1
|
Salcedo C, Pozo Garcia V, García-Adán B, Ameen AO, Gegelashvili G, Waagepetersen HS, Freude KK, Aldana BI. Increased glucose metabolism and impaired glutamate transport in human astrocytes are potential early triggers of abnormal extracellular glutamate accumulation in hiPSC-derived models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2024; 168:822-840. [PMID: 38063257 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate recycling between neurons and astrocytes is essential to maintain neurotransmitter homeostasis. Disturbances in glutamate homeostasis, resulting in excitotoxicity and neuronal death, have been described as a potential mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. However, glutamate neurotransmitter metabolism in different human brain cells, particularly astrocytes, has been poorly investigated at the early stages of AD. We sought to investigate glucose and glutamate metabolism in AD by employing human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes and neurons carrying mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin-1 (PSEN-1) gene as found in familial types of AD (fAD). Methods such as live-cell bioenergetics and metabolic mapping using [13C]-enriched substrates were used to examine metabolism in the early stages of AD. Our results revealed greater glycolysis and glucose oxidative metabolism in astrocytes and neurons with APP or PSEN-1 mutations, accompanied by an elevated glutamate synthesis compared to control WT cells. Astrocytes with APP or PSEN-1 mutations exhibited reduced expression of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2), and glutamine uptake increased in mutated neurons, with enhanced glutamate release specifically in neurons with a PSEN-1 mutation. These results demonstrate a hypermetabolic phenotype in astrocytes with fAD mutations possibly linked to toxic glutamate accumulation. Our findings further identify metabolic imbalances that may occur in the early phases of AD pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Salcedo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Victoria Pozo Garcia
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernat García-Adán
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aishat O Ameen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgi Gegelashvili
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristine K Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
PS1 Affects the Pathology of Alzheimer's Disease by Regulating BACE1 Distribution in the ER and BACE1 Maturation in the Golgi Apparatus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416151. [PMID: 36555791 PMCID: PMC9782474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuritic plaques are one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. They are formed by the aggregation of extracellular amyloid-β protein (Aβ), which is derived from the sequential cleavage of amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. BACE1 is the main β-secretase in the pathogenic process of Alzheimer's disease, which is believed to be a rate-limiting step of Aβ production. Presenilin 1 (PS1) is the active center of the γ-secretase that participates in the APP hydrolysis process. Mutations in the PS1 gene (PSEN1) are the most common cause of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). The PSEN1 mutations can alter the activity of γ-secretase on the cleavage of APP. Previous studies have shown that PSEN1 mutations increase the expression and activity of BACE1 and that BACE1 expression and activity are elevated in the brains of PSEN1 mutant knock-in mice, compared with wild-type mice, as well as in the cerebral cortex of FAD patients carrying PSEN1 mutations, compared with sporadic AD patients and controls. Here, we used a Psen1 knockout cell line and a PS1 inhibitor to show that PS1 affects the expression of BACE1 in vitro. Furthermore, we used sucrose gradient fractionation combined with western blotting to analyze the distribution of BACE1, combined with a time-lapse technique to show that PS1 upregulates the distribution and trafficking of BACE1 in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and endosomes. More importantly, we found that the PSEN1 mutant S170F increases the distribution of BACE1 in the endoplasmic reticulum and changes the ratio of mature BACE1 in the trans-Golgi network. The effect of PSEN1 mutations on BACE1 may contribute to determining the phenotype of early onset FAD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810970. [PMID: 36142879 PMCID: PMC9504248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) has been verified as an important causative factor for early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). PSEN1 is a part of γ-secretase, and in addition to amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, it can also affect other processes, such as Notch signaling, β-cadherin processing, and calcium metabolism. Several motifs and residues have been identified in PSEN1, which may play a significant role in γ-secretase mechanisms, such as the WNF, GxGD, and PALP motifs. More than 300 mutations have been described in PSEN1; however, the clinical phenotypes related to these mutations may be diverse. In addition to classical EOAD, patients with PSEN1 mutations regularly present with atypical phenotypic symptoms, such as spasticity, seizures, and visual impairment. In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to verify the effect of PSEN1 mutations on EOAD. The pathogenic nature of PSEN1 mutations can be categorized according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines; however, some mutations could not be categorized because they were detected only in a single case, and their presence could not be confirmed in family members. Genetic modifiers, therefore, may play a critical role in the age of disease onset and clinical phenotypes of PSEN1 mutations. This review introduces the role of PSEN1 in γ-secretase, the clinical phenotypes related to its mutations, and possible significant residues of the protein.
