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Kim E, Yun SJ, Oh BM, Seo HG. Changes of neural coupling between cognitive and motor networks associated with dual-task performance in Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2651-2659. [PMID: 38153677 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Although cognitive control is essential for efficient gait, the associations between cognitive and motor networks regarding gait in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) remain to be determined. Herein, we enrolled 28 PD and 28 controls to compare internetwork coupling among cognitive and motor networks and examine its relationship with single- and dual-task gait performance in PD. METHODS The dorsal attention network (DAN), left and right frontoparietal control networks (FPNs), sensorimotor network, and lateral motor network were identified using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The time taken to complete a 10-m walk test during cognitive or physical dual-tasks in PD was calculated representing gait performance. RESULTS We observed that the internetwork couplings between the DAN and motor networks and between the motor networks decreased whereas those between the left FPN and DAN and motor networks increased in PD compared to controls using a permutation test. There was no significant correlation between the internetwork couplings and single- and dual-task gait performance in PD. Nevertheless, improved cognitive dual-task performance showed a positive correlation with the DAN and left FPN coupling and a negative correlation with the DAN and lateral motor network coupling in a good performance group. The opposite relationship was observed in the poor cognitive dual-task performance group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a neural mechanism of cognitive control on gait to compensate for reduced goal-directed attention in PD who maintain cognitive dual-task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jung Yun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute On Aging, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Han Gil Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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James C, Müller D, Müller C, Van De Looij Y, Altenmüller E, Kliegel M, Van De Ville D, Marie D. Randomized controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions for healthy seniors: Effects on cognitive decline, brain plasticity and activities of daily living-A 23-year scoping review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26674. [PMID: 38707392 PMCID: PMC11066598 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the simultaneous effects of non-pharmacological interventions (NPI) on healthy older adults' behavior and brain plasticity, as measured by psychometric instruments and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of this scoping review was to compile an extensive list of randomized controlled trials published from January 1, 2000, to August 31, 2023, of NPI for mitigating and countervailing age-related physical and cognitive decline and associated cerebral degeneration in healthy elderly populations with a mean age of 55 and over. After inventorying the NPI that met our criteria, we divided them into six classes: single-domain cognitive, multi-domain cognitive, physical aerobic, physical non-aerobic, combined cognitive and physical aerobic, and combined cognitive and physical non-aerobic. The ultimate purpose of these NPI was to enhance individual autonomy and well-being by bolstering functional capacity that might transfer to activities of daily living. The insights from this study can be a starting point for new research and inform social, public health, and economic policies. The PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist served as the framework for this scoping review, which includes 70 studies. Results indicate that medium- and long-term interventions combining non-aerobic physical exercise and multi-domain cognitive interventions best stimulate neuroplasticity and protect against age-related decline and that outcomes may transfer to activities of daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.E. James
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 101, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D.M. Müller
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - C.A.H. Müller
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Y. Van De Looij
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Child Development and Growth, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, 6 Rue Willy Donzé, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Animal Imaging and Technology Section, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH F1 - Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E. Altenmüller
- Hannover University of Music, Drama and Media, Institute for Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Neues Haus 1, 30175, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Kliegel
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Boulevard Carl-Vogt 101, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Switzerland, Chemin de Pinchat 22, 1207, Carouge, Switzerland
| | - D. Van De Ville
- Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuro-X Institute, Campus Biotech, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medecine, Campus Biotech, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D. Marie
- Geneva Musical Minds Lab (GEMMI Lab), Geneva School of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland HES-SO, Avenue de Champel 47, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Cognitive and Affective Neuroimaging Section, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Mashinchi GM, McFarland CP, Hall S, Strongin DL, Williams GA, Cotter KA. Handicraft art leisure activities and cognitive reserve. Clin Neuropsychol 2024; 38:683-714. [PMID: 37674299 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2253993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveOlder individuals face a higher likelihood of developing dementia. The rate of cognitive decline resulting from dementia is not equivalent for all, as some patients with dementia are able to function independently longer than others, despite having similar disease burden. The cognitive reserve (CR) theory provides one explanation for the differing rate of decline. CR suggests that there are factors-most notably, educational attainment and occupational attainment-that can protect against the cognitive decline. Although the beneficial effects of these notable CR factors are clear, not all are easily modifiable. Participation in leisure activities may represent a more easily modifiable factor. Some research hints at beneficial effects of leisure activities, although specific leisure activities have not been well examined. The present study examined the relations between handicraft art leisure activities (HALAs) and multiple cognitive domains. MethodArchival WAIS-IV and demographic data for 50 California retirement community residents were examined. ResultsHALA participation accounted for statistically significant variance in working memory performance (R2 = .40, β = .24%) over and above the established CR factors of age, depression, educational attainment, and occupational attainment. In addition, HALA participation was related to a better ability to perform abstract visual information tasks (Block Design subtest, r = .28, p = .05) and non-verbal reasoning tasks (Visual Puzzles subtest, r = .38, p = .008). ConclusionsHALA participation among older adults could contribute to the retention of cognitive function, supporting the role of HALA participation as a CR factor.
