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Ouaidat S, Amaral IM, Monteiro DG, Harati H, Hofer A, El Rawas R. Orexins/Hypocretins: Gatekeepers of Social Interaction and Motivation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2609. [PMID: 38473854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the brain's orexin/hypocretin system, most research was directed toward unveiling its contribution to the normal functioning of individuals. The investigation of reward-seeking behaviors then gained a lot of attention once the distribution of orexinergic neurons was revealed. Here, we discuss findings on the involvement of orexins in social interaction, a natural reward type. While some studies have succeeded in defining the relationship between orexin and social interaction, the controversy regarding its nature (direct or inverse relation) raises questions about what aspects have been overlooked until now. Upon examining the literature, we identified a research gap concerning conditions influencing the impact of orexins on social behavior expression. In this review, we introduce a number of factors (e.g., stress, orexin's source) that must be considered while studying the role of orexins in social interaction. Furthermore, we refer to published research to investigate the stage at which orexins affect social interaction and we highlight the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell's role in social interaction and other rewarding behaviors. Finally, the underlying orexin molecular pathway influencing social motivation in particular illnesses is proposed. We conclude that orexin's impact on social interaction is multifactorial and depends on specific conditions available at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ouaidat
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 1533, Lebanon
| | - Inês M Amaral
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diogo G Monteiro
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 1533, Lebanon
| | - Alex Hofer
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rana El Rawas
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Cristino L, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. Targeting the orexin/hypocretin system for the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases: from animal to clinical studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 69:101066. [PMID: 37015302 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two different G protein-coupled receptors (OX1R and OX2R). Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system has gained the interest of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of different pathological conditions. Considering previous basic science research, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant, was the first orexin agent to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration to treat insomnia. In this review, we discuss and update the main preclinical and human studies involving the orexin system with several psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. This system constitutes a nice example of how basic scientific research driven by curiosity can be the best route to the generation of new and powerful pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Neurosciences Institute, University of Barcelona and Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Nikbakhtzadeh M, Ranjbar H, Moradbeygi K, Zahedi E, Bayat M, Soti M, Shabani M. Cross-talk between the HPA axis and addiction-related regions in stressful situations. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15525. [PMID: 37151697 PMCID: PMC10161713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a worldwide problem that has a negative impact on society by imposing significant costs on health care, public security, and the deactivation of the community economic cycle. Stress is an important risk factor in the development of addiction and relapse vulnerability. Here we review studies that have demonstrated the diverse roles of stress in addiction. Term searches were conducted manually in important reference journals as well as in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases, between 2010 and 2022. In each section of this narrative review, an effort has been made to use pertinent sources. First, we will provide an overview of changes in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis component following stress, which impact reward-related regions including the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Then we will focus on internal factors altered by stress and their effects on drug addiction vulnerability. We conclude that alterations in neuro-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and neurotransmitter factors following stress pathways can impact related mechanisms on craving and relapse susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Nikbakhtzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Ranjbar
- Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Elham Zahedi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Bayat
- Clinical Neurology Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Monavareh Soti
- Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
- Corresponding author. Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Postal Code: 76198-13159, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center of Kerman, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
- Corresponding author. Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Postal Code: 76198-13159, Iran.
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Dunigan AI, Roseberry AG. Actions of feeding-related peptides on the mesolimbic dopamine system in regulation of natural and drug rewards. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2:100011. [PMID: 37220637 PMCID: PMC10201992 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mesolimbic dopamine system is the primary neural circuit mediating motivation, reinforcement, and reward-related behavior. The activity of this system and multiple behaviors controlled by it are affected by changes in feeding and body weight, such as fasting, food restriction, or the development of obesity. Multiple different peptides and hormones that have been implicated in the control of feeding and body weight interact with the mesolimbic dopamine system to regulate many different dopamine-dependent, reward-related behaviors. In this review, we summarize the effects of a selected set of feeding-related peptides and hormones acting within the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens to alter feeding, as well as food, drug, and social reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Dunigan
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Aaron G. Roseberry
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Hsu CW, Wang S. Changes in the Orexin System in Rats Exhibiting Learned Helplessness Behaviors. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11121634. [PMID: 34942932 PMCID: PMC8699801 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B) are neuropeptides produced in the hypothalamus. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest that depression and anxiety are associated with the orexin system. In the current study, we used the learned helplessness (LH) animal model of depression to identify rats displaying LH behaviors (LH rats) and those that did not (No-LH rats). We compared the number of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus of LH, No-LH, and control rats. Orexin peptides, orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) and 2 (OXR2) in brain areas involved in major depression and serum OX-A and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were quantified and compared between rat groups. We found that LH and No-LH rats displayed higher serum OX-A concentrations compared with control rats. Comparison between LH and No-LH rats revealed that No-LH rats had significantly higher OX-A levels in the brain, more OX-A neurons, and more OX-A neuron activation. LH rats had more OX-B neurons and more OX-B neuron activation. Orexin peptides and receptors in the brain areas involved in major depression exhibited different patterns in LH and NoLH rats. Our findings revealed that activation of OX-A neurons could promote resilient behaviors under stressful situations and OX-A and OX-B neuropeptides exhibit dissimilar functions in LH behaviors.