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu C, Cong L, Zhu M, Wang Y, Tang S, Han X, Zhang Q, Tian N, Liu K, Liang X, Fa W, Wang N, Hou T, Du Y. Screening for Genetic Mutations Associated with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:724-733. [PMID: 36306459 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is highly influenced by genetic factors. Numerous mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) have been identified for EOAD, but they can only account for a small proportion of EOAD cases. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to screen genetic mutations and variants associated with EOAD among Han Chinese adults. METHODS This study included 34 patients with EOAD and 26 controls from a population-based study and neurological ward. We first sequenced mutations in APP/PSENs and then performed whole-exome sequencing in the remaining patients with negative mutations in APP/PSENs to screen for additional potential genetic variants. Among patients who were negative in genetic screening tests, we further evaluated the risk burden of genes related to the Aβ metabolism-centered network to search for other probable causes of EOAD. RESULTS We identified 7 functional variants in APP/PSENs in 8 patients, including 1 APP mutation (p. Val715Met), 3 PSEN1 mutations (p. Phe177Ser; p. Arg377Met; p. Ile416Thr), and 3 PSEN2 mutations (p. Glu24Lys; p. Gly34Ser; p. Met239Thr). Of the remaining 26 EOAD cases without mutations in APP/PSENs, the proportion of carrying rare variants of genes involved in Aβ and APP metabolism was significantly higher than that of controls (84.6% vs. 73.1%, P=0.042). Thirty-one risk genes with 47 variants were identified in 22 patients. However, in 26 normal subjects, only 20 risk genes with 29 variants were identified in 19 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the role of APP/PSENs mutations in EOAD, identifying a new PSEN2 missense mutation, and further offer valuable insights into the potential genetic mechanisms of EOAD without APP/PSENs mutations among Han Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Fa
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kawabata S. Excessive/Aberrant and Maladaptive Synaptic Plasticity: A Hypothesis for the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:913693. [PMID: 35865745 PMCID: PMC9294348 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.913693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is widely accepted. Last year, the US Food and Drug Administration considered amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) as a surrogate biomarker and approved an anti-Aβ antibody, aducanumab, although its effectiveness in slowing the progression of AD is still uncertain. This approval has caused a great deal of controversy. Opinions are divided about whether there is enough evidence to definitely consider Aβ as a causative substance of AD. To develop this discussion constructively and to discover the most suitable therapeutic interventions in the end, an alternative persuasive hypothesis needs to emerge to better explain the facts. In this paper, I propose a hypothesis that excessive/aberrant and maladaptive synaptic plasticity is the pathophysiological basis for AD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Restrepo LJ, DePew AT, Moese ER, Tymanskyj SR, Parisi MJ, Aimino MA, Duhart JC, Fei H, Mosca TJ. γ-secretase promotes Drosophila postsynaptic development through the cleavage of a Wnt receptor. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1643-1660.e7. [PMID: 35654038 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Developing synapses mature through the recruitment of specific proteins that stabilize presynaptic and postsynaptic structure and function. Wnt ligands signaling via Frizzled (Fz) receptors play many crucial roles in neuronal and synaptic development, but whether and how Wnt and Fz influence synaptic maturation is incompletely understood. Here, we show that Fz2 receptor cleavage via the γ-secretase complex is required for postsynaptic development and maturation. In the absence of γ-secretase, Drosophila neuromuscular synapses fail to recruit postsynaptic scaffolding and cytoskeletal proteins, leading to behavioral deficits. Introducing presenilin mutations linked to familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease into flies leads to synaptic maturation phenotypes that are identical to those seen in null alleles. This conserved role for γ-secretase in synaptic maturation and postsynaptic development highlights the importance of Fz2 cleavage and suggests that receptor processing by proteins linked to neurodegeneration may be a shared mechanism with aspects of synaptic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Restrepo
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alison T DePew
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Moese
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen R Tymanskyj
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael J Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hong Fei
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
El Ganainy SO, Cijsouw T, Ali MA, Schoch S, Hanafy AS. Stereotaxic-assisted gene therapy in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: therapeutic potentials and clinical frontiers. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:319-335. [PMID: 35319338 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2056446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are neurodegenerative disorders causing cognitive deficits and motor difficulties in the elderly. Conventional treatments are mainly symptomatic with little ability to halt disease progression. Gene therapies to correct or silence genetic mutations predisposing to AD or PD are currently being developed in preclinical studies and clinical trials, relying mostly on systemic delivery, which reduces their effectiveness. Imaging-guided stereotaxic procedures are used to locally deliver therapeutic cargos to well-defined brain sites, hence raising the question whether stereotaxic-assisted gene therapy has therapeutic potentials. AREAS COVERED The authors summarize the studies that investigated the use of gene therapy in PD and AD in animal and clinical studies over the past five years, with a special emphasis on the combinatorial potential with stereotaxic delivery. The advantages, limitations and futuristic challenges of this technique are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Robotic stereotaxis combined with intraoperative imaging has revolutionized brain surgeries. While gene therapies are bringing huge innovations to the medical field and new hope to AD and PD patients and medical professionals, the efficient and targeted delivery of such therapies is a bottleneck. We propose that careful application of stereotaxic delivery of gene therapies can improve PD and AD management. [Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar O El Ganainy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tony Cijsouw
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mennatallah A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Susanne Schoch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Checler F, Alves da Costa C. Parkin as a Molecular Bridge Linking Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040559. [PMID: 35454148 PMCID: PMC9026546 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases are two distinct age-related pathologies that are characterized by various common dysfunctions. They are referred to as proteinopathies characterized by ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation. This accumulation is mainly due to altered lysosomal and proteasomal clearing processes and is generally accompanied by ER stress disturbance, autophagic and mitophagic defects, mitochondrial structure and function alterations and enhanced neuronal cell death. Genetic approaches aimed at identifying molecular triggers responsible for familial forms of AD or PD have helped to understand the etiology of their sporadic counterparts. It appears that several proteins thought to contribute to one of these pathologies are also likely to contribute to the other. One such protein is parkin (PK). Here, we will briefly describe anatomical lesions and genetic advances linked to AD and PD as well as the main cellular processes commonly affected in these pathologies. Further, we will focus on current studies suggesting that PK could well participate in AD and thereby act as a molecular bridge between these two pathologies. In particular, we will focus on the transcription factor function of PK and its newly described transcriptional targets that are directly related to AD- and PD-linked cellular defects.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cope ZA, Murai T, Sukoff Rizzo SJ. Emerging Electroencephalographic Biomarkers to Improve Preclinical to Clinical Translation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:805063. [PMID: 35250541 PMCID: PMC8891809 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.805063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Continually emerging data indicate that sub-clinical, non-convulsive epileptiform activity is not only prevalent in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but is detectable early in the course of the disease and predicts cognitive decline in both humans and animal models. Epileptiform activity and other electroencephalographic (EEG) measures may hold powerful, untapped potential to improve the translational validity of AD-related biomarkers in model animals ranging from mice, to rats, and non-human primates. In this review, we will focus on studies of epileptiform activity, EEG slowing, and theta-gamma coupling in preclinical models, with particular focus on its role in cognitive decline and relevance to AD. Here, each biomarker is described in the context of the contemporary literature and recent findings in AD relevant animal models are discussed.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cui X, Ying Z, Ying X, Jia L, Yang G. Three new alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their bioactivities. Fitoterapia 2021; 154:105020. [PMID: 34418491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three novel alkaloids, named oleracone L (1), portulacatone B (2), and portulacatal (3), were isolated from P. oleracea L.. The structures were determined using UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS. The three compounds in a dose-dependent manner significantly reduced the secretion of IL-1β in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages RAW 264.7 cell culture supernatant, moreover, exhibited the anticholinesterase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zheming Ying
