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Stepan ME, Franzen PL, Teresi GI, Rode N, Goldstein TR. Sleep quality predicts future mood symptoms in adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 361:664-673. [PMID: 38917889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep is prevalent in adolescents with bipolar disorder, precedes illness onset, and is associated with worse mood symptoms. We examined interrelationships between sleep quality and mood symptoms in adolescents with bipolar disorder, particularly effects of sleep quality on emergent mood symptoms. METHODS Adolescents with bipolar disorder participated in a two-year longitudinal treatment study. Sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) was assessed quarterly during treatment (baseline, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-month visits) and twice during follow-up (18-, 24-month visits). Mood symptoms (ALIFE Psychiatric Status Ratings) were retrospectively rated weekly by an independent clinician. Lag models tested whether sleep quality predicted next month's mood symptoms and whether mood symptoms predicted future sleep quality. RESULTS Adolescents with bipolar disorder had poor sleep quality. Sleep quality initially improved but remained stable thereafter. Worse sleep quality at 6-months predicted worse depression, hypomania, and suicidal ideation the following month. Sleep quality was worse for adolescents who had a suicide attempt during the study compared to those who did not and was worse preceding months with a suicide attempt compared to months without attempts. Alternatively, worse depression predicted worse future sleep quality at baseline, 3-, and 18-months and worse suicidal ideation predicted worse future sleep quality at baseline, 12-, and 18-months. LIMITATIONS Mood symptoms were rated retrospectively and the PSQI may not capture all dimensions of sleep important for mood symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Targeted evidence-based sleep treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder may alleviate sleep problems and have additional benefits on mood symptoms and suicidality risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Stepan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America.
| | - Peter L Franzen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Giana I Teresi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Noelle Rode
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Tina R Goldstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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2
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Mayeli A, Ferrarelli F. Can sleep tell us how mindful we are? Sleep 2024; 47:zsae124. [PMID: 38808692 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mayeli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fabio Ferrarelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Pesonen AK, Koskinen MK, Vuorenhela N, Halonen R, Mäkituuri S, Selin M, Luokkala S, Suutari A, Hovatta I. The effect of REM-sleep disruption on affective processing: A systematic review of human and animal experimental studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105714. [PMID: 38729279 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Evidence on the importance of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) in processing emotions is accumulating. The focus of this systematic review is the outcomes of experimental REMS deprivation (REMSD), which is the most common method in animal models and human studies on REMSD. This review revealed that variations in the applied REMSD methods were substantial. Animal models used longer deprivation protocols compared with studies in humans, which mostly reported acute deprivation effects after one night. Studies on animal models showed that REMSD causes aggressive behavior, increased pain sensitivity, reduced sexual behavior, and compromised consolidation of fear memories. Animal models also revealed that REMSD during critical developmental periods elicits lasting consequences on affective-related behavior. The few human studies revealed increases in pain sensitivity and suggest stronger consolidation of emotional memories after REMSD. As pharmacological interventions (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) may suppress REMS for long periods, there is a clear gap in knowledge regarding the effects and mechanisms of chronic REMS suppression in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland.
| | - Maija-Kreetta Koskinen
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Neea Vuorenhela
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Risto Halonen
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Saara Mäkituuri
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Maikki Selin
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Sanni Luokkala
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Alma Suutari
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
| | - Iiris Hovatta
- SleepWell Research Program and Department of Psychology and Logopedics Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Finland
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4
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Halonen R, Kuula L, Selin M, Suutari A, Antila M, Pesonen AK. REM Sleep Preserves Affective Response to Social Stress-Experimental Study. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0453-23.2024. [PMID: 38802242 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0453-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep's contribution to affective regulation is insufficiently understood. Previous human research has focused on memorizing or rating affective pictures and less on physiological affective responsivity. This may result in overlapping definitions of affective and declarative memories and inconsistent deductions for how rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) are involved. Literature associates REMS theta (4-8 Hz) activity with emotional memory processing, but its contribution to social stress habituation is unknown. Applying selective sleep stage suppression and oscillatory analyses, we investigated how sleep modulated affective adaptation toward social stress and retention of neutral declarative memories. Native Finnish participants (N = 29; age, M = 25.8 years) were allocated to REMS or SWS suppression conditions. We measured physiological (skin conductance response, SCR) and subjective stress response and declarative memory retrieval thrice: before laboratory night, the next morning, and after 3 d. Linear mixed models were applied to test the effects of condition and sleep parameters on emotional responsivity and memory retrieval. Greater overnight increase in SCR toward the stressor emerged after suppressed SWS (intact REMS) relative to suppressed REMS (20.1% vs 6.1%; p = 0.016). The overnight SCR increase was positively associated with accumulated REMS theta energy irrespective of the condition (r = 0.601; p = 0.002). Subjectively rated affective response and declarative memory recall were comparable between the conditions. The contributions of REMS and SWS to habituation of social stress are distinct. REMS theta activity proposedly facilitates the consolidation of autonomic affective responses. Declarative memory consolidation may not have greater dependence on intact SWS relative to intact REMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Halonen
- SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Maikki Selin
- SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alma Suutari
- SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Minea Antila
- SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- SleepWell Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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5
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Kaur M, Mehta R, Muthuswami R, Mallick BN. Noradrenaline enhances Na-K ATPase subunit expression by HuR-induced mRNA stabilization and their transportation to the cell surface through PLC and PKC mediated pathway: Implications with REMS-loss associated disorders. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38676340 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) maintains brain excitability at least by regulating Na-K ATPase activity. Although REMS deprivation (REMSD)-associated elevated noradrenaline (NA) increases Na-K ATPase protein expression, its mRNA transcription did not increase. We hypothesized and confirmed both in vivo as well as in vitro that elevated mRNA stability explains the apparent puzzle. The mRNA stability was measured in control and REMSD rat brain with or without in vivo treatment with α1-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist, prazosin (PRZ). Upon REMSD, Na-K ATPase α1-, and α2-mRNA stability increased significantly, which was prevented by PRZ. To decipher the molecular mechanism of action, we estimated NA-induced Na-K ATPase mRNA stability in Neuro-2a cells under controlled conditions and by transcription blockage using Actinomycin D (Act-D). NA increased Na-K ATPase mRNA stability, which was prevented by PRZ and propranolol (PRP, β-AR antagonist). The knockdown assay confirmed that the increased mRNA stabilization was induced by elevated cytoplasmic abundance of Human antigen R (HuR) and involving (Phospholipase C) PLC-mediated activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC). Additionally, using cell-impermeable Enz-link sulfo NHS-SS-Biotin, we observed that NA increased Na-K ATPase α1-subunits on the Neuro-2a cell surface. We conclude that REMSD-associated elevated NA, acting on α1- and β-AR, increases nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HuR and increases Na-K ATPase mRNA stability, resulting in increased Na-K ATPase protein expression. The latter then gets translocated to the neuronal membrane surface involving both PKC and (Protein Kinase A) PKA-mediated pathways. These findings may be exploited for the amelioration of REMSD-associated chronic disorders and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kaur
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Mehta
- AMITY Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, AMITY University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Birendra Nath Mallick
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- AMITY Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, AMITY University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
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6
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Zhang J, Pena A, Delano N, Sattari N, Shuster AE, Baker FC, Simon K, Mednick SC. Evidence of an active role of dreaming in emotional memory processing shows that we dream to forget. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8722. [PMID: 38622204 PMCID: PMC11018802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58170-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Dreaming is a universal human behavior that has inspired searches for meaning across many disciplines including art, psychology, religion, and politics, yet its function remains poorly understood. Given the suggested role of sleep in emotional memory processing, we investigated whether reported overnight dreaming and dream content are associated with sleep-dependent changes in emotional memory and reactivity, and whether dreaming plays an active or passive role. Participants completed an emotional picture task before and after a full night of sleep and they recorded the presence and content of their dreams upon waking in the morning. The results replicated the emotional memory trade-off (negative images maintained at the cost of neutral memories), but only in those who reported dreaming (Dream-Recallers), and not in Non-Dream-Recallers. Results also replicated sleep-dependent reductions in emotional reactivity, but only in Dream-Recallers, not in Non-Dream-Recallers. Additionally, the more positive the dream report, the more positive the next-day emotional reactivity is compared to the night before. These findings implicate an active role for dreaming in overnight emotional memory processing and suggest a mechanistic framework whereby dreaming may enhance salient emotional experiences via the forgetting of less relevant information.