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Fragale JE, James MH, Avila JA, Spaeth AM, Aurora RN, Langleben D, Aston-Jones G. The Insomnia-Addiction Positive Feedback Loop: Role of the Orexin System. FRONTIERS OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 45:117-127. [PMID: 34052815 PMCID: PMC8324012 DOI: 10.1159/000514965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Significant sleep impairments often accompany substance use disorders (SUDs). Sleep disturbances in SUD patients are associated with poor clinical outcomes and treatment adherence, emphasizing the importance of normalizing sleep when treating SUDs. Orexins (hypocretins) are neuropeptides exclusively produced by neurons in the posterior hypothalamus that regulate various behavioral and physiological processes, including sleep-wakefulness and motivated drug taking. Given its dual role in sleep and addiction, the orexin system represents a promising therapeutic target for treating SUDs and their comorbid sleep deficits. Here, we review the literature on the role of the orexin system in sleep and drug addiction and discuss the therapeutic potential of orexin receptor antagonists for SUDs. We argue that orexin receptor antagonists may be effective therapeutics for treating addiction because they target orexin's regulation of sleep (top-down) and motivation (bottom-up) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Fragale
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jorge A Avila
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea M Spaeth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - R Nisha Aurora
- Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel Langleben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Differential importance of nucleus accumbens Ox1Rs and AMPARs for female and male mouse binge alcohol drinking. Sci Rep 2021; 11:231. [PMID: 33420199 PMCID: PMC7794293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder exhausts substantial social and economic costs, with recent dramatic increases in female problem drinking. Thus, it is critically important to understand signaling differences underlying alcohol consumption across the sexes. Orexin-1 receptors (Ox1Rs) can strongly promote motivated behavior, and we previously identified Ox1Rs within nucleus accumbens shell (shell) as crucial for driving binge intake in higher-drinking male mice. Here, shell Ox1R inhibition did not alter female mouse alcohol drinking, unlike in males. Also, lower dose systemic Ox1R inhibition reduced compulsion-like alcohol intake in both sexes, indicating that female Ox1Rs can drive some aspects of pathological consumption, and higher doses of systemic Ox1R inhibition (which might have more off-target effects) reduced binge drinking in both sexes. In contrast to shell Ox1Rs, inhibiting shell calcium-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) strongly reduced alcohol drinking in both sexes, which was specific to alcohol since this did not reduce saccharin intake in either sex. Our results together suggest that the shell critically regulates binge drinking in both sexes, with shell CP-AMPARs supporting intake in both sexes, while shell Ox1Rs drove drinking only in males. Our findings provide important new information about sex-specific and -general mechanisms that promote binge alcohol intake and possible targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Lei K, Kwok C, Hopf FW. Nucleus accumbens shell Orexin-1 receptors are not needed for single-bottle limited daily access alcohol intake in C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol 2020; 89:139-146. [PMID: 32987129 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive, binge drinking is a major contributor to the great harm and cost of alcohol use disorder. We recently showed, using both limited and intermittent-access two-bottle-choice models, that inhibiting nucleus accumbens shell (Shell) orexin-1-receptors (Ox1Rs) reduces alcohol intake in higher-drinking male C57BL/6 mice (Lei et al., 2019). Other studies implicate Ox1Rs, tested systemically, for several higher-drinking models, including the single-bottle, Rhodes Drinking-in-the-Dark paradigm. Here, we report studies examining whether Shell Ox1Rs contribute to alcohol intake in male mice using a single-bottle Limited Daily Access (LDA) drinking model modified from drinking-in-the-dark paradigms (2-h access starting 3 h into the dark cycle, 5 days per week). In addition, some previous work has suggested possible differences in circuitry for one- versus two-choice behaviors, and thus other mice first drank under a single-bottle schedule, and then an additional water bottle was included 2 days a week starting in week 3. Surprisingly, at the same time we were determining Ox1R importance for two-bottle-choice models, parallel studies found that inhibiting Shell Ox1Rs had no impact on drinking using the single-bottle LDA model, or when a second bottle containing water was added later during drinking. Furthermore, we have related Shell Ox1R regulation of intake to basal consumption, but no such pattern was observed with single-bottle LDA drinking. Thus, unlike our previous work showing the importance of Shell Ox1Rs for male alcohol drinking under several two-bottle-choice models, Shell Ox1Rs were not required under a single-bottle paradigm, even if a second water-containing bottle was later added. These results raise the speculations that different mechanisms could promote intake under single- versus two-bottle access conditions, and that the conditions under which an animal learns to drink can impact circuitry driving future intake.
