in the lumen. Structure 2022; 31:375-384.e4. [PMID: 36513067 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a natural genetic engineer that transfers DNA into plants, which is the most applied process for generation of genetically modified plants. DNA transfer is mediated by a type IV secretion system in the cell envelope and extracellular T-pili. We here report the cryo-electron microscopic structures of the T-pilus at 3.2-Å resolution and of the plasmid pKM101-determined N-pilus at 3-Å resolution. Both pili contain a main pilus protein (VirB2 in A. tumefaciens, TraM in pKM101) and phospholipids arranged in a five-start helical assembly. They contain positively charged amino acids in the lumen, and the lipids are positively charged in the T-pilus (phosphatidylcholine) conferring overall positive charge. Mutagenesis of the lumen-exposed Arg91 in VirB2 results in protein destabilization and loss of pilus formation. Our results reveal that different phospholipids can be incorporated into type IV secretion pili and that the charge of the lumen may be of functional importance.
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Al-Mustapha AI, Alada SA, Raufu IA, Lawal AN, Eskola K, Brouwer MS, Adetunji V, Heikinheimo A. Co-occurrence of antibiotic and disinfectant resistance genes in extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, North Central Nigeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 31:337-344. [PMID: 36375754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in poultry poses the public health threat of zoonotic transmission to humans. Hence, this study assessed the occurrence of drug-resistant Escherichia coli in broilers in the largest live bird market in Kwara State, Nigeria in December 2020. METHODS Presumptive E. coli isolates were isolated using the European Union Reference Laboratory guideline of 2017 and confirmed via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS). Broth microdilution was performed on confirmed E. coli isolates to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. Five extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates were selected for Illumina whole genome sequencing to predict the resistome, phylotype, sequence type, serotype, and diversity of mobile genetic elements in these isolates. RESULTS Of the 181 broiler caecal samples, 73 E. coli isolates were obtained, of which 67 (82.0%) and 37 (50.6%) were determined as MDR (resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics) and XDR (resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics), respectively. Whole genome sequencing revealed diverse sequence types, phylogroups, and serotypes (ST165/B1 - O80:H19, ST115/A - Unknown: H7, ST901/B1 - O109:H4, ST4087/F - O117:H42, and ST8324/A - O127:H42). The XDR E. coli isolates encoded resistance to fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin and cephalosporins, trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and macrolides. Mutations in the gyrA gene conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were also detected. There was a positive correlation between phenotypic resistance patterns and the antibiotic resistance genes that were detected in the sequenced isolates. The XDR isolates also harbored two disinfectant resistance genes (qacE and sitABCD) that conferred resistance to hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium compounds, respectively. The genome of the XDR isolates harbored several mobile genetic elements and virulence-associated genes, which were conserved in all sequenced XDR isolates. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of co-carriage of antibiotic resistance genes and disinfectant resistance genes in E. coli isolated from broilers in Ilorin, Nigeria. Our findings suggest that poultry are potential carriers of clonally diverse, pathogenic, MDR/XDR E. coli, which may have detrimental zoonotic potentials on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Mustapha
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Shafi Abdullah Alada
- Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Ilorin Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Adisa Raufu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Nurudeen Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Katarina Eskola
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Sm Brouwer
- Department of Bacteriology and Host-Pathogen Reaction, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Victoria Adetunji
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Food Authority, Seinäjoki, Finland
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Larson PJ, Zhou W, Santiago A, Driscoll S, Fleming E, Voigt AY, Chun OK, Grady JJ, Kuchel GA, Robison JT, Oh J. Associations of the skin, oral and gut microbiome with aging, frailty and infection risk reservoirs in older adults. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:941-955. [PMID: 36398033 PMCID: PMC9667708 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Older adults represent a vulnerable population with elevated risk for numerous morbidities. To explore the association of the microbiome with aging and age-related susceptibilities including frailty and infectious disease risk, we conducted a longitudinal study of the skin, oral, and gut microbiota in 47 community- or skilled nursing facility-dwelling older adults vs. younger adults. We found that microbiome changes were not associated with chronological age so much as frailty: we identified prominent changes in microbiome features associated with susceptibility to pathogen colonization and disease risk, including diversity, stability, heterogeneity, and biogeographic determinism, which were moreover associated with a loss of Cutibacterium (C.) acnes in the skin microbiome. Strikingly, the skin microbiota were also the primary reservoir for antimicrobial resistance, clinically important pathobionts, and nosocomial strains, suggesting a potential role particularly for the skin microbiome in disease risk and dissemination of multidrug resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Larson
