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Scalia F, Culletta G, Barreca M, Caruso Bavisotto C, Bivacqua R, D'Amico G, Alberti G, Spanò V, Tutone M, Almerico AM, Cappello F, Montalbano A, Barraja P. Chaperoning system: Intriguing target to modulate the expression of CFTR in cystic fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 278:116809. [PMID: 39226706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The correction of protein folding is fundamental for cellular functionality and its failure can lead to severe diseases. In this context, molecular chaperones are crucial players involved in the tricky process of assisting in protein folding, stabilization, and degradation. Chaperones, such as heat shock proteins (HSP) 90, 70, and 60, operate within complex systems, interacting with co-chaperones both to prevent protein misfolding and direct to the correct folding. Chaperone targeting drugs could represent a challenging approach for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, encoding for the CFTR chloride channel. In this review, we discuss the potential role of molecular chaperones as proteostasis modulators affecting CFTR biogenesis. In particular, we focused on HSP90 and HSP70, for their key role in CFTR folding and trafficking, as well as on HSP60 for its involvement in the inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scalia
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Culletta
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), via Michele Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Bivacqua
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa D'Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusi Alberti
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Tutone
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Almerico
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), via Michele Miraglia 20, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Felipe Perez R, Mochi G, Khan A, Woodford M. Mitochondrial Chaperone Code: Just warming up. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:483-496. [PMID: 38763405 PMCID: PMC11153887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 99% of the mitochondrial proteome is encoded by the nucleus and requires refolding following import. Therefore, mitochondrial proteins require the coordinated action of molecular chaperones for their folding and activation. Several heat shock protein (Hsp) molecular chaperones, including members of the Hsp27, Hsp40/70, and Hsp90 families, as well as the chaperonin complex Hsp60/10 have an established role in mitochondrial protein import and folding. The "Chaperone Code" describes the regulation of chaperone activity by dynamic post-translational modifications; however, little is known about the post-translational regulation of mitochondrial chaperones. Dissecting the regulation of chaperone function is essential for understanding their differential regulation in pathogenic conditions and the potential development of efficacious therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize the recent literature on post-translational regulation of mitochondrial chaperones, the consequences for mitochondrial function, and potential implications for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Felipe Perez
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gianna Mochi
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Ariba Khan
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark Woodford
- Department of Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Upstate Cancer Center, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Singh MK, Shin Y, Han S, Ha J, Tiwari PK, Kim SS, Kang I. Molecular Chaperonin HSP60: Current Understanding and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5483. [PMID: 38791521 PMCID: PMC11121636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are highly conserved across evolution and play a crucial role in preserving protein homeostasis. The 60 kDa heat shock protein (HSP60), also referred to as chaperonin 60 (Cpn60), resides within mitochondria and is involved in maintaining the organelle's proteome integrity and homeostasis. The HSP60 family, encompassing Cpn60, plays diverse roles in cellular processes, including protein folding, cell signaling, and managing high-temperature stress. In prokaryotes, HSP60 is well understood as a GroEL/GroES complex, which forms a double-ring cavity and aids in protein folding. In eukaryotes, HSP60 is implicated in numerous biological functions, like facilitating the folding of native proteins and influencing disease and development processes. Notably, research highlights its critical involvement in sustaining oxidative stress and preserving mitochondrial integrity. HSP60 perturbation results in the loss of the mitochondria integrity and activates apoptosis. Currently, numerous clinical investigations are in progress to explore targeting HSP60 both in vivo and in vitro across various disease models. These studies aim to enhance our comprehension of disease mechanisms and potentially harness HSP60 as a therapeutic target for various conditions, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. This review delves into the diverse functions of HSP60 in regulating proteo-homeostasis, oxidative stress, ROS, apoptosis, and its implications in diseases like cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.H.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Centre for Genomics, SOS Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India;
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.H.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.H.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.H.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Pramod K. Tiwari
- Centre for Genomics, SOS Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India;
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.H.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.K.S.); (Y.S.); (S.H.); (J.H.)
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Kunachowicz D, Król-Kulikowska M, Raczycka W, Sleziak J, Błażejewska M, Kulbacka J. Heat Shock Proteins, a Double-Edged Sword: Significance in Cancer Progression, Chemotherapy Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1500. [PMID: 38672583 PMCID: PMC11048091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in one of the adaptive mechanisms protecting cells against environmental and metabolic stress. Moreover, the large role of these proteins in the carcinogenesis process, as well as in chemoresistance, was noticed. This review aims to draw attention to the possibilities of using Hsps in developing new cancer therapy methods, as well as to indicate directions for future research on this topic. In order to discuss this matter, a thorough review of the latest scientific literature was carried out, taking into account the importance of selected proteins from the Hsp family, including Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp110. One of the more characteristic features of all Hsps is that they play a multifaceted role in cancer progression, which makes them an obvious target for modern anticancer therapy. Some researchers emphasize the importance of directly inhibiting the action of these proteins. In turn, others point to their possible use in the design of cancer vaccines, which would work by inducing an immune response in various types of cancer. Due to these possibilities, it is believed that the use of Hsps may contribute to the progress of oncoimmunology, and thus help in the development of modern anticancer therapies, which would be characterized by higher effectiveness and lower toxicity to the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kunachowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.K.); (M.K.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Król-Kulikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.K.); (M.K.-K.)
| | - Wiktoria Raczycka
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.R.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Jakub Sleziak
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.R.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Marta Błażejewska
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.R.); (J.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Bioelectrochemistry, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine Santariškių g. 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- DIVE IN AI, 53-307 Wroclaw, Poland
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Lechuga S, Marino-Melendez A, Naydenov NG, Zafar A, Braga-Neto MB, Ivanov AI. Regulation of Epithelial and Endothelial Barriers by Molecular Chaperones. Cells 2024; 13:370. [PMID: 38474334 PMCID: PMC10931179 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The integrity and permeability of epithelial and endothelial barriers depend on the formation of tight junctions, adherens junctions, and a junction-associated cytoskeleton. The establishment of this junction-cytoskeletal module relies on the correct folding and oligomerization of its protein components. Molecular chaperones are known regulators of protein folding and complex formation in different cellular compartments. Mammalian cells possess an elaborate chaperone network consisting of several hundred chaperones and co-chaperones. Only a small part of this network has been linked, however, to the regulation of intercellular adhesions, and the systematic analysis of chaperone functions at epithelial and endothelial barriers is lacking. This review describes the functions and mechanisms of the chaperone-assisted regulation of intercellular junctions. The major focus of this review is on heat shock protein chaperones, their co-chaperones, and chaperonins since these molecules are the focus of the majority of the articles published on the chaperone-mediated control of tissue barriers. This review discusses the roles of chaperones in the regulation of the steady-state integrity of epithelial and vascular barriers as well as the disruption of these barriers by pathogenic factors and extracellular stressors. Since cytoskeletal coupling is essential for junctional integrity and remodeling, chaperone-assisted assembly of the actomyosin cytoskeleton is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (S.L.); (A.M.-M.); (N.G.N.); (A.Z.); (M.B.B.-N.)
| | - Armando Marino-Melendez
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (S.L.); (A.M.-M.); (N.G.N.); (A.Z.); (M.B.B.-N.)
| | - Nayden G. Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (S.L.); (A.M.-M.); (N.G.N.); (A.Z.); (M.B.B.-N.)
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (S.L.); (A.M.-M.); (N.G.N.); (A.Z.); (M.B.B.-N.)
| | - Manuel B. Braga-Neto
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (S.L.); (A.M.-M.); (N.G.N.); (A.Z.); (M.B.B.-N.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Andrei I. Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (S.L.); (A.M.-M.); (N.G.N.); (A.Z.); (M.B.B.-N.)
