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Moscatelli F, Monda A, Messina A, Monda M, Monda V, Villano I, De Maria A, Nicola M, Marsala G, de Stefano MI, Limone P, Messina G, Polito R. Evaluation of Orexin-A Salivary Levels and its Correlation with Attention After Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Female Volleyball Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:32. [PMID: 38573446 PMCID: PMC10994895 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity to change attention from one area to another depending on the many environmental circumstances present is a crucial aspect of selective attention and is strictly correlated to reaction time. The cholinergic system of the basal forebrain is crucial for attentive abilities. Several inputs, particularly orexin neurons, whose cell bodies are found in the postero-lateral hypothalamus, can activate the cholinergic system. The aim of this study was to investigate if high frequencies rTMS at dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in highly trained volleyball players can change Orexin-A levels, attention and reaction time. This study was a double-blinded (participant and evaluator) matched-pair experimental design. Twenty right-handed female volleyball players were recruited for the study (age 24.6 ± 2.7 years; height 177.0 ± 5.5 cm; body mass 67.5 ± 6.5 kg; BMI 21.5 ± 1.2). RESULTS The main finding of this study was that 10 Hz rTMS to the DLPFC seems to increase Orexin-A salivary levels and the percentage of correct answers, while decreasing RT. After rTMS, the athletes show an increase in the percentage of correct answers immediately after the end of stimulation, and also after 15 and 30 min. Moreover, the athletes show decreases in reaction time after the end of stimulation and after 15 and 30 min to the end of stimulation, while no differences were found at the end of stimulation. Finally, the athletes show significant increases in Orexin-A salivary levels after stimulation with a peak after 30' of the end. CONCLUSION The results of our study seem to indicate that there is a relationship between salivary Orexin-A levels and RT. These results could provide useful tools for modulating sports training; in fact, if confirmed, they could lead coaches to offer their athletes rTMS sessions appropriately integrated with training. In fact, alternating attention is a mental flexibility that enables people to change their point of focus and switch between tasks requiring various levels of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Monda
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Telematic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Wellbeing, Nutrition and Sport, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella De Maria
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mancini Nicola
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, "Babes Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, "Babes Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Italy
- Drug's Department, ASP Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Ida de Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Limone
- Department of Psychology and Education, Pegaso Telematic University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Telematic University, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetics and Sports Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Jászberényi M, Thurzó B, Bagosi Z, Vécsei L, Tanaka M. The Orexin/Hypocretin System, the Peptidergic Regulator of Vigilance, Orchestrates Adaptation to Stress. Biomedicines 2024; 12:448. [PMID: 38398050 PMCID: PMC10886661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide family has emerged as a focal point of neuroscientific research following the discovery that this family plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. These neuropeptides serve as powerful neuromodulators, intricately shaping autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses across species. Notably, they serve as master regulators of vigilance and stress responses; however, their roles in food intake, metabolism, and thermoregulation appear complementary and warrant further investigation. This narrative review provides a journey through the evolution of our understanding of the orexin system, from its initial discovery to the promising progress made in developing orexin derivatives. It goes beyond conventional boundaries, striving to synthesize the multifaceted activities of orexins. Special emphasis is placed on domains such as stress response, fear, anxiety, and learning, in which the authors have contributed to the literature with original publications. This paper also overviews the advancement of orexin pharmacology, which has already yielded some promising successes, particularly in the treatment of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Jászberényi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; (M.J.); (B.T.); (Z.B.)
| | - Balázs Thurzó
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; (M.J.); (B.T.); (Z.B.)