- UCONN Health (University of Connecticut), Farmington, CT
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT
| | - Alba Santiago
- UCONN Health (University of Connecticut), Farmington, CT
| | - Sarah Driscoll
- UCONN Health (University of Connecticut), Farmington, CT
| | | | | | | | - James J. Grady
- UCONN Health (University of Connecticut), Farmington, CT
| | | | | | - Julia Oh
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT
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Reddy S, Kaur K, Barathe P, Shriram V, Govarthanan M, Kumar V. Antimicrobial resistance in urban river ecosystems. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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de Nies L, Busi SB, Kunath BJ, May P, Wilmes P. Mobilome-driven segregation of the resistome in biological wastewater treatment. eLife 2022; 11:81196. [PMID: 36111782 PMCID: PMC9643006 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological wastewater treatment plants (BWWTP) are considered to be hotspots for the evolution and subsequent spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) promote the mobilization and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and are thereby critical mediators of AMR within the BWWTP microbial community. At present, it is unclear whether specific AMR categories are differentially disseminated via bacteriophages (phages) or plasmids. To understand the segregation of AMR in relation to MGEs, we analyzed meta-omic (metagenomic, metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic) data systematically collected over 1.5 years from a BWWTP. Our results showed a core group of 15 AMR categories which were found across all timepoints. Some of these AMR categories were disseminated exclusively (bacitracin) or primarily (aminoglycoside, MLS and sulfonamide) via plasmids or phages (fosfomycin and peptide), whereas others were disseminated equally by both. Combined and timepoint-specific analyses of gene, transcript and protein abundances further demonstrated that aminoglycoside, bacitracin and sulfonamide resistance genes were expressed more by plasmids, in contrast to fosfomycin and peptide AMR expression by phages, thereby validating our genomic findings. In the analyzed communities, the dominant taxon Candidatus Microthrix parvicella was a major contributor to several AMR categories whereby its plasmids primarily mediated aminoglycoside resistance. Importantly, we also found AMR associated with ESKAPEE pathogens within the BWWTP, and here MGEs also contributed differentially to the dissemination of the corresponding ARGs. Collectively our findings pave the way toward understanding the segmentation of AMR within MGEs, thereby shedding new light on resistome populations and their mediators, essential elements that are of immediate relevance to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Nies
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg
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Li Z, Guo Q, Wang S, Xu J, Fang Z, Chen J, Zhu L. Influence of site-specific factors on antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils of Yangtze River Delta: An integrated study of multi-factor modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156474. [PMID: 35660598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural soils are important reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which is closely linked to soil microorganisms. Environmental factors and co-existed pollutants may function as promoters or inhibitors for ARG proliferation to influence the agriculture green development. However, research focusing on the interaction of potential environmental drivers and ARGs is still lacking in agricultural soils. Here, we explored the microbial profile in 241 soil samples in Yangtze River Delta, and analyzed the relationship of microbial structures, ARGs, and typical site-specific factors. We found that the abundance of most ARGs was negatively correlated with the ratio of fungi and bacteria (F/B), whereas positively correlated with the ratio of gram-positive and gram-negative microbes (G+/G-). The co-occurrence network revealed significant associations among 18 site-specific factors, including 6 meteorological factors, 5 soil physicochemical properties, 5 co-existed organic pollutants, and 2 co-existed heavy metals. Random forest analysis demonstrated that F/B was mainly influenced by soil organic matters and co-existed polychlorinated biphenyls, while G+/G- was predominately regulated by soil total phosphorus and moisture content, which possibly resulting in their difference relationship with