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Kashefi A, Tomaz C, Jamali S, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Haghparast A. Cannabidiol attenuated the maintenance and reinstatement of extinguished methylphenidate-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:118-127. [PMID: 33264654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is a mild CNS stimulant that has been used in hyperactive children, and patients with neurodegenerative and major depressive disorders. Exposure to MPH-associated cues enhances craving and arousal in drug users. On the other hand, cannabidiol (CBD) has antipsychotic potential that might be useful in alleviating symptoms of drug addiction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CBD administration on extinction and reinstatement of MPH-induced conditioning place preference (CPP) in rats. Male rats received MPH (1, 2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p) or morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg, s.c.) during the conditioning phase. Following the establishment of CPP, during extinction training, 60 min prior to every CPP session, animals were given daily ICV CBD (10 or 50 μg/5 μL), vehicle alone (DMSO) 10 % or were treatment-naïve. On the reinstatement day animals after receiving the initial dose of MPH, 0.5 mg/kg, and were placed into the CPP box to evaluate the CPP scoring for 10-min. Our findings indicated that morphine (5 and 10 mg/kg; s.c.) and MPH (1 and 2.5 mg/kg; i.p.) induced a CPP. The ICV administration of both doses of CBD (10 and 50 μg/5 μL) prevented the reinstatement of MPH-induced CPP, which displayed shorter extinction latency compared to treatment-naïve or DMSO 10 % groups. Therefore, CBD's site of action is a potential target for reducing the risk of MPH relapse; however, more investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Kashefi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil; Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, University CEUMA, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Shole Jamali
- Neuroscience Research Center, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Mianbandi V, Azizi H, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Ghaemi-Jandabi M, Abbasi-Mazar A, Mohajer Y, Darana SP. Coregulation of sleep-pain physiological interplay by orexin system: An unprecedented review. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Recent perspectives on orexin/hypocretin promotion of addiction-related behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:108013. [PMID: 32092435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin/orexin plays a broad and important role in physiological functions ranging from addiction, stress, and anxiety to sleep, energy metabolism, and homeostatic regulation. A number of recent reviews addressing the importance of orexin for different addictive behaviors, especially the contribution of orexin-1-receptors (Ox1Rs) in responding for intoxicants in higher-motivation individuals and situations, and orexin-2-receptor (Ox2Rs) in stress-related aspects of addictive responding. This may parallel the importance of more lateral orexin neurons in the hypothalamus for reward and more medial for stress and arousal. However, there is clearly also some crossover, which may reflect, in part, where positive and negative conditioning (reward- and relief-seeking) are both present concurrently in established addiction, and also where orexin signaling can differ in subregions of a particular brain region. Here, we attempt to examine and synthesize some of the most recent work addressing orexin functions in addiction, including a particular role for Ox1Rs for driving responding in higher-motivation individuals and under higher levels of effort. While there are some commonalities across addictive substances addressed here (alcohol, cocaine, opiates), there are also some differences, which may relate to several factors including the speed of intoxication with a given substance. Together, recent findings have shed important insight and clues into what a more unified role of Ox1Rs might entail, and critical areas for future work. In addition, these many studies support the development of Ox1R blockers for use in humans to counteract addiction and other disorders of motivation. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Orexin-1 Receptor Signaling in Ventral Pallidum Regulates Motivation for the Opioid Remifentanil. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9831-9840. [PMID: 31641055 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0255-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling at the orexin-1 receptor (OxR1) is important for motivated drug taking. Using a within-session behavioral economics (BE) procedure, we previously found that pharmacologic blockade of the OxR1 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity) for the potent and short-acting opioid remifentanil and reduced low-effort remifentanil consumption. However, the mechanism through which orexin regulates remifentanil demand is currently unknown. Previous work implicated OxR1 signaling within ventral pallidum (VP) as a potential target. VP is densely innervated by orexin fibers and is known to regulate opioid reward. Accordingly, this study sought to determine the role of VP OxR1 signaling in remifentanil demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking in male rats. Intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 (SB) decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity; α) for remifentanil without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort. Baseline α values predicted the degree of cue-induced remifentanil seeking, and microinjection of SB into VP attenuated this behavior without affecting extinction responding. Baseline α values also predicted SB efficacy, such that SB was most effective in attenuating reinstatement behavior in highly motivated rats. Together, these findings support a selective role for VP OxR1 signaling in motivation for the opioid remifentanil. Our findings also highlight the utility of BE in predicting relapse propensity and efficacy of treatment with OxR1 antagonists.