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7
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Cabrera Y, Koymans KJ, Poe GR, Kessels HW, Van Someren EJW, Wassing R. Overnight neuronal plasticity and adaptation to emotional distress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:253-271. [PMID: 38443627 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Expressions such as 'sleep on it' refer to the resolution of distressing experiences across a night of sound sleep. Sleep is an active state during which the brain reorganizes the synaptic connections that form memories. This Perspective proposes a model of how sleep modifies emotional memory traces. Sleep-dependent reorganization occurs through neurophysiological events in neurochemical contexts that determine the fates of synapses to grow, to survive or to be pruned. We discuss how low levels of acetylcholine during non-rapid eye movement sleep and low levels of noradrenaline during rapid eye movement sleep provide a unique window of opportunity for plasticity in neuronal representations of emotional memories that resolves the associated distress. We integrate sleep-facilitated adaptation over three levels: experience and behaviour, neuronal circuits, and synaptic events. The model generates testable hypotheses for how failed sleep-dependent adaptation to emotional distress is key to mental disorders, notably disorders of anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress with the common aetiology of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Cabrera
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karin J Koymans
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gina R Poe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helmut W Kessels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Synaptic Plasticity and Behaviour, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Society for Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology and Psychiatry, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rick Wassing
- Sleep and Circadian Research, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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8
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Liu J, Zou X, Gu J, Yu Q, Dong Z, Zuo H, Chen X, Du X, Zou D, Han Y, Peng J, Cheng O. Altered connectivity in the cognitive control-related prefrontal cortex in Parkinson's disease with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:702-714. [PMID: 37721659 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) frequently occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD), however, the exact pathophysiological mechanism is not clear. The prefrontal cortex (PFC), especially ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) which may play roles by regulating cognitive control processes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is abnormal functional connectivity (FC) maps and volume changes in PD with RBD(PD-RBD). We recruited 20 PD-RBD, 20 PD without RBD (PD-nRBD), and 20 normal controls (NC). We utilized resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rs-MRI) to explore FC changes based on regions of interest (VLPFC, DLPFC, and IFG), and used voxel-based morphology technology to analyze whole-brain volumes by 3D-T1 structural MRI. Except the REM sleep behavioral disorders questionnaire (RBDSQ), the PD-RBD showed lower visuospatial/executive and attention scores than the NC group. The RBDSQ scores were significantly positively correlated with zFC of right DLPFC to bilateral posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) (P = 0.0362, R = 0.4708, AlphaSim corrected) and also significantly positively correlated with zFC of left VLPFC to right inferior temporal (P = 0.0157, R = 0.5323, AlphaSim corrected) in PD-RBD group. Furthermore, abnormal correlations with zFC values were also found in some cognitive subdomains in PD-RBD group. The study may suggest that in PD-RBD patients, the presence of RBD may be related to the abnormal FC of VLPFC and DLPFC, meanwhile, the abnormal FC of DLPFC and IFG may be related to the mechanisms of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiaoya Zou
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jinming Gu
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhaoying Dong
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hongzhou Zuo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Dezhi Zou
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Juan Peng
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Oumei Cheng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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9
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Zhang JX, Brink MT, Yan Y, Goldstein-Piekarski A, Krause AJ, Manber R, Kreibig S, Gross JJ. Daytime affect and sleep EEG activity: A data-driven exploration. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13916. [PMID: 37156757 PMCID: PMC10524571 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It has long been thought that links between affect and sleep are bidirectional. However, few studies have directly assessed the relationships between: (1) pre-sleep affect and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) activity; and (2) sleep EEG activity and post-sleep affect. This study aims to systematically explore the correlations between pre-/post-sleep affect and EEG activity during sleep. In a community sample of adults (n = 51), we measured participants' positive and negative affect in the evening before sleep and in the next morning after sleep. Participants slept at their residence for 1 night of EEG recording. Using Fourier transforms, the EEG power at each channel was estimated during rapid eye movement sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep for the full range of sleep EEG frequencies. We first present heatmaps of the raw correlations between pre-/post-sleep affect and EEG power during rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep. We then thresholded the raw correlations with a medium effect size |r| ≥ 0.3. Using a cluster-based permutation test, we identified a significant cluster indicating a negative correlation between pre-sleep positive affect and EEG power in the alpha frequency range during rapid eye movement sleep. This result suggests that more positive affect during the daytime may be associated with less fragmented rapid eye movement sleep that night. Overall, our exploratory results lay the foundation for confirmatory research on the relationship between daytime affect and sleep EEG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Yan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | - Andrea Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Hospital
| | - Adam J. Krause
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
| | - Rachel Manber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University
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10
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Wen YJ, Yang WJ, Guo CN, Qiu MH, Kroeger D, Niu JG, Zhan SQ, Yang XF, Gisabella B, Vetrivelan R, Lu J. Pontine control of rapid eye movement sleep and fear memory. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:1602-1614. [PMID: 36794544 PMCID: PMC10173714 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We often experience dreams of strong irrational and negative emotional contents with postural muscle paralysis during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, but how REM sleep is generated and its function remain unclear. In this study, we investigate whether the dorsal pontine sub-laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) is necessary and sufficient for REM sleep and whether REM sleep elimination alters fear memory. METHODS To investigate whether activation of SLD neurons is sufficient for REM sleep induction, we expressed channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in SLD neurons by bilaterally injecting AAV1-hSyn-ChR2-YFP in rats. We next selectively ablated either glutamatergic or GABAergic neurons from the SLD in mice in order to identify the neuronal subset crucial for REM sleep. We finally investigated the role of REM sleep in consolidation of fear memory using rat model with complete SLD lesions. RESULTS We demonstrate the sufficiency of the SLD for REM sleep by showing that photo-activation of ChR2 transfected SLD neurons selectively promotes transitions from non-REM (NREM) sleep to REM sleep in rats. Diphtheria toxin-A (DTA) induced lesions of the SLD in rats or specific deletion of SLD glutamatergic neurons but not GABAergic neurons in mice completely abolish REM sleep, demonstrating the necessity of SLD glutamatergic neurons for REM sleep. We then show that REM sleep elimination by SLD lesions in rats significantly enhances contextual and cued fear memory consolidation by 2.5 and 1.0 folds, respectively, for at least 9 months. Conversely, fear conditioning and fear memory trigger doubled amounts of REM sleep in the following night, and chemo-activation of SLD neurons projecting to the medial septum (MS) selectively enhances hippocampal theta activity in REM sleep; this stimulation immediately after fear acquisition reduces contextual and cued fear memory consolidation by 60% and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSION SLD glutamatergic neurons generate REM sleep and REM sleep and SLD via the hippocampus particularly down-regulate contextual fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Wen
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Jia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shanghai Yueyang Integrated Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Hong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jian Guo Niu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shu Qin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Fei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Barbara Gisabella
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, 1st Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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11
