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Berdiaki A, Neagu M, Tzanakakis P, Spyridaki I, Pérez S, Nikitovic D. Extracellular Matrix Components and Mechanosensing Pathways in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2024; 14:1186. [PMID: 39334952 PMCID: PMC11430160 DOI: 10.3390/biom14091186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) are essential components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) with pivotal roles in cellular mechanosensing pathways. GAGs, such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), interact with various cell surface receptors, including integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases, to modulate cellular responses to mechanical stimuli. PGs, comprising a core protein with covalently attached GAG chains, serve as dynamic regulators of tissue mechanics and cell behavior, thereby playing a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of GAG/PG-mediated mechanosensing pathways is implicated in numerous pathological conditions, including cancer and inflammation. Understanding the intricate mechanisms by which GAGs and PGs modulate cellular responses to mechanical forces holds promise for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting mechanotransduction pathways in disease. This comprehensive overview underscores the importance of GAGs and PGs as key mediators of mechanosensing in maintaining tissue homeostasis and their potential as therapeutic targets for mitigating mechano-driven pathologies, focusing on cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 712 03 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (P.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Petros Tzanakakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 712 03 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (P.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Ioanna Spyridaki
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 712 03 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (P.T.); (I.S.)
| | - Serge Pérez
- Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 712 03 Heraklion, Greece; (A.B.); (P.T.); (I.S.)
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Pérez LA, Palacios E, González MF, Leyton-Rivera I, Martínez-Meza S, Pérez-Núñez R, Jeldes E, Avalos AM, Díaz J, Leyton L. A Pro-Inflammatory Stimulus versus Extensive Passaging of DITNC1 Astrocyte Cultures as Models to Study Astrogliosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9454. [PMID: 39273404 PMCID: PMC11394751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis is a process by which astrocytes, when exposed to inflammation, exhibit hypertrophy, motility, and elevated expression of reactivity markers such as Glial Fibrillar Acidic Protein, Vimentin, and Connexin43. Since 1999, our laboratory in Chile has been studying molecular signaling pathways associated with "gliosis" and has reported that reactive astrocytes upregulate Syndecan 4 and αVβ3 Integrin, which are receptors for the neuronal glycoprotein Thy-1. Thy-1 engagement stimulates adhesion and migration of reactive astrocytes and induces neurons to retract neurites, thus hindering neuronal network repair. Reportedly, we have used DITNC1 astrocytes and neuron-like CAD cells to study signaling mechanisms activated by the Syndecan 4-αVβ3 Integrin/Thy-1 interaction. Importantly, the sole overexpression of β3 Integrin in non-reactive astrocytes turns them into reactive cells. In vitro, extensive passaging is a simile for "aging", and aged fibroblasts have shown β3 Integrin upregulation. However, it is not known if astrocytes upregulate β3 Integrin after successive cell passages. Here, we hypothesized that astrocytes undergoing long-term passaging increase β3 Integrin expression levels and behave as reactive astrocytes without needing pro-inflammatory stimuli. We used DITNC1 cells with different passage numbers to study reactivity markers using immunoblots, immunofluorescence, and astrocyte adhesion/migration assays. We also evaluated β3 Integrin levels by immunoblot and flow cytometry, as well as the neurotoxic effects of reactive astrocytes. Serial cell passaging mimicked the effects of inflammatory stimuli, inducing astrocyte reactivity. Indeed, in response to Thy-1, β3 Integrin levels, as well as cell adhesion and migration, gradually increased with multiple passages. Importantly, these long-lived astrocytes expressed and secreted factors that inhibited neurite outgrowth and caused neuronal death, just like reactive astrocytes in culture. Therefore, we describe two DITNC1 cell types: a non-reactive type that can be activated with Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and another one that exhibits reactive astrocyte features even in the absence of TNF treatment. Our results emphasize the importance of passage numbers in cell behavior. Likewise, we compare the pro-inflammatory stimulus versus long-term in-plate passaging of cell cultures and introduce them as astrocyte models to study the reactivity process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Esteban Palacios