- School of The First Clinic, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xixiang Ying
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lianqun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Guanlin Yang
- School of The First Clinic, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Melatonin protects against methamphetamine-induced Alzheimer's disease-like pathological changes in rat hippocampus. Neurochem Int 2021; 148:105121. [PMID: 34224806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug of abuse. METH use is associated with cognitive impairments and neurochemical abnormalities comparable to pathological changes observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). These observations have stimulated the idea that METH abusers might be prone to develop AD-like signs and symptoms. Melatonin, the pineal hormone, is considered as a potential therapeutic intervention against AD. We thus conducted the present study to explore potential protective roles of melatonin against METH-induced deficits in learning and memory as well as in the appearance of AD-like pathological changes in METH-treated male Wistar rats. We found that melatonin ameliorated METH-induced cognitive impairments in those rats. Melatonin prevented METH-induced decrease in dopamine transporter (DAT) expression in rat hippocampus. Melatonin reversed METH-induced activation of β-arrestin2, reduction of phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and METH-induced excessive activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). Importantly, melatonin inhibited METH-induced changes in the expression of β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1), disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), and presenilin 1 (PS1), as well as the reduction of amyloid beta (Aβ)42 production. Immunofluorescence double-labeling demonstrated that melatonin not only prevented the METH-induced loss of DAT but also prevented METH-induced Aβ42 overexpression in the dentate gyrus, CA1, and CA3. Furthermore, melatonin also suppressed METH-induced increase in phosphorylated tau. Significantly, melatonin attenuated METH-induced increase in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subtype 2 B (NR2B) protein expression and restored METH-induced reduction of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). This suggested that melatonin attenuated the toxic effect of METH on the hippocampus involving the amyloidogenic pathway. Taken together, our data suggest that METH abuse may be a predisposing risk factor for AD and that melatonin could serve as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent METH-induced AD like pathology.
Collapse
|
13
|
Is γ-secretase a beneficial inactivating enzyme of the toxic APP C-terminal fragment C99? J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100489. [PMID: 33662398 PMCID: PMC8027268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, biochemical, and anatomical grounds led to the proposal of the amyloid cascade hypothesis centered on the accumulation of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ) to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. In this context, a bulk of efforts have aimed at developing therapeutic strategies seeking to reduce Aβ levels, either by blocking its production (γ- and β-secretase inhibitors) or by neutralizing it once formed (Aβ-directed immunotherapies). However, so far the vast majority of, if not all, clinical trials based on these strategies have failed, since they have not been able to restore cognitive function in AD patients, and even in many cases, they have worsened the clinical picture. We here propose that AD could be more complex than a simple Aβ-linked pathology and discuss the possibility that a way to reconcile undoubted genetic evidences linking processing of APP to AD and a consistent failure of Aβ-based clinical trials could be to envision the pathological contribution of the direct precursor of Aβ, the β-secretase-derived C-terminal fragment of APP, βCTF, also referred to as C99. In this review, we summarize scientific evidences pointing to C99 as an early contributor to AD and postulate that γ-secretase should be considered as not only an Aβ-generating protease, but also a beneficial C99-inactivating enzyme. In that sense, we discuss the limitations of molecules targeting γ-secretase and propose alternative strategies seeking to reduce C99 levels by other means and notably by enhancing its lysosomal degradation.
Collapse
|
14
|
A computer-simulated mechanism of familial Alzheimer’s disease: Mutations enhance thermal dynamics and favor looser substrate-binding to γ-secretase. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Chen SY, Zacharias M. How Mutations Perturb γ-Secretase Active Site Studied by Free Energy Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3321-3332. [PMID: 32960571 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase is involved in processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and generation of short Aβ peptides that may play a key role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several mutations in γ-secretase influence its activity, resulting in early AD onset (Familial AD or FAD mutations). The molecular details of how mutations, not located close to the active site, can affect enzyme activity is not understood. In molecular dynamics simulations of γ-secretase in the absence of substrate (apo), we identified two active site conformational states characterized by a direct contact between catalytic Asp residues (closed state) and an open water-bridged state. In the presence of substrate, only conformations compatible with the open active site geometry are accessible. Systematic free energy simulations on wild type and FAD mutations indicate a free energy difference between closed and open states that is significantly modulated by FAD mutations and correlates with the corresponding experimental activity. For mutations with reduced activity, an increased penalty for open-state transitions was found. Only for two mutations located at the active site a direct perturbation of the open-state geometry was observed that could directly explain the drop of enzyme activity. The simulations suggest that modulation of the closed/open equilibrium and perturbation of the open (active) catalytic geometry are possible mechanisms of how FAD mutations affect γ-secretase activity. The results also offer an explanation for the experimental finding that FAD mutations, although not located at the interface to the substrate, mainly destabilize the enzyme-substrate complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Chen
- Physik-Department T38,Techniche Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Zacharias
- Physik-Department T38,Techniche Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
The cellular machinery of post-endocytic APP trafficking in Alzheimer's disease: A future target for therapeutic intervention? PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 177:109-122. [PMID: 33453937 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent data establish multiple defects in endocytic functions as early events initiating various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The genetic landscape resulting from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reveals changes in post-endocytic trafficking of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in neurons leading to an increase in amyloidogenic processing, deficits in amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance, increases in intracellular Aβ, and other endosomal pathogenic phenotypes. Multiple genetic factors regulate each segment of endosomal and post-endosomal trafficking. Intriguingly, several studies indicate endosomal dysfunctions preceding Aβ pathology and tau phosphorylation. In this chapter we highlight the role of various GWAS-identified endosomal and post-endosomal gene products in initiating AD pathologies. We also summarize the functions of various genetic modifiers of post-endocytic trafficking of APP that may work as targets for therapeutic intervention in AD.