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6
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Lai MC, Cheng HY, Lew SH, Chen YA, Yu CH, Lin HY, Lin SM. Crystal structures of dimeric and heptameric mtHsp60 reveal the mechanism of chaperonin inactivation. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201753. [PMID: 36973006 PMCID: PMC10053435 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Hsp60 (mtHsp60) plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper folding of proteins in the mitochondria. mtHsp60 self-assembles into a ring-shaped heptamer, which can further form a double-ring tetradecamer in the presence of ATP and mtHsp10. However, mtHsp60 tends to dissociate in vitro, unlike its prokaryotic homologue, GroEL. The molecular structure of dissociated mtHsp60 and the mechanism behind its dissociation remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Epinephelus coioides mtHsp60 (EcHsp60) can form a dimeric structure with inactive ATPase activity. The crystal structure of this dimer reveals symmetrical subunit interactions and a rearranged equatorial domain. The α4 helix of each subunit extends and interacts with its adjacent subunit, leading to the disruption of the ATP-binding pocket. Furthermore, an RLK motif in the apical domain contributes to stabilizing the dimeric complex. These structural and biochemical findings provide new insights into the conformational transitions and functional regulation of this ancient chaperonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Cheng Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Cheng
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Hong Lew
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-You Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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7
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Provenzano A, Passantino R, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, San Biagio PL, Bulone D. Oligomeric State and Holding Activity of Hsp60. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097847. [PMID: 37175554 PMCID: PMC10177986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to its bacterial homolog GroEL, Hsp60 in oligomeric conformation is known to work as a folding machine, with the assistance of co-chaperonin Hsp10 and ATP. However, recent results have evidenced that Hsp60 can stabilize aggregation-prone molecules in the absence of Hsp10 and ATP by a different, "holding-like" mechanism. Here, we investigated the relationship between the oligomeric conformation of Hsp60 and its ability to inhibit fibrillization of the Ab40 peptide. The monomeric or tetradecameric form of the protein was isolated, and its effect on beta-amyloid aggregation was separately tested. The structural stability of the two forms of Hsp60 was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), light scattering, and circular dichroism. The results showed that the protein in monomeric form is less stable, but more effective against amyloid fibrillization. This greater functionality is attributed to the disordered nature of the domains involved in subunit contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessia Provenzano
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Passantino
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Bulone
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 90146 Palermo, Italy
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Marchenkov V, Ivashina T, Marchenko N, Ryabova N, Selivanova O, Timchenko A, Kihara H, Ksenzenko V, Semisotnov G. In Vivo Incorporation of Photoproteins into GroEL Chaperonin Retaining Major Structural and Functional Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041901. [PMID: 36838891 PMCID: PMC9965216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of photoproteins into proteins of interest allows the study of either their localization or intermolecular interactions in the cell. Here we demonstrate the possibility of in vivo incorporating the photoprotein Aequorea victoria enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or Gaussia princeps luciferase (GLuc) into the tetradecameric quaternary structure of GroEL chaperonin and describe some physicochemical properties of the labeled chaperonin. Using size-exclusion and affinity chromatography, electrophoresis, fluorescent and electron transmission microscopy (ETM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), we show the following: (i) The GroEL14-EGFP is evenly distributed within normally divided E. coli cells, while gigantic undivided cells are characterized by the uneven distribution of the labeled GroEL14 which is mainly localized close to the cellular periplasm; (ii) EGFP and likely GLuc are located within the inner cavity of one of the two GroEL chaperonin rings and do not essentially influence the protein oligomeric structure; (iii) GroEL14 containing either EGFP or GLuc is capable of interacting with non-native proteins and the cochaperonin GroES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Marchenkov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Tanya Ivashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5 Prospect Nauki, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Natalia Marchenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Natalya Ryabova
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Olga Selivanova
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexander Timchenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Kihara
- Department of Physics, Kansai Medical University, Shin-Machi 2-5-1, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Vladimir Ksenzenko
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Gennady Semisotnov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Institutskaya St., 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(496)-731-8409
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9
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Noori L, Filip K, Nazmara Z, Mahakizadeh S, Hassanzadeh G, Caruso Bavisotto C, Bucchieri F, Marino Gammazza A, Cappello F, Wnuk M, Scalia F. Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Molecular Chaperones in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders of the CNS. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:927. [PMID: 36674442 PMCID: PMC9861359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of misfolded proteins that form amyloid deposits which possess prion-like behavior such as self-replication, intercellular transmission, and consequent induction of native forms of the same protein in surrounding cells. The distribution of the accumulated proteins and their correlated toxicity seem to be involved in the progression of nervous system degeneration. Molecular chaperones are known to maintain proteostasis, contribute to protein refolding to protect their function, and eliminate fatally misfolded proteins, prohibiting harmful effects. However, chaperone network efficiency declines during aging, prompting the onset and the development of neurological disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny membranous structures produced by a wide range of cells under physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting their significant role in fundamental processes particularly in cellular communication. They modulate the behavior of nearby and distant cells through their biological cargo. In the pathological context, EVs transport disease-causing entities, including prions, α-syn, and tau, helping to spread damage to non-affected areas and accelerating the progression of neurodegeneration. However, EVs are considered effective for delivering therapeutic factors to the nervous system, since they are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are involved in the transportation of a variety of cellular entities. Here, we review the neurodegeneration process caused mainly by the inefficiency of chaperone systems as well as EV performance in neuropathies, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and a promising EV-based therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Noori
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Kamila Filip
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Zohreh Nazmara
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Simin Mahakizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Federica Scalia
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
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10
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Domínguez-Horta MDC, Serrano-Díaz A, Hernández-Cedeño M, Martínez-Donato G, Guillén-Nieto G. A peptide derived from HSP60 reduces proinflammatory cytokines and soluble mediators: a therapeutic approach to inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162739. [PMID: 37187739 PMCID: PMC10179499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are secretion proteins that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. They are crucial in the progress of acute inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity. In fact, the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines has been widely tested in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some of these inhibitors have been used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients to improve survival rates. However, controlling the extent of inflammation with cytokine inhibitors is still a challenge because these molecules are redundant and pleiotropic. Here we review a novel therapeutic approach based on the use of the HSP60-derived Altered Peptide Ligand (APL) designed for RA and repositioned for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammation. HSP60 is a molecular chaperone found in all cells. It is involved in a wide diversity of cellular events including protein folding and trafficking. HSP60 concentration increases during cellular stress, for example inflammation. This protein has a dual role in immunity. Some HSP60-derived soluble epitopes induce inflammation, while others are immunoregulatory. Our HSP60-derived APL decreases the concentration of cytokines and induces the increase of FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in various experimental systems. Furthermore, it decreases several cytokines and soluble mediators that are raised in RA, as well as decreases the excessive inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2. This approach can be extended to other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Carmen Domínguez-Horta
- Autoimmunity Project, Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- Physiology Department, Latin American School of Medicine, Havana, Cuba
- *Correspondence: Maria del Carmen Domínguez-Horta,
| | - Anabel Serrano-Díaz
- Autoimmunity Project, Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mabel Hernández-Cedeño
- Autoimmunity Project, Pharmaceutical Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gillian Martínez-Donato
- Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén-Nieto
- Physiology Department, Latin American School of Medicine, Havana, Cuba
- Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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11
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Tikhonova EB, Gutierrez Guarnizo SA, Kellogg MK, Karamyshev A, Dozmorov IM, Karamysheva ZN, Karamyshev AL. Defective Human SRP Induces Protein Quality Control and Triggers Stress Response. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167832. [PMID: 36210597 PMCID: PMC10024925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of Aberrant Protein Production (RAPP) is a protein quality control in mammalian cells. RAPP degrades mRNAs of nascent proteins not able to associate with their natural interacting partners during synthesis at the ribosome. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the pathway, its substrates, or its specificity. The Signal Recognition Particle (SRP) is the first interacting partner for secretory proteins. It recognizes signal sequences of the nascent polypeptides when they are exposed from the ribosomal exit tunnel. Here, we reveal the generality of the RAPP pathway on the whole transcriptome level through depletion of human SRP54, an SRP subunit. This depletion triggers RAPP and leads to decreased expression of the mRNAs encoding a number of secretory and membrane proteins. The loss of SRP54 also leads to the dramatic upregulation of a specific network of HSP70/40/90 chaperones (HSPA1A, DNAJB1, HSP90AA1, and others), increased ribosome associated ubiquitination, and change in expression of RPS27 and RPS27L suggesting ribosome rearrangement. These results demonstrate the complex nature of defects in protein trafficking, mRNA and protein quality control, and provide better understanding of their mechanisms at the ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena B Tikhonova
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | | | - Morgana K Kellogg
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Alexander Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Igor M Dozmorov
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Andrey L Karamyshev
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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12
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Hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG13 mutation increases structural stability and ATPase activity of human mitochondrial chaperonin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18321. [PMID: 36316435 PMCID: PMC9622745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial chaperonin mHsp60 is broadly associated with various human health conditions and the V72I mutation in mHsp60 causes a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a neurodegenerative disease. The main function of mHsp60 is to assist folding of mitochondrial proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. In this study, we unexpectedly found that mutant mHsp60V72I was more stable structurally and more active in the ATPase activity than the wildtype. Analysis of our recently solved cryo-EM structure of mHsp60 revealed allosteric roles of V72I in structural stability and ATPase activity, which were supported by studies including those using the V72A mutation. Despite with the increases in structural stability and ATPase activity, mHsp60V72I was less efficient in folding malate dehydrogenase, a putative mHsp60 substrate protein in mitochondria and also commonly used in chaperonin studies. In addition, although mHsp60V72I along with its cochaperonin mHsp10 was able to substitute the E. coli chaperonin system in supporting cell growth under normal temperature of 37 °C, it was unable under heat shock temperature of 42 °C. Our results support the importance of structural dynamics and an optimal ATP turnover that mHsp60 has evolved for its function and physiology. We propose that unproductive energy utilization, or hyperactive ATPase activity and compromised folding function, not mutually exclusive, are responsible for the V72I pathology in neurodegenerative disease.