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Dimitriadis SI, Castells-Sánchez A, Roig-Coll F, Dacosta-Aguayo R, Lamonja-Vicente N, Torán-Monserrat P, García-Molina A, Monte-Rubio G, Stillman C, Perera-Lluna A, Mataró M. Intrinsic functional brain connectivity changes following aerobic exercise, computerized cognitive training, and their combination in physically inactive healthy late-middle-aged adults: the Projecte Moviment. GeroScience 2024; 46:573-596. [PMID: 37872293 PMCID: PMC10828336 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle interventions have positive neuroprotective effects in aging. However, there are still open questions about how changes in resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) contribute to cognitive improvements. The Projecte Moviment is a 12-week randomized controlled trial of a multimodal data acquisition protocol that investigated the effects of aerobic exercise (AE), computerized cognitive training (CCT), and their combination (COMB). An initial list of 109 participants was recruited from which a total of 82 participants (62% female; age = 58.38 ± 5.47) finished the intervention with a level of adherence > 80%. Only in the COMB group, we revealed an extended network of 33 connections that involved an increased and decreased rsFC within and between the aDMN/pDMN and a reduced rsFC between the bilateral supplementary motor areas and the right thalamus. No global and especially local rsFC changes due to any intervention mediated the cognitive benefits detected in the AE and COMB groups. Projecte Moviment provides evidence of the clinical relevance of lifestyle interventions and the potential benefits when combining them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros I Dimitriadis
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alba Castells-Sánchez
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Roig-Coll
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalía Dacosta-Aguayo
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Suport a La Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina, Mataró, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de La Salut Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Noemí Lamonja-Vicente
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat de Suport a La Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina, Mataró, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pere Torán-Monserrat
- Unitat de Suport a La Recerca Metropolitana Nord, Fundació Institut Universitari Per a La Recerca a L'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol I Gurina, Mataró, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Molina
- Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de La Salut Germans Trias I Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Gemma Monte-Rubio
- Centre for Comparative Medicine and Bioimage (CMCiB), Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Chelsea Stillman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexandre Perera-Lluna
- B2SLab, Departament d'Enginyeria de Sistemes, CIBER-BBN, Automàtica I Informàtica Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Mataró
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 171, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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Chen J, Jiang S, Lu B, Liao J, Yang Z, Li H, Pei H, Li J, Iturria-Medina Y, Yao D, Luo C. The role of the primary sensorimotor system in generalized epilepsy: Evidence from the cerebello-cerebral functional integration. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26551. [PMID: 38063289 PMCID: PMC10789200 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between cerebellum and cerebrum participates widely in function from motor processing to high-level cognitive and affective processing. Because of the motor symptom, idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) patients with generalized tonic-clonic seizure have been recognized to associate with motor abnormalities, but the functional interaction in the cerebello-cerebral circuit is still poorly understood. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected for 101 IGE patients and 106 healthy controls. The voxel-based functional connectivity (FC) between cerebral cortex and the cerebellum was contacted. The functional gradient and independent components analysis were applied to evaluate cerebello-cerebral functional integration on the voxel-based FC. Cerebellar motor components were further linked to cerebellar gradient. Results revealed cerebellar motor functional modules were closely related to cerebral motor components. The altered mapping of cerebral motor components to cerebellum was observed in motor module in patients with IGE. In addition, patients also showed compression in cerebello-cerebral functional gradient between motor and cognition modules. Interestingly, the contribution of the motor components to the gradient was unbalanced between bilateral primary sensorimotor components in patients: the increase was observed in cerebellar cognitive module for the dominant hemisphere primary sensorimotor, but the decrease was found in the cerebellar cognitive module for the nondominant hemisphere primary sensorimotor. The present findings suggest that the cerebral primary motor system affects the hierarchical architecture of cerebellum, and substantially contributes to the functional integration evidence to understand the motor functional abnormality in IGE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Jiang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bao Lu
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyan Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhihuan Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hechun Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Pei
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jianfu Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Research Unit of NeuroInformation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, P. R. China
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6