Collapse
|
17
|
Dinkel F, Trujillo-Rodriguez D, Villegas A, Streffer J, Mercken M, Lopera F, Glatzel M, Sepulveda-Falla D. Decreased Deposition of Beta-Amyloid 1-38 and Increased Deposition of Beta-Amyloid 1-42 in Brain Tissue of Presenilin-1 E280A Familial Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:220. [PMID: 32848702 PMCID: PMC7399638 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD) caused by Presenilin-1 (PS1) mutations is characterized by early onset, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Impaired gamma secretase function favors production of longer beta-amyloid species in PS1 FAD. The PS1 E280A mutation is the largest FAD kindred under study. Here, we studied beta-amyloid deposits in PS1 E280A FAD brains in comparison to sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). We analyzed cortices and cerebellum from 10 FAD and 10 SAD brains using immunohistochemistry to determine total beta-amyloid, hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau), and specific beta-amyloid peptides 1-38, 1-40, 1-42, and 1-43. Additionally, we studied beta-amyloid subspecies by ELISA, and vessel pathology was detected with beta-amyloid 1-42 and truncated pyroglutamylated beta-amyloid antibodies. There were no significant differences in total beta-amyloid signal between SAD and FAD. Beta-amyloid 1-38 and 1-43 loads were increased, and 1-42 loads were decreased in frontal cortices of SAD when compared to FAD. Beta-amyloid species assessment by ELISA resembled our findings by immunohistochemical analysis. Differences in beta-amyloid 1-38 and 1-42 levels between SAD and FAD were evidenced by using beta-amyloid length-specific antibodies, reflecting a gamma secretase-dependent shift in beta-amyloid processing in FAD cases. The use of beta-amyloid length-specific antibodies for postmortem assessment of beta-amyloid pathology can differentiate between SAD and PS1 FAD cases and it can be useful for identification of SAD cases potentially affected with gamma secretase dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Dinkel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Andres Villegas
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Johannes Streffer
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marc Mercken
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Diego Sepulveda-Falla
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf - UKE, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu J, Wang Q, Jing D, Gao R, Zhang J, Cui C, Qiao H, Liang Z, Wang C, Rosa-Neto P, Wu L, Jia J, Gauthier S. Diagnostic Approach of Early-Onset Dementia with Negative Family History: Implications from Two Cases of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease with De Novo PSEN1 Mutation. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:551-558. [PMID: 30814350 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) cases with unclear family history, most cases are sporadic. Some cases are positive in genetic findings, that is, either incomplete penetrance or de novo mutation. We aimed to focus on EOAD cases with de novo mutations. Case reports and literature review were performed. The implication for diagnostic approach of early-onset dementia with negative family history was developed. We reported two Chinese EOAD cases with de novo mutations. The genotype PSEN1 G206S appeared to correlate with the phenotype of EOAD with pure cognitive problems. The second case had a PSEN1 M233V mutation with an earlier age of onset of 25 with cognitive decline, parkinsonism, and epilepsy. Although EOAD due to de novo mutations is not common, it should be considered in patients with a phenotype of progressive cognitive decline and amyloid positivity on PET or CSF analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglai Jing
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwen Qiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Canada
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jung ME, Metzger DB, Hall J. The long-term but not short-term use of benzodiazepine impairs motoric function and upregulates amyloid β in part through the suppression of translocator protein. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 191:172873. [PMID: 32105662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many elderly American women use CNS depressant benzodiazepine (BZD) to ameliorate anxiety or insomnia. However, the chronic use of BZD (cBZD) is prevalent, causing adverse effects of BZD that include movement deficit. We previously reported that cBZD upregulates neurotoxic amyloid β42 (Aβ42) and downregulates neuroprotective translocator protein (TSPO) in the cerebellum, the brain area of movement and balance. The aim of the current study is two-fold: 1) to determine a direct effect of TSPO (inhibition) on cBZD-induced Aβ42 and Aβ-associated molecules; Aβ-producing-protein presenilin-1 (PS1) and Aβ-degrading-enzyme neprilysin and 2) to determine whether Aβ42 upregulation and motoric deficit occur upon a long-term (cBZD) rather than a short-term BZD (sBZD) treatment. Old female mice received BZD (lorazepam) for 20 days (cBZD) or 3 days (sBZD) with or without prototype TSPO ligand PK11195 and were tested for motoric performance for 3 days using Rotarod. ELISA was conducted to measure Aβ42 level and neprilysin activity in cerebellum. RT-PCR and immunoblot were conducted to measure the mRNA and protein levels of TSPO, PS1, and neprilysin. cBZD treatment decreased TSPO and neprilysin but increased Aβ42 accompanied by motoric deficit. Chronic PK11195 treatment acted as a TSPO inhibitor by suppressing TSPO expression and mimicked or exacerbated the effects of cBZD on all parameters measured except for PS1. None of the molecular and behavioral changes induced by cBZD were reproduced by sBZD treatment. These data suggest that cBZD upregulates Aβ42 and downregulates neprilysin in part through TSPO inhibition, the mechanisms distinct from sBZD, collectively contributing to motoric deficit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Institute for Healthy Aging, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America.