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Abuse of opioids has risen rapidly and continues to be a major health crisis. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying opioid addiction. Here, we investigate the role of orexin-1 receptor signaling (OxR1) within ventral pallidum (VP) in remifentanil demand and cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. Using a within-session behavioral economics procedure, we show that intra-VP microinjections of the OxR1 antagonist SB-334867 decreased motivation (increased demand elasticity) without affecting remifentanil consumption at low effort. We also found that SB microinjected intra-VP attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of remifentanil seeking. Together, our results support a role for VP OxR1 signaling in opioid reward.
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Intra-accumbal orexin-1 receptor inhibition prevents the anxiolytic-like effect of ethanol and leads to increases in orexin-A content and receptor expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 185:172761. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Castro DC, Bruchas MR. A Motivational and Neuropeptidergic Hub: Anatomical and Functional Diversity within the Nucleus Accumbens Shell. Neuron 2019; 102:529-552. [PMID: 31071288 PMCID: PMC6528838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mesocorticolimbic pathway is canonically known as the "reward pathway." Embedded within the center of this circuit is the striatum, a massive and complex network hub that synthesizes motivation, affect, learning, cognition, stress, and sensorimotor information. Although striatal subregions collectively share many anatomical and functional similarities, it has become increasingly clear that it is an extraordinarily heterogeneous region. In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) medial shell has repeatedly demonstrated that the rules dictated by more dorsal aspects of the striatum do not apply or are even reversed in functional logic. These discrepancies are perhaps most easily captured when isolating the functions of various neuromodulatory peptide systems within the striatum. Endogenous peptides are thought to play a critical role in modulating striatal signals to either amplify or dampen evoked behaviors. Here we describe the anatomical-functional backdrop upon which several neuropeptides act within the NAc to modulate behavior, with a specific emphasis on nucleus accumbens medial shell and stress responsivity. Additionally, we propose that, as the field continues to dissect fast neurotransmitter systems within the NAc, we must also provide considerable contextual weight to the roles local peptides play in modulating these circuits to more comprehensively understand how this important subregion gates motivated behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Castro
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Lei K, Kwok C, Darevsky D, Wegner SA, Yu J, Nakayama L, Pedrozo V, Anderson L, Ghotra S, Fouad M, Hopf FW. Nucleus Accumbens Shell Orexin-1 Receptors Are Critical Mediators of Binge Intake in Excessive-Drinking Individuals. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:88. [PMID: 30814925 PMCID: PMC6381036 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive, binge alcohol drinking is a potent and pernicious obstacle to treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), and heavy-drinking humans are responsible for much of the substantial costs and harms of AUD. Thus, identifying key mechanisms that drive intake in higher-drinking individuals may provide important, translationally useful therapeutic interventions. Orexin-1-receptors (Ox1Rs) promote states of high motivation, and studies with systemic Ox1R inhibition suggest a particular role in individuals with higher intake levels. However, little has been known about circuits where Ox1Rs promote pathological intake, especially excessive alcohol consumption. We previously discovered that binge alcohol drinking requires Ox1Rs in medial nucleus accumbens shell (Shell), using two-bottle-choice Drinking-in-the-Dark (2bc-DID) in adult, male C57BL/6 mice. Here, we show that Shell Ox1Rs promoted intake during intermittent-access alcohol drinking as well as 2bc-DID, and that Shell inhibition with muscimol/baclofen also suppressed 2bc-DID intake. Importantly, with this large data set, we were able to demonstrate that Shell Ox1Rs and overall activity were particularly important for driving alcohol consumption in higher-drinking individuals, with little overall impact in moderate drinkers. Shell inhibition results were compared with control data combined from drug treatments that did not reduce intake, including NMDAR or PKC inhibition in Shell, Ox1R inhibition in accumbens core, and systemic inhibition of dopamine-1 receptors; these were used to understand whether more specific Shell Ox1R contributions in higher drinkers might simply result from intrinsic variability in mouse drinking. Ineffectiveness of Shell inhibition in moderate-drinkers was not due to a floor effect, since systemic baclofen reduced alcohol drinking regardless of basal intake levels, without altering concurrent water intake or saccharin consumption. Finally, alcohol intake in the first exposure predicted consumption levels weeks later, suggesting that intake level may be a stable trait in each individual. Together, our studies indicate that Shell Ox1Rs are critical mediators of binge alcohol intake in higher-drinking individuals, with little net contribution to alcohol drinking in more moderate bingers, and that targeting Ox1Rs may substantially reduce AUD-related harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lei
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Claudina Kwok