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 833-0546, Chile
| | - María Fernanda González
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Ignacio Leyton-Rivera
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Samuel Martínez-Meza
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Ramón Pérez-Núñez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Emanuel Jeldes
- Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia y Vida, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Jorge Díaz
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838-0453, Chile
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Combs JD, Foote AK, Ogasawara H, Velusamy A, Rashid SA, Mancuso JN, Salaita K. Measuring Integrin Force Loading Rates Using a Two-Step DNA Tension Sensor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23034-23043. [PMID: 39133202 PMCID: PMC11345772 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Cells apply forces to extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands through transmembrane integrin receptors: an interaction which is intimately involved in cell motility, wound healing, cancer invasion and metastasis. These small (piconewton) integrin-ECM forces have been studied by molecular tension fluorescence microscopy (MTFM), which utilizes a force-induced conformational change of a probe to detect mechanical events. MTFM has revealed the force magnitude for integrin receptors in a variety of cell models including primary cells. However, force dynamics and specifically the force loading rate (LR) have important implications in receptor signaling and adhesion formation and remain poorly characterized. Here, we develop an LR probe composed of an engineered DNA structure that undergoes two mechanical transitions at distinct force thresholds: a low force threshold at 4.7 pN (hairpin unfolding) and a high force threshold at 47 pN (duplex shearing). These transitions yield distinct fluorescence signatures observed through single-molecule fluorescence microscopy in live cells. Automated analysis of tens of thousands of events from eight cells showed that the bond lifetime of integrins that engage their ligands and transmit a force >4.7 pN decays exponentially with a τ of 45.6 s. A subset of these events mature in magnitude to >47 pN with a median loading rate of 1.1 pN s-1 and primarily localize at the periphery of the cell-substrate junction. The LR probe design is modular and can be adapted to measure force ramp rates for a broad range of mechanoreceptors and cell models, thus aiding in the study of molecular mechanotransduction in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dale Combs
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Alexander K. Foote
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hiroaki Ogasawara
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Arventh Velusamy
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sk Aysha Rashid
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Wallace
H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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4
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Combs JD, Foote AK, Ogasawara H, Velusamy A, Rashid SA, Mancuso JN, Salaita K. Measuring integrin force loading rates using a two-step DNA tension sensor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585042. [PMID: 38558970 PMCID: PMC10980004 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cells apply forces to extracellular matrix (ECM) ligands through transmembrane integrin receptors: an interaction which is intimately involved in cell motility, wound healing, cancer invasion and metastasis. These small (pN) forces exerted by cells have been studied by molecular tension fluorescence microscopy (MTFM), which utilizes a force-induced conformational change of a probe to detect mechanical events. MTFM has revealed the force magnitude for integrins receptors in a variety of cell models including primary cells. However, force dynamics and specifically the force loading rate (LR) have important implications in receptor signaling and adhesion formation and remain poorly characterized. Here, we develop a LR probe which is comprised of an engineered DNA structures that undergoes two mechanical transitions at distinct force thresholds: a low force threshold at 4.7 pN corresponding to hairpin unfolding and a high force threshold at 56 pN triggered through duplex shearing. These transitions yield distinct fluorescence signatures observed through single-molecule fluorescence microscopy in live-cells. Automated analysis of tens of thousands of events from 8 cells showed that the bond lifetime of integrins that engage their ligands and transmit a force >4.7 pN decays exponentially with a τ of 45.6 sec. A small subset of these events (<10%) mature in magnitude to >56pN with a median loading rate of 1.3 pNs-1 with these mechanical ramp events localizing at the periphery of the cell-substrate junction. Importantly, the LR probe design is modular and can be adapted to measure force ramp rates for a broad range of mechanoreceptors and cell models, thus aiding in the study of mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Dale Combs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Arventh Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sk Aysha Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, GA 30322, USA