| | - Daniel B Metzger
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Institute for Healthy Aging, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| | - James Hall
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, Institute for Healthy Aging, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen H, Liang L, Xu H, Xu J, Yao L, Li Y, Tan Y, Li X, Huang Q, Yang Z, Wu J, Chen J, Huang H, Wang X, Zhang CE, Liu J. Short Term Exposure to Bilirubin Induces Encephalopathy Similar to Alzheimer’s Disease in Late Life. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:277-295. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-190945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leyi Yao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanling Li
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufan Tan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingtian Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Chang-E. Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiu Q, Jia L, Wang Q, Zhao L, Jin H, Li T, Quan M, Xu L, Li B, Li Y, Jia J. Identification of a novel PSEN1 Gly111Val missense mutation in a Chinese pedigree with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 85:155.e1-155.e4. [PMID: 31235344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes account for the majority of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD), with PSEN1 being the most common. We screened these genes for mutations in a Chinese proband from an autosomal dominant early-onset AD pedigree. Early-onset AD is defined as the age at onset of AD < 65 years. A heterozygous variant (c.332G > T) of PSEN1, which results in a missense mutation (p.Gly111Val), was identified. Three prediction programs suggested this mutation was disease causing. When PSEN1 Gly111Val was overexpressed in HEK293/APPswe cells, the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 was significantly increased compared with that of wild-type PSEN1. Our results suggest that this novel PSEN1 Gly111Val mutation may play a pathogenic role in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Jin
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Meina Quan
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Bingqiu Li
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Presenilin-mediated cleavage of APP regulates synaptotagmin-7 and presynaptic plasticity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4780. [PMID: 30429473 PMCID: PMC6235831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the intramembrane protease presenilin (PS) or of its main substrate, the amyloid precursor protein (APP), cause early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. PS and APP interact with proteins of the neurotransmitter release machinery without identified functional consequences. Here we report that genetic deletion of PS markedly decreases the presynaptic levels of the Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin-7 (Syt7) leading to impaired synaptic facilitation and replenishment of synaptic vesicles. The regulation of Syt7 expression by PS occurs post-transcriptionally and depends on γ-secretase proteolytic activity. It requires the substrate APP as revealed by the combined genetic invalidation of APP and PS1, and in particular the APP-Cterminal fragments which interact with Syt7 and accumulate in synaptic terminals under pharmacological or genetic inhibition of γ-secretase. Thus, we uncover a role of PS in presynaptic mechanisms, through APP cleavage and regulation of Syt7, that highlights aberrant synaptic vesicle processing as a possible new pathway in AD. Mutations in presenilin, which cleaves amyloid precursor protein, cause familial Alzheimer’s Disease. Here, the authors show that loss of presenilin leads to loss of synaptotagmin 7, leading to impaired presynaptic release.
Collapse
|
23
|
Chinchalongporn V, Shukla M, Govitrapong P. Melatonin ameliorates Aβ 42 -induced alteration of βAPP-processing secretases via the melatonin receptor through the Pin1/GSK3β/NF-κB pathway in SH-SY5Y cells. J Pineal Res 2018; 64:e12470. [PMID: 29352484 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is involved in the physiological regulation of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP)-cleaving secretases which are responsible for generation of the neurotoxic amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. In this study, we aimed to determine the underlying mechanisms of this regulation under pathological conditions. We establish that melatonin prevents Aβ42 -induced downregulation of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) as well as upregulation of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and presenilin 1 (PS1) in SH-SY5Y cell cultures. We also demonstrate that the intrinsic mechanisms of the observed effects occurred via regulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β as melatonin reversed Aβ42 -induced upregulation and nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 as well as activation of GSK3β via its receptor activation. Furthermore, specific blocking of the NF-κB and GSK3β pathways partially abrogated the Aβ42 -induced reduction in the BACE1 and PS1 levels. In addition, GSK3β blockage affected α-secretase cleavage and modulated nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Importantly, our study for the first time shows that peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1) is a crucial target of melatonin. The compromised levels and/or genetic variation of Pin1 are associated with age-dependent tau and Aβ pathologies and neuronal degeneration. Interestingly, melatonin alleviated the Aβ42 -induced reduction of nuclear Pin1 levels and preserved the functional integrity of this isomerase. Our findings illustrate that melatonin attenuates Aβ42 -induced alterations of βAPP-cleaving secretases possibly via the Pin1/GSK3β/NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vorapin Chinchalongporn
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Mayuri Shukla
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
- Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang W, Yin J, Ma X, Zhao F, Siedlak SL, Wang Z, Torres S, Fujioka H, Xu Y, Perry G, Zhu X. Inhibition of mitochondrial fragmentation protects against Alzheimer's disease in rodent model. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:4118-4131. [PMID: 28973308 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early prominent feature in susceptible neurons in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease, which likely plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of disease. Increasing evidence suggests abnormal mitochondrial dynamics as important underlying mechanisms. In this study, we characterized marked mitochondrial fragmentation and abnormal mitochondrial distribution in the pyramidal neurons along with mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain of Alzheimer's disease mouse model CRND8 as early as 3 months of age before the accumulation of amyloid pathology. To establish the pathogenic significance of these abnormalities, we inhibited mitochondrial fragmentation by the treatment of mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (mdivi-1), a mitochondrial fission inhibitor. Mdivi-1 treatment could rescue both mitochondrial fragmentation and distribution deficits and improve mitochondrial function in the CRND8 neurons both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the amelioration of mitochondrial dynamic deficits by mdivi-1 treatment markedly decreased extracellular amyloid deposition and Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, prevented the development of cognitive deficits in Y-maze test and improved synaptic parameters. Our findings support the notion that abnormal mitochondrial dynamics plays an early and causal role in mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease-related pathological and cognitive impairments in vivo and indicate the potential value of restoration of mitochondrial dynamics as an innovative therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiaopin Ma