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Reinhold FL, Gerlicher AMV, van Someren EJW, Kindt M. Do your troubles today seem further away than yesterday? On sleep's role in mitigating the blushing response to a reactivated embarrassing episode. Sleep 2022; 45:6706913. [PMID: 36130113 PMCID: PMC9644119 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The "sleep to forget and sleep to remember hypothesis" proposes that sleep weakens the emotional tone of an experience while preserving or even enhancing its content. Prior experimental research however shows contradictory findings on how emotional reactivity changes after a period of sleep, likely explained by methodological variations. By addressing these inconsistencies, we investigated the mitigating effect of overnight sleep on emotional reactivity triggered by memory reactivation. Using a karaoke paradigm, we recorded participants' singing of two songs, followed by exposing them to one of the recordings (rec1) to induce an embarrassing episode. After a 12-hr period of either day-time wakefulness (N = 20) or including nighttime sleep (N = 20), we assessed emotional reactivity to the previously exposed recording (rec1) and the newly exposed recording (rec2). Emotional reactivity was assessed with a physiological measure of facial blushing as the main outcome and subjective ratings of embarrassment and valence. Sleep and wake were monitored with diaries and actigraphy. The embarrassing episode was successfully induced as indicated by objective and subjective measures. After controlling for an order effect in stimulus presentation, we found a reduction in blushing response to the reactivated recording (rec1) from pre- to post-sleep compared to wakefulness. However, emotional reactivity to the reactivated recording (rec1) and the new recording (rec2) did not differ after sleep and wakefulness. This study shows that facial blushing was reduced following overnight sleep, while subjective ratings were unaffected. Whether the beneficial effect of sleep is due to changes in memory representation or rather emotion regulation remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faya L Reinhold
- Department for Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna M V Gerlicher
- Department for Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department for Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 8, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Corresponding author. Merel Kindt and Faya Louisa Reinhold, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018 WS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Kim T, Kim S, Kang J, Kwon M, Lee SH. The Common Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Human Long-Term Memory and Cognitive Control Processes. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:883848. [PMID: 35720688 PMCID: PMC9201256 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.883848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is known to have adverse effects on various cognitive abilities. In particular, a lack of sleep has been reported to disrupt memory consolidation and cognitive control functions. Here, focusing on long-term memory and cognitive control processes, we review the consistency and reliability of the results of previous studies of sleep deprivation effects on behavioral performance with variations in the types of stimuli and tasks. Moreover, we examine neural response changes related to these behavioral changes induced by sleep deprivation based on human fMRI studies to determine the brain regions in which neural responses increase or decrease as a consequence of sleep deprivation. Additionally, we discuss about the possibility that light as an environmentally influential factor affects our sleep cycles and related cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sejin Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joonyoung Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Minjae Kwon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sue-Hyun Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sue-Hyun Lee,
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13
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Lefter R, Cojocariu RO, Ciobica A, Balmus IM, Mavroudis I, Kis A. Interactions between Sleep and Emotions in Humans and Animal Models. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020274. [PMID: 35208598 PMCID: PMC8877042 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increased interest and efforts were observed in describing the possible interaction between sleep and emotions. Human and animal model studies addressed the implication of both sleep patterns and emotional processing in neurophysiology and neuropathology in suggesting a bidirectional interaction intimately modulated by complex mechanisms and factors. In this context, we aimed to discuss recent evidence and possible mechanisms implicated in this interaction, as provided by both human and animal models in studies. In addition, considering the affective component of brain physiological patterns, we aimed to find reasonable evidence in describing the two-way association between comorbid sleep impairments and psychiatric disorders. The main scientific literature databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science) were screened with keyword combinations for relevant content taking into consideration only English written papers and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, according to PRISMA guidelines. We found that a strong modulatory interaction between sleep processes and emotional states resides on the activity of several key brain structures, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei. In addition, evidence suggested that physiologically and behaviorally related mechanisms of sleep are intimately interacting with emotional perception and processing which could advise the key role of sleep in the unconscious character of emotional processes. However, further studies are needed to explain and correlate the functional analysis with causative and protective factors of sleep impairments and negative emotional modulation on neurophysiologic processing, mental health, and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, B dul Carol I, no. 8, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Roxana Oana Cojocariu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.-M.B.)
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Alexandru Lapusneanu Street, no. 26, 700057 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.-M.B.)
| | - Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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14
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Halonen R, Kuula L, Makkonen T, Kauramäki J, Pesonen AK. Self-Conscious Affect Is Modulated by Rapid Eye Movement Sleep but Not by Targeted Memory Reactivation-A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:730924. [PMID: 34966319 PMCID: PMC8710454 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurophysiological properties of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) are believed to tune down stressor-related emotional responses. While prior experimental findings are controversial, evidence suggests that affective habituation is hindered if REMS is fragmented. To elucidate the topic, we evoked self-conscious negative affect in the participants (N = 32) by exposing them to their own out-of-tune singing in the evening. Affective response to the stressor was measured with skin conductance response and subjectively reported embarrassment. To address possible inter-individual variance toward the stressor, we measured the shame-proneness of participants with an established questionnaire. The stressor was paired with a sound cue to pilot a targeted memory reactivation (TMR) protocol during the subsequent night's sleep. The sample was divided into three conditions: control (no TMR), TMR during slow-wave sleep, and TMR during REMS. We found that pre- to post-sleep change in affective response was not influenced by TMR. However, REMS percentage was associated negatively with overnight skin conductance response habituation, especially in those individuals whose REMS was fragmented. Moreover, shame-proneness interacted with REM fragmentation such that the higher the shame-proneness, the more the affective habituation was dependent on non-fragmented REMS. In summary, the potential of REMS in affective processing may depend on the quality of REMS as well as on individual vulnerability toward the stressor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risto Halonen
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Makkonen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kauramäki
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Sleepwell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Duan H, Wang YJ, Lei X. The effect of sleep deprivation on empathy for pain: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108084. [PMID: 34762907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Empathy for pain has a strong adaptive function. It plays a protective role in survival and exerts a vital impact on successful social interaction. Sleep loss, however, is commonplace in current society, and people are increasingly plagued by it. Previous studies have investigated whether sleep loss affects empathy for pain, yet the results were undecided. We aimed to determine whether this effect is existed and further explore the temporal and frequency dynamics of neural activities involved in this effect by recording the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. We recruited 25 healthy adults (11 females) who were required to perform a pain judgement and unpleasantness rating about the presented nociceptive and neutral pictures after nocturnal sleep (NS) and sleep deprivation (SD), and their neuronal activities were recorded by event-related potentials (ERPs). Results showed a significantly decreased amplitude in the early components (N2, N340) of vicarious pain processing after SD. In further time-frequency (TF) analysis, a reduced energy occurred in theta2 (5-7 Hz) band under SD condition. Moreover, the decreased theta2 was positively correlated with the subjective ratings of both other's pain and self-unpleasantness only under SD condition. Our results indicated that SD impairs affective sharing of empathy for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Duan
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xu Lei
- Sleep and NeuroImaging Center, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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16
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Thomas KG, Bradley H, Chen A, Lipinska G. Trauma survivors with disrupted sleep generate less specific and less emotional autobiographical memories. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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17