ARG abundance. Besides, the contribution of meteorological factors (>30%) in the explanation for F/B and G+/G- structures was the highest among all the site-specific factors. Together with path analysis showing meteorological factors probably affecting the ARG abundance through direct positive ways or indirect paths via physicochemical properties, microbial structure, and co-existed organic pollutants, we considered meteorological factors as the potential promoters for ARG proliferation. Collectively, these results increase our understanding of agricultural soils as hotspots of ARGs, and highlight the underappreciated role of meteorological factors as potential promoters for soil ARGs, providing reference for us to regulate ARG pollution scientifically to improve the development of green agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qian Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Shujian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jintao Xu
- Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiguo Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Shaabani E, Sharifiaghdam M, Faridi-Majidi R, De Smedt SC, Braeckmans K, Fraire JC. Gene therapy to enhance angiogenesis in chronic wounds. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:871-899. [PMID: 36159590 PMCID: PMC9464651 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin injuries and chronic non-healing wounds are one of the major global burdens on the healthcare systems worldwide due to their difficult-to-treat nature, associated co-morbidities, and high health care costs. Angiogenesis has a pivotal role in the wound-healing process, which becomes impaired in many chronic non-healing wounds, leading to several healing disorders and complications. Therefore, induction or promotion of angiogenesis can be considered a promising approach for healing of chronic wounds. Gene therapy is one of the most promising upcoming strategies for the treatment of chronic wounds. It can be classified into three main approaches: gene augmentation, gene silencing, and gene editing. Despite the increasing number of encouraging results obtained using nucleic acids (NAs) as active pharmaceutical ingredients of gene therapy, efficient delivery of NAs to their site of action (cytoplasm or nucleus) remains a key challenge. Selection of the right therapeutic cargo and delivery methods is crucial for a favorable prognosis of the healing process. This article presents an overview of gene therapy and non-viral delivery methods for angiogenesis induction in chronic wounds.
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Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens from farm to table. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1481-1499. [PMID: 36065433 PMCID: PMC9435411 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been overused and misused for preventive and therapeutic purposes. Specifically, antibiotics are frequently used as growth promoters for improving productivity and performance of food-producing animals such as pigs, cattle, and poultry. The increasing use of antibiotics has been of great concern worldwide due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Food-producing animals are considered reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and residual antibiotics that transfer from the farm through the table. The accumulation of residual antibiotics can lead to additional antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, this review evaluates the risk of carriage and spread of antibiotic resistance through food chain and the potential impact of antibiotic use in food-producing animals on food safety. This review also includes in-depth discussion of promising antibiotic alternatives such as vaccines, immune modulators, phytochemicals, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, and bacteriophages.
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Torres RT, Cunha MV, Araujo D, Ferreira H, Fonseca C, Palmeira JD. A walk on the wild side: Wild ungulates as potential reservoirs of multi-drug resistant bacteria and genes, including Escherichia coli harbouring CTX-M beta-lactamases. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119367. [PMID: 35489528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales have been classified as critical priority pathogens by the World Health Organization (WHO). ESBL are universally distributed and, in 2006, were firstly reported on a wild animal. Understanding the relative contributions of wild animals to ESBL circulation in the environment is urgently needed. In this work, we have conducted a nationwide study in Portugal to investigate the occurrence of bacteria carrying clinically significant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG), using widely distributed wild ungulates as model species. A total of 151 antimicrobial resistant-Enterobacterales isolates were detected from 181 wild ungulates: 50% (44/88) of isolates from wild boar (Sus scrofa), 40.3% (25/62) from red deer (Cervus elaphus), 41.4% (12/29) from fallow deer (Dama dama) and 100% (2/2) from mouflon (Ovis aries subsp. musimon). Selected isolates showed a diversified resistance profile, with particularly high values corresponding to ampicillin (71.5%) and tetracycline (63.6%). Enterobacterales strains carried blaTEM, tetA, tetB, sul2, sul1 or dfrA1 ARG