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhenlian Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Life Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiansu 213164, China
| | - Sandy Torres
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222, USA
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Small SA, Simoes-Spassov S, Mayeux R, Petsko GA. Endosomal Traffic Jams Represent a Pathogenic Hub and Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Neurosci 2018; 40:592-602. [PMID: 28962801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
While clues have existed that endosomal trafficking is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), whether it plays a central role in the disease and if so how has remained unknown. Here we rely on recent genetic and cellular findings to construct a model proposing that traffic jams in the early endosome can act as an upstream pathogenic hub in AD. We also rely on an independent series of findings to suggest how the traffic jams can act as a unified mediator of downstream pathophysiology. The model predicts, therefore, that interventions designed to unjam the endosome carry high therapeutic promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sabrina Simoes-Spassov
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nday CM, Eleftheriadou D, Jackson G. Shared pathological pathways of Alzheimer's disease with specific comorbidities: current perspectives and interventions. J Neurochem 2018; 144:360-389. [PMID: 29164610 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) belongs to one of the most multifactorial, complex and heterogeneous morbidity-leading disorders. Despite the extensive research in the field, AD pathogenesis is still at some extend obscure. Mechanisms linking AD with certain comorbidities, namely diabetes mellitus, obesity and dyslipidemia, are increasingly gaining importance, mainly because of their potential role in promoting AD development and exacerbation. Their exact cognitive impairment trajectories, however, remain to be fully elucidated. The current review aims to offer a clear and comprehensive description of the state-of-the-art approaches focused on generating in-depth knowledge regarding the overlapping pathology of AD and its concomitant ailments. Thorough understanding of associated alterations on a number of molecular, metabolic and hormonal pathways, will contribute to the further development of novel and integrated theranostics, as well as targeted interventions that may be beneficial for individuals with age-related cognitive decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Eleftheriadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Graham Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun Z, Xie Y, Chen Y, Yang Q, Quan Z, Dai R, Qing H. Rab21, a Novel PS1 Interactor, Regulates γ-Secretase Activity via PS1 Subcellular Distribution. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3841-3855. [PMID: 28547526 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
γ-Secretase has been a therapeutical target for its key role in cleaving APP to generate β-amyloid (Aβ), the primary constituents of senile plaques and a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Recently, γ-secretase-associating proteins showed promising role in specifically modulating APP processing while sparing Notch signaling; however, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. A co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) coupled with mass spectrometry proteomic assay for Presenilin1 (PS1, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase) was firstly conducted to find more γ-secretase-associating proteins. Gene ontology analysis of these results identified Rab21 as a potential PS1 interacting protein, and the interaction between them was validated by reciprocal Co-IP and immunofluorescence assay. Then, molecular and biochemical methods were used to investigate the effect of Rab21 on APP processing. Results showed that overexpression of Rab21 enhanced Aβ generation, while silencing of Rab21 reduced the accumulation of Aβ, which resulted due to change in γ-secretase activity rather than α- or β-secretase. Finally, we demonstrated that Rab21 had no effect on γ-secretase complex synthesis or metabolism but enhanced PS1 endocytosis and translocation to late endosome/lysosome. In conclusion, we identified a novel γ-secretase-associating protein Rab21 and illustrate that Rab21 promotes γ-secretase internalization and translocation to late endosome/lysosome. Moreover, silencing of Rab21 decreases the γ-secretase activity in APP processing thus production of Aβ. All these results open new gateways towards the understanding of γ-secretase-associating proteins in APP processing and make inhibition of Rab21 a promising strategy for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Sun
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Xie
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yintong Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghu Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang X, Song R, Lu W, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhu X, Liu Y, Sun Z, Li J, Li X. YXQN Reduces Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology and Cognitive Decline in APPswePS1dE9 Transgenic Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:157. [PMID: 28603494 PMCID: PMC5440527 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the world's most common form of dementia, in which aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is the hallmark. Unfortunately, few medicines have succeeded to completely cure AD. Yangxue Qingnao (YXQN) is a Chinese traditional medicine, and its pharmacological effect is improving cerebral blood flow. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that YXQN reduced AD-like pathology and cognitive impairment in APPswePS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice with 2 months administration. Our data showed that YXQN substantially ameliorated behavioral defects in 10-month old APP/PS1 mice using Morris Water Maze and Y-maze tests, in which the cognitive ability of YXQN high-dose group approaches to wild type mice. Next, we focused on the brain pathological alterations in the YXQN group by three experiments, including thioflavin-S, congo-red, and Aβ-immunohistochemistry staining. The results demonstrated that the high-dose of YXQN dramatically suppressed amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and cortex of APP/PS1 mice, which showed a 47-72% reduction in plaque deposits, relative to the vehicle group. In addition, our data verified that YXQN decreased the cerebral amyloid load by attenuating β-secretase BACE1 and γ-secretase PS1 in the pathological processing of APP, and promoting the level of α-secretase ADAM10 in the physiological processing of APP to generate more sAPPα, which combats amyloidosis formation, and also carries out neurotropic and neuroprotective effect. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that YXQN could be a potential medicine for AD, and provide new evidence for further AD drug research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Runmin Song
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Wenliang Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianjinChina
| | - Ziyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Lichun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los AngelesCA, United States
| | - Zijie Sun
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, StanfordCA, United States
| | - Jiang Li
- Dental Hospital, Jilin University, ChangchunChina
