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Yu H, Yau SST. The optimal metric for viral genome space. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:2083-2096. [PMID: 38803517 PMCID: PMC11128839 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structural similarity between genomes is pivotal in classification and phylogenetic analysis. As the number of known genomes rockets, alignment-free methods have gained considerable attention. Among these methods, the natural vector method stands out as it represents sequences as vectors using statistical moments, enabling effective clustering based on families in biological taxonomy. However, determining an optimal metric that combines different elements in natural vectors remains challenging due to the absence of a rigorous theoretical framework for weighting different k-mers and orders. In this study, we address this challenge by transforming the determination of optimal weights into an optimization problem and resolving it through gradient-based techniques. Our experimental results underscore the substantial improvement in classification accuracy achieved by employing these optimal weights, reaching an impressive 92.73% on the testing set, surpassing other alignment-free methods. On one hand, our method offers an outstanding metric for virus classification, and on the other hand, it provides valuable insights into feature integration within alignment-free methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen S.-T. Yau
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications (Bimsa), Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
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2
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Gómez-Márquez J. The Lithbea Domain. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300679. [PMID: 38386280 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The tree of life is the evolutionary metaphor for the past and present connections of all cellular organisms. Today, to speak of biodiversity is not only to speak of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, but they should also consider the "new biodiversity" that includes viruses and synthetic organisms, which represent the new forms of life created in laboratories. There is even a third group of artificial entities that, although not living systems, pretend to imitate the living. To embrace and organize all this new biodiversity, I propose the creation of a new domain, with the name Lithbea (from life-on-the-border entites) The criteria for inclusion as members of Lithbea are: i) the acellular nature of the living system, ii) its origin in laboratory manipulation, iii) showing new biological traits, iv) the presence of exogenous genetic elements, v) artificial or inorganic nature. Within Lithbea there are two subdomains: Virworld (from virus world) which includes all viruses, regarded as lifeless living systems, and classified according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), and ii) Humade (from human-made) which includes all synthetic organisms and artificial entities. The relationships of Lithbea members to the three classical woesian domains and their implications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gómez-Márquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain
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3
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Ślesak I, Ślesak H. From cyanobacteria and cyanophages to chloroplasts: the fate of the genomes of oxyphototrophs and the genes encoding photosystem II proteins. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1055-1067. [PMID: 38439684 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the result of endosymbiosis of cyanobacterial organisms with proto-eukaryotes. The psbA, psbD and psbO genes are present in all oxyphototrophs and encode the D1/D2 proteins of photosystem II (PSII) and PsbO, respectively. PsbO is a peripheral protein that stabilizes the O2-evolving complex in PSII. Of these genes, psbA and psbD remained in the chloroplastic genome, while psbO was transferred to the nucleus. The genomes of selected cyanobacteria, chloroplasts and cyanophages carrying psbA and psbD, respectively, were analysed. The highest density of genes and coding sequences (CDSs) was estimated for the genomes of cyanophages, cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. The synonymous mutation rate (rS) of psbA and psbD in chloroplasts remained almost unchanged and is lower than that of psbO. The results indicate that the decreasing genome size in chloroplasts is more similar to the genome reduction observed in contemporary endosymbiotic organisms than in streamlined genomes of free-living cyanobacteria. The rS of atpA, which encodes the α-subunit of ATP synthase in chloroplasts, suggests that psbA and psbD, and to a lesser extent psbO, are ancient and conservative and arose early in the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. The role of cyanophages in the evolution of oxyphototrophs and chloroplastic genomes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Ślesak
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Ślesak
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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4
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Naidu AS, Wang CK, Rao P, Mancini F, Clemens RA, Wirakartakusumah A, Chiu HF, Yen CH, Porretta S, Mathai I, Naidu SAG. Precision nutrition to reset virus-induced human metabolic reprogramming and dysregulation (HMRD) in long-COVID. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:19. [PMID: 38555403 PMCID: PMC10981760 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is devoid of any metabolic capacity; therefore, it is critical for the viral pathogen to hijack host cellular metabolic machinery for its replication and propagation. This single-stranded RNA virus with a 29.9 kb genome encodes 14 open reading frames (ORFs) and initiates a plethora of virus-host protein-protein interactions in the human body. These extensive viral protein interactions with host-specific cellular targets could trigger severe human metabolic reprogramming/dysregulation (HMRD), a rewiring of sugar-, amino acid-, lipid-, and nucleotide-metabolism(s), as well as altered or impaired bioenergetics, immune dysfunction, and redox imbalance in the body. In the infectious process, the viral pathogen hijacks two major human receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and/or neuropilin (NRP)-1, for initial adhesion to cell surface; then utilizes two major host proteases, TMPRSS2 and/or furin, to gain cellular entry; and finally employs an endosomal enzyme, cathepsin L (CTSL) for fusogenic release of its viral genome. The virus-induced HMRD results in 5 possible infectious outcomes: asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe to fatal episodes; while the symptomatic acute COVID-19 condition could manifest into 3 clinical phases: (i) hypoxia and hypoxemia (Warburg effect), (ii) hyperferritinemia ('cytokine storm'), and (iii) thrombocytosis (coagulopathy). The mean incubation period for COVID-19 onset was estimated to be 5.1 days, and most cases develop symptoms after 14 