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Soni S, Gambhir L, Sharma G, Sharma A, Kapoor N. Unraveling the treasure trove of phytochemicals in mitigating the Salmonella enterica infection. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01192-x. [PMID: 39212846 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases triggered by various infectious micro-organisms are contributing significantly to the global disease burden as well as to increasing mortality rates. Salmonella enterica belongs to the most prevalent form of bacteria accountable for significant burden of foodborne illness across the globe. The conventional therapeutic approach to cater to Salmonella enterica-based infections relies on antibiotic therapy, but the rapid emergence of the antibiotic resistance strains of Salmonella sp. necessitates the development of alternative treatment and prevention strategies. In light of this growing concern, the scientific community is rigorously exploring novel phytochemicals harnessed from medicinally important plants as a promising approach to curb Salmonella enterica infections. A variety of phytochemicals belonging to alkaloids, phenols, flavonoid, and terpene classes are reported to exhibit their inhibitory activity against bacterial cell communication, membrane proteins, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation among drug resistant Salmonella strains. The present review article delves to discuss the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enterica strains, various plant sources, identification of phytochemicals, and the current state of research on the use of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents against Salmonella enterica, shedding light on the promising potential of phytochemicals in the fight against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Soni
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Gambhir
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Shri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Asha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Swargiya P. N. K. S. Govt. PG College, Dausa, 303303, India
| | - Neha Kapoor
- School of Applied Sciences, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
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Giles-Gómez M, Morales Huerta X, Pastelin-Palacios R, López-Macías C, Flores Montesinos MS, Astudillo-Melgar F, Escalante A. Analysis of the Probiotic Potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB1_P46 Isolated from the Mexican Fermented Pulque Beverage: A Functional and Genomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1652. [PMID: 39203494 PMCID: PMC11356911 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional Mexican fermented beverage pulque has been considered a healthy product for treating gastrointestinal disorders. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been identified as one of the most abundant microbial groups during pulque fermentation. As traditional pulque is consumed directly from the fermentation vessel, the naturally associated LABs are ingested, reaching the consumer's small intestine alive, suggesting their potential probiotic capability. In this contribution, we assayed the probiotic potential of the strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LB1_P46 isolated from pulque produced in Huitzilac, Morelos State, Mexico. The characterization included resistance to acid pH (3.5) and exposure to bile salts at 37 °C; the assay of the hemolytic activity and antibiotic resistance profiling; the functional traits of cholesterol reduction and β-galactosidase activity; and several cell surface properties, indicating that this LAB possesses probiotic properties comparable to other LAB. Additionally, this L. plantarum showed significance in in vitro antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and in vivo preventive anti-infective capability against Salmonella in a BALB/c mouse model. Several functional traits and probiotic activities assayed were correlated with the corresponding enzymes encoded in the complete genome of the strain. The genome mining for bacteriocins led to the identification of several bacteriocins and a ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide encoding for the plantaricin EF. Results indicated that L. plantarum LB1_P46 is a promising probiotic LAB for preparing functional non-dairy and dairy beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Giles-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (X.M.H.)
| | - Ximena Morales Huerta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (X.M.H.)
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (X.M.H.)
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico
| | - Mayrene Sarai Flores Montesinos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (M.S.F.M.)
| | - Fernando Astudillo-Melgar
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (M.S.F.M.)
| | - Adelfo Escalante
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (M.S.F.M.)
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Lu TY, Sun Z, Liang LY, Zhang J, Guo WL, Wang ZY, Sun J, Liao XP, Zhou YF. Concentration-resistance relationship and PK/PD evaluation of danofloxacin against emergence of resistant Pasteurella multocida in an in vitro dynamic model. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae154. [PMID: 38925653 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) targets of danofloxacin to minimize the risk of selecting resistant Pasteurella multocida mutants and to identify the mechanisms underlying their resistance in an in vitro dynamic model, attaining the optimum dosing regimen of danofloxacin to improve its clinical efficacy based on the mutant selection window (MSW) hypothesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Danofloxacin at seven dosing regimens and 5 days of treatment were simulated to quantify the bactericidal kinetics and enrichment of resistant mutants upon continuous antibiotic exposure. The magnitudes of PK/PD targets associated with different efficacies were determined in the model. The 24 h area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratios (AUC24h/MIC) of danofloxacin associated with bacteriostatic, bactericidal and eradication effects against P. multocida were 34, 52, and 64 h. This translates to average danofloxacin concentrations (Cav) over 24 h being 1.42, 2.17, and 2.67 times the MIC, respectively. An AUC/MIC-dependent antibacterial efficacy and AUC/mutant prevention concentration (MPC)-dependent enrichment of P. multocida mutants in which maximum losses in danofloxacin susceptibility occurred at a simulated AUC24h/MIC ratio of 72 h (i.e. Cav of three times the MIC). The overexpression of efflux pumps (acrAB-tolC) and their regulatory genes (marA, soxS, and ramA) was associated with reduced susceptibility in danofloxacin-exposed P. multocida. The AUC24h/MPC ratio of 19 h (i.e. Cav of 0.8 times the MPC) was determined to be the minimum mutant prevention target value for the selection of resistant P. multocida mutants. CONCLUSIONS The emergence of P. multocida resistance to danofloxacin exhibited a concentration-dependent pattern and was consistent with the MSW hypothesis. The current clinical dosing regimen of danofloxacin (2.5 mg kg-1) may have a risk of treatment failure due to inducible fluoroquinolone resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yin Lu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liu-Yan Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Yantai Fushan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, 265500, China
| | - Wen-Long Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zi-Ye Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Corradini C, De Bene AF, Russini V, Carfora V, Alba P, Cordaro G, Senese M, Terracciano G, Fabbri I, Di Sirio A, Di Giamberardino F, Boria P, De Marchis ML, Bossù T. Detection of Salmonella Reservoirs in Birds of Prey Hosted in an Italian Wildlife Centre: Molecular and Antimicrobial Resistance Characterisation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1169. [PMID: 38930551 PMCID: PMC11205921 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the European Union, salmonellosis is one of the most important zoonoses reported. Poultry meat and egg products are the most common food matrices associated with Salmonella presence. Moreover, wild and domestic animals could represent an important reservoir that could favour the direct and indirect transmission of pathogens to humans. Salmonella spp. can infect carnivorous or omnivorous wild birds that regularly ingest food and water exposed to faecal contamination. Birds kept in captivity can act as reservoirs of Salmonella spp. following ingestion of infected prey or feed. In this paper, we describe the isolation of different Salmonella serovars in several species of raptors hosted in aviaries in an Italian wildlife centre and in the raw chicken necks used as their feed but intended for human consumption. Characterisations of strains were carried out by integrating classical methods and whole genome sequencing analysis. The strains of S. bredeney isolated in poultry meat and birds belonged to the same cluster, with some of them being multidrug-resistant (MDR) and carrying the Col(pHAD28) plasmid-borne qnrB19 (fluoro)quinolone resistance gene, thus confirming the source of infection. Differently, the S. infantis found in feed and raptors were all MDR, carried a plasmid of emerging S. infantis (pESI)-like plasmid and belonged to different clusters, possibly suggesting a long-lasting infection or the presence of additional undetected sources. Due to the high risk of fuelling a reservoir of human pathogens, the control and treatment of feed for captive species are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Corradini
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Andrea Francesco De Bene
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Valeria Russini
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Virginia Carfora
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, General Diagnostics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (P.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Patricia Alba
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, General Diagnostics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (P.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Gessica Cordaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, General Diagnostics Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (V.C.); (P.A.); (G.C.)