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Spironelli C, Borella E. Working Memory Training and Cortical Arousal in Healthy Older Adults: A Resting-State EEG Pilot Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:718965. [PMID: 34744685 PMCID: PMC8568069 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.718965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pilot study aimed to test the gains of working memory (WM) training, both at the short- and long-term, at a behavioral level, and by examining the electrophysiological changes induced by training in resting-state EEG activity among older adults. The study group included 24 older adults (from 64 to 75 years old) who were randomly assigned to a training group (TG) or an active control group (ACG) in a double-blind, repeated-measures experimental design in which open eyes, resting-state EEG recording, followed by a WM task, i.e., the Categorization Working Memory Span (CWMS) task, were collected before and after training, as well as at a 6-month follow-up session. At the behavioral level, medium to large Cohen's d effect sizes was found for the TG in immediate and long-term gains in the WM criterion task, as compared with small gains for the ACG. Regarding intrusion errors committed in the CWMS, an index of inhibitory control representing a transfer effect, results showed that medium to large effect sizes for immediate and long-term gains emerged for the TG, as compared to small effect sizes for the ACG. Spontaneous high-beta/alpha ratio analyses in four regions of interest (ROIs) revealed no pre-training group differences. Significantly greater TG anterior rates, particularly in the left ROI, were found after training, with frontal oscillatory responses being correlated with better post-training CWMS performance in only the TG. The follow-up analysis showed similar results, with greater anterior left high-beta/alpha rates among TG participants. Follow-up frontal high-beta/alpha rates in the right ROI were correlated with lower CWMS follow-up intrusion errors in only the TG. The present findings are further evidence of the efficacy of WM training in enhancing the cognitive functioning of older adults and their frontal oscillatory activity. Overall, these results suggested that WM training also can be a promising approach toward fostering the so-called functional cortical plasticity in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Spironelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Agcaoglu O, Muetzel RL, Rashid B, White T, Tiemeier H, Calhoun VD. Lateralization of Resting-State Networks in Children: Association with Age, Sex, Handedness, Intelligence Quotient, and Behavior. Brain Connect 2021; 12:246-259. [PMID: 34102875 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2020.0863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lateralization in brain function has been associated with age and sex in previous work; however, there has been less focus on lateralization of functional networks during development. Aim: We aim to examine laterality in typical development; a clearer understanding of how and to what extent functional brain networks are lateralized in typical development may eventually prove to hold predictive information in psychopathology. Material and Methods: In this study, we examine the lateralization of resting-state networks assessed with a group-independent component analysis using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from a large cohort consisting of 774 children, ages 6-10 years. This is an extension of our previous work on normal aging in adults, where we now assess whether there are similar patterns in children. Results: Unlike the results from our study of healthy aging in adults, which showed a decrease in laterality with increasing age, in this study we found both decreases and increases in lateralization in multiple networks with development. For example, auditory and sensorimotor regions had greater bilateral connectivity with development, whereas regions including the dorsolateral frontal cortex (Brodmann area left 9 and left 46) showed an increase in left lateralization with development. Conclusion: Our findings support a complex, nonlinear association between laterality and age in school-age children, a time when brain function and structure are developing rapidly. We also found brain networks in which laterality was significantly associated with sex, handedness, and intelligence quotient, but we did not find any significant association with behavioral scores. Impact statement Lateralization in brain function has been associated with age and sex in several previous studies; however, there has been less focus on lateralization of functional networks during development. A clearer understanding of how and to what extent functional brain networks are lateralized in typical development may eventually prove to hold predictive information in psychopathology. In this study, we examine the lateralization of resting-state networks assessed with a group-independent component analysis using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging from a large cohort consisting of 774 children, ages 6-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay Agcaoglu
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barnaly Rashid
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- The Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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8
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Duda BM, Sweet LH. Functional brain changes associated with cognitive training in healthy older adults: A preliminary ALE meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 14:1247-1262. [PMID: 30900077 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive training (CT) programs may provide healthy older adults (OAs) with cognitive benefits that are accompanied by alterations in neural activity. The current review offers the first quantitative synthesis of the available literature on the neural effects of CT in healthy aging. It was hypothesized that OAs would evidence increased and decreased neural activations across various challenging CTs, and that these effects would be observed as significantly altered clusters within regions of the frontoparietal network (FPN). Online databases and reference lists were searched to identify peer-reviewed publications that reported assessment of neural changes associated with CT programs in healthy OAs. Among the 2097 candidate studies identified, 14 studies with a total of 238 participants met inclusionary criteria. GingerALE software was used to quantify neural effects in a whole-brain analysis. The activation likelihood estimation technique revealed significant increases in activation following CT in the left hemisphere middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and posterior parietal cortex, extending to the superior occipital gyrus. Two clusters of diminished neural activity following CT were identified within the right hemisphere middle frontal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus, extending to the superior temporal gyrus. These results provide preliminary evidence of common neural effects of different CT interventions within regions of the FPN. Findings may inform future investigations of neuroplasticity across the lifespan, including clinical applications of CT, such as assessing treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant M Duda
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-3001, USA.