days. The mean viral clearance times were 24, 30, and 39 days for acute, severe, and ICU-admitted COVID-19 patients, respectively. However, about 25-70% of virus-free COVID-19 survivors continue to sustain virus-induced HMRD and exhibit a wide range of symptoms that are persistent, exacerbated, or new 'onset' clinical incidents, collectively termed as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID. PASC patients experience several debilitating clinical condition(s) with >200 different and overlapping symptoms that may last for weeks to months. Chronic PASC is a cumulative outcome of at least 10 different HMRD-related pathophysiological mechanisms involving both virus-derived virulence factors and a multitude of innate host responses. Based on HMRD and virus-free clinical impairments of different human organs/systems, PASC patients can be categorized into 4 different clusters or sub-phenotypes: sub-phenotype-1 (33.8%) with cardiac and renal manifestations; sub-phenotype-2 (32.8%) with respiratory, sleep and anxiety disorders; sub-phenotype-3 (23.4%) with skeleto-muscular and nervous disorders; and sub-phenotype-4 (10.1%) with digestive and pulmonary dysfunctions. This narrative review elucidates the effects of viral hijack on host cellular machinery during SARS-CoV-2 infection, ensuing detrimental effect(s) of virus-induced HMRD on human metabolism, consequential symptomatic clinical implications, and damage to multiple organ systems; as well as chronic pathophysiological sequelae in virus-free PASC patients. We have also provided a few evidence-based, human randomized controlled trial (RCT)-tested, precision nutrients to reset HMRD for health recovery of PASC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Satyanarayan Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA.
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA.
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, No.1, Campus New Village, Longjiang Street, Fuqing City, Fujian, China
| | - Fabrizio Mancini
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President-Emeritus, Parker University, 2540 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas, TX, 75229, USA
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- University of Southern California, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy/D. K. Kim International Center for Regulatory & Quality Sciences, 1540 Alcazar St., CHP 140, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aman Wirakartakusumah
- International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST), Guelph, ON, Canada
- IPMI International Business School Jakarta; South East Asian Food and Agriculture Science and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health & Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital; School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sebastiano Porretta
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- President, Italian Association of Food Technology (AITA), Milan, Italy
- Experimental Station for the Food Preserving Industry, Department of Consumer Science, Viale Tanara 31/a, I-43121, Parma, Italy
| | - Issac Mathai
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- Soukya International Holistic Health Center, Whitefield, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreus A G Naidu
- Global Nutrition Healthcare Council (GNHC) Mission-COVID, Yorba Linda, CA, USA
- N-terminus Research Laboratory, 232659 Via del Rio, Yorba Linda, CA, 92887, USA
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5
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Quek ZBR, Ng SH. Hybrid-Capture Target Enrichment in Human Pathogens: Identification, Evolution, Biosurveillance, and Genomic Epidemiology. Pathogens 2024; 13:275. [PMID: 38668230 PMCID: PMC11054155 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has revolutionised the field of pathogen genomics, enabling the direct recovery of pathogen genomes from clinical and environmental samples. However, pathogen nucleic acids are often overwhelmed by those of the host, requiring deep metagenomic sequencing to recover sufficient sequences for downstream analyses (e.g., identification and genome characterisation). To circumvent this, hybrid-capture target enrichment (HC) is able to enrich pathogen nucleic acids across multiple scales of divergences and taxa, depending on the panel used. In this review, we outline the applications of HC in human pathogens-bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses-including identification, genomic epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance genotyping, and evolution. Importantly, we explored the applicability of HC to clinical metagenomics, which ultimately requires more work before it is a reliable and accurate tool for clinical diagnosis. Relatedly, the utility of HC was exemplified by COVID-19, which was used as a case study to illustrate the maturity of HC for recovering pathogen sequences. As we unravel the origins of COVID-19, zoonoses remain more relevant than ever. Therefore, the role of HC in biosurveillance studies is also highlighted in this review, which is critical in preparing us for the next pandemic. We also found that while HC is a popular tool to study viruses, it remains underutilised in parasites and fungi and, to a lesser extent, bacteria. Finally, weevaluated the future of HC with respect to bait design in the eukaryotic groups and the prospect of combining HC with long-read HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. B. Randolph Quek
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore
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6
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Caetano-Anollés G, Claverie JM, Nasir A. A critical analysis of the current state of virus taxonomy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1240993. [PMID: 37601376 PMCID: PMC10435761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1240993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxonomical classification has preceded evolutionary understanding. For that reason, taxonomy has become a battleground fueled by knowledge gaps, technical limitations, and a priorism. Here we assess the current state of the challenging field, focusing on fallacies that are common in viral classification. We emphasize that viruses are crucial contributors to the genomic and functional makeup of holobionts, organismal communities that behave as units of biological organization. Consequently, viruses cannot be considered taxonomic units because they challenge crucial concepts of organismality and individuality. Instead, they should be considered processes that integrate virions and their hosts into life cycles. Viruses harbor phylogenetic signatures of genetic transfer that compromise monophyly and the validity of deep taxonomic ranks. A focus on building phylogenetic networks using alignment-free methodologies and molecular structure can help mitigate the impasse, at least in part. Finally, structural phylogenomic analysis challenges the polyphyletic scenario of multiple viral origins adopted by virus taxonomy, defeating a polyphyletic origin and supporting instead an ancient cellular origin of viruses. We therefore, prompt abandoning deep ranks and urgently reevaluating the validity of taxonomic units and principles of virus classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Caetano-Anollés
- Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Crop Sciences and C.R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Claverie
- Structural and Genomic Information Laboratory (UMR7256), Mediterranean Institute of Microbiology (FR3479), IM2B, IOM, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
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7
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Trubl G, Stedman KM, Bywaters KF, Matula EE, Sommers P, Roux S, Merino N, Yin J, Kaelber JT, Avila-Herrera A, Johnson PA, Johnson JC, Borges S, Weber PK, Pett-Ridge J, Boston PJ. Astrovirology: how viruses enhance our understanding of life in the Universe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 22:247-271. [PMID: 38046673 PMCID: PMC10691837 DOI: 10.1017/s1473550423000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most numerically abundant biological entities on Earth. As ubiquitous replicators of molecular information and agents of community change, viruses have potent effects on the life on Earth, and may play a critical role in human spaceflight, for life-detection missions to other planetary bodies and planetary protection. However, major knowledge gaps constrain our understanding of the Earth's virosphere: (1) the role viruses play in biogeochemical cycles, (2) the origin(s) of viruses and (3) the involvement of viruses in the evolution, distribution and persistence of life. As viruses are the only replicators that span all known types of nucleic acids, an expanded experimental and theoretical toolbox built for Earth's viruses will be pivotal for detecting and understanding life on Earth and beyond. Only by filling in these knowledge and technical gaps we will obtain an inclusive assessment of how to distinguish and detect life on other planetary surfaces. Meanwhile, space exploration requires life-support systems for the needs of humans, plants and their microbial inhabitants. Viral effects on microbes and plants are essential for Earth's biosphere and human health, but virus-host interactions in spaceflight are poorly understood. Viral relationships with their hosts respond to environmental changes in complex ways which are difficult to predict by extrapolating from Earth-based proxies. These relationships should be studied in space to fully understand how spaceflight will modulate viral impacts on human health and life-support systems, including microbiomes. In this review, we address key questions that must be examined to incorporate viruses into Earth system models, life-support systems and life detection. Tackling these questions will benefit our efforts to develop planetary protection protocols and further our understanding of viruses in astrobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Trubl
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth M. Stedman
- Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Simon Roux
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Merino
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - John Yin
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason T. Kaelber
- Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Aram Avila-Herrera
- Computing Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Peter Anto Johnson
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Peter K. Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
- Life & Environmental Sciences Department, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
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8
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Kim CY, Ahmed S, Stanley D, Kim Y. HMG-like DSP1 is a damage signal to mediate the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, immune responses to tomato spotted wilt virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 144:104706. [PMID: 37019348 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) causes a serious plant disease and is transmitted by specific thrips including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. The persistent and circulative virus transmission suggests an induction of immune defenses in the thrips. We investigated the immune responses of F. occidentalis to TSWV infection. Immunofluorescence assay demonstrated viral infection in the larval midguts at early stage and subsequent propagation to the salivary gland in adults. In the larval midgut, TSWV infection led to the release of DSP1, a damage-associated molecular pattern, from the gut epithelium into the hemolymph. DSP1 up-regulated PLA2 activity, which would lead to biosynthesis of eicosanoids that activate cellular and humoral immune responses. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was enhanced following induction of PO and its activating protease gene expressions. Antimicrobial peptide genes and dual oxidase, which produces reactive oxygen species, were induced by the viral infection. Expression of four caspase genes increased and TUNEL assay confirmed apoptosis in the larval midgut after the virus infection. These immune responses to viral infection were significantly suppressed by the inhibition of DSP1 release. We infer that TSWV infection induces F. occidentalis immune responses, which are activated by the release of DSP1 from the infection foci within midguts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Young Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Shabbir Ahmed
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/ARS, 1503 S Providence Road, Columbia, MO, 65203, USA
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
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Siddell SG, Smith DB, Adriaenssens E, Alfenas-Zerbini P, Dutilh BE, Garcia ML, Junglen S, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH, Lambert AJ, Lefkowitz EJ, Łobocka M, Mushegian AR, Oksanen HM, Robertson DL, Rubino L, Sabanadzovic S, Simmonds P, Suzuki N, Van Doorslaer K, Vandamme AM, Varsani A, Zerbini FM. Virus taxonomy and the role of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001840. [PMID: 37141106 PMCID: PMC10227694 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy of viruses is developed and overseen by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), which scrutinizes, approves and ratifies taxonomic proposals, and maintains a list of virus taxa with approved names (https://ictv.global). The ICTV has approximately 180 members who vote by simple majority. Taxon-specific Study Groups established by the ICTV have a combined membership of over 600 scientists from the wider virology community; they provide comprehensive expertise across the range of known viruses and are major contributors to the creation and evaluation of taxonomic proposals. Proposals can be submitted by anyone and will be considered by the ICTV irrespective of Study Group support. Thus, virus taxonomy is developed from within the virology community and realized by a democratic decision-making process. The ICTV upholds the distinction between a virus or replicating genetic element as a physical entity and the taxon category to which it is assigned. This is reflected by the nomenclature of the virus species taxon, which is now mandated by the ICTV to be in a binomial format (genus + species epithet) and is typographically distinct from the names of viruses. Classification of viruses below the rank of species (such as, genotypes or strains) is not within the remit of the ICTV. This article, authored by the ICTV Executive Committee, explains the principles of virus taxonomy and the organization, function, processes and resources of the ICTV, with the aim of encouraging greater understanding and interaction among the wider virology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G. Siddell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Donald B. Smith