| | - Matteo Senese
- UOT Toscana Nord, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (G.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Giuliana Terracciano
- UOT Toscana Nord, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (G.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Ilaria Fabbri
- UOT Toscana Nord, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 56123 Pisa, Italy; (M.S.); (G.T.); (I.F.)
| | - Alessandro Di Sirio
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Fabiola Di Giamberardino
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Pierpaolo Boria
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Maria Laura De Marchis
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Teresa Bossù
- Food Microbiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (A.F.D.B.); (A.D.S.); (F.D.G.); (P.B.); (M.L.D.M.); (T.B.)
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Imran H, Saleem F, Gull S, Khan Z. Uncovering the growing burden of enteric fever: A molecular analysis of Salmonella Typhi antimicrobial resistance. Microb Pathog 2024; 191:106676. [PMID: 38710290 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Enteric fever, a persistent public health challenge in developing regions, is exacerbated by suboptimal socioeconomic conditions, contaminated water and food sources, and insufficient sanitation. This study delves into the antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi, uncovering the genetic underpinnings of its resistance. Analyzing 897 suspected cases, we identified a significant prevalence of typhoid fever, predominantly in males (58.3 %) and younger demographics. Alarmingly, our data reveals an escalation in resistance to both primary and secondary antibiotics, with cases of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhi reaching 14.7 % and 43.4 %, respectively, in 2021. The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index exceeded 0.2 in over half of the isolates, signaling widespread antibiotic misuse. The study discerned 47 unique antibiotic resistance patterns and pinpointed carbapenem and macrolide antibiotics as the remaining effective treatments against XDR strains, underlining the critical need to preserve these drugs for severe cases. Molecular examinations identified blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M genes in ceftriaxone-resistant strains, while qnrS was specific to ciprofloxacin-resistant variants. Notably, all examined strains exhibited a singular mutation in the gyrA gene, maintaining wild-type gyrB and parC genes. The erm(B) gene emerged as the primary determinant of azithromycin resistance. Furthermore, a distressing increase in resistance genes was observed over three years, with erm(B), blaTEM and qnrS showing significant upward trends. These findings are a clarion call for robust antimicrobial stewardship programs to curtail inappropriate antibiotic use and forestall the burgeoning threat of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Imran
- University Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fiza Saleem
- University Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Gull
- University Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaman Khan
- University Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Emerson University Multan, Pakistan.
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Tan S, Li X, Lu B, Lin Y, Cai Y, He J, Chen S, Gao J, Gao J, Qiang X. Genomic Insights into the First Emergence of blaNDM-5-Carrying Carbapenem-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar London Strain in China. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:1781-1790. [PMID: 38736433 PMCID: PMC11088413 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s458625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) pose a significant threat to public health, causing gastroenteritis and invasive infections. We report the first emergence of a carbapenem-resistant S. enterica serovar London strain, A132, carrying the blaNDM-5 gene in China. Whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis assigned A132 to be ST155, a multidrug-resistant clone frequently reported in China. The strain A132 exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics, with 20 acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) identified, predominantly located on the IncFIB plasmid (pA132-1-NDM). Notably, the blaNDM-5 gene was located within an IS26 flanked-class 1 integron-ISCR1 complex, comprising two genetic cassettes. One cassette is the class 1 integron, which may facilitate the transmission of the entire complex, while the other is the blaNDM-5-containing ISCR1-IS26-flanked cassette, carrying multiple other ARGs. Genbank database search based on the blaNDM-5-carrying cassette identified a similar genetic context found in transmissible IncFIA plasmids from Escherichia coli (p91) and Enterobacter hormaechei (p388) with a shared host range, suggesting the potential for cross-species transmission of blaNDM-5. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Salmonella serovar London ST155 harboring blaNDM-5 gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship between A132 and eight S. London ST155 strains isolated from the same province. However, A132 differed by carrying the blaNDM-5 gene and four unique ARGs. Given the high transmissibility of the F-type plasmid harboring blaNDM-5 and 18 other ARGs, it is imperative to implement vigilant surveillance and adopt appropriate infection control measures to mitigate the threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibin Lin
- School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunxiang Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junshun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310020, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Toyting J, Nuanmuang N, Utrarachkij F, Supha N, Thongpanich Y, Leekitcharoenphon P, Aarestrup FM, Sato T, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Genomic analysis of Salmonella isolated from canal water in Bangkok, Thailand. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0421623. [PMID: 38563788 PMCID: PMC11064549 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04216-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an escalating global public health threat. Canals are essential in Thailand, including the capital city, Bangkok, as agricultural and daily water sources. However, the characteristic and antimicrobial-resistance properties of the bacteria in the urban canals have never been elucidated. This study employed whole genome sequencing to characterize 30 genomes of a causal pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella enterica, isolated from Bangkok canal water between 2016 and 2020. The dominant serotype was Salmonella Agona. In total, 35 AMR genes and 30 chromosomal-mediated gene mutations were identified, in which 21 strains carried both acquired genes and mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Virulence factors associated with invasion, adhesion, and survival during infection were detected in all study strains. 75.9% of the study stains were multidrug-resistant and all the strains harbored the necessary virulence factors associated with salmonellosis. One strain carried 20 resistance genes, including mcr-3.1, mutations in GyrA, ParC, and ParE, and typhoid toxin-associated genes. Fifteen plasmid replicon types were detected, with Col(pHAD28) being the most common type. Comparative analysis of nine S. Agona from Bangkok and 167 from public databases revealed that specific clonal lineages of S. Agona might have been circulating between canal water and food sources in Thailand and globally. These findings provide insight into potential pathogens in the aquatic ecosystem and support the inclusion of environmental samples into comprehensive AMR surveillance initiatives as part of a One Health approach. This approach aids in comprehending the rise and dissemination of AMR and devising sustainable intervention strategies.IMPORTANCEBangkok is the capital city of Thailand and home to a large canal network that serves the city in various ways. The presence of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is alarming and poses a significant public health risk. The present study is the first characterization of the genomic of Salmonella strains from Bangkok canal water. Twenty-two of 29 strains (75.9%) were multidrug-resistant Salmonella and all the strains carried essential virulence factors for pathogenesis. Various plasmid types were identified in these strains, potentially facilitating the horizontal transfer of AMR genes. Additional investigations indicated a potential circulation of S. Agona between canal water and food sources in Thailand. The current study underscores the role of environmental water in an urban city as a reservoir of pathogens and these data obtained can serve as a basis for public health risk assessment and help shape intervention strategies to combat AMR challenges in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirachaya Toyting