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13
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Lakhotia SC. Delayed discovery of Hsp60 and subsequent characterization of moonlighting functions of multiple Hsp60 genes in Drosophila: a personal historical perspective. J Genet 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-022-01389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Sokolova OS, Pichkur EB, Maslova ES, Kurochkina LP, Semenyuk PI, Konarev PV, Samygina VR, Stanishneva-Konovalova TB. Local Flexibility of a New Single-Ring Chaperonin Encoded by Bacteriophage AR9 Bacillus subtilis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102347. [PMID: 36289609 PMCID: PMC9598537 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperonins, a family of molecular chaperones, assist protein folding in all domains of life. They are classified into two groups: bacterial variants and those present in endosymbiotic organelles of eukaryotes belong to group I, while group II includes chaperonins from the cytosol of archaea and eukaryotes. Recently, chaperonins of a prospective new group were discovered in giant bacteriophages; however, structures have been determined for only two of them. Here, using cryo-EM, we resolved a structure of a new chaperonin encoded by gene 228 of phage AR9 B. subtilis. This structure has similarities and differences with members of both groups, as well as with other known phage chaperonins, which further proves their diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Sokolova
- Faculty of Biology, MSU-BIT Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Evgeny B. Pichkur
- Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Lidia P. Kurochkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel I. Semenyuk
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr V. Konarev
- Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”, RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya R. Samygina
- Complex of NBICS Technologies, National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123098 Moscow, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics”, RAS, 119333 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Tang Y, Zhou Y, Fan S, Wen Q. The Multiple Roles and Therapeutic Potential of HSP60 in Cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Pizzo F, Mangione MR, Librizzi F, Manno M, Martorana V, Noto R, Vilasi S. The Possible Role of the Type I Chaperonins in Human Insulin Self-Association. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030448. [PMID: 35330199 PMCID: PMC8949404 DOI: 10.3390/life12030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a hormone that attends to energy metabolism by regulating glucose levels in the bloodstream. It is synthesised within pancreas beta-cells where, before being released into the serum, it is stored in granules as hexamers coordinated by Zn2+ and further packaged in microcrystalline structures. The group I chaperonin cpn60, known for its assembly-assisting function, is present, together with its cochaperonin cpn10, at each step of the insulin secretory pathway. However, the exact function of the heat shock protein in insulin biosynthesis and processing is still far from being understood. Here we explore the possibility that the molecular machine cpn60/cpn10 could have a role in insulin hexameric assembly and its further crystallization. Moreover, we also evaluate their potential protective effect in pathological insulin aggregation. The experiments performed with the cpn60 bacterial homologue, GroEL, in complex with its cochaperonin GroES, by using spectroscopic methods, microscopy and hydrodynamic techniques, reveal that the chaperonins in vitro favour insulin hexameric organisation and inhibit its aberrant aggregation. These results provide new details in the field of insulin assembly and its related disorders.
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17
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Bahr T, Katuri J, Liang T, Bai Y. Mitochondrial chaperones in human health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:363-374. [PMID: 34780988 PMCID: PMC8893670 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a family of proteins that maintain cellular protein homeostasis through non-covalent peptide folding and quality control mechanisms. The chaperone proteins found within mitochondria play significant protective roles in mitochondrial biogenesis, quality control, and stress response mechanisms. Defective mitochondrial chaperones have been implicated in aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer. In this review, we focus on the two most prominent mitochondrial chaperones: mtHsp60 and mtHsp70. These proteins demonstrate different cellular localization patterns, interact with different targets, and have different functional activities. We discuss the structure and function of these prominent mitochondrial chaperone proteins and give an update on newly discovered regulatory mechanisms and disease implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bahr
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Joshua Katuri
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Ting Liang
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yidong Bai
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy University of Texas Health San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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18
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Kurochkina LP, Semenyuk PI, Sokolova OS. Structural and Functional Features of Viral Chaperonins. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1-9. [PMID: 35491019 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chaperonins provide proper folding of proteins in vivo and in vitro and, as was thought until recently, are characteristic of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. However, it turned out that some bacteria viruses (bacteriophages) encode their own chaperonins. This review presents results of the investigations of the first representatives of this new chaperonin group: the double-ring EL chaperonin and the single-ring OBP and AR9 chaperonins. Biochemical properties and structure of the phage chaperonins were compared within the group and with other known group I and group II chaperonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia P Kurochkina
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Pavel I Semenyuk
- Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olga S Sokolova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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19
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Structural Alternation in Heat Shock Proteins of Activated Macrophages. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123507. [PMID: 34944015 PMCID: PMC8700196 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response of macrophages is an orderly and complex process under strict regulation accompanied by drastic changes in morphology and functions. It is predicted that proteins will undergo structural changes during these finely regulated processes. However, changes in structural proteome in macrophages during the inflammatory response remain poorly characterized. In the present study, we applied limited proteolysis coupled mass spectrometry (LiP-MS) to identify proteome-wide structural changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. We identified 386 structure-specific proteolytic fingerprints from 230 proteins. Using the Gene Ontology (GO) biological process enrichment, we discovered that proteins with altered structures were enriched into protein folding-related terms, in which HSP60 was ranked as the most changed protein. We verified the structural changes in HSP60 by using cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and native CETSA. Our results showed that the thermal stability of HSP60 was enhanced in activated macrophages and formed an HSP10-less complex. In conclusion, we demonstrate that in situ structural systems biology is an effective method to characterize proteomic structural changes and reveal that the structures of chaperone proteins vary significantly during macrophage activation.
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20
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Marino Gammazza A, Campanella C, Bucchieri F, Cappello F. Extracellular heat shock proteins in cancer: From early diagnosis to new therapeutic approach. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:36-45. [PMID: 34563652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In cancer, human cells lose the ability to properly control the series of events that occur constantly during cell growth and division, including protein expression, stability, and dynamics. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are key molecules in these events, constitutively expressed at high levels and could furthermore be induced by the response to cancer-induced stress. In tumor cells, Hsps have been shown to be implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, immune responses, angiogenesis and metastasis; in some cases, they can be overexpressed and dysregulated, representing important cancer hallmarks. In the past few years, it has been demonstrated that Hsps can be released by tumor cells through several secreting pathways, including the extracellular vesicles (EVs), thus modulating the tumor microenvironment as well as long-distance intercellular communication and metastatization. In this review, we discuss the role of extracellular Hsps in cancer, with a particular interest in Hsps in EVs. We would also like to highlight the importance of fully understanding of the role of extracellular Hsps released by EVs and encourage further research in this field the use of Hsps as early cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), Institute of Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.