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Bas E. Dutilh
- Institute of Biodiversity, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science for Life, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Laura Garcia
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy J. Lambert
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elliot J. Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Małgorzata Łobocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arcady R. Mushegian
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Hanna M. Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Luisa Rubino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, SS Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program and University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Anne-Mieke Vandamme
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium and Center for Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - F. Murilo Zerbini
- Departamento de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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10
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Prosdocimi F, de Farias ST. Origin of life: Drawing the big picture. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:28-36. [PMID: 37080436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Trying to provide a broad overview about the origin of life in Earth, the most significant transitions of life before cells are listed and discussed. The current approach emphasizes the symbiotic relationships that emerged with life. We propose a rational, stepwise scenario for the origin of life that starts with the origin of the first biomolecules and steps forward until the origins of the first cells. Along this path, we aim to provide a brief, though comprehensive theoretical model that will consider the following steps: (i) how nucleotides and other biomolecules could be made prebiotically in specific prebiotic refuges; (ii) how the first molecules of RNAs were formed; (iii) how the proto-peptidyl transferase center was built by the concatenation of proto-tRNAs; (iv) how the ribosome and the genetic code could be structured; (v) how progenotes could live and reproduce as "naked" ribonucleoprotein molecules; (vi) how peptides started to bind molecules in the prebiotic soup allowing biochemical pathways to evolve from those bindings; (vii) how genomes got bigger by the symbiotic relationship of progenotes and lateral transference of genetic material; (viii) how the progenote LUCA has been formed by assembling most biochemical routes; (ix) how the first virion capsids probably emerged and evolved; (x) how phospholipid membranes emerged probably twice by the evolution of lipid-binding proteins; (xi) how DNA synthesis have been formed in parallel in Bacteria and Archaea; and, finally, (xii) how DNA-based cells of Bacteria and Archaeabacteria have been constituted. The picture provided is conjectural and present epistemological gaps. Future research will help to advance into the elucidation of gaps and confirmation/refutation of current statements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Prosdocimi
- Laboratório de Biologia Teórica e de Sistemas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Sávio Torres de Farias
- Laboratório de Genética Evolutiva Paulo Leminski, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life (NoRCEL), Leeds, LS7 3RB, UK
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11
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van der Gulik PTS, Hoff WD, Speijer D. Renewing Linnaean taxonomy: a proposal to restructure the highest levels of the Natural System. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:584-602. [PMID: 36366773 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last century enormous progress has been made in the understanding of biological diversity, involving a dramatic shift from macroscopic to microscopic organisms. The question now arises as to whether the Natural System introduced by Carl Linnaeus, which has served as the central system for organizing biological diversity, can accommodate the great expansion of diversity that has been discovered. Important discoveries regarding biological diversity have not been fully integrated into a formal, coherent taxonomic system. In addition, because of taxonomic challenges and conflicts, various proposals have been made to abandon key aspects of the Linnaean system. We review the current status of taxonomy of the living world, focussing on groups at the taxonomic level of phylum and above. We summarize the main arguments against and in favour of abandoning aspects of the Linnaean system. Based on these considerations, we conclude that retaining the Linnaean Natural System provides important advantages. We propose a relatively small number of amendments for extending this system, particularly to include the named rank of world (Latin alternative mundis) formally to include non-cellular entities (viruses), and the named rank of empire (Latin alternative imperium) to accommodate the depth of diversity in (unicellular) eukaryotes that has been uncovered. We argue that in the case of both the eukaryotic domain and the viruses the cladistic approach intrinsically fails. However, the resulting semi-cladistic system provides a productive way forward that can help resolve taxonomic challenges. The amendments proposed allow us to: (i) retain named taxonomic levels and the three-domain system, (ii) improve understanding of the main eukaryotic lineages, and (iii) incorporate viruses into the Natural System. Of note, the proposal described herein is intended to serve as the starting point for a broad scientific discussion regarding the modernization of the Linnaean system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wouter D Hoff