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Narong Nuanmuang
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fuangfa Utrarachkij
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neunghatai Supha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yuwanda Thongpanich
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimlapas Leekitcharoenphon
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Toyotaka Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Research Support, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Research Support, Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Sapporo, Japan
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Leite EL, Saraiva MM, Vasconcelos PC, Monte DF, Allard MW, Givisiez PE, Gebreyes WA, Freitas Neto OC, Oliveira CJ. Whole genome sequence datasets of Salmonella enterica serovar Saintpaul ST50 and serovar Worthington ST592 strains isolated from raw milk in Brazil. Data Brief 2024; 53:109965. [PMID: 38425878 PMCID: PMC10904156 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the draft genome sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars Saintpaul ST50 and Worthington ST592 isolated from raw milk samples in Northeastern Brazil. The 4,696,281 bp S. Saintpaul ST50 genome contained 4,628 genes in 33 contigs, while S. Worthington ST592 genome was 4,890,415 bp in length, comprising 4,951 genes in 46 contigs. S. Worthington ST592 carried a conserved Col(pHAD28) plasmid which contains the antimicrobial resistance determinants tet(C), acc(6')-Iaa, and a nonsynonymous point mutation in ParC (p.T57S). The data could support further evolutionary and epidemiologic studies involving Salmonella organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elma L. Leite
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Mauro M.S. Saraiva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Priscylla C. Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniel F.M. Monte
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Patrícia E.N. Givisiez
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
| | - Wondwossen A. Gebreyes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Oliveiro C. Freitas Neto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Celso J.B. Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, College for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba (CCA/UFPB), Areia, PB, Brazil
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Bellil Z, Meyer S, Tilloy V, Mairi A, De Champs C, Barraud O, Touati A. Prevalence and Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Associated with Watermelons and Their Environmental Reservoirs in Bejaia, Algeria. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024. [PMID: 38502796 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in Bejaia, Algeria, to determine the presence of Salmonella in fresh watermelon (n = 105), soil (n = 23), and irrigation water samples (n = 17) collected from two different farms. After isolation, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, serotype determination, multilocus sequence typing, antimicrobial resistance genes detection, and whole genome sequencing were performed. Twenty watermelon samples (19%) were contaminated with Salmonella, but none were found in the soil or irrigation water. Among the 20 Salmonella isolates, 2 serovars were identified (Salmonella Liverpool and Salmonella Anatum), belonging to sequence types ST1959 and ST64, respectively. Ten Salmonella isolates showed significant resistance to nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but were susceptible to all other antibiotics. The coexistence of point mutations (parC:p.T57S) in Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions and the qnrB19 gene may contribute to quinolone resistance. The study identified 164 virulence genes in the Salmonella isolates. Our study found Salmonella in fresh watermelon during the preharvest season in Bejaia, Algeria. Our study indicates a relatively high prevalence of Salmonella on watermelon samples before harvest. Although we cannot directly compare our results with previous studies, it is crucial to recognize that the absence of comprehensive comparative data underscores the need for further research and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bellil
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Sylvain Meyer
- Université de Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, Limoges, France
| | - Valentin Tilloy
- CNR Herpesvirus, UF 9481 Bioinformatique, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Assia Mairi
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
| | - Christophe De Champs
- INSERM UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, SFR CAP-Santé, Université de Reims-Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Reims, France
| | - Olivier Barraud
- Université de Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, Limoges, France
| | - Abdelaziz Touati
- Université de Bejaia, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Bejaia, Algérie
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10
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Wu Y, Mao W, Shao J, He X, Bao D, Yue M, Wang J, Shen W, Qiang X, Jia H, He F, Ruan Z. Monitoring the long-term spatiotemporal transmission dynamics and ecological surveillance of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Goldcoast: A multicenter genomic epidemiology study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169116. [PMID: 38065491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Goldcoast poses a significant threat to the effective treatment and control of salmonellosis within the ecological environment. Here, we conducted a genomic epidemiological study delineate the global dissemination scenarios of the multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast originated from 11 countries for over 20 years. The population structure and evolutionary history of multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast was investigated through phylogenomic and long-term spatiotemporal transmission dynamic analysis. ST358 and ST2529 are the predominant lineages of S. Goldcoast. Multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast strains have mainly been identified in the ST358 lineage from human and the ST2529 lineage from livestock. ST358 S. Goldcoast was estimated to have emerged in the United Kingdom in 1969, and then spread to China, with both countries serve as centers for the global dissemination of the ST358 lineage. After its emergence and subsequent spread in Chinese clinical and environmental samples, occasional instances of this lineage have been reported in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Clonal transmission of ST358 and ST2529 S. Goldcoast have occurred not only on an international and intercontinental scale but also among clinical, environmental and livestock samples. These data indicated that international circulation and local transmission of S. Goldcoast have occurred for over a decade. Continued surveillance of multidrug-resistant S. Goldcoast from a global "One Health" perspective is urgently needed to facilitate monitoring the spread of the antimicrobial resistant high-risk clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Weifang Mao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shaoxing University Affiliated Hospital, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Jiayu Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Xianhong He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Danni Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sanmen People's Hospital, Taizhou 317199, China
| | - Meina Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Jinyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Weiwei Shen
- Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xinhua Qiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Huiqiong Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Fang He
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 314408, China
| | - Zhi Ruan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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11