| | - Lawrence H Sweet
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-3001, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Brown University Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
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9
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McPhee GM, Downey LA, Wesnes KA, Stough C. The Neurocognitive Effects of Bacopa monnieri and Cognitive Training on Markers of Brain Microstructure in Healthy Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:638109. [PMID: 33692683 PMCID: PMC7937913 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.638109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri (BM) is a herbal supplement that increases signaling molecules implicated in synaptogenesis. Combined with cognitive stimulation, it may be a viable supplement to enhance long-term potentiation (LTP) and improve cognitive health in older adults. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial asked 28 healthy adults aged over 55 years to complete cognitive training (CT) 3 hours weekly for 12 weeks. Fifteen consumed a standardized extract of BM and 13 consumed a placebo daily. Cognitive tasks, life-satisfaction, memory complaints and mood were assessed, and bloods analyzed for serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) before and after 12-weeks of the intervention. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) in gray (GM) and white matter (WM) were also analyzed. Results demonstrated slower reaction time in an image discrimination task in the BM group and faster reaction time in a spatial working memory task (SWM-O RT) in the placebo group. Mean accuracy was higher in the BM group for these tasks, suggesting a change in the speed accuracy trade-off. Exploratory neuroimaging analysis showed increased WM mean diffusivity (MD) and GM dispersion of neurites (orientation dispersion index, ODI) and decreased WM fractional anisotropy (FA) and GM neurite density (ND) in the BM group. No other outcomes reached statistical significance. An increase in ODI with a decrease in MD and ND in the BM group may indicate an increase in network complexity (through higher dendritic branching) accompanied by dendritic pruning to enhance network efficiency. These neuroimaging outcomes conflict with the behavioral results, which showed poorer reaction time in the BM group. Given the exploratory outcomes and inconsistent findings between the behavioral and neuroimaging data, a larger study is needed to confirm the synaptogenic mechanisms of BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M McPhee
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke A Downey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Breathing and Sleep, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Keith A Wesnes
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Wesnes Cognition Ltd., Streatley, United Kingdom.,University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Con Stough
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Hong X, Chen Y, Wang J, Shen Y, Li Q, Zhao B, Guo X, Feng W, Wu W, Li C. Effects of multi-domain cognitive training on working memory retrieval in older adults: behavioral and ERP evidence from a Chinese community study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1207. [PMID: 33441734 PMCID: PMC7806963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a fundamental cognitive function that typically declines with age. Previous studies have shown that targeted WM training has the potential to improve WM performance in older adults. In the present study, we investigated whether a multi-domain cognitive training program that was not designed to specifically target WM could improve the behavioral performance and affect the neural activity during WM retrieval in healthy older adults. We assigned healthy older participants (70-78 years old) from a local community into a training group who completed a 3-month multi-domain cognitive training and a control group who only attended health education lectures during the same period. Behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded from participants while performing an untrained delayed match or non-match to category task and a control task at a pre-training baseline session and a post-training follow-up session. Behaviorally, we found that participants in the training group showed a trend toward greater WM performance gains than participants in the control group. Event-related potential (ERP) results suggest that the task-related modulation of P3 during WM retrieval was significantly enhanced at the follow-up session compared with the baseline session, and importantly, this enhancement of P3 modulation was only significant in the training group. Furthermore, no training-related effects were observed for the P2 or N2 component during WM retrieval. These results suggest that the multi-domain cognitive training program that was not designed to specifically target WM is a promising approach to improve WM performance in older adults, and that training-related gains in performance are likely mediated by an enhanced modulation of P3 which might reflect the process of WM updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - You Chen
- Shanghai Yangpu District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Binglei Zhao
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Wan Ping Nan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Januszko P, Gmaj B, Piotrowski T, Kopera M, Klimkiewicz A, Wnorowska A, Wołyńczyk-Gmaj D, Brower KJ, Wojnar M, Jakubczyk A. Delta resting-state functional connectivity in the cognitive control network as a prognostic factor for maintaining abstinence: An eLORETA preliminary study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108393. [PMID: 33158664 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical regions that support cognitive control are increasingly well recognized, but the functional mechanisms that promote such control over emotional and behavioral hyperreactivity to alcohol in recently abstinent alcohol-dependent patients are still insufficiently understood. This study aimed to identify neurophysiological biomarkers of maintaining abstinence in alcohol-dependent individuals after alcohol treatment by investigating the resting-state EEG-based functional connectivity in the cognitive control network (CCN). METHODS Lagged phase synchronization between CCN areas by means of eLORETA as well as the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were assessed in abstinent alcohol-dependent patients recruited from treatment centers. A preliminary prospective study design was used to classify participants into those who did and did not maintain abstinence during a follow-up period (median 12 months) after discharge from residential treatment. RESULTS Alcohol-dependent individuals, who maintained abstinence (N = 18), showed significantly increased lagged phase synchronization between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left posterior parietal cortex (IPL) as well as between the right anterior insula cortex/frontal operculum (IA/FO) and the right inferior frontal junction (IFJ) in the delta band compared to those who later relapsed (N = 16). Regression analysis showed that the increased left frontoparietal delta connectivity in the early period of abstinence significantly predicted maintaining abstinence over the ensuing 12 months. Furthermore, right frontoinsular delta connectivity correlated negatively with impulsivity and depression measures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the increased delta resting-state functional connectivity in the CCN may be a promising neurophysiological predictor of maintaining abstinence in individuals with alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Januszko