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - David Speijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, AmsterdamUMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Vidal-Quist JC, Declercq J, Vanhee S, Lambrecht BN, Gómez-Rial J, Vidal C, Aydogdu E, Rombauts S, Hernández-Crespo P. RNA viruses alter house dust mite physiology and allergen production with no detected consequences for allergenicity. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:173-186. [PMID: 36511188 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses have recently been detected in association with house dust mites, including laboratory cultures, dust samples, and mite-derived pharmaceuticals used for allergy diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the incidence of viral infection on Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus physiology and on the allergenic performance of extracts derived from its culture. Transcriptional changes between genetically identical control and virus-infected mite colonies were analysed by RNAseq with the support of a new D. pteronyssinus high-quality annotated genome (56.8 Mb, 108 scaffolds, N50 = 2.73 Mb, 96.7% BUSCO-completeness). Extracts of cultures and bodies from both colonies were compared by inspecting major allergen accumulation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), allergen-related enzymatic activities by specific assays, airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma, and binding to allergic patient's sera IgE by ImmunoCAP. Viral infection induced a significant transcriptional response, including several immunity and stress-response genes, and affected the expression of seven allergens, putative isoallergens and allergen orthologs. Major allergens were unaffected except for Der p 23 that was upregulated, increasing ELISA titers up to 29% in infected-mite extracts. By contrast, serine protease allergens Der p 3, 6 and 9 were downregulated, being trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymatic activities reduced up to 21% in extracts. None of the parameters analysed in our mouse model, nor binding to human IgE were significantly different when comparing control and infected-mite extracts. Despite the described physiological impact of viral infection on the mites, no significant consequences for the allergenicity of derived extracts or their practical use in allergy diagnosis have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cristian Vidal-Quist
- Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jozefien Declercq
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vanhee
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Gómez-Rial
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenética, Unidad de Inmunología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Vidal
- Servicio de Alergología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eylem Aydogdu
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Hernández-Crespo
- Entomología Aplicada a la Agricultura y la Salud, Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Huang P, Wang X, Lei M, Ma Y, Chen H, Sun J, Hu Y, Shi J. Metabolomics Profiles Reveal New Insights of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021521. [PMID: 36675052 PMCID: PMC9862159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous human pathogen that can cause significant morbidity, primarily facial cold sores and herpes simplex encephalitis. Previous studies have shown that a variety of viruses can reprogram the metabolic profiles of host cells to facilitate self-replication. In order to further elucidate the metabolic interactions between the host cell and HSV-1, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze the metabolic profiles in human lung fibroblasts KMB17 infected with HSV-1. The results showed that 654 and 474 differential metabolites were identified in positive and negative ion modes, respectively, and 169 and 114 metabolic pathways that might be altered were screened. These altered metabolites are mainly involved in central carbon metabolism, choline metabolism, amino acid metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, bile secretion, and prolactin signaling pathway. Further, we confirmed that the addition of tryptophan metabolite kynurenine promotes HSV-1 replication, and the addition of 25-Hydroxycholesterol inhibits viral replication. Significantly, HSV-1 replication was obviously enhanced in the ChOKα (a choline metabolic rate-limiting enzyme) deficient mouse macrophages. These results indicated that HSV-1 induces the metabolic reprogramming of host cells to promote or resist viral replication. Taken together, these observations highlighted the significance of host cell metabolism in HSV-1 replication, which would help to clarify the pathogenesis of HSV-1 and identify new anti-HSV-1 therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Huang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Mengyue Lei
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
- Institute of Medical Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-871-68335334 (Jiandong Shi); Fax: +86-871-68175829 (Jiandong Shi)
| | - Yunzhang Hu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Jiandong Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases Control and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.); (J.S.); Tel.: +86-871-68335334 (Jiandong Shi); Fax: +86-871-68175829 (Jiandong Shi)
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14
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Jadhav AC, Kounatidis I. Correlative Cryo-imaging Using Soft X-Ray Tomography for the Study of Virus Biology in Cells and Tissues. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:169-196. [PMID: 38159227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that depend on their host cell machinery and metabolism for their replicative life cycle. Virus entry, replication, and assembly are dynamic processes that lead to the reorganisation of host cell components. Therefore, a complete understanding of the viral processes requires their study in the cellular context where advanced imaging has been proven valuable in providing the necessary information. Among the available imaging techniques, soft X-ray tomography (SXT) at cryogenic temperatures can provide three-dimensional mapping to 25 nm resolution and is ideally suited to visualise the internal organisation of virus-infected cells. In this chapter, the principles and practices of synchrotron-based cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) in virus research are presented. The potential of the cryo-SXT in correlative microscopy platforms is also demonstrated through working examples of reovirus and hepatitis research at Beamline B24 (Diamond Light Source Synchrotron, UK) and BL09-Mistral beamline (ALBA Synchrotron, Spain), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana C Jadhav
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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15