- Emergency Patient Care Unit, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bagosi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; (M.J.); (B.T.); (Z.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Fornaro M, Caiazza C, De Simone G, Rossano F, de Bartolomeis A. Insomnia and related mental health conditions: Essential neurobiological underpinnings towards reduced polypharmacy utilization rates. Sleep Med 2024; 113:198-214. [PMID: 38043331 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia represents a significant public health burden, with a 10% prevalence in the general population. Reduced sleep affects social and working functioning, productivity, and patient's quality of life, leading to a total of $100 billion per year in direct and indirect healthcare costs. Primary insomnia is unrelated to any other mental or medical illness; secondary insomnia co-occurs with other underlying medical, iatrogenic, or mental conditions. Epidemiological studies found a 40-50% comorbidity prevalence between insomnia and psychiatric disorders, suggesting a high relevance of mental health in insomniacs. Sleep disturbances also worsen the outcomes of several psychiatric disorders, leading to more severe psychopathology and incomplete remission, plausibly contributing to treatment-resistant conditions. Insomnia and psychiatric disorder coexistence can lead to polypharmacy, namely, the concurrent use of two or more medications in the same patient, regardless of their purpose or rationale. Polypharmacy increases the risk of using unnecessary drugs, the likelihood of drug interactions and adverse events, and reduces the patient's compliance due to regimen complexity. The workup of insomnia must consider the patient's sleep habits and inquire about any medical and mental concurrent conditions that must be handled to allow insomnia to be remitted adequately. Monotherapy or limited polypharmacy should be preferred, especially in case of multiple comorbidities, promoting multipurpose molecules with sedative properties and with bedtime administration. Also, non-pharmacological interventions for insomnia, such as sleep hygiene, relaxation training and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy may be useful in secondary insomnia to confront behaviors and thoughts contributing to insomnia and help optimizing the pharmacotherapy. However, insomnia therapy should always be patient-tailored, considering drug indications, contraindications, and pharmacokinetics, besides insomnia phenotype, clinical picture, patient preferences, and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Clinical Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Caiazza
- Clinical Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe De Simone
- Clinical Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Rossano
- Clinical Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Clinical Section of Psychiatry and Psychology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry, University School of Medicine of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Poskanzer C, Aly M. Switching between External and Internal Attention in Hippocampal Networks. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6538-6552. [PMID: 37607818 PMCID: PMC10513067 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0029-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyday experience requires processing external signals from the world around us and internal information retrieved from memory. To do both, the brain must fluctuate between states that are optimized for external versus internal attention. Here, we focus on the hippocampus as a region that may serve at the interface between these forms of attention and ask how it switches between prioritizing sensory signals from the external world versus internal signals related to memories and thoughts. Pharmacological, computational, and animal studies have identified input from the cholinergic basal forebrain as important for biasing the hippocampus toward processing external information, whereas complementary research suggests the dorsal attention network (DAN) may aid in allocating attentional resources toward accessing internal information. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the basal forebrain and DAN drive the hippocampus toward external and internal attention, respectively. We used data from 29 human participants (17 female) who completed two attention tasks during fMRI. One task (memory-guided) required proportionally more internal attention, and proportionally less external attention, than the other (explicitly instructed). We discovered that background functional connectivity between the basal forebrain and hippocampus was stronger during the explicitly instructed versus memory-guided task. In contrast, DAN-hippocampus background connectivity was stronger during the memory-guided versus explicitly instructed task. Finally, the strength of DAN-hippocampus background connectivity was correlated with performance on the memory-guided but not explicitly instructed task. Together, these results provide evidence that the basal forebrain and DAN may modulate the hippocampus to switch between external and internal attention.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How does the brain balance the need to pay attention to internal thoughts and external sensations? We focused on the human hippocampus, a region that may serve at the interface between internal and external attention, and asked how its functional connectivity varies based on attentional states. The hippocampus was more strongly coupled with the cholinergic basal forebrain when attentional states were guided by the external world rather than retrieved memories. This pattern flipped for functional connectivity between the hippocampus and dorsal attention network, which was higher for attention tasks that were guided by memory rather than external cues. Together, these findings show that distinct networks in the brain may modulate the hippocampus to switch between external and internal attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Poskanzer
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Mariam Aly