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Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chatterjee R, Chakravortty D. Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:213-229. [PMID: 38071466 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi, the invasive serovar of S. enterica subspecies enterica, causes typhoid fever in healthy human hosts. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has consistently challenged the successful treatment of typhoid fever with conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is acquired either by mutations in the genomic DNA or by acquiring extrachromosomal DNA via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, Salmonella can form a subpopulation of antibiotic persistent (AP) cells that can survive at high concentrations of antibiotics. These have reduced the effectiveness of the first and second lines of antibiotics used to treat Salmonella infection. The recurrent and chronic carriage of S. Typhi in human hosts further complicates the treatment process, as a remarkable shift in the immune response from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 is observed. Recent studies have also highlighted the overlap between AP, persistent infection (PI) and AMR. These incidents have revealed several areas of research. In this review, we have put forward a timeline for the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and discussed the different mechanisms of the same availed by the pathogen at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Further, we have presented a detailed discussion on Salmonella antibiotic persistence (AP), PI, the host and bacterial virulence factors that can influence PI, and how both AP and PI can lead to AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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12
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The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2021-2022. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8583. [PMID: 38419967 PMCID: PMC10900121 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease prevention and Control, provides an overview of the main findings of the 2021-2022 harmonised Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) monitoring in Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from humans and food-producing animals (broilers, laying hens and fattening turkeys, fattening pigs and cattle under one year of age) and relevant meat thereof. For animals and meat thereof, AMR data on indicator commensal Escherichia coli, presumptive extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-/AmpC beta-lactamases (AmpC)-/carbapenemase (CP)-producing E. coli, and the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are also analysed. Generally, resistance levels differed greatly between reporting countries and antimicrobials. Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials was frequently found in Salmonella and Campylobacter isolates from humans and animals. In humans, increasing trends in resistance to one of two critically antimicrobials (CIA) for treatment was observed in poultry-associated Salmonella serovars and Campylobacter, in at least half of the reporting countries. Combined resistance to CIA was however observed at low levels except in some Salmonella serovars and in C. coli from humans and animals in some countries. While CP-producing Salmonella isolates were not detected in animals in 2021-2022, nor in 2021 for human cases, in 2022 five human cases of CP-producing Salmonella were reported (four harbouring bla OXA-48 or bla OXA-48-like genes). The reporting of a number of CP-producing E. coli isolates (harbouring bla OXA-48, bla OXA-181, bla NDM-5 and bla VIM-1 genes) in fattening pigs, cattle under 1 year of age, poultry and meat thereof by a limited number of MSs (5) in 2021 and 2022, requires a thorough follow-up. The temporal trend analyses in both key outcome indicators (rate of complete susceptibility and prevalence of ESBL-/AmpC-producers in E. coli) showed an encouraging progress in reducing AMR in food-producing animals in several EU MSs over the last 7 years.
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Aworh MK, Nilsson P, Egyir B, Owusu FA, Hendriksen RS. Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296971. [PMID: 38252613 PMCID: PMC10802957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salmonella is considered one of the most significant pathogens in public health since it is a bacterium that is frequently linked to food-borne illnesses in humans. Some Salmonella serovars are responsible for outbreaks that are connected to the consumption of animal products. Cattle are connected to humans through a shared environment and the food chain as a significant source of animal protein. In Nigeria, antimicrobial medications are easily accessible for use in food-producing animals. Abattoir environments are reservoirs of foodborne bacteria like non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS), that have become resistant to antibiotics used for prophylaxis or treatment in animals. This study investigated the prevalence and resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica serovars in abattoir employees, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS A total of 448 samples were collected from healthy personnel, slaughtered cattle, and abattoir environments between May and December 2020. Using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, the resistance profile of NTS isolates were determined. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was considered when NTS was resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes. We performed phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of all Salmonella isolates including serotyping. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Twenty-seven (6%) NTS isolates were obtained. Prevalence of NTS was highest in abattoir environments (15.5%; 9/58), followed by cattle (4.8%;13/272) and abattoir employees (4.2%; 5/118). A high prevalence of resistance was observed for gentamicin (85.2%; 23/27) and tetracycline (77.8%; 21/27). Whole-genome sequencing of 22 NTS showed dissemination of aac(6')-laa (22/22), qnrB19 (1/22), fosA7 (1/22), and tetA (1/22) genes. Serovar diversity of NTS varied with source. S. Anatum, a rare serovar predominated with a prevalence of 18.2% (4/22). Chromosomal point mutations showed ParC T57S substitution in 22 NTS analyzed. Among 22 NTS, 131 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected including insertion sequences (56.5%) and miniature inverted repeats (43.5%). Two integrating MGEs IS6 and IS21 were observed to carry the tetA gene + Incl-1 on the same contig in NTS originating from cattle. Rare serovars namely S. Abony and S. Stormont with MDR phenotypes recovered from cattle and abattoir environments were closely related with a pairwise distance of ≤5 SNPs. CONCLUSIONS First report of rare serovars in Nigeria with MDR phenotypes in humans, cattle, and abattoir environments. This study demonstrates the spread of resistance in the abattoir environment possibly by MGEs and emphasizes the importance of genomic surveillance. Beef cattle may be a risk to public health because they spread a variety of rare Salmonella serovars. Therefore, encouraging hand hygiene among abattoir employees while processing beef cattle will further reduce NTS colonization in this population. This requires a One Health collaborative effort among various stakeholders in human health, animal health, and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Kamweli Aworh
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Pernille Nilsson
- Research Group for Global Capacity Building, National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre (WHO CC) for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory (FAO RL) for Antimicrobial Resistance, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beverly Egyir
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felicia Amoa Owusu
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- Research Group for Global Capacity Building, National Food Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre (WHO CC) for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and Genomics, FAO Reference Laboratory (FAO RL) for Antimicrobial Resistance, European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (EURL-AR), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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Hsu PC, Wang YW, Chen BH, Hong YP, Teng RH, Liu PY, Chiou CS. Carbapenem resistance in extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Agona and AmpC β-lactamase-producing S. Infantis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0292223. [PMID: 37787563 PMCID: PMC10714929 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02922-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Carbapenem resistance arising from the loss of porins is commonly observed in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase-producing strains of certain Enterobacteriaceae genera, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, this resistance mechanism is rarely reported in the Salmonella genus. To address this knowledge gap, our study offers genetic evidence demonstrating that the loss of two specific porins (OmpC_378 and OmpD) is crucial for the development of carbapenem resistance in Salmonella ESBL and AmpC β-lactamase-producing strains. Furthermore, our findings reveal that most Salmonella serovars carry seven porin parathologs, with OmpC_378 and OmpD being the key porins involved in the development of carbapenem resistance in Salmonella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chun Hsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Wun Wang