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gmaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Kopera
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Klimkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wnorowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Wołyńczyk-Gmaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kirk J Brower
- Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Wojnar
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Addiction Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andrzej Jakubczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Crowell CA, Davis SW, Beynel L, Deng L, Lakhlani D, Hilbig SA, Palmer H, Brito A, Peterchev AV, Luber B, Lisanby SH, Appelbaum LG, Cabeza R. Older adults benefit from more widespread brain network integration during working memory. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116959. [PMID: 32442638 PMCID: PMC7571507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the aging brain relies on a more distributed set of cortical regions than younger adults in order to maintain successful levels of performance during demanding cognitive tasks. However, it remains unclear how task demands give rise to this age-related expansion in cortical networks. To investigate this issue, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure univariate activity, network connectivity, and cognitive performance in younger and older adults during a working memory (WM) task. Here, individuals performed a WM task in which they held letters online while reordering them alphabetically. WM load was titrated to obtain four individualized difficulty levels with different set sizes. Network integration-defined as the ratio of within-versus between-network connectivity-was linked to individual differences in WM capacity. The study yielded three main findings. First, as task difficulty increased, network integration decreased in younger adults, whereas it increased in older adults. Second, age-related increases in network integration were driven by increases in right hemisphere connectivity to both left and right cortical regions, a finding that helps to reconcile existing theories of compensatory recruitment in aging. Lastly, older adults with higher WM capacity demonstrated higher levels of network integration in the most difficult task condition. These results shed light on the mechanisms of age-related network reorganization by demonstrating that changes in network connectivity may act as an adaptive form of compensation, with older adults recruiting a more distributed cortical network as task demands increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Crowell
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - S W Davis
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - L Beynel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - L Deng
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - D Lakhlani
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - S A Hilbig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - H Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - A Brito
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - A V Peterchev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - B Luber
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - S H Lisanby
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20852, USA
| | - L G Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - R Cabeza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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13
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The Effects of Cognitive Training on Brain Network Activity and Connectivity in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: a Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2020; 30:267-286. [PMID: 32529356 PMCID: PMC7305076 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-020-09440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive training (CT) is an increasingly popular, non-pharmacological intervention for improving cognitive functioning in neurodegenerative diseases and healthy aging. Although meta-analyses support the efficacy of CT in improving cognitive functioning, the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of CT are still unclear. We performed a systematic review of literature in the PubMed, Embase and PsycINFO databases on controlled CT trials (N > 20) in aging and neurodegenerative diseases with pre- and post-training functional MRI outcomes up to November 23rd 2018 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42019103662). Twenty articles were eligible for our systematic review. We distinguished between multi-domain and single-domain CT. CT induced both increases and decreases in task-related functional activation, possibly indicative of an inverted U-shaped curve association between regional brain activity and task performance. Functional connectivity within ‘cognitive’ brain networks was consistently reported to increase after CT while a minority of studies additionally reported increased segregation of frontoparietal and default mode brain networks. Although we acknowledge the large heterogeneity in type of CT, imaging methodology, in-scanner task paradigm and analysis methods between studies, we propose a working model of the effects of CT on brain activity and connectivity in the context of current knowledge on compensatory mechanisms that are associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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Park S, Choi B, Choi C, Kang JM, Lee JY. Relationship between education, leisure activities, and cognitive functions in older adults. Aging Ment Health 2019; 23:1651-1660. [PMID: 30350714 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1512083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal the relationship between life activities and cognitive function and to evaluate the interaction between education and various leisure activities in predicting cognitive function. Using a cross-sectional research design with retrospective data, a total of 210 healthy Korean older adults participated and reported their years of education, working, and lifelong leisure activities. Cognitive function was measured using the Mini Mental State Examination. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that education was positively associated with cognitive function, whereas working activity was not. Craft activities positively predicted cognitive function. Furthermore, education moderated the relationship between leisure activities and cognitive function. Only low-educated participants showed a decrease in cognitive function as they performed domestic chores and an increase in cognitive function as they participated in social activities and volunteering. High-educated participants showed no relation between leisure activities and cognitive function. The results of the current study suggest that the relationship between various leisure activities and cognitive function can vary based on the nature of the leisure activity and educational level. Professionals examining older adults' cognitive function should pay closer attention to educational level, as well as life styles (i.e. leisure activities), to provide appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soowon Park
- Department of Education, Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Boungho Choi
- Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Chihyun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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15
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Deng L, Cheng Y, Cao X, Feng W, Zhu H, Jiang L, Wu W, Tong S, Sun J, Li C. The effect of cognitive training on the brain's local connectivity organization in healthy older adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9033. [PMID: 31227777 PMCID: PMC6588690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training has been shown effective in improving the cognitive function of older adults. While training related plasticity of the brain has been observed at different levels, it is still open to exploration whether local functional connectivity (FC) may be affected by training. Here, we examined the neuroimaging data from a previous randomized-controlled double-blinded behavioural study, in which healthy older adults participated in a 3-month cognitive training program. Resting-state fMRI was acquired at baseline and one year after training. The local FC in the brain was estimated using the regional homogeneity (ReHo), and the high ReHo clusters (HRCs) were extracted to quantify the level of local FC integration. Results showed that: (i) HRCs exhibited a power-law size distribution; (ii) local FC were less integrated in older participants than in younger participants; (iii) local FC in older participants of the training group became more integrated after training than the control group; (iv) the baseline local FC integration was positively correlated with educational level. These results indicated a training-related alteration in local FC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifu Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Neurocognitive Research Centre, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanbao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Brain Science and Technology Research Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Brain Science and Technology Research Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioural Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Brain Science and Technology Research Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China.
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16
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McPhee GM, Downey LA, Stough C. Effects of sustained cognitive activity on white matter microstructure and cognitive outcomes in healthy middle-aged adults: A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 51:35-47. [PMID: 30802543 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adults who remain cognitively active may be protected from age-associated changes in white matter (WM) and cognitive decline. To determine if cognitive activity is a precursor for WM plasticity, the available literature was systematically searched for Region of Interest (ROI) and whole-brain studies assessing the efficacy of cognitive training (CT) on WM microstructure using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) in healthy adults (> 40 years). Seven studies were identified and included in this review. Results suggest there are beneficial effects to WM microstructure after CT in frontal and medial brain regions, with some studies showing improved performance in cognitive outcomes. Benefits of CT were shown to be protective against age-related WM microstructure decline by either maintaining or improving WM after training. These results have implications for determining the capacity for training-dependent WM plasticity in older adults and whether CT can be utilised to prevent age-associated cognitive decline. Additional studies with standardised training and imaging protocols are needed to confirm these outcomes.
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17
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Aberrant Interhemispheric Functional Organization in Children with Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4362539. [PMID: 31011574 PMCID: PMC6442313 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4362539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Hemispheric asymmetry is one fundamental principle of neuronal organization. Interhemispheric connectivity and lateralization of intrinsic networks in the resting-state brain demonstrate the interhemispheric functional organization and can be affected by disease processes. This study aims to investigate the interhemispheric organization in children with dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP) based on resting-state functional MRI (fMRI). Methods 24 children with DCP and 20 healthy children were included. Voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) was calculated to detect the interhemispheric connectivity, and the lateralization of the resting-state networks was performed to examine the asymmetry of the intrinsic networks of brain. Results Decreased interhemispheric connectivity was found at visual, motor, and motor-control related regions in children with DCP, while high cognitive related networks including the central executive network, the frontoparietal network, and the salience network represented decreased asymmetry in children with DCP. Abnormal VMHC in visual areas, as well as the altered lateralization in inferior parietal lobule and supplementary motor area, showed correlation with the gross motor function and activities of daily living in children with DCP. Conclusion These findings indicate that the interhemispheric functional organization alteration exists in children with DCP, suggesting that abnormal interhemispheric interaction may be a pathophysiological mechanism of motor and cognitive dysfunction of CP.