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Katiyar D, Bansal P, Kumar A, Prakash S, Rao NGR. Mechanistic elucidations of sesquiterpenes ameliorating viral infections: A review. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14452. [PMID: 36165437 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are important in human health because they can treat viral infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Sesquiterpenes have also been shown to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to conventional pharmacological therapies, in addition to their antiviral effects. The present review article was drafted with an intention to gather information regarding sesquiterpenes and its medicinal importance. The role of sesquiterpenes in the endogenous production of sesquiterpenes by plants and fungi, as well as the mechanisms by which they are effective against viral infection, are discussed in this review. Different online libraries such as PUBMED, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE were assessed to gather information, additionally, books, magzagines, journals, and scientific newspapaers were also studied to make this article more informative. This review examines novel synthesis mechanisms, their cyclization, purification techniques, and the diverse ecological roles sesquiterpenes play in the plant producer, which varies according to the plant and the chemical under consideration. In this article, we have discussed the consequences of sesquiterpenes and their properties for future crop productivity. We have addressed the many forms of sesquiterpenes that have been shown to have antiviral activity in various diseases. The consequences of sesquiterpenes and their properties are very useful for future crop productivity. We have addressed the many forms of sesquiterpenes that have been shown to have antiviral activity in the treatment of various diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Novel synthesis mechanisms, their cyclization, purification techniques, and the diverse ecological roles of sesquiterpenes will be very helfpul in drug development process. Sesquiterpene lactones are shown in this review to have qualities that warrant further scientific investigation in order to stimulate preclinical and clinical trials leading to the creation of novel medications. For antiviral drug development, the sesquiterpenes are a good prospective lead molecule because they can suppress viral replication by disrupting vRNA production and viral protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Katiyar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Priya Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Surya Prakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
| | - N G Raghavendra Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
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16
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Cyanophages as an important factor in the early evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20581. [PMID: 36446879 PMCID: PMC9709159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanophages are viruses that infect cyanobacteria. An interesting feature of many of them is the presence of psbA and psbD, genes that encode D1 and D2 proteins, respectively. The D1 and D2 are core proteins of the photosystem II (PSII) in cyanobacteria, algae and plants and influence the proper function of oxygenic photosynthesis (OP) in all oxyphototrophs on Earth. The frequent occurrence of psbA and psbD in cyanophages raises the question whether these genes coevolved with hosts during the early stages of cyanophage and cyanobacterial evolution, or whether they are direct descendants of genes adopted from the genomes of cyanobacterial hosts. The phylogeny of D1/D2 proteins encoded in the genomes of selected cyanophages and oxyphototrophs was reconstructed. In addition, common ancestral sequences of D1 and D2 proteins were predicted for cyanophages and oxyphototrophs. Based on this, the reconstruction of the 3D structures of D1 and D2 proteins was performed. In addition, the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous (dN/dS) nucleotide substitutions in the coding sequences (CDSs) of psbA and psbD was determined. The results of the predicted spatial structures of the D1 and D2 proteins and purifying selection for the CDSs of psbA and psbD suggest that they belong to the ancient proteins, which may have formed the primordial PSII. It cannot be ruled out that they involved in water oxidation in cyanobacteria-like organisms at early stages of the evolution of life on Earth and coevolved with ancient cyanophages. The data are also discussed in the context of the origin of viruses.
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17
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Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth, and yet, they have not received enough consideration in astrobiology. Viruses are also extraordinarily diverse, which is evident in the types of relationships they establish with their host, their strategies to store and replicate their genetic information and the enormous diversity of genes they contain. A viral population, especially if it corresponds to a virus with an RNA genome, can contain an array of sequence variants that greatly exceeds what is present in most cell populations. The fact that viruses always need cellular resources to multiply means that they establish very close interactions with cells. Although in the short term these relationships may appear to be negative for life, it is evident that they can be beneficial in the long term. Viruses are one of the most powerful selective pressures that exist, accelerating the evolution of defense mechanisms in the cellular world. They can also exchange genetic material with the host during the infection process, providing organisms with capacities that favor the colonization of new ecological niches or confer an advantage over competitors, just to cite a few examples. In addition, viruses have a relevant participation in the biogeochemical cycles of our planet, contributing to the recycling of the matter necessary for the maintenance of life. Therefore, although viruses have traditionally been excluded from the tree of life, the structure of this tree is largely the result of the interactions that have been established throughout the intertwined history of the cellular and the viral worlds. We do not know how other possible biospheres outside our planet could be, but it is clear that viruses play an essential role in the terrestrial one. Therefore, they must be taken into account both to improve our understanding of life that we know, and to understand other possible lives that might exist in the cosmos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio de la Higuera
- Department of Biology, Center for Life in Extreme Environments, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ester Lázaro
- Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC-INTA, Torrejón de Ardoz, Spain
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18
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Wirth J, Young M. Viruses in Subsurface Environments. Annu Rev Virol 2022; 9:99-119. [PMID: 36173700 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-093020-015957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, our knowledge of virus diversity and abundance in subsurface environments has expanded dramatically through application of quantitative metagenomic approaches. In most subsurface environments, viral diversity and abundance rival viral diversity and abundance observed in surface environments. Most of these viruses are uncharacterized in terms of their hosts and replication cycles. Analysis of accessory metabolic genes encoded by subsurface viruses indicates that they evolved to replicate within the unique features of their environments. The key question remains: What role do these viruses play in the ecology and evolution of the environments in which they replicate? Undoubtedly, as more virologists examine the role of viruses in subsurface environments, new insights will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wirth