genes. They also carried blaCTX-M-type genes, which are prevalent in human infections, namely CTX-M-14, CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-98. Strikingly, this is the first report of CTX-M-98 in wildlife. Almost 40% (n = 59) of Enterobacterales were multi-drug resistant. The diversity of plasmids carried by ESBL isolates was remarkable, including IncF, K and P. This study highlights the potential role of wild ungulates as environmental reservoirs of CTX-M ESBL-producing E. coli and in the spill-over of AMR bacteria and their determinants. Our findings suggest that wild ungulates are useful as strategic sentinel species of AMR in terrestrial environments, especially in response to potential sources of anthropogenic pollution, providing early warning of potential risks to human, animal and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tinoco Torres
- Departament of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal; Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Débora Araujo
- Faculty of Engineering of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, REQUIMTE - University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Departament of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Josman Dantas Palmeira
- Departament of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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The Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes In Vivo Model. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2022; 2022:3348695. [PMID: 35898691 PMCID: PMC9314185 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3348695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are a major public health threat. The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment or clinical setting pose a serious threat to human and animal health worldwide. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs is one of the main reasons for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in vitro and in vivo environments. There is a consensus on the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the spread of bacterial resistance. Most drug resistance genes are located on plasmids, and the spread of drug resistance genes among microorganisms through plasmid-mediated conjugation transfer is the most common and effective way for the spread of multidrug resistance. Experimental studies of the processes driving the spread of antibiotic resistance have focused on simple in vitro model systems, but the current in vitro protocols might not correctly reflect the HGT of antibiotic resistance genes in realistic conditions. This calls for better models of how resistance genes transfer and disseminate in vivo. The in vivo model can better mimic the situation that occurs in patients, helping study the situation in more detail. This is crucial to develop innovative strategies to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the future. This review aims to give an overview of the mechanisms of the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and then demonstrate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the in vivo model. Finally, we discuss the challenges in controlling the spread of antibiotic resistance genes and their potential solutions.
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Anyanwu MU, Jaja IF, Nwobi OC, Mgbeahuruike AC, Ikpendu CN, Okafor NA, Oguttu JW. Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081499. [PMID: 35893557 PMCID: PMC9394310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) threaten the efficacy of colistin (COL), a polymyxin antibiotic that is used as a last-line agent for the treatment of deadly infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. COL has been used for more than 60 years for the prophylactic control and treatment of infections in livestock husbandry but not in horses. Polymyxin B is used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of infections in horses without conducting sensitivity tests. The lack of sensitivity testing exerts selection pressure for the acquisition of the mcr gene. By horizontal transfer, mcr-1, mcr-5, and mcr-9 have disseminated among horse populations globally and are harbored by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Salmonella species. Conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons are the backbone of mcr genes in the isolates, which co-express genes conferring multi- to extensive-drug resistance, including genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance, and virulence genes. The transmission of mcr genes to/among bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal. Contact with horses, horse manure, feed/drinking water, farmers, farmers’ clothing/farm equipment, the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its associated products, and the trading of horses, horse meat, and their associated products are routes for the transmission of mcr-gene-bearing bacteria in, to, and from the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madubuike Umunna Anyanwu
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria;
- Correspondence: (M.U.A.); (I.F.J.); Tel.: +27-78-549-2098 (I.F.J.); Fax: +27-86-770-6869 (I.F.J.)
| | - Ishmael Festus Jaja
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (M.U.A.); (I.F.J.); Tel.: +27-78-549-2098 (I.F.J.); Fax: +27-86-770-6869 (I.F.J.)