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Han Chen
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hong
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Hsiou Teng
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shun Chiou
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Liao X, Deng R, Warriner K, Ding T. Antibiotic resistance mechanism and diagnosis of common foodborne pathogens based on genotypic and phenotypic biomarkers. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3212-3253. [PMID: 37222539 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the overuse or inappropriate use of antibiotics has become a significant public health concern. The agri-food chain, which serves as a vital link between the environment, food, and human, contributes to the large-scale dissemination of antibiotic resistance, posing a concern to both food safety and human health. Identification and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of foodborne bacteria is a crucial priority to avoid antibiotic abuse and ensure food safety. However, the conventional approach for detecting antibiotic resistance heavily relies on culture-based methods, which are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop accurate and rapid tools for diagnosing antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance at both phenotypic and genetic levels, with a focus on identifying potential biomarkers for diagnosing antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. Furthermore, an overview of advances in the strategies based on the potential biomarkers (antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic resistance-associated mutations, antibiotic resistance phenotypes) for antibiotic resistance analysis of foodborne pathogens is systematically exhibited. This work aims to provide guidance for the advancement of efficient and accurate diagnostic techniques for antibiotic resistance analysis in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruijie Deng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tian Ding
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Future Food Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Romanescu M, Oprean C, Lombrea A, Badescu B, Teodor A, Constantin GD, Andor M, Folescu R, Muntean D, Danciu C, Dalleur O, Batrina SL, Cretu O, Buda VO. Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens-Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119727. [PMID: 37298678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is among the 10 global health issues identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021. While AMR is a naturally occurring process, the inappropriate use of antibiotics in different settings and legislative gaps has led to its rapid progression. As a result, AMR has grown into a serious global menace that impacts not only humans but also animals and, ultimately, the entire environment. Thus, effective prophylactic measures, as well as more potent and non-toxic antimicrobial agents, are pressingly needed. The antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EOs) is supported by consistent research in the field. Although EOs have been used for centuries, they are newcomers when it comes to managing infections in clinical settings; it is mainly because methodological settings are largely non-overlapping and there are insufficient data regarding EOs' in vivo activity and toxicity. This review considers the concept of AMR and its main determinants, the modality by which the issue has been globally addressed and the potential of EOs as alternative or auxiliary therapy. The focus is shifted towards the pathogenesis, mechanism of resistance and activity of several EOs against the six high priority pathogens listed by WHO in 2017, for which new therapeutic solutions are pressingly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirabela Romanescu
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Camelia Oprean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- OncoGen Centre, County Hospital 'Pius Branzeu', Blvd. Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adelina Lombrea
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bianca Badescu
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ana Teodor
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - George D Constantin
- Doctoral School, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Minodora Andor
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Folescu
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Delia Muntean
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Corina Danciu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Olivia Dalleur
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Laurentiu Batrina
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Octavian Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valentina Oana Buda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Street, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
- Ineu City Hospital, 2 Republicii Street, 315300 Ineu, Romania
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Teklemariam AD, Al-Hindi RR, Albiheyri RS, Alharbi MG, Alghamdi MA, Filimban AAR, Al Mutiri AS, Al-Alyani AM, Alseghayer MS, Almaneea AM, Albar AH, Khormi MA, Bhunia AK. Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091756. [PMID: 37174295 PMCID: PMC10178548 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals' contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu D Teklemariam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad R Al-Hindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed S Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona G Alharbi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashail A Alghamdi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani A R Filimban
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Al Mutiri
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 12843, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Al-Alyani
- Laboratory Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Jeddah 22311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen S Alseghayer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz M Almaneea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Monitoring and Risk Assessment Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13513, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulgader H Albar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah University, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen A Khormi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82817, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arun K Bhunia
- Molecular Food Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology, and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Science Program (PULSe), West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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The Mechanisms Involved in the Fluoroquinolone Resistance of Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Humans in Poland, 2018-2019: The Prediction of Antimicrobial Genes by In Silico Whole-Genome Sequencing. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020193. [PMID: 36839465 PMCID: PMC9966331 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains the second most common zoonosis in Europe. Resistance to fluoroquinolones (FQs) in Salmonella has been increasing worldwide, with WHO considering FQ-resistant Salmonella spp. as high-priority pathogens. The aim of this study was a retrospective analysis of the molecular mechanisms of FQ resistance, detected among clinical ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica belonging to the most common serotypes. The whole genome sequences (WGS) of tested isolates were also analysed for the occurrence of other antimicrobial resistance determinants. Out of a total of 1051 Salmonella collected in the years 2018-2019, 447 strains belonging to the most common serotypes in Poland were selected were screened for FQ resistance using the pefloxacin disc test according to EUCAST recommendations. All pefloxacin-resistant isolates were confirmed as ciprofloxacin-resistant using the E-test. A total of 168 (37.6%) Salmonella enterica, which belonged to seven serotypes, were resistant to ciprofloxacin (mostly Hadar, Virchow and Newport). A hundred randomly selected Salmonella were investigated by WGS. A total of 127 QRDR mutations in GyrA and ParC were identified in 93 isolates. The qnr genes were the only PMQR determinants detected and were found in 19% of the sequenced isolates. Moreover, 19 additional resistance genes (including: bla,,tet, sul, aad, aac-, ant-, aph-, floR, cmlA) were identified among the FQ-resistant Salmonella tested that confer resistance to clinically important antibiotics such as β-lactams, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, aminoglycosides and phenicol, respectively). In conclusion, FQ resistance of human Salmonella in Poland is rising towards a critical level and needs to be tightly monitored.