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21
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Malik JA, Lone R. Heat shock proteins with an emphasis on HSP 60. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6959-6969. [PMID: 34498161 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06676-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock phenomenon is a process by which cells express a set of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs) against heat stress. HSPs include several families depending upon the molecular weight of the respective protein. Among the different HSPs, The HSP60 is one of the main components representing the framework of chaperone system. HSP60 plays a myriad number of roles like chaperoning, thermotolerance, apoptosis, cancer, immunology and embryonic development. In this review we discussed briefly the general knowledge and focussed on HSP60 in terms of structure, regulation and function in various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid Ahmad Malik
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rafiq Lone
- Department of Botany, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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22
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Structural basis for the structural dynamics of human mitochondrial chaperonin mHsp60. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14809. [PMID: 34285302 PMCID: PMC8292379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mitochondrial chaperonin mHsp60 is essential for mitochondrial function by assisting folding of mitochondrial proteins. Unlike the double-ring bacterial GroEL, mHsp60 exists as a heptameric ring that is unstable and dissociates to subunits. The structural dynamics has been implicated for a unique mechanism of mHsp60. We purified active heptameric mHsp60, and determined a cryo-EM structure of mHsp60 heptamer at 3.4 Å. Of the three domains, the equatorial domains contribute most to the inter-subunit interactions, which include a four-stranded β sheet. Our structural comparison with GroEL shows that mHsp60 contains several unique sequences that directly decrease the sidechain interactions around the β sheet and indirectly shorten β strands by disengaging the backbones of the flanking residues from hydrogen bonding in the β strand conformation. The decreased inter-subunit interactions result in a small inter-subunit interface in mHsp60 compared to GroEL, providing a structural basis for the dynamics of mHsp60 subunit association. Importantly, the unique sequences are conserved among higher eukaryotic mitochondrial chaperonins, suggesting the importance of structural dynamics for eukaryotic chaperonins. Our structural comparison with the single-ring mHsp60-mHsp10 shows that upon mHsp10 binding the shortened inter-subunit β sheet is restored and the overall inter-subunit interface of mHsp60 increases drastically. Our structural basis for the mHsp10 induced stabilization of mHsp60 subunit interaction is consistent with the literature that mHsp10 stabilizes mHsp60 quaternary structure. Together, our studies provide structural bases for structural dynamics of the mHsp60 heptamer and for the stabilizing effect of mHsp10 on mHsp60 subunit association.
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23
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Aminian AR, Forouzanfar F. Interplay between Heat Shock Proteins, Inflammation, and Pain: A promising Therapeutic Approach. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:170-178. [PMID: 34781874 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210719143150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) are important molecular chaperones that facilitate many functions of the cells. They also play a pivotal role in cell survival, especially in the presence of stressors, including nutritional deprivation, lack of oxygen, fever, alcohol, inflammation, oxidative stress, heavy metals, as well as conditions that cause injury and necrosis. In the face of a painful stimulus encounter, many factors could be associated with pain that may include nitric oxide, excitatory amino acids, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, prostaglandins, and inflammatory cytokines. One influential factor affecting pain reduction is the expression of HSPs that act as a ROS scavenger, regulate the inflammatory cytokines, and reduce pain responses subsequently. Hence, we assembled information on the painkilling attributes of HSPs. In this field of research, new painkillers could be developed by targetting HSPs to alleviate pain and widen our grasp of pain in pathological conditions and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Reza Aminian
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad. Iran
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24
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Song H, Tian X, Liu D, Liu M, Liu Y, Liu J, Mei Z, Yan C, Han Y. CREG1 improves the capacity of the skeletal muscle response to exercise endurance via modulation of mitophagy. Autophagy 2021; 17:4102-4118. [PMID: 33726618 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1904488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CREG1 (cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes 1) is involved in tissue homeostasis and influences macroautophagy/autophagy to protect cardiovascular function. However, the physiological and pathological role of CREG1 in the skeletal muscle is not clear. Here, we established a skeletal muscle-specific creg1 knockout mouse model (creg1;Ckm-Cre) by crossing the Creg1-floxed mice (Creg1fl/fl) with a transgenic line expressing Cre recombinase under the muscle-specific Ckm (creatine kinase, muscle) promoter. In creg1;Ckm-Cre mice, the exercise time to exhaustion and running distance were significantly reduced compared to Creg1fl/fl mice at the age of 9 months. In addition, the administration of recombinant (re)CREG1 protein improved the motor function of 9-month-old creg1;Ckm-Cre mice. Moreover, electron microscopy images of 9-month-old creg1;Ckm-Cre mice showed that the mitochondrial quality and quantity were abnormal and associated with increased levels of PINK1 (PTEN induced putative kinase 1) and PRKN/PARKIN (parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase) but reduced levels of the mitochondrial proteins PTGS2/COX2, COX4I1/COX4, and TOMM20. These results suggested that CREG1 deficiency accelerated the induction of mitophagy in the skeletal muscle. Mechanistically, gain-and loss-of-function mutations of Creg1 altered mitochondrial morphology and function, impairing mitophagy in C2C12 cells. Furthermore, HSPD1/HSP60 (heat shock protein 1) (401-573 aa) interacted with CREG1 (130-220 aa) to antagonize the degradation of CREG1 and was involved in the regulation of mitophagy. This was the first time to demonstrate that CREG1 localized to the mitochondria and played an important role in mitophagy modulation that determined skeletal muscle wasting during the growth process or disease conditions.Abbreviations: CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; CKM: creatine kinase, muscle; COX4I1/COX4: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; CREG1: cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated genes 1; DMEM: dulbecco's modified eagle medium; DNM1L/DRP1: dynamin 1-like; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoro-methoxy phenyl-hydrazone; HSPD1/HSP60: heat shock protein 1 (chaperonin); IP: immunoprecipitation; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MFF: mitochondrial fission factor; MFN2: mitofusin 2; MYH1/MHC-I: myosin, heavy polypeptide 1, skeletal muscle, adult; OCR: oxygen consumption rate; OPA1: OPA1, mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PPARGC1A/PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferative activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; PRKN/PARKIN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PTGS2/COX2: prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RT-qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TFAM: transcription factor A, mitochondrial; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiXu Song
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Meili Liu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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25
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Muranova LK, Shatov VM, Bukach OV, Gusev NB. Cardio-Vascular Heat Shock Protein (cvHsp, HspB7), an Unusual Representative of Small Heat Shock Protein Family. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:S1-S11. [PMID: 33827396 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921140017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
HspB7 is one of ten human small heat shock proteins. This protein is expressed only in insulin-dependent tissues (heart, skeletal muscle, and fat tissue), and expression of HspB7 is regulated by many different factors. Single nucleotide polymorphism is characteristic for the HspB7 gene and this polymorphism correlates with cardio-vascular diseases and obesity. HspB7 has an unusual N-terminal sequence, a conservative α-crystallin domain, and very short C-terminal domain lacking conservative IPV tripeptide involved in a small heat shock proteins oligomer formation. Nevertheless, in the isolated state HspB7 forms both small oligomers (probably dimers) and very large oligomers (aggregates). HspB7 is ineffective in suppression of amorphous aggregation of model proteins induced by heating or reduction of disulfide bonds, however it is very effective in prevention of aggregation of huntingtin fragments enriched with Gln residues. HspB7 can be an effective sensor of electrophilic agents. This protein interacts with the contractile and cytoskeleton proteins (filamin C, titin, and actin) and participates in protection of the contractile apparatus and cytoskeleton from different adverse conditions. HspB7 possesses tumor suppressive activity. Further investigations are required to understand molecular mechanisms of HspB7 participation in numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K Muranova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vladislav M Shatov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Olesya V Bukach
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolai B Gusev
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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26