| | - Obichukwu Chisom Nwobi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 400001, Nigeria;
| | | | - Chinaza Nnenna Ikpendu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 440101, Nigeria;
| | | | - James Wabwire Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, Florida Campus, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
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Antimicrobial Effects of Nanostructured Rare-Earth-Based Orthovanadates. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:254. [PMID: 35834046 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel antimicrobial agents is of huge importance. Nanomaterials can come to the rescue in this case. The aim of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of rare-earth-based orthovanadate nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity against host cells and antimicrobial activity of LaVO4:Eu3+ and GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles were analyzed. Effects of nanomaterials on fibroblasts were assessed by MTT, neutral red uptake and scratch assays. The antimicrobial effects were evaluated by the micro-dilution method estimating the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticles against various strains of microorganisms, DNA cleavage and biofilm inhibition. GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles were found to be less toxic against eukaryotic cells compared with LaVO4:Eu3+. Both nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity and the highest MIC values were 64 mg/L for E. hirae, E. faecalis and S. aureus shown by GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles. Nanoparticles demonstrated good DNA cleavage activity and induction of double-strand breaks in supercoiled plasmid DNA even at the lowest concentrations used. Both nanoparticles showed the biofilm inhibition activity against S. aureus at 500 mg/L and reduced the microbial cell viability. Taken the results of host toxicity and antimicrobial activity studies, it can be assumed that GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles are more promising antibacterial agents compared with LaVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles.
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Mutations of γCOP Gene Disturb Drosophila melanogaster Innate Immune Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126499. [PMID: 35742941 PMCID: PMC9223523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) is a valuable experimental platform for modeling host–pathogen interactions. It is also commonly used to define innate immunity pathways and to understand the mechanisms of both host tolerance to commensal microbiota and response to pathogenic agents. Herein, we investigate how the host response to bacterial infection is mirrored in the expression of genes of Imd and Toll pathways when D. melanogaster strains with different γCOP genetic backgrounds are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Using microarray technology, we have interrogated the whole-body transcriptome of infected versus uninfected fruit fly males with three specific genotypes, namely wild-type Oregon, γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a. While the expression of genes pertaining to Imd and Toll is not significantly modulated by P. aeruginosa infection in Oregon males, many of the components of these cascades are up- or downregulated in both infected and uninfected γCOPS057302/TM6B and γCOP14a/γCOP14a males. Thus, our results suggest that a γCOP genetic background modulates the gene expression profiles of Imd and Toll cascades involved in the innate immune response of D. melanogaster, inducing the occurrence of immunological dysfunctions in γCOP mutants.
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Vinayamohan PG, Pellissery AJ, Venkitanarayanan K. Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer in the Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animal Production. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Ding Z, Li Z, Zhao Y, Hao J, Li T, Liu Y, Zeng Z, Liu J. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of a Tigecycline-Resistant Acinetobacter pittii Isolate Carrying bla NDM-1 and the Novel bla OXA Allelic Variant bla OXA-1045. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:868152. [PMID: 35602052 PMCID: PMC9116503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.868152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A tigecycline-resistant Acinetobacter pittii clinical strain from pleural fluid carrying a blaNDM–1 gene and a novel blaOXA gene, blaOXA–1045, was isolated and characterized. The AP2044 strain acquired two copies of the blaNDM–1 gene and six antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from other pathogens. According to the whole-genome investigation, the GC ratios of ARGs (50–60%) were greater than those of the chromosomal backbone (39.46%), indicating that ARGs were horizontally transferred. OXA-1045 belonged to the OXA-213 subfamily and the amino acid sequence of OXA-1045 showed 89% similarity to the amino acid sequences of OXA-213. Then, blaOXA–1045 and blaOXA–213 were cloned and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of β-lactams in the transformants were determined using the broth microdilution method. OXA-1045 was able to confer a reduced susceptibility to piperacillin and piperacillin-tazobactam compared to OXA-213. AP2044 strain exhibited low pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella infection models. The observation of condensed biofilm using the crystal violet staining method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that the AP2044 strain was a weak biofilm producer. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) efflux pump-related genes. The transcription level of adeB and adeJ genes increased significantly and was correlated with tigecycline resistance. Therefore, our genomic and phenotypic investigations revealed that the AP2044 strain had significant genome plasticity and natural transformation potential, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in these unusual bacteria should be a concern for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyinqian Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Hao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangrui Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Vuillemenot JB, Bour M, Beyrouthy R, Bonnet R, Laaberki MH, Charpentier X, Ruimy R, Plésiat P, Potron A. Genomic analysis of CTX-M-115 and OXA-23/-72 co-producing Acinetobacter baumannii, and their potential to spread resistance genes by natural transformation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1542-1552. [PMID: 35412620 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize Acinetobacter baumannii strains co-producing the ESBL CTX-M-115 and carbapenem-hydrolysing class D β-lactamases (CHDLs), and to assess the potential diffusion of their resistance genes by horizontal transfer. METHODS Nineteen CTX-M-115/CHDL-positive A. baumannii were collected between 2015 and 2019 from patients hospitalized in France. Their whole-genome sequences were determined on Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms and were compared through core-genome MLST (cgMLST) and SNP analyses. Transferability of resistance genes was investigated by natural transformation assays. RESULTS Eighteen strains were found to harbour CHDL OXA-72, and another one CHDL OXA-23, in addition to CTX-M-115, narrow-spectrum β-lactamases and aminoglycoside resistance determinants including ArmA. cgMLST typing, as well as Oxford Scheme ST and K locus typing, confirmed that 17 out of the 18 CTX-M-115/OXA-72 isolates belonged to new subclades within clonal complex 78 (CC78). The chromosomal region carrying the blaCTX-M-115 gene appeared to vary greatly both in gene content and in length (from 20 to 79 kb) among the strains, likely because of IS26-mediated DNA rearrangements. The blaOXA-72 gene was localized on closely related plasmids showing structural variations that occurred between pdif sites. Transfer of all the β-lactamase genes, as well as aminoglycoside resistance determinants to a drug-susceptible A. baumannii recipient, was easily obtained in vitro by natural transformation. CONCLUSIONS This work highlights the propensity of CC78 isolates to collect multiple antibiotic resistance genes, to rearrange and to pass them to other A. baumannii strains via natural transformation. This process, along with mobile genetic elements, likely contributes to the considerable genomic plasticity of clinical strains, and to the diversity of molecular mechanisms sustaining their multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Vuillemenot
- Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Maxime Bour
- Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, France
| | - Racha Beyrouthy
- UMR INSERM 1071 USC INRA2018, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire associé Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Richard Bonnet
- UMR INSERM 1071 USC INRA2018, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Laboratoire associé Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maria-Halima Laaberki
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Charpentier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Raymond Ruimy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, UMR INSERM C3M, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Plésiat
- Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Anaïs Potron
- Centre National de Référence de la Résistance aux Antibiotiques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, France.,Laboratoire de Bactériologie, UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, UFR Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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47
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Andrés-Lasheras S, Jelinski M, Zaheer R, McAllister TA. Bovine Respiratory Disease: Conventional to Culture-Independent Approaches to Studying Antimicrobial Resistance in North America. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040487. [PMID: 35453238 PMCID: PMC9025279 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance studies have been conducted in North American feedlot cattle to investigate the major bacterial pathogens of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex, specifically: Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. While most bacterial isolates recovered from healthy cattle are susceptible to a repertoire of antimicrobials, multidrug resistance is common in isolates recovered from cattle suffering from BRD. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICE) have gained increasing notoriety in BRD-Pasteurellaceae as they appear to play a key role in the concentration and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant genes. Likewise, low macrolide susceptibility has been described in feedlot isolates of M. bovis. Horizontal gene transfer has also been implicated in the spread of AMR within mycoplasmas, and in-vitro experiments have shown that exposure to antimicrobials can generate high levels of resistance in mycoplasmas via a single conjugative event. Consequently, antimicrobial use (AMU) could be accelerating AMR horizontal transfer within all members of the bacterial BRD complex. While metagenomics has been applied to the study of AMR in the microbiota of the respiratory tract, the potential role of the respiratory tract microbiome as an AMR reservoir remains uncertain. Current and prospective molecular tools to survey and characterize AMR need to be adapted as point-of-care technologies to enhance prudent AMU in the beef industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrés-Lasheras