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Van De Poll MN, van Swinderen B. Balancing Prediction and Surprise: A Role for Active Sleep at the Dawn of Consciousness? Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:768762. [PMID: 34803618 PMCID: PMC8602873 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.768762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is a prediction machine. Yet the world is never entirely predictable, for any animal. Unexpected events are surprising, and this typically evokes prediction error signatures in mammalian brains. In humans such mismatched expectations are often associated with an emotional response as well, and emotional dysregulation can lead to cognitive disorders such as depression or schizophrenia. Emotional responses are understood to be important for memory consolidation, suggesting that positive or negative 'valence' cues more generally constitute an ancient mechanism designed to potently refine and generalize internal models of the world and thereby minimize prediction errors. On the other hand, abolishing error detection and surprise entirely (as could happen by generalization or habituation) is probably maladaptive, as this might undermine the very mechanism that brains use to become better prediction machines. This paradoxical view of brain function as an ongoing balance between prediction and surprise suggests a compelling approach to study and understand the evolution of consciousness in animals. In particular, this view may provide insight into the function and evolution of 'active' sleep. Here, we propose that active sleep - when animals are behaviorally asleep but their brain seems awake - is widespread beyond mammals and birds, and may have evolved as a mechanism for optimizing predictive processing in motile creatures confronted with constantly changing environments. To explore our hypothesis, we progress from humans to invertebrates, investigating how a potential role for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in emotional regulation in humans could be re-examined as a conserved sleep function that co-evolved alongside selective attention to maintain an adaptive balance between prediction and surprise. This view of active sleep has some interesting implications for the evolution of subjective awareness and consciousness in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Pesonen AK, Makkonen T, Elovainio M, Halonen R, Räikkönen K, Kuula L. Presleep physiological stress is associated with a higher cortical arousal in sleep and more consolidated REM sleep. Stress 2021; 24:667-675. [PMID: 33461366 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1869936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How sleep regulates physiological stress in healthy individuals is not well understood. We explored the associations between naturally occurring pre-sleep physiological arousal and EEG power spectral density together with rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) continuity. One hundred and fifty-four individuals (mean age 16.9, SD 0.1 years) collected five samples of saliva between the evening (mean time 18:20) and bedtime (mean 23:00) by using swabs, and underwent an overnight in-home polysomnography. We calculated spectral density for REMS and non-rapid eye movement sleep (non-REMS), and the number and duration of REMS arousals (<15 s) during sleep. An observational design allowed for measurement of natural variation in physiological and sleep arousal. Increasing cortisol levels toward bedtime were associated with higher EEG power spectral density at all frequency ranges in frontal locations, the highest association being for the beta1 frequency band. In central locations, the associations were pronounced for beta1 and beta2 bands. Higher overall cortisol levels in the evening were associated with less fragmented REMS. Presleep arousal was not associated with sleep staging. Physiological arousal toward bedtime was associated with EEG power spectral density values during sleep specifically at high EEG frequencies. This may represent a compensatory mechanism that serves as an adaptation to stress, since the REMS was more continuous along a higher physiological arousal level in the evening. Although causality cannot be inferred, a design with nonmanipulated physiological stress followed by naturally timed sleep at home provides new insights into stress regulation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu-Katriina Pesonen
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Makkonen
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Elovainio
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Halonen
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kuula
- Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Sleep disturbance is associated with less emotional reactivity in individuals with heightened repetitive negative thinking. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Vaseghi S, Arjmandi-Rad S, Kholghi G, Nasehi M. Inconsistent effects of sleep deprivation on memory function. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:1011-1027. [PMID: 34267613 PMCID: PMC8278215 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we aimed to discuss the role of sleep deprivation (SD) in learning and memory processing in basic and clinical studies. There are numerous studies investigating the effect of SD on memory, while most of these studies have shown the impairment effect of SD. However, some of these studies have reported conflicting results, indicating that SD does not impair memory performance or even improves it. So far, no study has discussed or compared the conflicting results of SD on learning and memory. Thus, this important issue in the neuroscience of sleep remains unknown. The main goal of this review article is to compare the similar mechanisms between the impairment and the improvement effects of SD on learning and memory, probably leading to a scientific solution that justifies these conflicting results. We focused on the inconsistent effects of SD on some mechanisms involved in learning and memory, and tried to discuss the inconsistent effects of SD on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Arjmandi-Rad
- Institute for Cognitive & Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Kholghi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Sleep and fear conditioning, extinction learning and extinction recall: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 59:101501. [PMID: 34090064 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sleep may contribute to the long-lasting consolidation and processing of emotional memories. Experimental fear conditioning and extinction paradigms model the development, maintenance, and treatment of anxiety disorders. The literature provides compelling evidence for the involvement of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the consolidation of such memories. This meta-analysis correlated polysomnographic sleep findings with psychophysiological reactivity to the danger (CS+) and safety stimuli (CS-), to clarify the specific role of sleep stages before and after fear conditioning, extinction learning and extinction recall. Overall, there was evidence that more pre-learning sleep stage two and less slow wave sleep was associated with higher psychophysiological reactivity to the safety stimulus during extinction learning. Preliminary evidence found here support the role of REM sleep during the post-extinction consolidation sleep phase in clinical populations with disrupted sleep, but not in healthy controls. Furthermore, the meta-regressions found that sex moderated the associations between sleep and psychophysiological reactivity throughout the paradigm providing evidence for diverging correlations in male and females. Specifically, increased post-extinction REM was associated with poorer extinction and safety recall in females while the opposite was found in males. These results have implications for future research in the role of sleep in emotional memory processing.
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22
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Giri S, Ranjan A, Kumar A, Amar M, Mallick BN. Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation impairs neuronal plasticity and reduces hippocampal neuronal arborization in male albino rats: Noradrenaline is involved in the process. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1815-1834. [PMID: 33819353 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) favors brain development and memory, while it is decreased in neurodegenerative diseases. REMS deprivation (REMSD) affects several physiological processes including memory consolidation; however, its detailed mechanism(s) of action was unknown. REMS reduces, while REMSD elevates noradrenaline (NA) level in the brain; the latter induces several deficiencies and disorders, including changes in neuronal cytomorphology and apoptosis. Therefore, we proposed that REMS- and REMSD-associated modulation of NA level might affect neuronal plasticity and affect brain functions. Male albino rats were REMS deprived by flower-pot method for 6 days, and its effects were compared with home cage and large platform controls as well as post-REMSD recovered and REMS-deprived prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist)-treated rats. We observed that REMSD reduced CA1 and CA3 neuronal dendritic length, branching, arborization, and spine density, while length of active zone and expressions of pre- as well as post-synaptic proteins were increased as compared to controls; interestingly, prazosin prevented most of the effects in vivo. Studies on primary culture of neurons from chick embryo brain confirmed that NA at lower concentration(s) induced neuronal branching and arborization, while higher doses were destructive. The findings support our contention that REMSD adversely affects neuronal plasticity, branching, and synaptic scaffold, which explain the underlying cytoarchitectural basis of REMSD-associated patho-physio-behavioral changes. Consolidation of findings of this study along with that of our previous reports suggest that the neuronal disintegration could be due to either withdrawal of direct protective and proliferative role of low dose of NA or indirect effect of high dose of NA or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrunjai Giri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Amar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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23
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Davidson P, Pace-Schott E. Go to Bed and You MIGHT Feel Better in the Morning—the Effect of Sleep on Affective Tone and Intrusiveness of Emotional Memories. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-020-00200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
It is important to examine what effect sleep has after an emotional experience. More knowledge about this topic could help inform us whether there are any potential sleep interventions that could help make sure that memories of negative emotional experiences are processed in the most adaptive manner possible.
Recent Findings
Findings on the role of sleep in altering reactivity to emotional stimuli have been highly varied, with significant findings in opposite directions. A new exciting development in the field is several studies finding that sleep seems to make memories of negative experiences less intrusive.
Summary
This review has mainly aimed to give an overview of the field, and of which issues need to be resolved. We argue for there being a strong need for standardization of how data are analyzed and presented, as well as for better methods for determining to what extent the effects of sleep are specific for a particular memory, or represent general changes in emotional reactivity.