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology and Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA;
| | - Mark Young
- Department of Plant Science and Plant Pathology and Thermal Biology Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA;
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19
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Sadiq FA, Hansen MF, Burmølle M, Heyndrickx M, Flint S, Lu W, Chen W, Zhang H. Towards understanding mechanisms and functional consequences of bacterial interactions with members of various kingdoms in complex biofilms that abound in nature. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6595875. [PMID: 35640890 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial world represents a phenomenal diversity of microorganisms from different kingdoms of life which occupy an impressive set of ecological niches. Most, if not all, microorganisms once colonise a surface develop architecturally complex surface-adhered communities which we refer to as biofilms. They are embedded in polymeric structural scaffolds serve as a dynamic milieu for intercellular communication through physical and chemical signalling. Deciphering microbial ecology of biofilms in various natural or engineered settings has revealed co-existence of microorganisms from all domains of life, including Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The coexistence of these dynamic microbes is not arbitrary, as a highly coordinated architectural setup and physiological complexity show ecological interdependence and myriads of underlying interactions. In this review, we describe how species from different kingdoms interact in biofilms and discuss the functional consequences of such interactions. We highlight metabolic advances of collaboration among species from different kingdoms, and advocate that these interactions are of great importance and need to be addressed in future research. Since trans-kingdom biofilms impact diverse contexts, ranging from complicated infections to efficient growth of plants, future knowledge within this field will be beneficial for medical microbiology, biotechnology, and our general understanding of microbial life in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmed Sadiq
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Mads Frederik Hansen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology & Food Sciences Unit, Melle, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Steve Flint
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag, 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wenwei Lu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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20
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Casoli T. SARS-CoV-2 Morbidity in the CNS and the Aged Brain Specific Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3782. [PMID: 35409141 PMCID: PMC8998499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be the cause of a fatal disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affecting the lungs and other organs. Particular attention has been given to the effects of the infection on the brain due to recurring neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, encephalitis and myelitis, which are far more severe in the elderly compared to younger patients. The specific vulnerability of the aged brain could derive from the impaired immune defenses, from any of the altered homeostatic mechanisms that contribute to the aging phenotype, and from particular changes in the aged brain involving neurons and glia. While neuronal modifications could contribute indirectly to the damage induced by SARS-CoV-2, glia alterations could play a more direct role, as they are involved in the immune response to viral infections. In aged patients, changes regarding glia include the accumulation of dystrophic forms, reduction of waste removal, activation of microglia and astrocytes, and immunosenescence. It is plausible to hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 infection in the elderly may determine severe brain damage because of the frail phenotype concerning glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Casoli
- Center for Neurobiology of Aging, Scientific Technological Area, IRCCS INRCA, Via Birarelli 8, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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21
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Cellular homologs of the double jelly-roll major capsid proteins clarify the origins of an ancient virus kingdom. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2120620119. [PMID: 35078938 PMCID: PMC8812541 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120620119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth and ubiquitous parasites of cellular life forms. The general scenario for the origin of viruses involves evolution from nonviral replicators, such as plasmids and transposons, via recruitment of host proteins for virion formation. One of the most common virion core components, the double jelly-roll major capsid protein of a broad variety of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes, so far has been thought to represent a virus innovation. However, we present evidence, obtained by protein structure comparison, that this type of virus capsid protein also evolved from a cellular ancestor, a distinct family of carbohydrate-active enzymes. These findings reinforce the chimeric scenario of virus origin. Viruses are a distinct type of replicators that encode structural proteins encasing virus genomes in virions. For some of the widespread virus capsid proteins and other major components of virions, likely ancestors encoded by cellular life forms are identifiable. In particular, one of the most common capsid proteins, with the single jelly-roll (SJR) fold, appears to have evolved from a particular family of cellular carbohydrate-binding proteins. However, the double jelly-roll major capsid protein (DJR-MCP), the hallmark of the enormously diverse viruses of the kingdom Bamfordvirae within the realm Varidnaviria, which includes bacterial and archaeal icosahedral viruses as well as eukaryotic giant viruses, has been perceived as a virus innovation that evolved by duplication and fusion of the SJR capsid proteins. Here we employ protein structure comparison to show that the DJR fold is represented in several widespread families of cellular proteins, including several groups of carbohydrate-active enzymes. We show that DJR-MCPs share a common ancestry with a distinct family of bacterial DJR proteins (DUF2961) involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Based on this finding, we propose a scenario in which bamfordviruses evolved from nonviral replicators, in particular plasmids, by recruiting a host protein for capsid formation. This sequence of events appears to be the general route of virus origin. The results of this work indicate that virus kingdoms Bamfordvirae, with the DJR-MCPs, and Helvetiavirae that possess two SJR-MCPs, have distinct origins, suggesting a reappraisal of the realm Varidnaviria.