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Barone R, Caruso Bavisotto C, Rappa F, Gargano ML, Macaluso F, Paladino L, Vitale AM, Alfano S, Campanella C, Gorska M, Di Felice V, Cappello F, Venturella G, Marino Gammazza A. JNK pathway and heat shock response mediate the survival of C26 colon carcinoma bearing mice fed with the mushroom Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii without affecting tumor growth or cachexia. Food Funct 2021; 12:3083-3095. [PMID: 33720221 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03171b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been emerging interest in developing treatments against human diseases using natural bioactive content. Here, the powder of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii var. eryngii was mixed with the normal diet of mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma. Interestingly, it was evidenced by a significant increase in the survival rate of C26 tumor-bearing mice accompanied by a significant increase in Hsp90 and Hsp27 protein levels in the tumors. These data were paralleled by a decrease in Hsp60 levels. The mushroom introduced in the diet induced the inhibition of the transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1 exerting an anti-inflammatory action. The effects of the mushroom were mediated by the activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases as a result of metabolic stress induced by the micronutrients introduced in the diet. In the tumors of C26 bearing mice fed with Pleurotus eryngii there was also a decreased expression of the mitotic regulator survivin and the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL as well as an increase in the expression levels of Atg7, a protein that drives autophagy. In our hypothesis the interplay of these molecules favored the survival of the mice fed with the mushroom. These data are promising for the introduction of Pleurotus eryngii as a dietary supplement or as an adjuvant in anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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27
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Kotrasová V, Keresztesová B, Ondrovičová G, Bauer JA, Havalová H, Pevala V, Kutejová E, Kunová N. Mitochondrial Kinases and the Role of Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020082. [PMID: 33498615 PMCID: PMC7912454 DOI: 10.3390/life11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The major role of mitochondria is to provide cells with energy, but no less important are their roles in responding to various stress factors and the metabolic changes and pathological processes that might occur inside and outside the cells. The post-translational modification of proteins is a fast and efficient way for cells to adapt to ever changing conditions. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that signals these changes and propagates these signals throughout the whole cell, but it also changes the structure, function and interaction of individual proteins. In this review, we summarize the influence of kinases, the proteins responsible for phosphorylation, on mitochondrial biogenesis under various cellular conditions. We focus on their role in keeping mitochondria fully functional in healthy cells and also on the changes in mitochondrial structure and function that occur in pathological processes arising from the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kotrasová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Barbora Keresztesová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Ondrovičová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Jacob A. Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Henrieta Havalová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Vladimír Pevala
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
| | - Eva Kutejová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Nina Kunová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.K.); (B.K.); (G.O.); (J.A.B.); (H.H.); (V.P.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (E.K.); (N.K.)
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28
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D’Amico D, Fiore R, Caporossi D, Di Felice V, Cappello F, Dimauro I, Barone R. Function and Fiber-Type Specific Distribution of Hsp60 and αB-Crystallin in Skeletal Muscles: Role of Physical Exercise. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020077. [PMID: 33494467 PMCID: PMC7911561 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Skeletal muscle represents about 40% of the body mass in humans and it is a copious and plastic tissue, rich in proteins that are subject to continuous rearrangements. Physical exercise is considered a physiological stressor for different organs, in particular for skeletal muscle, and it is a factor able to stimulate the cellular remodeling processes related to the phenomenon of adaptation. All cells respond to various stress conditions by up-regulating the expression and/or activation of a group of proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Although their expression is induced by several stimuli, they are commonly recognized as HSPs due to the first experiments showing their increased transcription after application of heat shock. These proteins are molecular chaperones mainly involved in assisting protein transport and folding, assembling multimolecular complexes, and triggering protein degradation by proteasome. Among the HSPs, a special attention needs to be devoted to Hsp60 and αB-crystallin, proteins constitutively expressed in the skeletal muscle, where they are known to be important in muscle physiopathology. Therefore, here we provide a critical update on their role in skeletal muscle fibers after physical exercise, highlighting the control of their expression, their biological function, and their specific distribution within skeletal muscle fiber-types. Abstract Skeletal muscle is a plastic and complex tissue, rich in proteins that are subject to continuous rearrangements. Skeletal muscle homeostasis can be affected by different types of stresses, including physical activity, a physiological stressor able to stimulate a robust increase in different heat shock proteins (HSPs). The modulation of these proteins appears to be fundamental in facilitating the cellular remodeling processes related to the phenomenon of training adaptations such as hypertrophy, increased oxidative capacity, and mitochondrial activity. Among the HSPs, a special attention needs to be devoted to Hsp60 and αB-crystallin (CRYAB), proteins constitutively expressed in the skeletal muscle, where their specific features could be highly relevant in understanding the impact of different volumes of training regimes on myofiber types and in explaining the complex picture of exercise-induced mechanical strain and damaging conditions on fiber population. This knowledge could lead to a better personalization of training protocols with an optimal non-harmful workload in populations of individuals with different needs and healthy status. Here, we introduce for the first time to the reader these peculiar HSPs from the perspective of exercise response, highlighting the control of their expression, biological function, and specific distribution within skeletal muscle fiber-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela D’Amico
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Roberto Fiore
- Postgraduate School of Sports Medicine, University Hospital of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Caporossi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.D.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-091-2386-5823 (F.C. & R.B.); +39-06-3673-3562 (I.D.)
| | - Ivan Dimauro
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, 00135 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.D.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-091-2386-5823 (F.C. & R.B.); +39-06-3673-3562 (I.D.)
| | - Rosario Barone
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (D.D.); (V.D.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (I.D.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-091-2386-5823 (F.C. & R.B.); +39-06-3673-3562 (I.D.)
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29
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Brain Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Carriers of Disease Markers: Molecular Chaperones and MicroRNAs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary and metastatic brain tumors are usually serious conditions with poor prognosis, which reveal the urgent need of developing rapid diagnostic tools and efficacious treatments. To achieve these objectives, progress must be made in the understanding of brain tumor biology, for example, how they resist natural defenses and therapeutic intervention. One resistance mechanism involves extracellular vesicles that are released by tumors to meet target cells nearby or distant via circulation and reprogram them by introducing their cargo. This consists of different molecules among which are microRNAs (miRNAs) and molecular chaperones, the focus of this article. miRNAs modify target cells in the immune system to avoid antitumor reaction and chaperones are key survival molecules for the tumor cell. Extracellular vesicles cargo reflects the composition and metabolism of the original tumor cell; therefore, it is a source of markers, including the miRNAs and chaperones discussed in this article, with potential diagnostic and prognostic value. This and their relatively easy availability by minimally invasive procedures (e.g., drawing venous blood) illustrate the potential of extracellular vesicles as useful materials to manage brain tumor patients. Furthermore, understanding extracellular vesicles circulation and interaction with target cells will provide the basis for using this vesicle for delivering therapeutic compounds to selected tumor cells.
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30
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Krawczyk MA, Pospieszynska A, Styczewska M, Bien E, Sawicki S, Marino Gammazza A, Fucarino A, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Extracellular Chaperones as Novel Biomarkers of Overall Cancer Progression and Efficacy of Anticancer Therapy. APPLIED SCIENCES 2020; 10:6009. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Exosomal heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in intercellular communication both in physiological and pathological conditions. They play a role in key processes of carcinogenesis including immune system regulation, cell differentiation, vascular homeostasis and metastasis formation. Thus, exosomal Hsps are emerging biomarkers of malignancies and possible therapeutic targets. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are patients aged 15–39 years. This age group, placed between pediatric and adult oncology, pose a particular challenge for cancer management. New biomarkers of cancer growth and progression as well as prognostic factors are desperately needed in AYAs. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the role of exosomal Hsps in selected solid tumors characteristic for the AYA population and/or associated with poor prognosis in this age group. These included malignant melanoma, brain tumors, and breast, colorectal, thyroid, hepatocellular, lung and gynecological tract carcinomas. The studies on exosomal Hsps in these tumors are limited; however; some have provided promising results. Although further research is needed, there is potential for future clinical applications of exosomal Hsps in AYA cancers, both as novel biomarkers of disease presence, progression or relapse, or as therapeutic targets or tools for drug delivery.