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24
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Zupancic N, Bucik V, Ihan A, Dolenc-Groselj L. Sleep and Safety Improve Physicians' Psychological Functioning at Work During Covid-19 Epidemic. Front Psychol 2021; 11:569324. [PMID: 33658954 PMCID: PMC7917138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive healthcare crisis. To investigate what makes healthcare system resilient and physicians better at coping during a crisis situation, our study investigated the role risk exposure, such as working at COVID-19 entry points, sleep, and perceived work safety played in reducing negative psychological functioning at work, as well as their effects on adverse and potentially fatal incidences of compromised safety and medical errors. Methods Our study included a representative sample of 1,189 physicians, from all 12 Slovenian regions and all medical occupations, as registered by the Medical Chamber of Slovenia. For the purposes of this study, a Questionnaire of Sleep and Psychological Functioning at Work was developed in the form of an online retrospective self-report. Additionally, our study included items assessing physicians perceived work safety and frequency of negative outcomes (compromised safety and medical errors) during the first month of the Covid-19 epidemic. Results Physicians working at COVID-19 entry points were more likely to experience night awakening, slept less than 5 h per night, experience nightmares, and had lower levels of psychological functioning in comparison to other physicians. Both hypothesized models showed adequate fit. A higher score on the sleep scale (sleep quantity, sleep quality, and shorter sleep latency) has been shown to predict lower levels of negative psychological functioning at work and, indirectly, reduced incidences of compromised safety and medical errors. Contrary to our expectations, no significant direct effect of sleep on compromised safety and medical errors was found. When perceived work safety was added into the model, the model showed improved fit, with perceived work safety predicting better sleep, less negative psychological functioning at work, and less compromised safety. Conclusion Sleep and safety both play an important role in reducing negative psychological functioning at work and, by doing so, decreasing the negative and potentially fatal incidents during the pandemic, such as compromised safety and medical errors. Further, research is needed to see how medical guidelines can be updated to ensure physicians sleep and that their safety is protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zupancic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentin Bucik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leja Dolenc-Groselj
- Institute of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Werner GG, Schabus M, Blechert J, Wilhelm FH. Differential Effects of REM Sleep on Emotional Processing: Initial Evidence for Increased Short-term Emotional Responses and Reduced Long-term Intrusive Memories. Behav Sleep Med 2021; 19:83-98. [PMID: 31971007 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1713134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been postulated to facilitate emotional processing of negative stimuli. However, empirical evidence is mixed and the conditions under which higher amounts of REM sleep lead to decreased or increased emotional responses are unclear. We proposed that the time course between REM sleep and measurement of emotional responses is a crucial factor and hypothesized that more REM sleep will enhance emotional responses shortly after sleep, but will lead to decreased emotional responses in the long-term. Participants and Methods: Seventy-six healthy young women watched negative and neutral pictures before a polysomnographically-recorded nap including three different groups (1: no REM sleep, 2: REM sleep awakening, 3: REM sleep). Short-term emotional responses were measured using aversiveness ratings of negative pictures; aversiveness ratings of intrusive picture memories on the three subsequent evenings were used to measure long-term emotional responses. Results: For short-term emotional responses, no significant interaction indicating group differences was found. However, we found correlations between longer REM sleep duration and higher aversiveness ratings of negative pictures. In contrast, lower aversiveness of intrusive picture memories after two days was found in participants with a full REM sleep period compared to individuals without REM sleep. Correlational analyses also supported this pattern of results. Conclusions: Results suggest that REM sleep may increase reactivity to emotional stimuli in the short-term and this effect of REM sleep appears to facilitate emotional processing during subsequent nights leading to reduced intrusive picture memories in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela G Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg (study institution) , Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Psychology, LMU Munich , München, Germany
| | - Manuel Schabus
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg (study institution) , Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg (study institution) , Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg (study institution) , Salzburg, Austria
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26
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Galbiati A, Sforza M, Fasiello E, Casoni F, Marrella N, Leitner C, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L. The association between emotional dysregulation and REM sleep features in insomnia disorder. Brain Cogn 2020; 146:105642. [PMID: 33190030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is involved in nightly emotional processing; therefore, its disruption might be associated with an impaired ability of emotional regulation during daytime. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of emotional dysregulation in insomnia patients and to test its correlation with REM sleep features. Forty-six subjects (23 insomnia patients and 23 healthy controls) were enrolled. All subjects underwent an assessment for the evaluation of emotion dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, DERS), sleep quality, insomnia severity, excessive daytime sleepiness, worry, rumination, depressive and anxious symptomatology. Insomnia patients underwent a nocturnal polysomnographic recording to characterize sleep macrostructure and REM sleep microstructure variables. Insomnia patients reported increased values of emotional dysregulation. REM sleep percentage and REM sleep latency significantly correlated with DERS total score, and with the subscales "Lack of Confidence in Emotional Regulation Skills", "Difficulties in Behavioral Control" and "Difficulty in recognizing emotions". Furthermore, positive correlations between REM arousal index and emotion dysregulation were found, whereas REM density negatively correlated with DERS. Our results suggest the presence of a relationship between REM sleep and emotional regulation in insomnia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galbiati
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy; "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Faculty of Psychology, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Sforza
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy; "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Faculty of Psychology, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fasiello
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Casoni
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Marrella
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Leitner
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Zucconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferini-Strambi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology - Sleep Disorders Center, Milan, Italy; "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, Faculty of Psychology, Milan, Italy
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27
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Tamm S, Schwarz J, Thuné H, Kecklund G, Petrovic P, Åkerstedt T, Fischer H, Lekander M, Nilsonne G. A combined fMRI and EMG study of emotional contagion following partial sleep deprivation in young and older humans. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17944. [PMID: 33087746 PMCID: PMC7578048 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is proposed to inhibit top-down-control in emotion processing, but it is unclear whether sleep deprivation affects emotional mimicry and contagion. Here, we aimed to investigate effects of partial sleep deprivation on emotional contagion and mimicry in young and older humans. Participants underwent partial sleep deprivation (3 h sleep opportunity at the end of night), crossed-over with a full sleep condition in a balanced order, followed by a functional magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography (EMG) experiment with viewing of emotional and neutral faces and ratings of emotional responses. The final sample for main analyses was n = 69 (n = 36 aged 20–30 years, n = 33 aged 65–75 years). Partial sleep deprivation caused decreased activation in fusiform gyri for angry faces and decreased ratings of happiness for all stimuli, but no significant effect on the amygdala. Older participants reported more anger compared to younger participants, but no age differences were seen in brain responses to emotional faces or sensitivity to partial sleep deprivation. No effect of the sleep manipulation was seen on EMG. In conclusion, emotional contagion, but not mimicry, was affected by sleep deprivation. Our results are consistent with the previously reported increased negativity bias after insufficient sleep. The Stockholm sleepy brain study: effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and emotional processing in young and old. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02000076.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tamm
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Thuné
- Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Van Someren EJW. Brain mechanisms of insomnia: new perspectives on causes and consequences. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:995-1046. [PMID: 32790576 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While insomnia is the second most common mental disorder, progress in our understanding of underlying neurobiological mechanisms has been limited. The present review addresses the definition and prevalence of insomnia and explores its subjective and objective characteristics across the 24-hour day. Subsequently, the review extensively addresses how the vulnerability to develop insomnia is affected by genetic variants, early life stress, major life events, and brain structure and function. Further supported by the clear mental health risks conveyed by insomnia, the integrated findings suggest that the vulnerability to develop insomnia could rather be found in brain circuits regulating emotion and arousal than in circuits involved in circadian and homeostatic sleep regulation. Finally, a testable model is presented. The model proposes that in people with a vulnerability to develop insomnia, the locus coeruleus is more sensitive to-or receives more input from-the salience network and related circuits, even during rapid eye movement sleep, when it should normally be sound asleep. This vulnerability may ignite a downward spiral of insufficient overnight adaptation to distress, resulting in accumulating hyperarousal, which, in turn, impedes restful sleep and moreover increases the risk of other mental health adversity. Sensitized brain circuits are likely to be subjectively experienced as "sleeping with one eye open". The proposed model opens up the possibility for novel intervention studies and animal studies, thus accelerating the ignition of a neuroscience of insomnia, which is direly needed for better treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Mehta R, Giri S, Mallick BN. REM sleep loss-induced elevated noradrenaline could predispose an individual to psychosomatic disorders: a review focused on proposal for prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment. EPMA J 2020; 11:529-549. [PMID: 33240449 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00222-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Historically and traditionally, it is known that sleep helps in maintaining healthy living. Its duration varies not only among individuals but also in the same individual depending on circumstances, suggesting it is a dynamic and personalized physiological process. It has been divided into rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS). The former is unique that adult humans spend the least time in this stage, when although one is physically asleep, the brain behaves as if awake, the dream state. As NREMS is a pre-requisite for appearance of REMS, the latter can be considered a predictive readout of sleep quality and health. It plays a protective role against oxidative, stressful, and psychopathological insults. Several modern lifestyle activities compromise quality and quantity of sleep (including REMS) affecting fundamental physiological and psychopathosomatic processes in a personalized manner. REMS loss-induced elevated brain noradrenaline (NA) causes many associated symptoms, which are ameliorated by preventing NA action. Therefore, we propose that awareness about personalized sleep hygiene (including REMS) and maintaining optimum brain NA level should be of paramount significance for leading physical and mental well-being as well as healthy living. As sleep is a dynamic, multifactorial, homeostatically regulated process, for healthy living, we recommend addressing and treating sleep dysfunctions in a personalized manner by the health professionals, caregivers, family, and other supporting members in the society. We also recommend that maintaining sleep profile, optimum level of NA, and/or prevention of elevation of NA or its action in the brain must be seriously considered for ameliorating lifestyle and REMS disturbance-associated dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Mehta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067 India.,Present Address: Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shatrunjai Giri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067 India
| | - Birendra N Mallick
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067 India
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30
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Porcheret K, Iyadurai L, Bonsall MB, Goodwin GM, Beer SA, Darwent M, Holmes EA. Sleep and intrusive memories immediately after a traumatic event in emergency department patients. Sleep 2020; 43:zsaa033. [PMID: 32133531 PMCID: PMC7420515 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Intrusive memories of psychological trauma are a core clinical feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and in the early period post-trauma may be a potential target for early intervention. Disrupted sleep in the weeks post-trauma is associated with later PTSD. The impact of sleep and intrusive memories immediately post-trauma, and their relation to later PTSD, is unknown. This study assessed the relationship between sleep duration on the first night following a real-life traumatic event and intrusive memories in the subsequent week, and how these might relate to PTSD symptoms at 2 months. METHODS Patients (n = 87) recruited in the emergency department completed a sleep and intrusive memory diary from the day of their trauma and for the subsequent week, with optional actigraphy. PTSD, anxiety, and depression symptoms were assessed at 1 week and 2 months. RESULTS A U-shaped relationship was observed between sleep duration on the first night and intrusive memories over the subsequent week: sleeping "too little" or "too much" was associated with more intrusive memories. Individuals who met Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) criteria for PTSD at 2 months had three times more intrusive memories in the first week immediately post-trauma than those who did not (M = 28.20 vs 9.96). Post hoc analysis showed that the absence of intrusive memories in the first week post-trauma was only observed in those who did not meet CAPS criteria for PTSD at 2 months. CONCLUSIONS Monitoring intrusive memories and sleep in the first week post-trauma, using a simple diary, may help identify individuals more vulnerable to later psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Porcheret
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lalitha Iyadurai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Emergency Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael B Bonsall
- Department of Zoology and St. Peter’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally A Beer
- Emergency Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Melanie Darwent
- Emergency Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Laghi F, Shaikh H. Clarifying the Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Respiratory Muscles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 201:894-895. [PMID: 31951467 PMCID: PMC7159421 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201912-2493ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Franco Laghi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineHines Veterans Affairs HospitalHines, Illinoisand.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineLoyola UniversityMaywood, Illinois
| | - Hameeda Shaikh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineHines Veterans Affairs HospitalHines, Illinoisand.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineLoyola UniversityMaywood, Illinois
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32
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Ben Simon E, Vallat R, Barnes CM, Walker MP. Sleep Loss and the Socio-Emotional Brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:435-450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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33
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Grove JL, Smith TW, Carlson SE, Bryan CJ, Crowell SE, Czajkowski L, Williams PG, Parkhurst K. Prospective association between suicide cognitions and emotional responses to a laboratory stressor: The mediating role of nightly subjective sleep quality. J Affect Disord 2020; 265:77-84. [PMID: 31957695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep is a reliable correlate of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs), yet few studies have directly examined negative affect in the context of this association. The present study combined daily experience methods with a laboratory paradigm to investigate suicide cognitions as a predictor of emotional responses to environmental stressors, and tested the role of nightly sleep parameters. METHOD 72 participants (Mage = 24.25; 41 with a recent history of suicide ideation and 31 without a history of STBs) completed a four-day study. Suicide cognitions were measured on the first day, and actigraphy-based sleep duration and fragmentation, and morning ratings of prior night subjective sleep quality (SSQ) were subsequently measured over three consecutive nights. Participants returned on the fourth day to complete the Trier Social Stress Task, where self-report changes in negative affect immediately post-task (i.e., reactivity) and five minutes post-task (i.e., recovery) were observed. RESULTS Regression analyses indicated that suicide cognitions predicted negative affect reactivity and recovery. Simple mediation analyses revealed that SSQ partially mediated the relation between suicide cognitions and negative affect recovery (especially shame), but not reactivity. No significant associations were observed for the actigraphy-based sleep parameters. LIMITATIONS Just three nights of actigraphy-based data collection. A single item was used to measure SSQ. CONCLUSIONS Suicide cognitions predict negative affective responses to situational stressors and SSQ may have a key role in this effect, especially the duration of negative emotional reactions. Hence, sleep and emotional reactivity may be potential targets for suicide prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L Grove
- Rutgers, State University of New Jersey 53 Avenue E, Piscataway, NJ 08854.USA.