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Shariati A, Arshadi M, Khosrojerdi MA, Abedinzadeh M, Ganjalishahi M, Maleki A, Heidary M, Khoshnood S. The resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and new approaches for enhancing the efficacy of this antibiotic. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1025633. [PMID: 36620240 PMCID: PMC9815622 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1025633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For around three decades, the fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic ciprofloxacin has been used to treat a range of diseases, including chronic otorrhea, endocarditis, lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal, skin and soft tissue, and urinary tract infections. Ciprofloxacin's main mode of action is to stop DNA replication by blocking the A subunit of DNA gyrase and having an extra impact on the substances in cell walls. Available in intravenous and oral formulations, ciprofloxacin reaches therapeutic concentrations in the majority of tissues and bodily fluids with a low possibility for side effects. Despite the outstanding qualities of this antibiotic, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have all shown an increase in ciprofloxacin resistance over time. The rise of infections that are resistant to ciprofloxacin shows that new pharmacological synergisms and derivatives are required. To this end, ciprofloxacin may be more effective against the biofilm community of microorganisms and multi-drug resistant isolates when combined with a variety of antibacterial agents, such as antibiotics from various classes, nanoparticles, natural products, bacteriophages, and photodynamic therapy. This review focuses on the resistance mechanisms of bacteria against ciprofloxacin and new approaches for enhancing its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Maniya Arshadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Abedinzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ganjalishahi
- Student Research Committee, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran,*Correspondence: Mohsen Heidary
| | - Saeed Khoshnood
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran,Saeed Khoshnood
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Roque-Borda CA, Bento da Silva P, Rodrigues MC, Di Filippo LD, Duarte JL, Chorilli M, Vicente EF, Garrido SS, Rogério Pavan F. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: Antimicrobial peptides as potential new drugs against WHO list of critical, high, and medium priority bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114640. [PMID: 35970075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology is a relatively unexplored area that has, nevertheless, shown relevant results in the fight against some diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biomacromolecules with potential activity against multi/extensively drug-resistant bacteria, with a lower risk of generating bacterial resistance. They can be considered an excellent biotechnological alternative to conventional drugs. However, the application of several AMPs to biological systems is hampered by their poor stability and lifetime, inactivating them completely. Therefore, nanotechnology plays an important role in the development of new AMP-based drugs, protecting and carrying the bioactive to the target. This is the first review article on the different reported nanosystems using AMPs against bacteria listed on the WHO priority list. The current shortage of information implies a nanobiotechnological potential to obtain new drugs or repurpose drugs based on the AMP-drug synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil; Universidad Católica de Santa María, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bento da Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Jonatas L Duarte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo, CEP 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Saulo Santesso Garrido
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil.
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WGS-Based Lineage and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated during 2000-2017 in Peru. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11091170. [PMID: 36139949 PMCID: PMC9495214 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11091170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is associated with foodborne diseases worldwide, including in Peru, and its emerging antibiotic resistance (AMR) is now a global public health problem. Therefore, country-specific monitoring of the AMR emergence is vital to control this pathogen, and in these aspects, whole genome sequence (WGS)—based approaches are better than gene-based analyses. Here, we performed the antimicrobial susceptibility test for ten widely used antibiotics and WGS-based various analyses of 90 S. Typhimurium isolates (human, animal, and environment) from 14 cities of Peru isolated from 2000 to 2017 to understand the lineage and antimicrobial resistance pattern of this pathogen in Peru. Our results suggest that the Peruvian isolates are of Typhimurium serovar and predominantly belong to sequence type ST19. Genomic diversity analyses indicate an open pan-genome, and at least ten lineages are circulating in Peru. A total of 48.8% and 31.0% of isolates are phenotypically and genotypically resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 12.0% are multi-drug resistant (MDR). Genotype−phenotype correlations for ten tested drugs show >80% accuracy, and >90% specificity. Sensitivity above 90% was only achieved for ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime. Two lineages exhibit the majority of the MDR isolates. A total of 63 different AMR genes are detected, of which 30 are found in 17 different plasmids. Transmissible plasmids such as lncI-gamma/k, IncI1-I(Alpha), Col(pHAD28), IncFIB, IncHI2, and lncI2 that carry AMR genes associated with third-generation antibiotics are also identified. Finally, three new non-synonymous single nucleotide variations (SNVs) for nalidixic acid and eight new SNVs for nitrofurantoin resistance are predicted using genome-wide association studies, comparative genomics, and functional annotation. Our analysis provides for the first time the WGS-based details of the circulating S. Typhimurium lineages and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in Peru.