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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Feldmeyer D. Structure and function of neocortical layer 6b. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1257803. [PMID: 37744882 PMCID: PMC10516558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1257803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical layer 6b is considered by many to be a remnant of the subplate that forms during early stages of neocortical development, but its role in the adult is not well understood. Its neuronal complement has only recently become the subject of systematic studies, and its axonal projections and synaptic input structures have remained largely unexplored despite decades of research into neocortical function. In recent years, however, layer 6b (L6b) has attracted increasing attention and its functional role is beginning to be elucidated. In this review, I will attempt to provide an overview of what is currently known about the excitatory and inhibitory neurons in this layer, their pre- and postsynaptic connectivity, and their functional implications. Similarities and differences between different cortical areas will be highlighted. Finally, layer 6b neurons are highly responsive to several neuropeptides such as orexin/hypocretin, neurotensin and cholecystokinin, in some cases exclusively. They are also strongly controlled by neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The interaction of these neuromodulators with L6b microcircuitry and its functional consequences will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10 (INM-10), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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Jiang JW, Narasimhan S, Johnson GW, González HFJ, Doss DJ, Shless JS, Paulo DL, Terry DP, Chang C, Morgan VL, Englot DJ. Abnormal functional connectivity of the posterior hypothalamus and other arousal regions in surgical temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosurg 2023; 139:640-650. [PMID: 36807210 PMCID: PMC10432570 DOI: 10.3171/2023.1.jns221452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to characterize resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) connectivity patterns of the posterior hypothalamus (pHTH) and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in surgical patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), and to investigate potential correlations between functional connectivity of these arousal regions and neurocognitive performance. METHODS The study evaluated resting-state fMRI in 60 patients with preoperative mTLE and in 95 healthy controls. The authors first conducted voxel-wise connectivity analyses seeded from the pHTH, combined anterior and tuberal hypothalamus (atHTH; i.e., the rest of the hypothalamus), and the NBM ipsilateral (ipsiNBM) and contralateral (contraNBM) to the epileptogenic zone. Based on these results, the authors included the pHTH, ipsiNBM, and frontoparietal neocortex in a network-based statistic (NBS) analysis to elucidate a network that best distinguishes patients from controls. The connections involving the pHTH and ipsiNBM from this network were included in age-corrected pairwise region of interest (ROI) analysis, along with connections between arousal structures, including the pHTH, ipsiNBM, and brainstem arousal regions. Finally, patient functional connectivity was correlated with clinical neurocognitive testing scores for IQ as well as attention and concentration tests. RESULTS The voxel-wise analysis demonstrated that the pHTH, when compared with the atHTH, showed more widespread functional connectivity decreases in surgical mTLE patients when compared with controls. It was also observed that the ipsiNBM, but not the contraNBM, showed decreased functional connectivity in mTLE. The NBS analysis uncovered a perturbed network of frontoparietal regions, the pHTH, and ipsiNBM that distinguishes patients from controls. Age-corrected ROI analysis revealed functional connectivity decreases between the pHTH and bilateral superior frontal gyri, medial orbitofrontal cortices, rostral anterior cingulate cortices, and inferior parietal cortices in mTLE when compared with controls. For the ipsiNBM, there was reduced connectivity with bilateral medial orbitofrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices. Age-corrected ROI analysis also demonstrated upstream connectivity decreases from controls between the pHTH and the brainstem arousal regions, cuneiform/subcuneiform (CSC) nuclei, and ventral tegmental area, as well as the ipsiNBM and CSC nuclei. Reduced functional connectivity was also detected between the pHTH and ipsiNBM. Lastly, neurocognitive test scores for attention and concentration were found to be positively correlated with the functional connectivity between the pHTH and ipsiNBM, suggesting worse performance associated with connectivity perturbations. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated perturbed resting-state functional connectivity of arousal regions in surgical mTLE and is one of the first investigations to demonstrate decreased functional connectivity of the pHTH with frontoparietal regions and other arousal regions. Connectivity disturbances in arousal regions may contribute to neurocognitive deficits in surgical mTLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine W. Jiang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Saramati Narasimhan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Graham W. Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hernán F. J. González
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Derek J. Doss
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jared S. Shless
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Danika L. Paulo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Douglas P. Terry
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Catie Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Victoria L. Morgan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Dario J. Englot
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Xia L, Liu HY, Wang BY, Lin HN, Wang MC, Ren JX. A review of physiological functions of orexin: From instinctive responses to subjective cognition. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34206. [PMID: 37390267 PMCID: PMC10313292 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is an excitatory neuropeptide secreted by the hypothalamus. Orexin is divided into orexin-A (OXA) and orexin-B (OXB), which are derived from a common precursor secreted by hypothalamic neurons. Orexin acts on orexin receptor-1 (OX1R) and orexin receptor-2 (OX2R). Orexin neurons, as well as receptors, are widely distributed in various regions of the brain as well as in the peripheral system and have a wider range of functions. This paper reviews the latest research results of orexin in the aspects of food intake, sleep, addiction, depression and anxiety. Because orexin has certain physiological functions in many systems, we further explored the possibility of orexin as a new target for the treatment of bulimia, anorexia nervosa, insomnia, lethargy, anxiety and depression. It is precisely because orexin has physiological functions in multiple systems that orexin, as a new target for the treatment of the above diseases, has potential contradictions. For example, it promotes the function of 1 system and may inhibit the function of another system. How to study a new drug, which can not only treat the diseases of this system, but also do not affect other system functions, is what we need to focus on.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiBo Xia