| | | | | | - Craig J Bryan
- University of Utah USA; National Center for Veterans Studies USA
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34
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Wassing R, Schalkwijk F, Lakbila-Kamal O, Ramautar JR, Stoffers D, Mutsaerts HJMM, Talamini LM, Van Someren EJW. Haunted by the past: old emotions remain salient in insomnia disorder. Brain 2020; 142:1783-1796. [PMID: 31135050 PMCID: PMC6536850 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that sleep supports persistent changes in the neuronal representation of emotional experiences such that they are remembered better and less distressful when recalled than when they were first experienced. It is conceivable that sleep fragmentation by arousals, a key characteristic of insomnia disorder, could hamper the downregulation of distress. In this study, we sought further support for the idea that insomnia disorder may involve a lasting deficiency to downregulate emotional distress. We used functional MRI in insomnia disorder (n = 27) and normal sleepers (n = 30) to identify how brain activation differs between novel and relived self-conscious emotions. We evaluated whether brain activity elicited by reliving emotional memories from the distant past resembles the activity elicited by novel emotional experiences more in insomnia disorder than in normal sleepers. Limbic areas were activated during novel shameful experiences as compared to neutral experiences in both normal sleepers and insomnia disorder. In normal sleepers, reliving of shameful experiences from the past did not elicit a limbic response. In contrast, participants with insomnia disorder recruited overlapping parts of the limbic circuit, in particular the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, during both new and relived shameful experiences. The differential activity patterns with new and old emotions in normal sleepers suggest that reactivation of the long-term memory trace does not recruit the limbic circuit. The overlap of activations in insomnia disorder is in line with the hypothesis that the disorder involves a deficiency to dissociate the limbic circuit from the emotional memory trace. Moreover, the findings provide further support for a role of the anterior cingulate cortex in insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Wassing
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Integrated Research and Understanding of Sleep (CIRUS), Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frans Schalkwijk
- Department of Education, Program Group Forensic Child and Youth Care, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oti Lakbila-Kamal
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Ramautar
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henri J M M Mutsaerts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia M Talamini
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands
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35
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Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Holt-Gosselin B, O'Hora K, Williams LM. Integrating sleep, neuroimaging, and computational approaches for precision psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:192-204. [PMID: 31426055 PMCID: PMC6879628 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0483-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In advancing precision psychiatry, we focus on what imaging technology and computational approaches offer for the future of diagnostic subtyping and personalized tailoring of interventions for sleep impairment in mood and anxiety disorders. Current diagnostic criteria for mood and anxiety tend to lump different forms of sleep disturbance together. Parsing the biological features of sleep impairment and brain circuit dysfunction is one approach to identifying subtypes within these disorders that are mechanistically coherent and offer targets for intervention. We focus on two large-scale neural circuits implicated in sleep impairment and in mood and anxiety disorders: the default mode network and negative affective network. Through a synthesis of existing knowledge about these networks, we pose a testable framework for understanding how hyper- versus hypo-engagement of these networks may underlie distinct features of mood and sleep impairment. Within this framework we consider whether poor sleep quality may have an explanatory role in previously observed associations between network dysfunction and mood symptoms. We expand this framework to future directions including the potential for connecting circuit-defined subtypes to more distal features derived from digital phenotyping and wearable technologies, and how new discovery may be advanced through machine learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Bailey Holt-Gosselin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kathleen O'Hora
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that sleep plays an important role in emotional memory and decision-making. However, very little attention has been given to emotional memory and decision-making in patients with primary insomnia (PI). We investigated whether PI influences the accuracy of emotional memory and social decision-making.We examined 25 patients with PI and 20 healthy controls (HC) using an emotional picture memory task and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In the emotional picture memory task, participants completed two testing sessions: an emotional picture evaluation and a delayed recognition phase. During the emotional picture evaluation phase, participants were presented with 48 pictures with different valence (16 positive, 16 neutral, and 16 negative), which they had to evaluate for emotional valence and arousal. During the recognition phase, participants were asked to make a yes/no memory assessment of a set of pictures, which contained the 48 target pictures intermingled with 48 non-target pictures.The performance of the participants with PI was the same as that of the HC in the emotional picture evaluation task. However, the PI group showed worse recognition of the positive and neutral pictures than did the HC group, although recognition of negative pictures was similar in the 2 groups. In the IGT, participants in the PI group more frequently selected cards from the risky decks as the game progressed and selected more disadvantageous cards than did participants in the HC group after the first block.Our findings suggest that insomnia had different effects on memory, depending on the valence of the memory. Specifically, memory performance was impaired for positive and neutral items, but the recognition of negative stimuli seemed to be more resistant to the effects of insomnia. Our results also suggest that decision-making, which is known to be mediated by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, including decision-making under conditions of uncertainty, may be vulnerable in PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chunhua
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ding Jiacui
- Department of Psychiatry Six Ward, Mental Health Center of Anhui Province
| | - Li Xue
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Wang Kai
- Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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37
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Porcheret K, van Heugten-van der Kloet D, Goodwin GM, Foster RG, Wulff K, Holmes EA. Investigation of the impact of total sleep deprivation at home on the number of intrusive memories to an analogue trauma. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:104. [PMID: 30814485 PMCID: PMC6393421 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep enhances the consolidation of memory; however, this property of sleep may be detrimental in situations where memories of an event can lead to psychopathology, such as following a traumatic event. Intrusive memories of trauma are emotional memories that spring to mind involuntarily and are a core feature of post-traumatic stress disorder. Total sleep deprivation in a hospital setting on the first night after an analogue trauma (a trauma film) led to fewer intrusive memories compared to sleep as usual in one study. The current study aimed to test an extension of these findings: sleep deprivation under more naturalistic conditions-at home. Polysomnographic recordings show inconsistent sleep deprivation was achieved at home. Fewer intrusive memories were reported on day 1 after the trauma film in the sleep-deprived condition. On day 2 the opposite was found: more intrusive memories in the sleep-deprived condition. However, no significant differences were found with the removal of two participants with extreme values and no difference was found in the total number of intrusive memories reported in the week following the trauma film. Voluntary memory of the trauma film was found to be slightly impaired in the sleep deprivation condition. In conclusion, compared to our eariler findings using total sleep deprivation in a hospital setting, in the current study the use of inconsistent sleep deprivation at home does not replicate the pattern of results on reducing the number of intrusive memories. Considering the conditions under which sleep deprivation (naturalistic versus hospital) was achieved requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Porcheret
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Dalena van Heugten-van der Kloet
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology & Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, NL, Netherlands
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Molecular Biology, Umeå universitet, Umeå, 901 87, SE, Sweden
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Pesonen AK, Gradisar M, Kuula L, Short M, Merikanto I, Tark R, Räikkönen K, Lahti J. REM sleep fragmentation associated with depressive symptoms and genetic risk for depression in a community-based sample of adolescents. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:757-763. [PMID: 30448760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fragmented REM sleep may impede overnight resolution of distress and increase depressive symptoms. Furthermore, both fragmented REM and depressive symptoms may share a common genetic factor. We explored the associations between REM sleep fragmentation, depressive symptoms, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression among adolescents. METHODS About 161 adolescents (mean age 16.9 ± 0.1 years) from a birth cohort underwent a sleep EEG and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II the same day. We calculated PRSes for depressive symptoms with PRSice 1.25 software using weights from a recent genome-wide association study for dimensions of depressive symptoms (negative emotion, lack of positive emotion and somatic complaints). REM fragmentation in relation to entire REM duration was manually calculated from all REM epochs. REM latency and density were derived using SomnoMedics DOMINO software. RESULTS PRSes for somatic complaints and lack of positive emotions were associated with higher REM fragmentation percent. A higher level of depressive symptoms was associated with increased percent of REM fragmentation and higher REM density, independently of the genetic risks. Belonging to the highest decile in depressive symptoms was associated with a 2.9- and 7.6-fold risk of belonging to the highest tertile in REM fragmentation and density. In addition, higher PRS for somatic complaints had an independent, additive effect on increased REM fragmentation. LIMITATION A single night's sleep EEG was measured, thus the night-to-night stability of the REM fragmentation-depressive symptom link is unclear. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms and genetic risk score for somatic complaints are independently associated with more fragmented REM sleep. This offers new insights on the quality of sleep and its relation to adolescents' mood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liisa Kuula
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Jari Lahti
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Muñoz-Torres Z, Velasco F, Velasco AL, Del Río-Portilla Y, Corsi-Cabrera M. Electrical activity of the human amygdala during all-night sleep and wakefulness. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:2118-2126. [PMID: 30103160 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to characterize the dynamics of the human amygdala across the different sleep stages and during wakefulness. METHODS Simultaneous intracranial electrical recordings of the amygdala, hippocampus, and scalp electroencephalography during spontaneous sleep polysomnography in four patients suffering from epilepsy were analyzed. RESULTS Power spectrum of the amygdala revealed no differences between rapid eye movement (REM) and wakefulness for all frequencies except higher power at 9 Hz during wakefulness and some low Gamma frequencies. Conversely, higher power was observed in non-REM (NREM) sleep than wakefulness for Delta, Theta and Sigma. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed similar activity in the amygdala between wakefulness and REM sleep suggesting that the amygdala is as active in REM as during wakefulness. The higher power in Sigma frequencies during NREM sleep suggests that amygdala slow activity may play a significant role during NREM in concurrence with hippocampal activity. SIGNIFICANCE While studies have described the metabolic activity of the human amygdala during sleep, our results show the corresponding electrical pattern during the whole night, pointing out an increase of slow activity during NREM sleep that might be subjected to similar influences as other subcortical brain structures, such as the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeidy Muñoz-Torres
- Psicobiología & Neurociencias, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Velasco
- Clínica de Epilepsia, Unidad de Neurocirugía Funcional, Estereotaxia y Radiocirugía, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana L Velasco
- Clínica de Epilepsia, Unidad de Neurocirugía Funcional, Estereotaxia y Radiocirugía, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Del Río-Portilla
- Laboratorio de Sueño, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Corsi-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Sueño, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Unidad de Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico.