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Janakaloti Narayanareddy BR, Allipeta NR, Allard J, Gross SP. A new method to experimentally quantify dynamics of initial protein-protein interactions. Commun Biol 2024; 7:311. [PMID: 38472292 PMCID: PMC10933273 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells run on initiation of protein-protein interactions, which are dynamically tuned spatially and temporally to modulate cellular events. This tuning can be physical, such as attaching the protein to a cargo or protein complex, thereby altering its diffusive properties, or modulating the distance between protein pairs, or chemical, by altering the proteins' conformations (e.g., nucleotide binding state of an enzyme, post-translational modification of a protein, etc.). Because a dynamic and changing subset of proteins in the cell could be in any specific state, ensemble measurements are not ideal-to untangle which of the factors are important, and how, we need single-molecule measurements. Experimentally, until now we have not had good tools to precisely measure initiation of such protein-protein interactions at the single-molecule level. Here, we develop a new method to measure dynamics of initial protein-protein interactions, allowing measurement of how properties such as the distance between proteins, and their tethered length can modulate the rate of interactions. In addition to precise measurement distance dependent motor-MT rebinding dynamics, we demonstrate the use of a dithered optical trap to measure dynamic motor-MT interactions and further discuss the possibilities of this technique being applicable to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Reddy Allipeta
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Arcadia High School, Arcadia, CA, USA
| | - Jun Allard
- Department of Mathematics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steven P Gross
- Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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6
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Valdivia A, Avalos AM, Leyton L. Thy-1 (CD90)-regulated cell adhesion and migration of mesenchymal cells: insights into adhesomes, mechanical forces, and signaling pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1221306. [PMID: 38099295 PMCID: PMC10720913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1221306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration depend on the assembly and disassembly of adhesive structures known as focal adhesions. Cells adhere to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and form these structures via receptors, such as integrins and syndecans, which initiate signal transduction pathways that bridge the ECM to the cytoskeleton, thus governing adhesion and migration processes. Integrins bind to the ECM and soluble or cell surface ligands to form integrin adhesion complexes (IAC), whose composition depends on the cellular context and cell type. Proteomic analyses of these IACs led to the curation of the term adhesome, which is a complex molecular network containing hundreds of proteins involved in signaling, adhesion, and cell movement. One of the hallmarks of these IACs is to sense mechanical cues that arise due to ECM rigidity, as well as the tension exerted by cell-cell interactions, and transduce this force by modifying the actin cytoskeleton to regulate cell migration. Among the integrin/syndecan cell surface ligands, we have described Thy-1 (CD90), a GPI-anchored protein that possesses binding domains for each of these receptors and, upon engaging them, stimulates cell adhesion and migration. In this review, we examine what is currently known about adhesomes, revise how mechanical forces have changed our view on the regulation of cell migration, and, in this context, discuss how we have contributed to the understanding of signaling mechanisms that control cell adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valdivia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Palacios E, Lobos-González L, Guerrero S, Kogan MJ, Shao B, Heinecke JW, Quest AFG, Leyton L, Valenzuela-Valderrama M. Helicobacter pylori outer membrane vesicles induce astrocyte reactivity through nuclear factor-κappa B activation and cause neuronal damage in vivo in a murine model. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:66. [PMID: 36895046 PMCID: PMC9996972 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infects the stomach of 50% of the world's population. Importantly, chronic infection by this bacterium correlates with the appearance of several extra-gastric pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases. In such conditions, brain astrocytes become reactive and neurotoxic. However, it is still unclear whether this highly prevalent bacterium or the nanosized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) they produce, can reach the brain, thus affecting neurons/astrocytes. Here, we evaluated the effects of Hp OMVs on astrocytes and neurons in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Purified OMVs were characterized by mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Labeled OMVs were administered orally or injected into the mouse tail vein to study OMV-brain distribution. By immunofluorescence of tissue samples, we evaluated: GFAP (astrocytes), βIII tubulin (neurons), and urease (OMVs). The in vitro effect of OMVs in astrocytes was assessed by monitoring NF-κB activation, expression of reactivity markers, cytokines in astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and neuronal cell viability. RESULTS Urease and GroEL were prominent proteins in OMVs. Urease (OMVs) was present in the mouse brain and its detection coincided with astrocyte reactivity and neuronal damage. In vitro, OMVs induced astrocyte reactivity by increasing the intermediate filament proteins GFAP and vimentin, the plasma membrane αVβ3 integrin, and the hemichannel connexin 43. OMVs also produced neurotoxic factors and promoted the release of IFNγ in a manner dependent on the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Surface antigens on reactive astrocytes, as well as secreted factors in response to OMVs, were shown to inhibit neurite outgrowth and damage neurons. CONCLUSIONS OMVs administered orally or injected into the mouse bloodstream reach the brain, altering astrocyte function and promoting neuronal damage in vivo. The effects of OMVs on astrocytes were confirmed in vitro and shown to be NF-κB-dependent. These findings suggest that Hp could trigger systemic effects by releasing nanosized vesicles that cross epithelial barriers and access the CNS, thus altering brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Palacios
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, 8330546, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies On Exercise Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Desarrollo-Clínica Alemana, 7590943, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simón Guerrero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, 153601, Copiapó, Chile
| | - Marcelo J Kogan
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Química Farmacológica y Toxicológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
| | - Baohai Shao
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-8055, USA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-8055, USA
| | - Andrew F G Quest
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies On Exercise Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Center for Studies On Exercise Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Celular, Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, 8330546, Santiago, Chile. .,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, 8380494, Santiago, Chile.
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8
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Determination of protein-protein interactions at the single-molecule level using optical tweezers. Q Rev Biophys 2022; 55:e8. [PMID: 35946323 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583522000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecular interactions are at the base of all physical processes within living organisms; the study of these interactions has led to the development of a plethora of different methods. Among these, single-molecule (in singulo) experiments have become relevant in recent years because these studies can give insight into mechanisms and interactions that are hidden for ensemble-based (in multiplo) methods. The focus of this review is on optical tweezer (OT) experiments, which can be used to apply and measure mechanical forces in molecular systems. OTs are based on optical trapping, where a laser is used to exert a force on a dielectric bead; and optically trap the bead at a controllable position in all three dimensions. Different experimental approaches have been developed to study protein–protein interactions using OTs, such as: (1) refolding and unfolding in trans interaction where one protein is tethered between the beads and the other protein is in the solution; (2) constant force in cis interaction where each protein is bound to a bead, and the tension is suddenly increased. The interaction may break after some time, giving information about the lifetime of the binding at that tension. And (3) force ramp in cis interaction where each protein is attached to a bead and a ramp force is applied until the interaction breaks. With these experiments, parameters such as kinetic constants (koff, kon), affinity values (KD), energy to the transition state ΔG≠, distance to the transition state Δx≠ can be obtained. These parameters characterize the energy landscape of the interaction. Some parameters such as distance to the transition state can only be obtained from force spectroscopy experiments such as those described here.