- Department of Encephalopathy, Jilin Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hai Yan Liu
- Department of Medical Section, Changchun Second Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Bi Yan Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Jilin Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hai Ning Lin
- Department of Encephalopathy, Jilin Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Chen Wang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Jilin Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Xiang Ren
- Department of Encephalopathy, Jilin Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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Flores A, Moyano P, Sola E, García JM, García J, Frejo MT, Guerra-Menéndez L, Labajo E, Lobo I, Abascal L, Pino JD. Bisphenol-A Neurotoxic Effects on Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:782. [PMID: 37372067 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The widely used plasticizer bisphenol-A (BPA) is well-known for producing neurodegeneration and cognitive disorders, following acute and long-term exposure. Although some of the BPA actions involved in these effects have been unraveled, they are still incompletely known. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) regulate memory and learning processes and their selective loss, as observed in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, leads to cognitive decline. In order to study the BPA neurotoxic effects on BFCN and the mechanisms through which they are induced, 60-day old Wistar rats were used, and a neuroblastoma cholinergic cell line from the basal forebrain (SN56) was used as a basal forebrain cholinergic neuron model. Acute treatment of rats with BPA (40 µg/kg) induced a more pronounced basal forebrain cholinergic neuronal loss. Exposure to BPA, following 1- or 14-days, produced postsynaptic-density-protein-95 (PSD95), synaptophysin, spinophilin, and N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-subunit-1 (NMDAR1) synaptic proteins downregulation, an increase in glutamate content through an increase in glutaminase activity, a downregulation in the vesicular-glutamate-transporter-2 (VGLUT2) and in the WNT/β-Catenin pathway, and cell death in SN56 cells. These toxic effects observed in SN56 cells were mediated by overexpression of histone-deacetylase-2 (HDAC2). These results may help to explain the synaptic plasticity, cognitive dysfunction, and neurodegeneration induced by the plasticizer BPA, which could contribute to their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Flores
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Moyano
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Sola
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Guerra-Menéndez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Labajo
- Departamento de Medicina Legal, Psiquiatría y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Lobo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Abascal
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Becker SP, Bölte S, Castellanos FX, Franke B, Newcorn JH, Nigg JT, Rohde LA, Simonoff E. Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science - from characterization to cause. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:506-532. [PMID: 36220605 PMCID: PMC10023337 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The science of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is motivated by a translational goal - the discovery and exploitation of knowledge about the nature of ADHD to the benefit of those individuals whose lives it affects. Over the past fifty years, scientific research has made enormous strides in characterizing the ADHD condition and in understanding its correlates and causes. However, the translation of these scientific insights into clinical benefits has been limited. In this review, we provide a selective and focused survey of the scientific field of ADHD, providing our personal perspectives on what constitutes the scientific consensus, important new leads to be highlighted, and the key outstanding questions to be addressed going forward. We cover two broad domains - clinical characterization and, risk factors, causal processes and neuro-biological pathways. Part one focuses on the developmental course of ADHD, co-occurring characteristics and conditions, and the functional impact of living with ADHD - including impairment, quality of life, and stigma. In part two, we explore genetic and environmental influences and putative mediating brain processes. In the final section, we reflect on the future of the ADHD construct in the light of cross-cutting scientific themes and recent conceptual reformulations that cast ADHD traits as part of a broader spectrum of neurodivergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London. UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clinica de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Brazil
| | - Emily Simonoff
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London. UK
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10
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Beckenstrom AC, Coloma PM, Dawson GR, Finlayson AK, Malik A, Post A, Steiner MA, Potenza MN. Use of experimental medicine approaches for the development of novel psychiatric treatments based on orexin receptor modulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105107. [PMID: 36828161 PMCID: PMC10165155 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite progress in understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, translation from animal models into clinical use remains a significant bottleneck. Preclinical studies have implicated the orexin neuropeptide system as a potential target for psychiatric disorders through its role in regulating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Clinical studies are investigating orexin modulation in addiction and mood disorders. Here we review performance-outcome measures (POMs) arising from experimental medicine research methods which may show promise as markers of efficacy of orexin receptor modulators in humans. POMs provide objective measures of brain function, complementing patient-reported or clinician-observed symptom evaluation, and aid the translation from preclinical to clinical research. Significant challenges include the development, validation, and operationalization of these measures. We suggest that collaborative networks comprising clinical practitioners, academics, individuals working in the pharmaceutical industry, drug regulators, patients, patient advocacy groups, and other relevant stakeholders may provide infrastructure to facilitate validation of experimental medicine approaches in translational research and in the implementation of these approaches in real-world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Beckenstrom
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK.