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal UniversityChangchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yin J, Zhao F, Chojnacki JE, Fulp J, Klein WL, Zhang S, Zhu X. NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor Ameliorates Amyloid Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1977-1987. [PMID: 28255908 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway plays an important role in the neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the effects of JC-124, a rationally designed NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, on AD-related deficits in CRND8 APP transgenic mice (TgCRND8). We first demonstrated increased formation and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in TgCRND8 mice compared to non-transgenic littermate controls, which was inhibited by the treatment with JC-124. Importantly, JC-124 treatment led to decreased levels of Aβ deposition and decreased levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ1-42 in the brain of CRND8 mice which was accompanied by reduced β-cleavage of APP, reduced activation of microglia but enhanced astrocytosis. Oxidative stress was decreased and synaptophysin was increased in the CRND8 mice after JC-124 treatment, demonstrating a neuroprotective effect. Overall, these data demonstrated beneficial effects of JC-124 as a specific NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor in AD mouse model and supported the further development of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors as a viable option for AD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Fanpeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy E Chojnacki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Jacob Fulp
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zoltowska KM, Maesako M, Lushnikova I, Takeda S, Keller LJ, Skibo G, Hyman BT, Berezovska O. Dynamic presenilin 1 and synaptotagmin 1 interaction modulates exocytosis and amyloid β production. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:15. [PMID: 28193235 PMCID: PMC5307796 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-linked protein, presenilin 1 (PS1), is present at the synapse, and the knock-out of presenilin in mice leads to synaptic dysfunction. On the other hand, synaptic activity was shown to influence PS1-dependent generation of distinct amyloid β (Aβ) species. However, the precise nature of these regulations remains unclear. The current study reveals novel role of PS1 at the synapse, and deciphers how PS1 and synaptic vesicle-associated protein, synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) modulate each other functions in neurons via direct activity-triggered interaction. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of fostering PS1-Syt1 binding is investigated as a synapse-specific strategy for AD prevention. Methods PS1-based cell-permeable peptide targeting PS1-Syt1 binding site was designed to inhibit PS1-Syt1 interaction in neurons. PS1 conformation, synaptic vesicle exocytosis and trafficking were assayed by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), glutamate release/synaptopHluorin assay, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, respectively. Syt1 level and interaction with PS1 in control and sporadic AD brains were determined by immunohistochemistry and FLIM. AAV-mediated delivery of Syt1 into mouse hippocampi was used to investigate the therapeutic potential of strengthening PS1-Syt1 binding in vivo. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney’s U-test or two-way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni’s post-test. Results We demonstrate that targeted inhibition of the PS1-Syt1 binding in neurons, without changing the proteins’ expression level, triggers “pathogenic” conformational shift of PS1, and consequent increase in the Aβ42/40 ratio. Moreover, our data indicate that PS1, by binding directly to Syt1, regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking and facilitates exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Analysis of human brain tissue revealed that not only Syt1 levels but also interactions between remaining Syt1 and PS1 are diminished in sporadic AD. On the other hand, overexpression of Syt1 in mouse hippocampi was found to potentiate PS1-Syt1 binding and promote “protective” PS1 conformation. Conclusions The study reports novel functions of PS1 and Syt1 at the synapse, and demonstrates the importance of PS1-Syt1 binding for exocytosis and safeguarding PS1 conformation. It suggests that reduction in the Syt1 level and PS1-Syt1 interactions in AD brain may present molecular underpinning of the pathogenic PS1 conformation, increased Aβ42/40 ratio, and impaired exocytosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-017-0159-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Marta Zoltowska
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Rm. 2006, 02129, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Masato Maesako
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Rm. 2006, 02129, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Iryna Lushnikova
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Shuko Takeda
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Rm. 2006, 02129, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Laura J Keller
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Rm. 2006, 02129, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Galina Skibo
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, 01024, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Rm. 2006, 02129, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Oksana Berezovska
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Rm. 2006, 02129, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Shea YF, Chan AOK, Chu LW, Lee SC, Law CY, See CH, Yiu KL, Chiu PKC. Novel presenilin 1 mutation (p.F386I) in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 50:168.e9-168.e11. [PMID: 27816212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease accounts for 0.5% of all Alzheimer's disease. A familial Alzheimer's disease Chinese family, with 7 affected family members, underwent PSEN1 screening in 3 affected family members. A heterozygous novel missense mutation in the PSEN1 gene c.1156T>A, altering phenylalanine to isoleucine at codon 386, was identified. Because the change occurred in conserved domains of this gene and cosegregated with affected family members, this change may have a mutagenic and probably pathogenic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Fung Shea
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Angel On-Kei Chan
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology & Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Leung-Wing Chu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, Strategic Research Theme on Aging, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shui-Ching Lee
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Yin Law
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology & Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Him See
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology & Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-Ling Yiu
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology & Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Ka-Chun Chiu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang W, Moerman-Herzog AM, Slaton A, Barger SW. Presenilin 1 mutations influence processing and trafficking of the ApoE receptor apoER2. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 49:145-153. [PMID: 27810638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Presenilin (PS)-1 is an intramembrane protease serving as the catalytic component of γ-secretase. Mutations in the PS1 gene are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). The low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor family member apoER2 is a γ-secretase substrate that has been associated with AD in several ways, including acting as a receptor for apolipoprotein E (ApoE). ApoER2 is processed by γ-secretase into a C-terminal fragment (γ-CTF) that appears to regulate gene expression. FAD PS1 mutations were tested for effects on apoER2. PS1 mutation R278I showed impaired γ-secretase activity for apoER2 in the basal state or after exposure to Reelin. PS1 M146V mutation permitted accumulation of apoER2 CTFs after Reelin treatment, whereas no difference was seen between wild-type (WT) and M146V in the basal state. PS1 L282V mutation, combined with the γ-secretase inhibitor N-(N-[3,5-Difluorophenacetyl]-L-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, greatly reduced the cell-surface levels of apoER2 without affecting total apoER2 levels, suggesting a defect in receptor trafficking. These findings indicate that impaired processing or localization of apoER2 may contribute to the pathogenic effects of FAD mutations in PS1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Arthur Slaton