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31
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Vitale AM, Conway de Macario E, Alessandro R, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Missense Mutations of Human Hsp60: A Computational Analysis to Unveil Their Pathological Significance. Front Genet 2020; 11:969. [PMID: 33014020 PMCID: PMC7461820 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two chaperonopathies have been linked to mutations in the human hsp60 (hHsp60; HSPD1) gene, but other existing variants might cause diseases, even if there is no comprehensive information about this possibility. To fill this vacuum, which might be at the basis of misdiagnoses or simply ignorance of chaperonopathies in patients who would benefit by proper identification of their ailments, we searched the sequenced human genomes available in public databases to determine the range of missense mutations in the single hsp60 gene. A total of 224 missense mutations were identified, including those already characterized. Detailed examination of these mutations was carried out to assess their possible impact on protein structure-function, considering: (a) the properties of individual amino acids; (b) the known functions of the amino acids in the human Hsp60 and/or in the highly similar bacterial ortholog GroEL; (c) the location of the mutant amino acids in the monomers and oligomers; and (d) structure-function relationships inferred from crystal structures. And we also applied a bioinformatics tool for predicting the impact of mutations on proteins. A portion of these genetic variants could have a deleterious impact on protein structure-function, but have not yet been associated with any pathology. Are these variants causing disease with mild clinical manifestations and are, therefore, being overlooked? Or are they causing overt disease, which is misdiagnosed? Our data indicate that more chaperonopathies might occur than is currently acknowledged and that awareness of chaperonopathies among medical personnel will increase their detection and improve patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnosis, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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32
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Krishnan-Sivadoss I, Mijares-Rojas IA, Villarreal-Leal RA, Torre-Amione G, Knowlton AA, Guerrero-Beltrán CE. Heat shock protein 60 and cardiovascular diseases: An intricate love-hate story. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:29-71. [PMID: 32808366 PMCID: PMC9290735 DOI: 10.1002/med.21723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the result of complex pathophysiological processes in the tissues comprising the heart and blood vessels. Inflammation is the main culprit for the development of cardiovascular dysfunction, and it may be traced to cellular stress events including apoptosis, oxidative and shear stress, and cellular and humoral immune responses, all of which impair the system's structure and function. An intracellular chaperone, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is an intriguing example of a protein that may both be an ally and a foe for cardiovascular homeostasis; on one hand providing protection against cellular injury, and on the other triggering damaging responses through innate and adaptive immunity. In this review we will discuss the functions of HSP60 and its effects on cells and the immune system regulation, only to later address its implications in the development and progression of CVD. Lastly, we summarize the outcome of various studies targeting HSP60 as a potential therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indumathi Krishnan-Sivadoss
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Iván A Mijares-Rojas
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Ramiro A Villarreal-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Guillermo Torre-Amione
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne A Knowlton
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, University of California, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - C Enrique Guerrero-Beltrán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Cardiovascular y Metabolómica, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, TecSalud, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
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33
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Rodriguez A, Von Salzen D, Holguin BA, Bernal RA. Complex Destabilization in the Mitochondrial Chaperonin Hsp60 Leads to Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:159. [PMID: 32766281 PMCID: PMC7381220 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Several neurological disorders have been linked to mutations in chaperonin genes and more specifically to the HSPD1 gene. In humans, HSPD1 encodes the mitochondrial Heat Shock Protein 60 (mtHsp60) chaperonin, which carries out essential protein folding reactions that help maintain mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis. It functions as a macromolecular complex that provides client proteins an environment that favors proper folding in an ATP-dependent manner. It has been established that mtHsp60 plays a crucial role in the proper folding of mitochondrial proteins involved in ATP producing pathways. Recently, various single-point mutations in the mtHsp60 encoding gene have been directly linked to neuropathies and paraplegias. Individuals who harbor mtHsp60 mutations that negatively impact its folding ability display phenotypes with highly compromised muscle and neuron cells. Carriers of these mutations usually develop neuropathies and paraplegias at different stages of their lives mainly characterized by leg stiffness and weakness as well as degeneration of spinal cord nerves. These phenotypes are likely due to hindered energy producing pathways involved in cellular respiration resulting in ATP deprived cells. Although the complete protein folding mechanism of mtHsp60 is not well understood, recent work suggests that several of these mutations act by destabilizing the oligomeric stability of mtHsp60. Here, we discuss recent studies that highlight key aspects of the mtHsp60 mechanism with a focus on some of the known disease-causing point mutations, D29G and V98I, and their effect on the protein folding reaction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ricardo A. Bernal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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34
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Caruso Bavisotto C, Alberti G, Vitale AM, Paladino L, Campanella C, Rappa F, Gorska M, Conway de Macario E, Cappello F, Macario AJL, Marino Gammazza A. Hsp60 Post-translational Modifications: Functional and Pathological Consequences. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:95. [PMID: 32582761 PMCID: PMC7289027 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp60 is a chaperone belonging to the Chaperonins of Group I and typically functions inside mitochondria in which, together with the co-chaperonin Hsp10, maintains protein homeostasis. In addition to this canonical role, Hsp60 plays many others beyond the mitochondria, for instance in the cytosol, plasma-cell membrane, extracellular space, and body fluids. These non-canonical functions include participation in inflammation, autoimmunity, carcinogenesis, cell replication, and other cellular events in health and disease. Thus, Hsp60 is a multifaceted molecule with a wide range of cellular and tissue locations and functions, which is noteworthy because there is only one hsp60 gene. The question is by what mechanism this protein can become multifaceted. Likely, one factor contributing to this diversity is post-translational modification (PTM). The amino acid sequence of Hsp60 contains many potential phosphorylation sites, and other PTMs are possible such as O-GlcNAcylation, nitration, acetylation, S-nitrosylation, citrullination, oxidation, and ubiquitination. The effect of some of these PTMs on Hsp60 functions have been examined, for instance phosphorylation has been implicated in sperm capacitation, docking of H2B and microtubule-associated proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, tumor invasiveness, and delay or facilitation of apoptosis. Nitration was found to affect the stability of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, to inhibit folding ability, and to perturb insulin secretion. Hyperacetylation was associated with mitochondrial failure; S-nitrosylation has an impact on mitochondrial stability and endothelial integrity; citrullination can be pro-apoptotic; oxidation has a role in the response to cellular injury and in cell migration; and ubiquitination regulates interaction with the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Future research ought to determine which PTM causes which variations in the Hsp60 molecular properties and functions, and which of them are pathogenic, causing chaperonopathies. This is an important topic considering the number of acquired Hsp60 chaperonopathies already cataloged, many of which are serious diseases without efficacious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giusi Alberti
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maria Vitale
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Letizia Paladino
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Magdalena Gorska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J L Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic (BIND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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35
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Chang X, Shi X, Zhang X, Chen J, Fan X, Yang Y, Wang L, Wang A, Deng R, Zhou E, Zhang G. miR-382-5p promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication by negatively regulating the induction of type I interferon. FASEB J 2020; 34:4497-4511. [PMID: 32037657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902031rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that inhibition of type I interferon production may be an important reason for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to achieve immune escape, revealing the mechanism of inhibiting the production of type I interferon will help design novel strategies for controlling PRRS. Here, we found that PRRSV infection upregulated the expression of miR-382-5p, which in turn inhibited polyI:C-induced the production of type I interferon by targeting heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), thus facilitating PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Furthermore, we found that HSP60 could interact with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS), an important signal transduction protein for inducing production of type I interferon, and promote polyI:C-mediated the production of type I interferon in a MAVS-dependent manner. Finally, we also found that HSP60 could inhibit PRRSV replication in a MAVS-dependent manner, which indicated that HSP60 was a novel antiviral protein against PRRSV replication. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that miR-382-5p was upregulated during PRRSV infection and may promote PRRSV replication by negatively regulating the production of type I interferon, which also indicated that miR-382-5p and HSP60 might be the potential therapeutic targets for anti-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Chang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xibao Shi
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Enmin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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36
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Curcumin Affects HSP60 Folding Activity and Levels in Neuroblastoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020661. [PMID: 31963896 PMCID: PMC7013437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The fundamental challenge in fighting cancer is the development of protective agents able to interfere with the classical pathways of malignant transformation, such as extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and, alteration of protein homeostasis. In the tumors of the brain, proteotoxic stress represents one of the main triggering agents for cell transformation. Curcumin is a natural compound with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties with promising potential for the development of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Among the mediators of cancer development, HSP60 is a key factor for the maintenance of protein homeostasis and cell survival. High HSP60 levels were correlated, in particular, with cancer development and progression, and for this reason, we investigated the ability of curcumin to affect HSP60 expression, localization, and post-translational modifications using a neuroblastoma cell line. We have also looked at the ability of curcumin to interfere with the HSP60/HSP10 folding machinery. The cells were treated with 6, 12.5, and 25 µM of curcumin for 24 h, and the flow cytometry analysis showed that the compound induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner with a higher percentage of apoptotic cells at 25 µM. This dose of curcumin-induced a decrease in HSP60 protein levels and an upregulation of HSP60 mRNA expression. Moreover, 25 µM of curcumin reduced HSP60 ubiquitination and nitration, and the chaperonin levels were higher in the culture media compared with the untreated cells. Furthermore, curcumin at the same dose was able to favor HSP60 folding activity. The reduction of HSP60 levels, together with the increase in its folding activity and the secretion in the media led to the supposition that curcumin might interfere with cancer progression with a protective mechanism involving the chaperonin.