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Darevsky
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Scott A Wegner
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - JiHwan Yu
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lisa Nakayama
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Vincent Pedrozo
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lexy Anderson
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shahbaj Ghotra
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mary Fouad
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Frederic W Hopf
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Involvement of orexinergic receptors in the nucleus accumbens, in the effect of forced swim stress on the reinstatement of morphine seeking behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:279-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Role of D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors within the ventral tegmental area in stress-induced and drug priming-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29:426-436. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Shahsavari F, Abbasnejad M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Raoof M. Orexin-1 receptors in the rostral ventromedial medulla are involved in the modulation of capsaicin evoked pulpal nociception and impairment of learning and memory. Int Endod J 2018; 51:1398-1409. [PMID: 29858522 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of rostral ventromedial medulla orexin-1 receptors in the modulation of orofacial nociception as well as nociception-induced learning and memory impairment in adult male rats. METHODOLOGY Pulpal nociception was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 μg) into the incisors of rats. Orexin-1 receptors agonist (orexin-A, 10, 25 and 50 pmol L-1 rat-1 ) and antagonist (SB-334867-A, 40 and 80 nmol L-1 rat-1 ) were microinjected into the rostral ventromedial medulla prior to capsaicin administration. Total time spent on nocifensive behaviour was recorded by direct visualization of freely moving rats whilst learning and memory were evaluated by the Morris water maze test. One-way analysis of variance and repeated-measures were used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Capsaicin-treated rats had a significant increase of nocifensive behaviours (P < 0.001), as well as learning and memory impairment (P < 0.001). However, intraventromedial medulla prior micro-injection of orexin-A (50 pmol L-1 rat-1 ) significantly reduced the nociceptive behaviour (P < 0.001). This effect was blocked by pre-treatment with SB334867-A (80 nmol L-1 rat-1 ). Orexin-A (50 pmol L-1 rat-1 ) also inhibited nociception-induced learning and memory deficits. Moreover, administration of SB-334867-A (80 nmol L-1 rat-1 ) plus orexin-A (50 pmol L-1 rat-1 ) had no effect on learning and memory deficits induced by capsaicin. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that rostral ventromedial medulla orexin-A receptors are involved in pulpal nociceptive modulation and improvement of learning and memory deficits induced by intradental application of capsaicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shahsavari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - S Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - M Raoof
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Moorman DE. The hypocretin/orexin system as a target for excessive motivation in alcohol use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1663-1680. [PMID: 29508004 PMCID: PMC5949267 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin (ORX) system has been repeatedly demonstrated to regulate motivation for drugs of abuse, including alcohol. In particular, ORX seems to be critically involved in highly motivated behaviors, as is observed in high-seeking individuals in a population, in the seeking of highly palatable substances, and in models of dependence. It seems logical that this system could be considered as a potential target for treatment for addiction, particularly alcohol addiction, as ORX pharmacological manipulations significantly reduce drinking. However, the ORX system also plays a role in a wide range of other behaviors, emotions, and physiological functions and is disrupted in a number of non-dependence-associated disorders. It is therefore important to consider how the ORX system might be optimally targeted for potential treatment for alcohol use disorders either in combination with or separate from its role in other functions or diseases. This review will focus on the role of ORX in alcohol-associated behaviors and whether and how this system could be targeted to treat alcohol use disorders while avoiding impacts on other ORX-relevant functions. A brief overview of the ORX system will be followed by a discussion of some of the factors that makes it particularly intriguing as a target for alcohol addiction treatment, a consideration of some potential challenges associated with targeting this system and, finally, some future directions to optimize new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 528 Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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20