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Ramtahal MA, Amoako DG, Ismail A, Bester L, Abia ALK, Essack SY. Salmonella Yoruba: a rare serotype revealed through genomic sequencing along the farm-to-fork continuum of an intensive poultry farm in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106620. [PMID: 35907503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen of worldwide public health importance. We characterised Salmonella isolates from poultry along the farm-to-fork continuum using whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analysis. Three multilocus sequence types (MLSTs), i.e., ST15 (1.9%), ST152 (5.9%) and ST1316 (92.2%) and three serotypes, i.e., S. Heidelberg (1.9%), Kentucky (5.9%) and Yoruba (92.2%) were detected. The rare serotype, S. Yoruba, was detected among the farm and abattoir isolates and contained resistance and virulence determinants. Resistome analysis revealed the presence of the aac(6')-Iaa gene associated with aminoglycoside resistance, a single point mutation in the parC gene associated with fluoroquinolone and quinolone resistance, and a single isolate contained the fosA7 gene responsible for fosfomycin resistance. No antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were identified for isolates phenotypically non-susceptible to azithromycin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol and nitrofurantoin and resistance was thought to be attributable to other resistance mechanisms. The fully susceptible profiles observed for the wastewater isolates suggest that the poultry environment may receive antibiotic-resistant strains and resistance determinants from poultry with the potential of becoming a pathway of Salmonella transmission along the continuum. Six plasmids were identified and were only carried by 92.2% of the S. Yoruba isolates in varying combinations. Four plasmids were common to all S. Yoruba isolates along the continuum; isolates from the litter and faeces on the farm contained two additional plasmids. Ten Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) and 177 virulence genes were identified; some were serotype-specific. Phylogenetic analysis of S. Heidelberg and Kentucky showed that isolates were related to animal and human isolates from other countries. Phylogenetic analysis among the S. Yoruba isolates revealed four clades based on the isolate sources along the farm-to-fork continuum. Although the transmission of Salmonella strains along the farm-to-fork continuum was not evident, pathogenic, resistant Salmonella present in the poultry production chain poses a food safety risk. WGS analysis can provide important information on the spread, resistance, pathogenicity, and epidemiology of isolates and new, rare or emerging Salmonella strains to develop intervention strategies to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Ramtahal
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Daniel G Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Core Sequencing Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Linda Bester
- Biomedical Research Unit, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Akebe L K Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; Environmental Research Foundation, Westville 3630, KwaZulu-Natal
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Hassan ER, Alhatami AO, Abdulwahab HM, Schneider BS. Characterization of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens. Vet World 2022; 15:1515-1522. [PMID: 35993066 PMCID: PMC9375215 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1515-1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is a public health concern. Fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum beta-lactams are widely used for the treatment of Salmonella infections. This study focused on the detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica isolated from broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 non-typhoidal S. enterica isolates were collected from 28 broiler chicken farms in four Iraqi Governorates. These isolates were examined for their susceptibility to 10 antimicrobial agents by disk-diffusion method followed by polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of PMQR determinants and ESBLs genes. Results: Salmonella strains revealed high levels of resistance to the following antibiotics: Nalidixic acid 100%, levofloxacin (LEV) 97.5%, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 95.0%, tetracycline 92.5%, and nitrofurantoin 80.0%. Otherwise, all isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. All isolates were MDR, with 15 different profiles observed. Among 38 amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates, 20 (52.6%) had the blaTEM gene, while blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaOXA genes were not detected. Only 5 (12.8%) out of 39 LEV-resistant isolates were positive for qnrB, three of which had blaTEM. No qnrC or qnrD, qnrS, aac(6`)-Ib-cr, qunA, and oqxAB genes were found in any of the tested isolates. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that broiler chickens may be considered a potential source for spreading MDR non-typhoidal Salmonella and ESBL traits in poultry production. Therefore, it is important to continuously monitor ESBL and PMQR genes to avoid the spread of resistant strains in the food chain and impact public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa Razzaq Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Abdullah O. Alhatami
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
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Antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic profiling of Salmonella enterica from bloodstream infections at a tertiary referral hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, 2018–2019. IJID REGIONS 2022; 3:248-255. [PMID: 35755477 PMCID: PMC9216281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Typhi found to be most prevalent, with genetic diversity Low prevalence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections Salmonella enterica Typhimurium isolated, belonging to serotype 313 High prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains Emergence of fluoroquinolone and cephalosporin resistance
Objectives This study investigated antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic profiling of S. enterica isolated from bloodstream infections at a tertiary referral hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, 2018–2019. Method This was a prospective hospital-based study involving routine blood culture samples submitted to the microbiology laboratory at the University Teaching Hospital. Identification of S. enterica and determination of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles was achieved through conventional and automated methods. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was conducted, and the sequence data outputs were processed for species identification, serotype determination, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profile determination, identification of antimicrobial resistance determinants, and phylogeny. Results Seventy-six Salmonella enterica were isolated and 64 isolates underwent WGS. Salmonella Typhi (72%) was the most prevalent serotype. Notable was the occurrence of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 (3%), resistance to cephalosporins (4%) and ciprofloxacin (5%), multidrug resistance (46%), and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (30%) and imipenem (3%). Phylogenetic cluster analysis showed multiple Salmonella serovars with a wide range of genetic diversity. Conclusion The genetic diversity of Salmonella Typhi, high prevalence of multidrug resistance, and the emergence of ciprofloxacin and cephalosporin resistance warrants improved hygiene and water and sanitation provision, continued surveillance to apprise antibiograms and inform policy, and the introduction of the typhoid conjugate vaccine.
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Droplet Digital PCR-Based Detection and Quantification of GyrA Thr-86-Ile Mutation Based Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0276921. [PMID: 35412390 PMCID: PMC9045142 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02769-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Campylobacter jejuni is a serious problem worldwide that limits effective treatment of infections. The traditional detection method depends on bacterial isolation and MIC testing, or traditional PCR, which is time-consuming and hard to identify the FQ-resistant C. jejuni in a high abundance wild-type background. This study aimed to develop a rapid and accurate ddPCR assay to detect FQ-resistant C. jejuni mutants based on the crucial resistance mutation C257T (Thr-86-Ile) in gyrA. Our ddPCR gyrA assay showed high specificity and accuracy. Sanger sequencing and the qPCR assay could only recognize gyrA mutant sequences when the ratios of wild-type/mutant were 1:1 or 10:1, respectively. Our ddPCR gyrA assay was able to detect gyrA mutant sequences in the mixtures with up to at least 1000:1 wild-type/mutant ratios, which suggested a significant advantage to distinguish the low mutant signal from the wild-type background. We further monitored the occurrence of gyrA mutations under ciprofloxacin pressure using our ddPCR gyrA assay, and clearly showed that the transition of a dominant C. jejuni subpopulation from wild-type to gyrA C257T mutant, resulting in FQ-resistance. We tested 52 samples from live chickens and retail chicken meat and showed that four samples contained wild-type/mutant mixtures comprising 1.7%, 28.6%, 53.3%, and 87.0% gyrA C257T mutants, respectively. These results demonstrated that the ddPCR gyrA assay was a highly sensitive alternative method to distinguish and quantify FQ-resistant C. jejuni infections that could help guide the appropriate use of FQs in clinical practice. IMPORTANCECampylobacter jejuni is considered to be the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and fluoroquinolones (FQs) are the main choices for the treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis in clinical practice. In theory, antimicrobial susceptibility testing should help us to choose the most appropriate drugs for the treatment. However, to test the susceptibility of C. jejuni to FQs, the standardized method is bacteria isolation and MIC measurement, which will take more than 4 days. In addition, a low abundance of FQ-resistant C. jejuni is also hardly distinguished from a high abundance of wild-type background in the mixed infection. Therefore, the development of rapid and accurate detection technology for FQ-resistant C. jejuni is very important. This study provided a ddPCR gyrA assay, which is a highly sensitive alternative method to distinguish and quantify FQ-resistant C. jejuni infections that may help guide the appropriate use of FQs both in veterinary and human clinical practice.