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Muranova LK, Ryzhavskaya AS, Sudnitsyna MV, Shatov VM, Gusev NB. Small Heat Shock Proteins and Human Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1256-1267. [PMID: 31760916 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791911004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the role of small heat shock proteins (sHsps) in human neurodegenerative disorders, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, and different forms of tauopathies. The effects of CMT-associated mutations in two small heat shock proteins (HspB1 and HspB8) on the protein stability, oligomeric structure, and chaperone-like activity are described. Mutations in HspB1 shift the equilibrium between different protein oligomeric forms, leading to the alterations in its chaperone-like activity and interaction with protein partners, which can induce damage of the cytoskeleton and neuronal death. Mutations in HspB8 affect its interaction with the adapter protein Bag3, as well as the process of autophagy, also resulting in neuronal death. The impact of sHsps on different forms of amyloidosis is discussed. Experimental studies have shown that sHsps interact with monomers or small oligomers of amyloidogenic proteins, stabilize their structure, prevent their aggregation, and/or promote their specific proteolytic degradation. This effect might be due to the interaction between the β-strands of sHsps and β-strands of target proteins, which prevents aggregation of the latter. In cooperation with the other heat shock proteins, sHsps can promote disassembly of oligomers formed by amyloidogenic proteins. Despite significant achievements, further investigations are required for understanding the role of sHsps in protection against various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Muranova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A S Ryzhavskaya
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - M V Sudnitsyna
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - V M Shatov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - N B Gusev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, School of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Zininga T, Shonhai A. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the Heat Shock Protein System of Human Obligate Protozoan Parasites. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5930. [PMID: 31775392 PMCID: PMC6929125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obligate protozoan parasites of the kinetoplastids and apicomplexa infect human cells to complete their life cycles. Some of the members of these groups of parasites develop in at least two systems, the human host and the insect vector. Survival under the varied physiological conditions associated with the human host and in the arthropod vectors requires the parasites to modulate their metabolic complement in order to meet the prevailing conditions. One of the key features of these parasites essential for their survival and host infectivity is timely expression of various proteins. Even more importantly is the need to keep their proteome functional by maintaining its functional capabilities in the wake of physiological changes and host immune responses. For this reason, molecular chaperones (also called heat shock proteins)-whose role is to facilitate proteostasis-play an important role in the survival of these parasites. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and Hsp70 are prominent molecular chaperones that are generally induced in response to physiological stress. Both Hsp90 and Hsp70 members are functionally regulated by nucleotides. In addition, Hsp70 and Hsp90 cooperate to facilitate folding of some key proteins implicated in cellular development. In addition, Hsp90 and Hsp70 individually interact with other accessory proteins (co-chaperones) that regulate their functions. The dependency of these proteins on nucleotide for their chaperone function presents an Achille's heel, as inhibitors that mimic ATP are amongst potential therapeutic agents targeting their function in obligate intracellular human parasites. Most of the promising small molecule inhibitors of parasitic heat shock proteins are either antibiotics or anticancer agents, whose repurposing against parasitic infections holds prospects. Both cancer cells and obligate human parasites depend upon a robust protein quality control system to ensure their survival, and hence, both employ a competent heat shock machinery to this end. Furthermore, some inhibitors that target chaperone and co-chaperone networks also offer promising prospects as antiparasitic agents. The current review highlights the progress made so far in design and application of small molecule inhibitors against obligate intracellular human parasites of the kinetoplastida and apicomplexan kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
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Macario AJ, de Macario EC. Molecular mechanisms in chaperonopathies: clues to understanding the histopathological abnormalities and developing novel therapies. J Pathol 2019; 250:9-18. [PMID: 31579936 DOI: 10.1002/path.5349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones, many of which are heat shock proteins (Hsps), are components of the chaperoning system and when defective can cause disease, the chaperonopathies. Chaperone-gene variants cause genetic chaperonopathies, whereas in the acquired chaperonopathies the genes are normal, but their protein products are not, due to aberrant post-transcriptional mechanisms, e.g. post-translational modifications (PTMs). Since the chaperoning system is widespread in the body, chaperonopathies affect various tissues and organs, making these diseases of interest to a wide range of medical specialties. Genetic chaperonopathies are uncommon but the acquired ones are frequent, encompassing various types of cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The clinical picture of chaperonopathies is known. Much less is known on the impact that pathogenic mutations and PTMs have on the properties and functions of chaperone molecules. Elucidation of these molecular alterations is necessary for understanding the mechanisms underpinning the tissue and organ abnormalities occurring in patients. To illustrate this issue, we discuss structural-functional alterations caused by mutation in the chaperones CCT5 and HSPA9, and PTM effects on Hsp60. The data provide insights into what may happen when CCT5 and HSPA9 malfunction in patients, e.g. accumulation of cytotoxic protein aggregates with tissue destruction; or for Hsp60 with aberrant PTM, degradation and/or secretion of the chaperonin with mitochondrial damage. These and other possibilities are now open for investigation. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Jl Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Columbus Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Columbus Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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40
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Conway de Macario E, Yohda M, Macario AJL, Robb FT. Bridging human chaperonopathies and microbial chaperonins. Commun Biol 2019; 2:103. [PMID: 30911678 PMCID: PMC6420498 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperonins are molecular chaperones that play critical physiological roles, but they can be pathogenic. Malfunctional chaperonins cause chaperonopathies of great interest within various medical specialties. Although the clinical-genetic aspects of many chaperonopathies are known, the molecular mechanisms causing chaperonin failure and tissue lesions are poorly understood. Progress is necessary to improve treatment, and experimental models that mimic the human situation provide a promising solution. We present two models: one prokaryotic (the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus) with eukaryotic-like chaperonins and one eukaryotic (Chaetomium thermophilum), both convenient for isolation-study of chaperonins, and report illustrative results pertaining to a pathogenic mutation of CCT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Columbus Center, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Masafumi Yohda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo Japan
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Columbus Center, Baltimore, MD USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Frank T. Robb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Columbus Center, Baltimore, MD USA
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD USA
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41
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Hybrid sequencing-based personal full-length transcriptomic analysis implicates proteostatic stress in metastatic ovarian cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:3047-3060. [PMID: 30617306 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive molecular characterization of myriad somatic alterations and aberrant gene expressions at personal level is key to precision cancer therapy, yet limited by current short-read sequencing technology, individualized catalog of complete genomic and transcriptomic features is thus far elusive. Here, we integrated second- and third-generation sequencing platforms to generate a multidimensional dataset on a patient affected by metastatic epithelial ovarian cancer. Whole-genome and hybrid transcriptome dissection captured global genetic and transcriptional variants at previously unparalleled resolution. Particularly, single-molecule mRNA sequencing identified a vast array of unannotated transcripts, novel long noncoding RNAs and gene chimeras, permitting accurate determination of transcription start, splice, polyadenylation and fusion sites. Phylogenetic and enrichment inference of isoform-level measurements implicated early functional divergence and cytosolic proteostatic stress in shaping ovarian tumorigenesis. A complementary imaging-based high-throughput drug screen was performed and subsequently validated, which consistently pinpointed proteasome inhibitors as an effective therapeutic regime by inducing protein aggregates in ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, our study suggests that clinical application of the emerging long-read full-length analysis for improving molecular diagnostics is feasible and informative. An in-depth understanding of the tumor transcriptome complexity allowed by leveraging the hybrid sequencing approach lays the basis to reveal novel and valid therapeutic vulnerabilities in advanced ovarian malignancies.
