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Tshikhudo PP, Mabhaudhi T, Koorbanally NA, Mudau FN, Avendaño Caceres EO, Popa D, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J. Anticancer Potential of β-Carboline Alkaloids: An Updated Mechanistic Overview. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301263. [PMID: 38108650 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
his comprehensive review is designed to evaluate the anticancer properties of β-carbolines derived from medicinal plants, with the ultimate goal of assessing their suitability and potential in cancer treatment, management, and prevention. An exhaustive literature survey was conducted on a wide array of β-carbolines including, but not limited to, harmaline, harmine, harmicine, harman, harmol, harmalol, pinoline, tetrahydroharmine, tryptoline, cordysinin C, cordysinin D, norharmane, and perlolyrine. Various analytical techniques were employed to identify and screen these compounds, followed by a detailed analysis of their anticancer mechanisms. Natural β-carbolines such as harmaline and harmine have shown promising inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells, as evidenced by multiple in vitro and in vivo studies. Synthetically derived β-carbolines also displayed noteworthy anticancer, neuroprotective, and cognitive-enhancing effects. The current body of research emphasizes the potential of β-carbolines as a unique source of bioactive compounds for cancer treatment. The diverse range of β-carbolines derived from medicinal plants can offer valuable insights into the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer management and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phumudzo P Tshikhudo
- Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Directorate Plant Health, Division Pest Risk Analysis, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
- Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Neil A Koorbanally
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Fhatuwani N Mudau
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Edgardo Oscar Avendaño Caceres
- Departamento de quimica e ingenieria Quimica, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann. Avenida Miraflores s/n, Tacna, 23001, Perú
| | - Dragos Popa
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
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Glynos NG, Carter L, Lee SJ, Kim Y, Kennedy RT, Mashour GA, Wang MM, Borjigin J. Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) is not essential for endogenous tryptamine-dependent methylation activity in rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:280. [PMID: 36609666 PMCID: PMC9822953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT) is a transmethylation enzyme that utilizes the methyl donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to transfer methyl groups to amino groups of small molecule acceptor compounds. INMT is best known for its role in the biosynthesis of N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a psychedelic compound found in mammalian brain and other tissues. In mammals, biosynthesis of DMT is thought to occur via the double methylation of tryptamine, where INMT first catalyzes the biosynthesis of N-methyltryptamine (NMT) and then DMT. However, it is unknown whether INMT is necessary for the biosynthesis of endogenous DMT. To test this, we generated a novel INMT-knockout rat model and studied tryptamine methylation using radiometric enzyme assays, thin-layer chromatography, and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We also studied tryptamine methylation in recombinant rat, rabbit, and human INMT. We report that brain and lung tissues from both wild type and INMT-knockout rats show equal levels of tryptamine-dependent activity, but that the enzymatic products are neither NMT nor DMT. In addition, rat INMT was not sufficient for NMT or DMT biosynthesis. These results suggest an alternative enzymatic pathway for DMT biosynthesis in rats. This work motivates the investigation of novel pathways for endogenous DMT biosynthesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G. Glynos
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lily Carter
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Soo Jung Lee
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.413800.e0000 0004 0419 7525Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - George A. Mashour
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Michael M. Wang
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.413800.e0000 0004 0419 7525Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI USA ,grid.214458.e0000000086837370Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jimo Borjigin
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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