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Chen CM, Tang HL, Ke SC, Lin YP, Lu MC, Lai YC, Chen BH, Wang YW, Teng RH, Chiou CS. A nosocomial salmonellosis outbreak caused by blaOXA-48-carrying extensively drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Goldcoast in a hospital respiratory care ward in Taiwan. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 29:331-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:1611-1616. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Zhan L, Zhang J, Zhao B, Li X, Zhang X, Hu R, Elken EM, Kong L, Gao Y. Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Bovine Pasteurella multocida Serogroup A Strain Reveals Insights Into Virulence Attenuation. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:765495. [PMID: 34859092 PMCID: PMC8631534 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.765495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is one of the primary pathogens of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and causes huge losses in the cattle industry. The Pm3 strain was a natural isolate, which is a strong form of pathogen and is sensitive to fluoroquinolones antibiotics. A high fluoroquinolone resistant strain, Pm64 (MIC = 64 μg/mL), was formed after continuous induction with subinhibitory concentration (1/2 MIC) of enrofloxacin, with the enhanced growth characteristics and large attenuation of pathogenicity in mice. This study reports the whole genome sequence and the transcription profile by RNA-Seq of strain Pm3/Pm64. The results showed an ineffective difference between the two strains at the genome level. However, 32 genes could be recognized in the gene islands (GIs) of Pm64, in which 24 genes were added and 8 genes were lost. Those genes are involved in DNA binding, trehalose metabolism, material transportation, capsule synthesis, prophage, amino acid metabolism, and other functions. In Pm3 strain, 558 up-regulated and 568 down-regulated genes were found compared to Pm64 strain, from which 20 virulence factor-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Mainly differentially transcribed genes were associated with capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipooligosaccharide (LOS). Iron utilization, and biofilm composition. We speculated that the main mechanism of virulence attenuation after the formation of resistance of Pm64 comes from the change of the expression profile of these genes. This report elucidated the toxicity targets of P. multocida serogroup A which provide fundamental information toward the understanding of the pathogenic mechanism and to decreasing antimicrobial drugs resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Boyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xintian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiqing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Renge Hu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Emad Mohammed Elken
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lingcong Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Abd El-Aziz NK, Tartor YH, Gharieb RMA, Erfan AM, Khalifa E, Said MA, Ammar AM, Samir M. Extensive Drug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolated From Poultry and Humans: Prevalence and Molecular Determinants Behind the Co-resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Tigecycline. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:738784. [PMID: 34899627 PMCID: PMC8660588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extensive drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella in livestock animals especially in poultry represents a serious public health and therapeutic challenge. Despite the wealth of information available on Salmonella resistance to various antimicrobials, there have been limited data on the genetic determinants of XDR Salmonella exhibiting co-resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tigecycline (TIG). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and serotype diversity of XDR Salmonella in poultry flocks and contact workers and to elucidate the genetic determinants involved in the co-resistance to CIP and TIG. Herein, 115 Salmonella enterica isolates of 35 serotypes were identified from sampled poultry (100/1210, 8.26%) and humans (15/375, 4.00%), with the most frequent serotype being Salmonella Typhimurium (26.96%). Twenty-nine (25.22%) Salmonella enterica isolates exhibited XDR patterns; 25 out of them (86.21%) showed CIP/TIG co-resistance. Exposure of CIP- and TIG-resistant isolates to the carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) efflux pump inhibitor resulted in an obvious reduction in their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values and restored the susceptibility to CIP and TIG in 17.24% (5/29) and 92% (23/25) of the isolates, respectively. Molecular analysis revealed that 89.66% of the isolates contained two to six plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes with the predominance of qepA gene (89.66%). Mutations in the gyrA gene were detected at codon S83 (34.62%) or D87 (30.77%) or both (34.62%) in 89.66% of XDR Salmonella. The tet(A) and tet(X4) genes were detected in 100% and 3.45% of the XDR isolates, respectively. Twelve TIG-resistant XDR Salmonella had point mutations at codons 120, 121, and 181 in the tet(A) interdomain loop region. All CIP and TIG co-resistant XDR Salmonella overexpressed ramA gene; 17 (68%) out of them harbored 4-bp deletion in the ramR binding region (T-288/A-285). However, four CIP/TIG co-resistant isolates overexpressed the oqxB gene. In conclusion, the emergence of XDR S. enterica exhibiting CIP/TIG co-resistance in poultry and humans with no previous exposure to TIG warrants an urgent need to reduce the unnecessary antimicrobial use in poultry farms in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan K. Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H. Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. A. Gharieb
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Samir
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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30
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Genotypic Diversity of Ciprofloxacin Nonsusceptibility and Its Relationship with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Clinical Isolates in Taiwan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111383. [PMID: 34827321 PMCID: PMC8614936 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the genetic diversity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) nonsusceptibility and the relationship between two major mechanisms and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CIP in nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS). Chromosomal mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were searched from ResFinder, ARG-ANNOT, and PubMed for designing the sequencing regions in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and the 13 polymerase chain reactions for PMQR genes. We found that QRDR mutations were detected in gyrA (82.1%), parC (59.0%), and parE (20.5%) but not in gyrB among the 39 isolates. Five of the 13 PMQR genes were identified, including oqxA (28.2%), oqxB (28.2%), qnrS (18.0%), aac(6′)-Ib-cr (10.3%), and qnrB (5.1%), which correlated with the MICs of CIP within 0.25–2 μg/mL, and it was found that oxqAB contributed more than qnr genes to increase the MICs. All the isolates contained either QRDR mutations (53.8%), PMQR genes (15.4%), or both (30.8%). QRDR mutations (84.6%) were more commonly detected than PMQR genes (46.2%). QRDR mutation numbers were significantly associated with MICs (p < 0.001). Double mutations in gyrA and parC determined high CIP resistance (MICs ≥ 4 μg/mL). PMQR genes contributed to intermediate to low CIP resistance (MICs 0.25–2 μg/mL), thus providing insights into mechanisms underlying CIP resistance.
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