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Fais S, Logozzi M, Alberti G, Campanella C. Exosomal Hsp60: A Tumor Biomarker? HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 60 IN HUMAN DISEASES AND DISORDERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23154-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cappello F, Mazzola M, Jurjus A, Zeenny MN, Jurjus R, Carini F, Leone A, Bonaventura G, Tomasello G, Bucchieri F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL. Hsp60 as a Novel Target in IBD Management: A Prospect. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30800066 PMCID: PMC6376446 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses various pathological conditions similar but distinct that share a multifactorial etiology, including involvement of the intestinal barrier function, the immune system, and intestinal microorganisms. Hsp60 is a chaperonin component of the chaperoning system, present in all cells and tissues, including the intestine. It plays important roles in cell physiology outside and inside mitochondria, its canonical place of residence. However, Hsp60 can also be pathogenic in many conditions, the Hsp60 chaperonopathies, possibly including IBD. The various clinico-pathological types of IBD have a complicated mix of causative factors, among which Hsp60 can be considered a putatively important driver of events and could play an etiopathogenic role. This possibility is discussed in this review. We also indicate that Hsp60 can be a biomarker useful in disease diagnosing and monitoring and, if found active in pathogenesis, should become a target for developing new therapies. The latter are particularly needed to alleviate patient suffering and to prevent complications, including colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Francesco Cappello,
| | - Margherita Mazzola
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Abdo Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marie-Noel Zeenny
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rosalyn Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty Development Associate for Education Research, Center for Faculty Excellence, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Francesco Carini
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Leone
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bonaventura
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tomasello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience University of Palermo (BIONEC-UniPA), Palermo, Italy
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore – Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore – Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD, United States
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Marino Gammazza A, Macaluso F, Di Felice V, Cappello F, Barone R. Hsp60 in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Biogenesis and Homeostasis: From Physical Exercise to Skeletal Muscle Pathology. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120224. [PMID: 30469470 PMCID: PMC6315887 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp60 is a molecular chaperone classically described as a mitochondrial protein with multiple roles in health and disease, participating to the maintenance of protein homeostasis. It is well known that skeletal muscle is a complex tissue, rich in proteins, that is, subjected to continuous rearrangements, and this homeostasis is affected by many different types of stimuli and stresses. The regular exercise induces specific histological and biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle fibers, such as hypertrophy and an increase of mitochondria activity and oxidative capacity. The current literature is lacking in information regarding Hsp60 involvement in skeletal muscle fiber biogenesis and regeneration during exercise, and in disease conditions. Here, we briefly discuss the functions of Hsp60 in skeletal muscle fibers during exercise, inflammation, and ageing. Moreover, the potential usage of Hsp60 as a marker for disease and the evaluation of novel treatment options is also discussed. However, some questions remain open, and further studies are needed to better understand Hsp60 involvement in skeletal muscle homeostasis during exercise and in pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy.
| | - Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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Heat Shock Proteins as Immunomodulants. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112846. [PMID: 30388847 PMCID: PMC6278532 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are conserved molecules whose main role is to facilitate folding of other proteins. Most Hsps are generally stress-inducible as they play a particularly important cytoprotective role in cells exposed to stressful conditions. Initially, Hsps were generally thought to occur intracellulary. However, recent work has shown that some Hsps are secreted to the cell exterior particularly in response to stress. For this reason, they are generally regarded as danger signaling biomarkers. In this way, they prompt the immune system to react to prevailing adverse cellular conditions. For example, their enhanced secretion by cancer cells facilitate targeting of these cells by natural killer cells. Notably, Hsps are implicated in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Their effects on immune cells depends on a number of aspects such as concentration of the respective Hsp species. In addition, various Hsp species exert unique effects on immune cells. Because of their conservation, Hsps are implicated in auto-immune diseases. Here we discuss the various metabolic pathways in which various Hsps manifest immune modulation. In addition, we discuss possible experimental variations that may account for contradictory reports on the immunomodulatory function of some Hsps.
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46
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Heat Shock Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease: Role and Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092603. [PMID: 30200516 PMCID: PMC6163571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among diseases whose cure is still far from being discovered, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been recognized as a crucial medical and social problem. A major issue in AD research is represented by the complexity of involved biochemical pathways, including the nature of protein misfolding, which results in the production of toxic species. Considering the involvement of (mis)folding processes in AD aetiology, targeting molecular chaperones represents a promising therapeutic perspective. This review analyses the connection between AD and molecular chaperones, with particular attention toward the most important heat shock proteins (HSPs) as representative components of the human chaperome: Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90. The role of these proteins in AD is highlighted from a biological point of view. Pharmacological targeting of such HSPs with inhibitors or regulators is also discussed.
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47
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Ghazaei C, Line El Helou M. Beyond proteostasis: Roles of type I chaperonins in bacterial pathogenesis. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1203-1211. [PMID: 30074472 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all bacterial species express two or more chaperonin genes. Recent data indicate that type I chaperonins may be key players in bacterial infections. This is partly due to the well-known contribution of chaperonins in cellular proteostasis, the latter being compromised during bacterial host infection. In addition to their protein-folding activity, it has been revealed that certain chaperonins also exhibit moonlighting functions that can contribute in different ways to bacterial pathogenicity. Examples range from inducing adhesion molecules in Chlamydophila pneumoniae to supporting intracellular survival in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Leishmania donovani, to inducing cytokines in Helicobacter pylori to promoting antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, amongst others. This article provides a thorough reviews of our current understanding of the different mechanisms involving type I chaperonins during bacteria-host interactions, and suggests new areas to be explored and the potential of finding new targets for fighting bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciamak Ghazaei
- 1Department of Microbiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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Solvent production by engineered Ralstonia eutropha: channeling carbon to biofuel. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5021-5031. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Meng Q, Li BX, Xiao X. Toward Developing Chemical Modulators of Hsp60 as Potential Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:35. [PMID: 29732373 PMCID: PMC5920047 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 60 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp60) is classically known as a mitochondrial chaperonin protein working together with co-chaperonin 10 kDa heat shock protein (Hsp10). This chaperonin complex is essential for folding proteins newly imported into mitochondria. However, Hsp60, and/or Hsp10 have also been shown to reside in other subcellular compartments including extracellular space, cytosol, and nucleus. The proteins in these extra-mitochondrial compartments may possess a wide range of functions dependent or independent of its chaperoning activity. But the mechanistic details remain unknown. Mutations in Hsp60 gene have been shown to be associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Abnormality in expression level and/or subcellular localization have also been detected from different diseased tissues including inflammatory diseases and various cancers. Therefore, there is a strong interest in developing small molecule modulators of Hsp60. Most of the reported inhibitors were discovered through various chemoproteomics strategies. In this review, we will describe the recent progress in this area with reported inhibitors from both natural products and synthetic compounds. The former includes mizoribine, epolactaene, myrtucommulone, stephacidin B, and avrainvillamide while the latter includes o-carboranylphenoxyacetanilides and gold (III) porphyrins. The potencies of the known inhibitors range from low micromolar to millimolar concentrations. The potential applications of these inhibitors include anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory diseases, and anti-autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Meng
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bingbing X Li
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiangshu Xiao
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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