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Sahafzadeh M, Karimi-Haghighi S, Mousavi Z, Haghparast A. Role of the orexin receptors within the nucleus accumbens in the drug priming-induced reinstatement of morphine seeking in the food deprived rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 137:217-224. [PMID: 29258865 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Orexin plays a key role in mediating stress-induced drug relapse. However, the role of different types of orexinergic receptors that modulate stress-induced drug seeking remains unknown. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) has an important role in the reward system and receives orexinergic projections of the lateral hypothalamus. In addition, orexin interacts with other receptors that are involved in drug reinstatement. Therefore, in the present study, the role of orexin receptors in the NAc in morphine priming- induced reinstatement and the effect of food deprivation (FD) on drug reinstatement were examined. The extinguished morphine preference rats were tested for reinstatement following the 24-h FD condition after conditioning was induced. In the other groups, the animals were given intra-accumbal administration of SB334867 (01, 1 and 10 nM/0.5 μl DMSO) as an orexin-1 receptor antagonist and TCSOX229 (1, 5 and 25 nM/0.5 μl DMSO), as an orexin-2 receptor antagonist. The results showed that the blockade of two types of orexin receptors in the NAc remarkably attenuated the effect of FD on the drug reinstatement; however, they were more effective in FD condition. These findings indicate that the NAc is a brain area within which orexin has a fundamental role in the effect of stress on morphine-induced reinstatement and the effect of food deprivation- on the reinstatement of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Sahafzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Saeideh Karimi-Haghighi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Haghparast A, Fatahi Z, Arezoomandan R, Karimi S, Taslimi Z, Zarrabian S. Functional roles of orexin/hypocretin receptors in reward circuit. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2017; 235:139-154. [PMID: 29054286 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since its first discovery in 1998, it has become clear that the orexinergic system plays an important role in regulating a number of functions including food, sex, social connections, and most prominently reward-related behaviors. Orexinergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus project extensively to other brain areas, two most important of which are the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens that are involved in reward processing. In this review, we have presented the work in our laboratory along with the work of others and have discussed the possible functions we can infer from the research. We discuss the anatomy of the orexinergic system and its components followed by a presentation of other connected brain areas. The second part of this review discusses observed results from the morphine conditioned place preference test that sheds light on the possible role of the involved areas in reward processing. The complex circuits involved in reward processing are only beginning to be understood and we need to deepen our understanding regarding the nature of the interactions between all brain areas involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Fatahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Arezoomandan
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Karimi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Taslimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahram Zarrabian
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Azogu I, Plamondon H. Inhibition of TrkB at the nucleus accumbens, using ANA-12, regulates basal and stress-induced orexin A expression within the mesolimbic system and affects anxiety, sociability and motivation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:129-145. [PMID: 28705440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Repeated stress exposure can lead to the development of anxiety and mood disorders. An emerging biological substrate of depression and associated pathology is the nucleus accumbens (NAc), which through interactions with limbic, cognitive and motor circuits can regulate a variety of stress responses. Within these circuits, orexin neurons are involved in arousal and stress adaptability, effects proposed mediated via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling. This study tested the hypotheses that 1) repeated exposure to heterotypic stress alters social ability and preference and passive avoidant behaviors, 2) TrkB receptors at the NAc shell regulates stress-induced behavioral responses and orexin expression within the mesocorticolimbic system. Our findings indicate that ANA-12 (0.25 μg/0.5 μl) enhanced sociability during the social interaction test, although treatment had no effect on social preference. The development of conditioned place preference, and fear retention in the passive avoidance test were also facilitated by ANA-12. Biochemical assessments on brain tissues collected within 2 h of a forced swim exposure revealed that ANA-12 increased orexin A immunoreactivity (ir) in the hypothalamic perifornical area, while expression was reduced in the ventral portion of the hippocampal CA1 layer, irrespective of the stress condition. This contrasts changes at the VTA characterized by elevated versus reduced orexin A-ir in ANA-12-treated stress and non-stress rats, respectively. Colocalized orexin A- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir at the VTA supports a different temporal expression post stress, TH-ir being unaffected 9 days post stress. These findings support a role for TrkB receptors in regulating basal and stress-induced social, cognitive and motivational behavior, and modulatory actions of BDNF, via TrkB signaling, on orexin A signaling upon stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idu Azogu
- Behavioral Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Helene Plamondon
- Behavioral Neuroscience Group, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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23