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40
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The Role of Sleep in Learning Placebo Effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 139:321-355. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) is a unique phenomenon essential for maintaining normal physiological processes and is expressed at least in species higher in the evolution. The basic scaffold of the neuronal network responsible for REMS regulation is present in the brainstem, which may be directly or indirectly influenced by most other physiological processes. It is regulated by the neurons in the brainstem. Various manipulations including chemical, elec-trophysiological, lesion, stimulation, behavioral, ontogenic and deprivation studies have been designed to understand REMS genesis, maintenance, physiology and functional significance. Although each of these methods has its significance and limitations, deprivation studies have contributed significantly to the overall understanding of REMS. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of various methods used for REMS deprivation (REMSD) to understand neural regulation and physiological significance of REMS. Among the deprivation strategies, the flowerpot method is by far the method of choice because it is simple and convenient, exploits physiological parameter (muscle atonia) for REMSD and allows conducting adequate controls to overcome experimental limitations as well as to rule out nonspecific effects. Notwithstanding, a major criticism that the flowerpot method faces is that of perceived stress experienced by the experimental animals. Nevertheless, we conclude that like most methods, particularly for in vivo behavioral studies, in spite of a few limitations, given the advantages described above, the flowerpot method is the best method of choice for REMSD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Mehta
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Shafa Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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42
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Remembering specific features of emotional events across time: The role of REM sleep and prefrontal theta oscillations. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 17:1186-1209. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-017-0542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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43
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Tamm S, Nilsonne G, Schwarz J, Lamm C, Kecklund G, Petrovic P, Fischer H, Åkerstedt T, Lekander M. The effect of sleep restriction on empathy for pain: An fMRI study in younger and older adults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12236. [PMID: 28947790 PMCID: PMC5612991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Age and sleep both affect emotional functioning. Since sleep patterns change over the lifespan, we investigated the effects of short sleep and age on empathic responses. In a randomized cross-over experimental design, healthy young and older volunteers (n = 47 aged 20–30 years and n = 39 aged 65–75 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) after normal sleep or night sleep restricted to 3 hours. During fMRI, participants viewed pictures of needles pricking a hand (pain) or Q-tips touching a hand (control), a well-established paradigm to investigate empathy for pain. There was no main effect of sleep restriction on empathy. However, age and sleep interacted so that sleep restriction caused increased unpleasantness in older but not in young participants. Irrespective of sleep condition, older participants showed increased activity in angular gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and temporo-parietal junction compared to young. Speculatively, this could indicate that the older individuals adopted a more cognitive approach in response to others’ pain. Our findings suggest that caution in generalizability across age groups is needed in further studies of sleep on social cognition and emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tamm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Schwarz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claus Lamm
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Göran Kecklund
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Predrag Petrovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Fischer
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerstedt
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Lekander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Fergus TA, Scullin MK. The Cognitive Attentional Syndrome is Associated With Sleep Difficulties in a Community Sample. Behav Sleep Med 2017; 15:410-420. [PMID: 27115050 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2016.1141771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether a process common to anxiety, labeled the cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS), is also associated with sleep disturbances. The CAS represents the sustained use of self-regulating strategies, such as rumination and worry, and beliefs individuals hold about such strategies. Using a sample of community adults located in the United States (N = 226), we found that the CAS was positively associated with sleep difficulties. The association remained intact after controlling for demographic variables, physical health, and negative affect. We further found that self-regulating strategies may be the component of the CAS that is most important to sleep disturbances. Future experimental studies are needed to elucidate whether there exists a causal, and potentially bidirectional, link between the CAS and sleep difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Fergus
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Baylor University , Waco , Texas
| | - Michael K Scullin
- a Department of Psychology and Neuroscience , Baylor University , Waco , Texas
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Webb TL, Lindquist KA, Jones K, Avishai A, Sheeran P. Situation selection is a particularly effective emotion regulation strategy for people who need help regulating their emotions. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:231-248. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1295922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Webb
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kristen A. Lindquist
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katelyn Jones
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aya Avishai
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paschal Sheeran
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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46
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Um YH, Hong SC, Jeong JH. Sleep Problems as Predictors in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Causal Mechanisms, Consequences and Treatment. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:9-18. [PMID: 28138105 PMCID: PMC5290714 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is notorious for its debilitating consequences and early age of onset. The need for early diagnosis and intervention has frequently been underscored. Previous studies have attempted to clarify the bidirectional relationship between ADHD and sleep problems, proposing a potential role for sleep problems as early predictors of ADHD. Sleep deprivation, sleep-disordered breathing, and circadian rhythm disturbances have been extensively studied, yielding evidence with regard to their induction of ADHD-like symptoms. Genetic-phenotypic differences across individuals regarding the aforementioned sleep problems have been elucidated along with the possible use of these characteristics for early prediction of ADHD. The long-term consequences of sleep problems in individuals with ADHD include obesity, poor academic performance, and disrupted parent-child interactions. Early intervention has been proposed as an approach to preventing these debilitating outcomes of ADHD, with novel treatment approaches ranging from melatonin and light therapy to myofunctional therapy and adjustments of the time point at which school starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Sleep on it: Everything will look better in the morning. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 31:3-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Palmer CA, Alfano CA. Sleep and emotion regulation: An organizing, integrative review. Sleep Med Rev 2017; 31:6-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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49
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Chambers AM. The role of sleep in cognitive processing: focusing on memory consolidation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2017; 8. [PMID: 28044430 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that sleep promotes various cognitive functions, such as decision-making, language, categorization, and memory. Of these, most work has focused on the influence of sleep on memory, with ample work showing that sleep enhances memory consolidation, a process that stores new memories in the brain over time. Recent psychological and neurophysiological research has vastly increased understanding of this process. Such work not only suggests that consolidation relies on plasticity-related mechanisms that reactivate and stabilize memory representations, but also that this process may be experimentally manipulated by methods that target which memory traces are reactivated during sleep. Furthermore, aside from memory storage capabilities, memory consolidation also appears to reorganize and integrate memories with preexisting knowledge, which may facilitate the discovery of underlying rules and associations that benefit other cognitive functioning, including problem solving and creativity. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1433. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1433 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Chambers
- Department of Psychology, North Central College, Naperville, IL, USA
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50
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Palmer CA, Alfano CA. Sleep Architecture Relates to Daytime Affect and Somatic Complaints in Clinically Anxious but Not Healthy Children. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 46:175-187. [PMID: 27610927 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1188704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that seminal sleep-affective relationships begin to take root in childhood, yet studies exploring how nighttime sleep characteristics relate to daytime affective symptoms, both in clinical and healthy populations of children, are lacking. The current study sought to explore these relationships by investigating whether trait-like and/or daily reports of affective and somatic symptoms of children with generalized anxiety disorder and matched controls relate to sleep architecture. Sixty-six children (ages 7-11; 54.4% female; 56.1% Caucasian; 18.2% biracial; 6.1% African American; 3% Asian; 16.7% Hispanic) participated including 29 with primary generalized anxiety disorder (without comorbid depression) and 37 healthy controls matched on age and race/ethnicity. Participants underwent structured diagnostic assessments including child-report measures and subsequently reported on their negative affect and somatic symptoms over the course of 1 week. Children also completed 1 night of polysomnography. Among children with generalized anxiety disorder only, greater amounts of slow wave sleep corresponded with less negative affect, and greater amounts of rapid eye movement sleep was related to more somatic complaints across the week. Similarly, for trait-like measures, more rapid eye movement sleep and shorter latency to rapid eye movement sleep were related to greater depressive symptoms in the anxious group only. The current findings suggest that physiologic sleep characteristics may contribute in direct ways to the symptom profiles of clinically anxious children. The functional relevance of such findings (e.g., how specific sleep characteristics serve to either increase or reduce long-term risk) is a vital direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara A Palmer
- a Sleep and Anxiety Center of Houston , University of Houston
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