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22
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Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH. Viruses Defined by the Position of the Virosphere within the Replicator Space. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e0019320. [PMID: 34468181 PMCID: PMC8483706 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally, viruses were defined as miniscule infectious agents that passed through filters that retain even the smallest cells. Subsequently, viruses were considered obligate intracellular parasites whose reproduction depends on their cellular hosts for energy supply and molecular building blocks. However, these features are insufficient to unambiguously define viruses as they are broadly understood today. We outline possible approaches to define viruses and explore the boundaries of the virosphere within the virtual space of replicators and the relationships between viruses and other types of replicators. Regardless of how, exactly, viruses are defined, viruses clearly have evolved on many occasions from nonviral replicators, such as plasmids, by recruiting host proteins to become virion components. Conversely, other types of replicators have repeatedly evolved from viruses. Thus, the virosphere is a dynamic entity with extensive evolutionary traffic across its boundaries. We argue that the virosphere proper, here termed orthovirosphere, consists of a distinct variety of replicators that encode structural proteins encasing the replicators' genomes, thereby providing protection and facilitating transmission among hosts. Numerous and diverse replicators, such as virus-derived but capsidless RNA and DNA elements, or defective viruses occupy the zone surrounding the orthovirosphere in the virtual replicator space. We define this zone as the perivirosphere. Although intense debates on the nature of certain replicators that adorn the internal and external boundaries of the virosphere will likely continue, we present an operational definition of virus that recently has been accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valerian V. Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Virome analysis of three Ixodidae ticks species from Colombia: A potential strategy for discovering and surveying tick-borne viruses. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105103. [PMID: 34619391 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are a group of obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites that play a critical role in transmitting several important zoonotic pathogens that can infect animals and humans. Viruses are part of the tick microbiome and are involved in the transmission of important diseases. Furthermore, the little information on these as etiological agents of zoonoses suggests the need to study these microorganisms. For this reason, in this study, we sought to characterize the virome in Rhipicephalus microplus, Dermacentor nitens, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., which were collected from different domestic animals in Antioquia, Colombia. RNA sequencing was used for virome characterization in these three tick species, using RNA-dependent polymerase as a marker gene. Forty-eight sequences corresponding to 14 different viruses were identified, some of which were previously identified in the tick's virome. Overall, these data indicate that ticks from domestic animals in cattle farms harbor a wide viral diversity at the local scale. Thus, the metatranscriptomic approach provides important baseline information for monitoring the tick virome and to develop future studies on their biology, host-virus interactions, host range, worldwide distribution, and finally, their potential role as emerging vector-borne agents.
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Miroshnikov KA, Evseev PV, Lukianova AA, Ignatov AN. Tailed Lytic Bacteriophages of Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1819. [PMID: 34576713 PMCID: PMC8472413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of the ecological and evolutionary traits of Soft Rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRP) comprising genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya often involves bacterial viruses (bacteriophages). Bacteriophages are considered to be a prospective tool for the ecologically safe and highly specific protection of plants and harvests from bacterial diseases. Information concerning bacteriophages has been growing rapidly in recent years, and this has included new genomics-based principles of taxonomic distribution. In this review, we summarise the data on phages infecting Pectobacterium and Dickeya that are available in publications and genomic databases. The analysis highlights not only major genomic properties that assign phages to taxonomic families and genera, but also the features that make them potentially suitable for phage control applications. Specifically, there is a discussion of the molecular mechanisms of receptor recognition by the phages and problems concerning the evolution of phage-resistant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Miroshnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter V Evseev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A Lukianova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 12, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Ignatov
- Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Russian State Agrarian University, Timiryazevskaya Str., 49, 127434 Moscow, Russia
- Agrobiotechnology Department, Agrarian and Technological Institute, RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Abstract
Background Many traditional biological concepts continue to be debated by biologists, scientists and philosophers of science. The specific objective of this brief reflection is to offer an alternative vision to the definition of life taking as a starting point the traits common to all living beings. Results and Conclusions Thus, I define life as a process that takes place in highly organized organic structures and is characterized by being preprogrammed, interactive, adaptative and evolutionary. If life is the process, living beings are the system in which this process takes place. I also wonder whether viruses can be considered living things or not. Taking as a starting point my definition of life and, of course, on what others have thought about it, I am in favor of considering viruses as living beings. I base this conclusion on the fact that viruses satisfy all the vital characteristics common to all living things and on the role they have played in the evolution of species. Finally, I argue that if there were life elsewhere in the universe, it would be very similar to what we know on this planet because the laws of physics and the composition of matter are universal and because of the principle of the inexorability of life.
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Kyle JE. How lipidomics can transform our understanding of virus infections. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:329-332. [PMID: 34030561 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1929177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Kyle
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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27
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Stefano GB, Büttiker P, Weissenberger S, Martin A, Ptacek R, Kream RM. Editorial: The Pathogenesis of Long-Term Neuropsychiatric COVID-19 and the Role of Microglia, Mitochondria, and Persistent Neuroinflammation: A Hypothesis. MEDICAL SCIENCE MONITOR : INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2021; 27:e933015. [PMID: 34016942 PMCID: PMC8120907 DOI: 10.12659/msm.933015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Persistent comorbidities occur in patients who initially recover from acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). ‘Long COVID’ involves the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in neuropsychiatric symptoms and signs, including cognitive impairment or ‘brain fog’ and chronic fatigue syndrome. There are similarities in these persistent complications between SARS-CoV-2 and the Ebola, Zika, and influenza A viruses. Normal CNS neuronal mitochondrial function requires high oxygen levels for oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Recent studies have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can hijack mitochondrial function. Persistent changes in cognitive functioning have also been reported with other viral infections. SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in long-term effects on immune processes within the CNS by causing microglial dysfunction. This short opinion aims to discuss the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of long-term neuropsychiatric COVID-19 involves microglia, mitochondria, and persistent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Stefano
- Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pascal Büttiker
- Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Weissenberger
- Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Psychology, University of New York in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anders Martin
- Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Ptacek
- Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard M Kream
- Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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