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18
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Feng W, Wang D, Tang L, Cheng Y, Wang G, Hu G, Gong X, Cao X, Jiang L, Li C. Effects of Different Cognitive Trainings on Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A One-Year Longitudinal Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Study. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5517-5527. [PMID: 30089102 PMCID: PMC6097101 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive training has been focused on the interventions of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) in recent years, with poor understanding. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study participants with aMCI were screened in a previous intervention trial. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was adopted to investigate effects of single-domain cognitive training (SDCT) and multi-domain cognitive training (MDCT) on aMCI and to explore potential mechanisms. RESULTS There were significant differences in the grey matter volume of the middle frontal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, and ventral V3 between the MDCT/SDCT group and the control group (P<0.05). Regional homogeneity (ReHo) increased significantly in the right and left inferior frontal gyrus as well as in the left and right precentral gyrus after intervention in the MDCT group and the SDCT group. ReHo increased significantly in the right and left lingual gyrus of the MDCT group and the control group. ReHo reduced significantly in the right middle temporal gyrus of the MDCT group but increased significantly in the left middle temporal gyrus in the SDCT group and the control group. The voxel of grey matter in the precuneus was positively related to the language scores on RBANS (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status), and amygdala, fusiform gyrus, and hippocampus also had a positive relationship with delayed memory scores in RBANS of the MDCT group. In the MDCT group, the attention and reasoning scores were also positively related to the ReHo of middle temporal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Both MDCT and SDCT may improve the aMCI at brain functional and structural levels; however, the MDCT group exhibited higher ReHo values in middle temporal gyrus and superior occipital gyrus. Also, it was confirmed that MDCT leads to better results than SDCT, showing a significant correlation of cognitive functions such as attention, memory, reasoning, and visual-spatial ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Long Tang
- School of Human Cultures, University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Guopu Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Gengdan Hu
- Center for Psychical and Cognitive Science Research and Department of Psychology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoliang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing (Ministry of Education), Tongji University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Bio-X Institute, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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19
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Manning KJ, Steffens DC. State of the Science of Neural Systems in Late-Life Depression: Impact on Clinical Presentation and Treatment Outcome. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018; 66 Suppl 1:S17-S23. [PMID: 29659005 PMCID: PMC5905432 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major depression in older adults, or late-life depression (LLD), is a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder that increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Although the effects of LLD make it important to achieve a diagnosis and start treatment quickly, individuals with LLD are often inadequately or unsuccessfully treated. The latest treatment developments suggest that interventions targeting executive dysfunction and neuroticism, constructs associated with poor response to antidepressants in older adults, are successful in treating LLD. Specific behavioral interventions (computerized cognitive training, mindfulness meditation, aerobic exercise) appear to decrease depressive symptoms and ameliorate executive dysfunction and neuroticism, but we do not fully understand the mechanisms by which these treatments work. We review recent research on neural network changes underlying executive dysfunction and neuroticism in LLD and their association with clinical outcomes (e.g., treatment response, cognitive functioning).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Manning
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - David C Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut
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20
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Heng JG, Wu CY, Archer JA, Miyakoshi M, Nakai T, Chen SHA. The role of regional heterogeneity in age-related differences in functional hemispheric asymmetry: an fMRI study. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2017; 25:904-927. [PMID: 28990857 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1385721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging literature has documented age-related hemispheric asymmetry reduction in frontal regions during task performances. As most studies employed working memory paradigms, it is therefore less clear if this pattern of neural reorganization is constrained by working memory processes or it would also emerge in other cognitive domains which are predominantly lateralized. Using blocked functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study used a homophone judgment task and a line judgment task to investigate age-related differences in functional hemispheric asymmetry in language and visuospatial processing respectively. Young and older adults achieved similar task accuracy although older adults required a significantly longer time. Age-related functional hemispheric asymmetry reduction was found only in dorsal inferior frontal gyrus and was associated with better performance when the homophone condition was contrasted against fixation, and not line condition. Our data thus highlights the importance of considering regional heterogeneity of aging effects together with general age-related cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiao-Yi Wu
- a Psychology , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,b Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE) , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
| | | | - Makoto Miyakoshi
- c Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Toshiharu Nakai
- d Neuroimaging and Informatics Lab , National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology , Ohbu , Aichi , Japan
| | - Shen-Hsing Annabel Chen
- a Psychology , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,b Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE) , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.,e LKCMedicine , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore
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21