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Steven W Barger
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Blain JF, Bursavich MG, Freeman EA, Hrdlicka LA, Hodgdon HE, Chen T, Costa DE, Harrison BA, Kapadnis S, Murphy DA, Nolan S, Tu Z, Tang C, Burnett DA, Patzke H, Koenig G. Characterization of FRM-36143 as a new γ-secretase modulator for the potential treatment of familial Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:34. [PMID: 27572246 PMCID: PMC5004293 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) is caused by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin (PS). Most PS mutations, which account for the majority of FAD cases, lead to an increased ratio of longer to shorter forms of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. The therapeutic rationale of γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) for Alzheimer’s disease is based on this genetic evidence as well as on enzyme kinetics measurements showing changes in the processivity of the γ-secretase complex. This analysis suggests that GSMs could potentially offset some of the effects of PS mutations on APP processing, thereby addressing the root cause of early onset FAD. Unfortunately, the field has generated few, if any, molecules with good central nervous system (CNS) drug-like properties to enable proof-of-mechanism studies. Method We characterized the novel GSM FRM-36143 using multiple cellular assays to determine its in vitro potency and off-target activity as well as its potential to reverse the effect of PS mutations. We also tested its efficacy in vivo in wild-type mice and rats. Results FRM-36143 has much improved CNS drug-like properties compared to published GSMs. It has an in vitro EC50 for Aβ42 of 35 nM in H4 cells, can reduce Aβ42 to 58 % of the baseline in rat cerebrospinal fluid, and also increases the non-amyloidogenic peptides Aβ37 and Aβ38. It does not inhibit Notch processing, nor does it inhibit 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) activity. Most interestingly, it can reverse the effects of presenilin mutations on APP processing in vitro. Conclusions FRM-36143 possesses all the characteristics of a GSM in terms of Aβ modulation Because FRM-36143 was able to reverse the effect of PS mutations, we suggest that targeting patients with this genetic defect would be the best approach at testing the efficacy of a GSM in the clinic. While the amyloid hypothesis is still being tested with β-site APP-cleaving enzyme inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies in sporadic AD, we believe it is not a hypothesis for FAD. Since GSMs can correct the molecular defect caused by PS mutations, they have the promise to provide benefits to the patients when treated early enough in the course of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily A Freeman
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Lori A Hrdlicka
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Ting Chen
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Don E Costa
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Bryce A Harrison
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Deirdre A Murphy
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Scott Nolan
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Zhiming Tu
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Cuyue Tang
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Duane A Burnett
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Holger Patzke
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Gerhard Koenig
- FORUM Pharmaceuticals Inc, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Agca C, Klakotskaia D, Schachtman TR, Chan AW, Lah JJ, Agca Y. Presenilin 1 transgene addition to amyloid precursor protein overexpressing transgenic rats increases amyloid beta 42 levels and results in loss of memory retention. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:46. [PMID: 27388605 PMCID: PMC4936262 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported the production of transgenic rats (APP21 line) that over-express human amyloid precursor protein (APP) containing Swedish and Indiana mutations. In order to generate a better model for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the APP21 rat line was used to generate double transgenic line that over-expressed Presenilin 1 (PS1) with L166P mutation in addition to APP transgene (APP + PS1 line). RESULTS Thirty-two double transgenic founders were generated and the ultimate transgenic founder was selected based on PS1 transgene copy number and level of amyloid-beta (Aβ)42 peptide. The APP + PS1 double transgenic rats had 38 times more PS1 in brains compared to APP rats. Behavioral assessment using Barnes maze showed that APP + PS1 rats exhibited a larger learning and memory deficit than APP21 rats. Double transgenic rats also produced more Aβ42. Histological examination of the brains showed that the APP21 rat line displayed neurofibrillary tangles and in contrast, the APP + PS1 line showed chromatolysis in hippocampal neurons and neuronal loss in CA3 region of hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Due to the separate segregation of APP and PS1 transgenes in APP + PS1 double transgenic rats, this transgenic line may be a valuable model for studying the effects of various levels of APP and PS1 transgenes on various aspects of brain pathologies associated with the AD phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Room W191, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Diana Klakotskaia
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Todd R Schachtman
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Anthony W Chan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuksel Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 1600 East Rollins Street, Room W191, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carroll CM, Li YM. Physiological and pathological roles of the γ-secretase complex. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:199-206. [PMID: 27133790 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-secretase (GS) is an enzyme complex that cleaves numerous substrates, and it is best known for cleaving amyloid precursor protein (APP) to form amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. Aberrant cleavage of APP can lead to Alzheimer's disease, so much research has been done to better understand GS structure and function in hopes of developing therapeutics for Alzheimer's. Therefore, most of the attention in this field has been focused on developing modulators that reduce pathogenic forms of Aβ while leaving Notch and other GS substrates intact, but GS provides multiple avenues of modulation that could improve AD pathology. GS has complex regulation, through its essential subunits and other associated proteins, providing other targets for AD drugs. Therapeutics can also alter GS trafficking and thereby improve cognition, or move beyond Aβ entirely, effecting Notch and neural stem cells. GS also cleaves substrates that affect synaptic morphology and function, presenting another window by which GS modulation could improve AD pathology. Taken together, GS presents a unique cross road for neural processes and an ideal target for AD therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Carroll
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States.
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, United States; Program of Neuroscience, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States; Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|