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9
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Wang Y, Liu X, Obser T, Bauer AT, Heyes M, Starzonek S, Zulal M, Opitz K, Ott L, Riethdorf S, Lange T, Pantel K, Bendas G, Schneider SW, Kusche-Gullberg M, Gorzelanny C. Heparan sulfate dependent binding of plasmatic von Willebrand factor to blood circulating melanoma cells attenuates metastasis. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:76-94. [PMID: 35690300 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, is ubiquitously present in all tissues and also exposed on the surface of mammalian cells. A plethora of molecules such as growth factors, cytokines or coagulation factors bear HS binding sites. Accordingly, HS controls the communication of cells with their environment and therefore numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes such as cell adhesion, migration, and cancer cell metastasis. In the present work, we found that HS exposed by blood circulating melanoma cells recruited considerable amounts of plasmatic von Willebrand factor (vWF) to the cellular surface. Analyses assisted by super-resolution microscopy indicated that HS and vWF formed a tight molecular complex. Enzymatic removal of HS or genetic engineering of the HS biosynthesis showed that a reduced length of the HS chains or complete lack of HS was associated with significantly reduced vWF encapsulation. In microfluidic experiments, mimicking a tumor-activated vascular system, we found that vWF-HS complexes prevented vascular adhesion. In line with this, single molecular force spectroscopy suggested that the vWF-HS complex promoted the repulsion of circulating cancer cells from the blood vessel wall to counteract metastasis. Experiments in wild type and vWF knockout mice confirmed that the HS-vWF complex at the melanoma cell surface attenuated hematogenous metastasis, whereas melanoma cells lacking HS evade the anti-metastatic recognition by vWF. Analysis of tissue samples obtained from melanoma patients validated that metastatic melanoma cells produce less HS. Transcriptome data further suggest that attenuated expression of HS-related genes correlate with metastases and reduced patients' survival. In conclusion, we showed that HS-mediated binding of plasmatic vWF to the cellular surface can reduce the hematogenous spread of melanoma. Cancer cells with low HS levels evade vWF recognition and are thus prone to form metastases. Therefore, therapeutic expansion of the cancer cell exposed HS may prevent tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Department of Dermatology, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Obser
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander T Bauer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Heyes
- Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Department of Pharmacy, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Starzonek
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mina Zulal
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karena Opitz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leonie Ott
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Tumor Biology, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Riethdorf
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Tumor Biology, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lange
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Pantel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Tumor Biology, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms University Bonn, Department of Pharmacy, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Gorzelanny
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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10
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Hu P, Leyton L, Hagood JS, Barker TH. Thy-1-Integrin Interactions in cis and Trans Mediate Distinctive Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:928510. [PMID: 35733855 PMCID: PMC9208718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.928510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein that bears a broad mosaic of biological roles across various cell types. Thy-1 displays strong physiological and pathological implications in development, cancer, immunity, and tissue fibrosis. Quite uniquely, Thy-1 is capable of mediating integrin-related signaling through direct trans- and cis-interaction with integrins. Both interaction types have shown distinctive roles, even when interacting with the same type of integrin, where binding in trans or in cis often yields divergent signaling events. In this review, we will revisit recent progress and discoveries of Thy-1–integrin interactions in trans and in cis, highlight their pathophysiological consequences and explore other potential binding partners of Thy-1 within the integrin regulation/signaling paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - James S. Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Program for Rare and Interstitial Lung Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thomas H. Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas H. Barker,
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11
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Pérez LA, Leyton L, Valdivia A. Thy-1 (CD90), Integrins and Syndecan 4 are Key Regulators of Skin Wound Healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:810474. [PMID: 35186924 PMCID: PMC8851320 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.810474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute skin wound healing is a multistage process consisting of a plethora of tightly regulated signaling events in specialized cells. The Thy-1 (CD90) glycoprotein interacts with integrins and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan 4, generating a trimolecular complex that triggers bi-directional signaling to regulate diverse aspects of the wound healing process. These proteins can act either as ligands or receptors, and they are critical for the successful progression of wound healing. The expression of Thy-1, integrins, and syndecan 4 is controlled during the healing process, and the lack of expression of any of these proteins results in delayed wound healing. Here, we review and discuss the roles and regulatory events along the stages of wound healing that support the relevance of Thy-1, integrins, and syndecan 4 as crucial regulators of skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A. Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Lisette Leyton, ; Alejandra Valdivia,
| | - Alejandra Valdivia
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Lisette Leyton, ; Alejandra Valdivia,
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12
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Ikeshima-Kataoka H, Sugimoto C, Tsubokawa T. Integrin Signaling in the Central Nervous System in Animals and Human Brain Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031435. [PMID: 35163359 PMCID: PMC8836133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrin family is involved in various biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and also in the pathogenesis of disease. Integrins are multifunctional receptors that exist as heterodimers composed of α and β subunits and bind to various ligands, including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; they are found in many animals, not only vertebrates (e.g., mouse, rat, and teleost fish), but also invertebrates (e.g., planarian flatworm, fruit fly, nematodes, and cephalopods), which are used for research on genetics and social behaviors or as models for human diseases. In the present paper, we describe the results of a phylogenetic tree analysis of the integrin family among these species. We summarize integrin signaling in teleost fish, which serves as an excellent model for the study of regenerative systems and possesses the ability for replacing missing tissues, especially in the central nervous system, which has not been demonstrated in mammals. In addition, functions of astrocytes and reactive astrocytes, which contain neuroprotective subpopulations that act in concert with the ECM proteins tenascin C and osteopontin via integrin are also reviewed. Drug development research using integrin as a therapeutic target could result in breakthroughs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ikeshima-Kataoka
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Chikatoshi Sugimoto
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tatsuya Tsubokawa
- Department of Biology, Keio University, 4-1-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi 223-8521, Japan; (C.S.); (T.T.)