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (S.A.-L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Murray Jelinski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (S.A.-L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; (S.A.-L.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-317-2240
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48
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A New Variant of the aadE-sat4-aphA-3 Gene Cluster Found in a Conjugative Plasmid from a MDR Campylobacter jejuni Isolate. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040466. [PMID: 35453217 PMCID: PMC9032879 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne pathogen causing bacterial gastroenteritis, with the highest incidence reported in Europe. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance in C. jejuni, as well as in many other bacterial pathogens, has increased over the last few years. In this report, we describe the presence of a plasmid in a multi-drug-resistant C. jejuni strain isolated from a gastroenteritis patient. Mating experiments demonstrated the transference of this genetic element (pCjH01) among C. jejuni by plasmid conjugation. The pCjH01 plasmid was sequenced and assembled, revealing high similarity (97% identity) with pTet, a described tetracycline resistance encoding plasmid. pCjH01 (47.7 kb) is a mosaic plasmid composed of a pTet backbone that has acquired two discrete DNA regions. Remarkably, one of the acquired sequences carried an undescribed variant of the aadE-sat4-aphA-3 gene cluster, providing resistance to at least kanamycin and gentamycin. Aside from the antibiotic resistance genes, the cluster also carries genes coding for putative regulators, such as a sigma factor of the RNA polymerase and an antisigma factor. Homology searches suggest that Campylobacter exchanges genetic material with distant G-positive bacterial genera.
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49
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Estrada AA, Gottschalk M, Gebhart CJ, Marthaler DG. Comparative analysis of Streptococcus suis genomes identifies novel candidate virulence-associated genes in North American isolates. Vet Res 2022; 53:23. [PMID: 35303917 PMCID: PMC8932342 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a significant economic and welfare concern in the swine industry. Pan-genome analysis provides an in-silico approach for the discovery of genes involved in pathogenesis in bacterial pathogens. In this study, we performed pan-genome analysis of 208 S. suis isolates classified into the pathogenic, possibly opportunistic, and commensal pathotypes to identify novel candidate virulence-associated genes (VAGs) of S. suis. Using chi-square tests and LASSO regression models, three accessory pan-genes corresponding to S. suis strain P1/7 markers SSU_RS09525, SSU_RS09155, and SSU_RS03100 (>95% identity) were identified as having a significant association with the pathogenic pathotype. The proposed novel SSU_RS09525 + /SSU_RS09155 + /SSU_RS03100 + genotype identified 96% of the pathogenic pathotype strains, suggesting a novel genotyping scheme for predicting the pathogenicity of S. suis isolates in North America. In addition, mobile genetic elements carrying antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and VAGs were identified but did not appear to play a major role in the spread of ARGs and VAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April A Estrada
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Connie J Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Zhang C, Yang M. Antimicrobial Peptides: From Design to Clinical Application. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030349. [PMID: 35326812 PMCID: PMC8944448 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, brings public health issues and causes economic burden. Pathogenic bacteria develop several methods to resist antibiotic killing or inhibition, such as mutation of antibiotic function sites, activation of drug efflux pumps, and enzyme-mediated drug degradation. Antibiotic resistance components can be transferred between bacteria by mobile genetic elements including plasmids, transposons, and integrons, as well as bacteriophages. The development of antibiotic resistance limits the treatment options for bacterial infection, especially for MDR bacteria. Therefore, novel or alternative antibacterial agents are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) display multiple killing mechanisms against bacterial infections, including directly bactericidal activity and immunomodulatory function, as potential alternatives to antibiotics. In this review, the development of antibiotic resistance, the killing mechanisms of AMPs, and especially, the design, optimization, and delivery of AMPs are reviewed. Strategies such as structural change, amino acid substitution, conjugation with cell-penetration peptide, terminal acetylation and amidation, and encapsulation with nanoparticles will improve the antimicrobial efficacy, reduce toxicity, and accomplish local delivery of AMPs. In addition, clinical trials in AMP studies or applications of AMPs within the last five years were summarized. Overall, AMPs display diverse mechanisms of action against infection of pathogenic bacteria, and future research studies and clinical investigations will accelerate AMP application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
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