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Küper K, Gajewski PD, Frieg C, Falkenstein M. A Randomized Controlled ERP Study on the Effects of Multi-Domain Cognitive Training and Task Difficulty on Task Switching Performance in Older Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:184. [PMID: 28446870 PMCID: PMC5388694 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Executive functions are subject to a marked age-related decline, but have been shown to benefit from cognitive training interventions. As of yet, it is, however, still relatively unclear which neural mechanism can mediate training-related performance gains. In the present electrophysiological study, we examined the effects of multi-domain cognitive training on performance in an untrained cue-based task switch paradigm featuring Stroop color words: participants either had to indicate the word meaning of Stroop stimuli (word task) or perform the more difficult task of color naming (color task). One-hundred and three older adults (>65 years old) were randomly assigned to a training group receiving a 4-month multi-domain cognitive training, a passive no-contact control group or an active (social) control group receiving a 4-month relaxation training. For all groups, we recorded performance and EEG measures before and after the intervention. For the cognitive training group, but not for the two control groups, we observed an increase in response accuracy at posttest, irrespective of task and trial type. No training-related effects on reaction times were found. Cognitive training was also associated with an overall increase in N2 amplitude and a decrease of P2 latency on single trials. Training-related performance gains were thus likely mediated by an enhancement of response selection and improved access to relevant stimulus-response mappings. Additionally, cognitive training was associated with an amplitude decrease in the time window of the target-locked P3 at fronto-central electrodes. An increase in the switch positivity during advance task preparation emerged after both cognitive and relaxation training. Training-related behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) effects were not modulated by task difficulty. The data suggest that cognitive training increased slow negative potentials during target processing which enhanced the N2 and reduced a subsequent P3-like component on both switch and non-switch trials and irrespective of task difficulty. Our findings further corroborate the effectiveness of multi-domain cognitive training in older adults and indicate that ERPs can be instrumental in uncovering the neural processes underlying training-related performance gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Küper
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick D Gajewski
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
| | - Claudia Frieg
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Aging Research Group, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human FactorsDortmund, Germany
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22
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Cao X, Yao Y, Li T, Cheng Y, Feng W, Shen Y, Li Q, Jiang L, Wu W, Wang J, Sheng J, Feng J, Li C. The Impact of Cognitive Training on Cerebral White Matter in Community-Dwelling Elderly: One-Year Prospective Longitudinal Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33212. [PMID: 27628682 PMCID: PMC5024122 DOI: 10.1038/srep33212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that cognitive training (CogTr) is effective and recuperative for older adults, and can be used to fight against cognitive decline. In this study, we investigated whether behavioural gains from CogTr would extend to white matter (WM) microstructure, and whether training-induced changes in WM integrity would be associated with improvements in cognitive function, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 48 healthy community elderly were either assigned to multi-domain or single-domain CogTr groups to receive 24 sessions over 12 weeks, or to a control group. DTI was performed at both baseline and 12-month follow-up. Positive effects of multi-domain CogTr on long-term changes in DTI indices were found in posterior parietal WM. Participants in the multi-domain group showed a trend of long-term decrease in axial diffusivity (AD) without significant change in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) or radial diffusivity (RD), while those in the control group displayed a significant FA decrease, and an increase in MD and RD. In addition, significant relationships between an improvement in processing speed and changes in RD, MD and AD were found in the multi-domain group. These findings support the hypothesis that plasticity of WM can be modified by CogTr, even in late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ye Yao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intellegence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ting Li
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200335, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wenyuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jianhua Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intellegence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
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23
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Cao W, Cao X, Hou C, Li T, Cheng Y, Jiang L, Luo C, Li C, Yao D. Effects of Cognitive Training on Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Default Mode, Salience, and Central Executive Networks. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:70. [PMID: 27148042 PMCID: PMC4828428 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have documented that aging can disrupt certain higher cognitive systems such as the default mode network (DMN), the salience network and the central executive network (CEN). The effect of cognitive training on higher cognitive systems remains unclear. This study used a 1-year longitudinal design to explore the cognitive training effect on three higher cognitive networks in healthy older adults. The community-living healthy older adults were divided into two groups: the multi-domain cognitive training group (24 sessions of cognitive training over a 3-months period) and the wait-list control group. All subjects underwent cognitive measurements and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning at baseline and at 1 year after the training ended. We examined training-related changes in functional connectivity (FC) within and between three networks. Compared with the baseline, we observed maintained or increased FC within all three networks after training. The scans after training also showed maintained anti-correlation of FC between the DMN and CEN compared to the baseline. These findings demonstrated that cognitive training maintained or improved the functional integration within networks and the coupling between the DMN and CEN in older adults. Our findings suggested that multi-domain cognitive training can mitigate the aging-related dysfunction of higher cognitive networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Cao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Changyue Hou
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Li
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
| | - Chunbo Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China; Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, High-Field Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu, China
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