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13
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Herman K, Zemła J, Ptak A, Lekka M. Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals structural differences of heparan sulfate chains during binding to vitronectin. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:024409. [PMID: 34525582 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.024409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The syndecans represent an ongoing research field focused on their regulatory roles in normal and pathological conditions. The role of syndecans in cancer progression is well documented, implicating their importance in diagnosis and even proposing various potential cancer treatments. Thus, the characterization of the unbinding properties at the single-molecule level will appeal to their use as targets for therapeutics. In our study, syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 were measured during the interaction with the vitronectin HEP II binding site. Our findings show that syndecans are calcium ion dependent molecules that reveal distinct, unbinding properties indicating the alterations in the structure of heparan sulfate (HS) chains, possibly in the chain sequence or sulfation pattern. In this way, we suppose that HS chain affinity to extracellular matrix proteins may govern cancer invasion by altering the syndecans' ability to interact with cancer-related receptors present in the tumor microenvironment, thereby promoting the activation of various signaling cascades regulating tumor cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Herman
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Zemła
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Ptak
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
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14
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Pérez LA, Rashid A, Combs JD, Schneider P, Rodríguez A, Salaita K, Leyton L. An Outside-In Switch in Integrin Signaling Caused by Chemical and Mechanical Signals in Reactive Astrocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:712627. [PMID: 34497806 PMCID: PMC8419233 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.712627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte reactivity is associated with poor repair capacity after injury to the brain, where chemical and physical changes occur in the damaged zone. Astrocyte surface proteins, such as integrins, are upregulated, and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins upon damage generate a stiffer matrix. Integrins play an important role in triggering a reactive phenotype in astrocytes, and we have reported that αVβ3 Integrin binds to the Thy-1 (CD90) neuronal glycoprotein, increasing astrocyte contractility and motility. Alternatively, αVβ3 Integrin senses mechanical forces generated by the increased ECM stiffness. Until now, the association between the αVβ3 Integrin mechanoreceptor response in astrocytes and changes in their reactive phenotype is unclear. To study the response to combined chemical and mechanical stress, astrocytes were stimulated with Thy-1-Protein A-coated magnetic beads and exposed to a magnetic field to generate mechanical tension. We evaluated the effect of such stimulation on cell adhesion and contraction. We also assessed traction forces and their effect on cell morphology, and integrin surface expression. Mechanical stress accelerated the response of astrocytes to Thy-1 engagement of integrin receptors, resulting in cell adhesion and contraction. Astrocyte contraction then exerted traction forces onto the ECM, inducing faster cell contractility and higher traction forces than Thy-1 alone. Therefore, cell-extrinsic chemical and mechanical signals regulate in an outside-in manner, astrocyte reactivity by inducing integrin upregulation, ligation, and signaling events that promote cell contraction. These changes in turn generate cell-intrinsic signals that increase traction forces exerted onto the ECM (inside-out). This study reveals αVβ3 Integrin mechanoreceptor as a novel target to regulate the harmful effects of reactive astrocytes in neuronal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pérez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aysha Rashid
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Dale Combs
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andrés Rodríguez
- Group of Research and Innovation in Vascular Health, Machine Learning Applied to Biomedicine Group, Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Chemistry Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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