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James MH, Mahler SV, Moorman DE, Aston-Jones G. A Decade of Orexin/Hypocretin and Addiction: Where Are We Now? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:247-281. [PMID: 28012090 PMCID: PMC5799809 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One decade ago, our laboratory provided the first direct evidence linking orexin/hypocretin signaling with drug seeking by showing that activation of these neurons promotes conditioned morphine-seeking behavior. In the years since, contributions from many investigators have revealed roles for orexins in addiction for all drugs of abuse tested, but only under select circumstances. We recently proposed that orexins play a fundamentally unified role in coordinating "motivational activation" under numerous behavioral conditions, and here we unpack this hypothesis as it applies to drug addiction. We describe evidence collected over the past 10 years that elaborates the role of orexin in drug seeking under circumstances where high levels of effort are required to obtain the drug, or when motivation for drug reward is augmented by the presence of external stimuli like drug-associated cues/contexts or stressors. Evidence from studies using traditional self-administration and reinstatement models, as well as behavioral economic analyses of drug demand elasticity, clearly delineates a role for orexin in modulating motivational, rather than the primary reinforcing aspects of drug reward. We also discuss the anatomical interconnectedness of the orexin system with wider motivation and reward circuits, with a particular focus on how orexin modulates prefrontal and other glutamatergic inputs onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Last, we look ahead to the next decade of the research in this area, highlighting the recent FDA approval of the dual orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant (Belsomra®) for the treatment of insomnia as a promising sign of the potential clinical utility of orexin-based therapies for the treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan H James
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 2337, Australia
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92967, USA
| | - David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences & Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Gary Aston-Jones
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University/Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Lei K, Wegner SA, Yu JH, Mototake A, Hu B, Hopf FW. Nucleus Accumbens Shell and mPFC but Not Insula Orexin-1 Receptors Promote Excessive Alcohol Drinking. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:400. [PMID: 27625592 PMCID: PMC5004043 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction to alcohol remains a major social and economic problem, in part because of the high motivation for alcohol that humans exhibit and the hazardous binge intake this promotes. Orexin-1-type receptors (OX1Rs) promote reward intake under conditions of strong drives for reward, including excessive alcohol intake. While systemic modulation of OX1Rs can alter alcohol drinking, the brain regions that mediate this OX1R enhancement of excessive drinking remain unknown. Given the importance of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and anterior insular cortex (aINS) in driving many addictive behaviors, including OX1Rs within these regions, we examined the importance of OX1Rs in these regions on excessive alcohol drinking in C57BL/6 mice during limited-access alcohol drinking in the dark cycle. Inhibition of OX1Rs with the widely used SB-334867 within the medial NAc Shell (mNAsh) significantly reduced drinking of alcohol, with no effect on saccharin intake, and no effect on alcohol consumption when infused above the mNAsh. In contrast, intra-mNAsh infusion of the orexin-2 receptor TCS-OX2-29 had no impact on alcohol drinking. In addition, OX1R inhibition within the aINS had no effect on excessive drinking, which was surprising given the importance of aINS-NAc circuits in promoting alcohol consumption and the role for aINS OX1Rs in driving nicotine intake. However, OX1R inhibition within the mPFC did reduce alcohol drinking, indicating cortical OXR involvement in promoting intake. Also, in support of the critical role for mNAsh OX1Rs, SB within the mNAsh also significantly reduced operant alcohol self-administration in rats. Finally, orexin ex vivo enhanced firing in mNAsh neurons from alcohol-drinking mice, with no effect on evoked EPSCs or input resistance; a similar orexin increase in firing without a change in input resistance was observed in alcohol-naïve mice. Taken together, our results suggest that OX1Rs within the mNAsh and mPFC, but not the aINS, play a central role in driving excessive alcohol drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lei
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott A Wegner
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ji Hwan Yu
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arisa Mototake
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bing Hu
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederic W Hopf
- Alcohol and Addiction Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Ubaldi M, Giordano A, Severi I, Li H, Kallupi M, de Guglielmo G, Ruggeri B, Stopponi S, Ciccocioppo R, Cannella N. Activation of Hypocretin-1/Orexin-A Neurons Projecting to the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and Paraventricular Nucleus Is Critical for Reinstatement of Alcohol Seeking by Neuropeptide S. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:452-62. [PMID: 26055195 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditioning is a major trigger for relapse in abstinent addicts. We showed that activation of the neuropeptide S (NPS) system exacerbates reinstatement vulnerability to cocaine and alcohol via stimulation of the hypocretin-1/orexin-A (Hcrt-1/Ox-A) system. METHODS Combining pharmacologic manipulations with immunohistochemistry techniques, we sought to determine how NPS and Hcrt-1/Ox-A systems interact to modulate reinstatement of alcohol seeking in rats. RESULTS Intrahypothalamic injection of NPS facilitated discriminative cue-induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking. This effect was blocked by the selective Hcrt-1/Ox-A antagonist SB334867 microinjected into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) but not into the ventral tegmental area or the locus coeruleus. Combining double labeling and confocal microscopy analyses, we found that NPS-containing axons are in close apposition to hypothalamic Hcrt-1/Ox-A positive neurons, a significant proportion of which express NPS receptors, suggesting a direct interaction between the two systems. Retrograde tracing experiments showed that intra-PVN or intra-BNST red fluorobead unilateral injection labeled bilaterally Hcrt-1/Ox-A somata, suggesting that NPS could recruit two distinct neuronal pathways. Confirming this assumption, intra-BNST or PVN Hcrt-1/Ox-A injection enhanced alcohol seeking similarly to hypothalamic NPS injection but to a lesser degree. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the Hcrt-1/Ox-A neurocircuitry mediating the facilitation of cue-induced reinstatement by NPS involves structures critically involved in stress regulation such as the PVN and the BNST. These findings open to the tempting hypothesis of a role of the NPS system in modulating the interactions between stress and environmental conditioning factors in drug relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Ubaldi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ilenia Severi
- Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Hongwu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | | | - Barbara Ruggeri
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | - Serena Stopponi
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino
| | | | - Nazzareno Cannella
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino; Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany..
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Sadeghzadeh F, Namvar P, Naghavi FS, Haghparast A. Differential effects of intra-accumbal orexin-1 and -2 receptor antagonists on the expression and extinction of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 142:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia; stress and social status; tolerance and dependence; learning and memory; eating and drinking; alcohol and drugs of abuse; sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology; mental illness and mood; seizures and neurologic disorders; electrical-related activity and neurophysiology; general activity and locomotion; gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions; cardiovascular responses; respiration and thermoregulation; and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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28
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Giardino WJ, de Lecea L. Hypocretin (orexin) neuromodulation of stress and reward pathways. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 29:103-8. [PMID: 25050887 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypocretin (also known as orexin) is a peptide neuromodulator that is expressed exclusively in the lateral hypothalamic area and plays a fundamental role in wakefulness and arousal. Chronic stress and compulsive drug-seeking are two examples of dysregulated states of hyperarousal that are influenced by hypocretin transmission throughout hypothalamic, extended amygdala, brainstem, and mesolimbic pathways. Here, we review current advances in the understanding of hypocretin's modulatory actions underlying conditions of negative and positive emotional valence, focusing particularly on mechanisms that facilitate adaptive (and maladaptive) responses to stressful or rewarding environmental stimuli. We conclude by discussing progress toward integrated theories for hypocretin modulation of divergent behavioral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P154, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, 1201 Welch Road, P154, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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The action of orexin B on passive avoidance learning. Involvement of neurotransmitters. Behav Brain Res 2014; 272:1-7. [PMID: 24931796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extensive projection of orexigenic neurons and the diffuse expression of orexin receptors suggest that endogenous orexins are involved in several physiological functions of the central nervous system, including learning and memory. Our previous study demonstrated that orexin A improves learning, consolidation and retrieval processes, which involves α- and β-adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABA-A-ergic, opiate and nitrergic neurotransmissions. However, we have little evidence about the action of orexin B on memory processes and the underlying neuromodulation. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the action of orexin B on passive avoidance learning and the involvement of neurotransmitters in this action in rats. Accordingly, rats were pretreated with the selective orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) antagonist, EMPA; the γ-aminobutyric acid subunit A (GABA-A) receptor antagonist, the bicuculline; a D2, D3, D4 dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol; the nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone; the non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, nitro-l-arginine; the nonselective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist, phenoxybenzamine and the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol. Our results demonstrate that orexin B can improve learning, consolidation of memory and retrieval. EMPA reversed completely the action of orexin B on memory consolidation. Bicuculline blocked fully; naloxone, nitro-l-arginine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol attenuated the orexin B-induced memory consolidation, whereas haloperidol was ineffective. These data suggest that orexin B improves memory functions through OX2R and GABA-ergic, opiate, nitrergic, α- and β-adrenergic neurotransmissions are also involved in this action.
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