| | - Preciosa M Coloma
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, Allschwil 4123, Switzerland
| | - Gerard R Dawson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Ailidh K Finlayson
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Asad Malik
- P1vital Ltd, Manor House, Howbery Business Park, Wallingford OX10 8BA, UK
| | - Anke Post
- Corlieve Therapeutics, Swiss Innovation Park, Hegenheimermattweg 167A, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, Room 726, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA; The Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, 100 College St, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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11
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Gürbüzer N, Ceyhun HA, Öztürk N, Kasali K. The Relationship Between Eating-Attitudes and Clinical Characteristics, Agouti-Related Peptide, and Other Biochemical Markers in Adult-Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:394-409. [PMID: 36642920 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221149198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to evaluate eating-attitudes in adult-ADHD, and to examine its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical, AgRP, and biochemical parameters. METHOD The study included 70 adult-patients and 47 healthy-controls. The DIVA2.0, SCID-1 was administered to the participants. Eating-Attitudes Test (EAT), Night-Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) were filled by the participants. RESULTS We found that psychological state affect eating-attitudes in adult-ADHD (p = .013), emotional eating is more common, nocturnal chronotype is dominant (p < .001), NES is more frequent (p < .001), waist circumference measurement is higher (p = .030), and lipid profile is deteriorated (p < .001). AgRP levels were significantly lower in patients treated with methylphenidate (p = .021). Those who received methylphenidate treatment had less NES than those who did not. Deterioration in eating-attitudes and symptom severity of night eating in ADHD, it was positively correlated with clinical severity of ADHD and impulsivity. In addition, age and increase in night eating symptoms were predictors of deterioration in eating attitudes in adult-ADHD. We found that impaired eating-attitudes and impulsivity severity were also predictors of NES (p = .006, p = .034). CONCLUSION The necessity of adult-ADHD treatment has been demonstrated by the deterioration in eating-attitudes and cardiometabolic risk dimensions and the underlying mechanisms.
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12
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Single and repeated bisphenol A treatment induces ROS, Aβ and hyperphosphorylated-tau accumulation, and insulin pathways disruption, through HDAC2 and PTP1B overexpression, leading to SN56 cholinergic apoptotic cell death. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 170:113500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Ishioh M, Nozu T, Miyagishi S, Igarashi S, Funayama T, Ohhira M, Okumura T. Activation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons improves colonic hyperpermeability through the vagus nerve and adenosine A2B receptors in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115331. [PMID: 36330948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction, a leaky gut, contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases such as dementia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We recently clarified that orexin, ghrelin, or adenosine A2B signaling in the brain improved leaky gut through the vagus nerve. The present study was performed to clarify whether basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) are implicated in the central regulation of intestinal barrier function. We activated BFCNs using benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), a positive muscarinic M1 allosteric modulator, and evaluated colonic permeability by quantifying the absorbed Evans blue in rat colonic tissue. Intracisternal (not intraperitoneal) injection of BQCA blocked the increased colonic permeability in response to lipopolysaccharide. Vagotomy blocked BQCA-induced improvement of colonic hyperpermeability. Intracisternally administered pirenzepine, a muscarinic M1 selective antagonist, prevented intestinal barrier function improvement by intravenously administered 2-deoxy-d-glucose, central vagal stimulant. Adenosine A2B receptor antagonist but not dopamine or opioid receptor antagonist prevented BQCA-induced blockade of colonic hyperpermeability. Additionally, intracisternal injection of pirenzepine blocked orexin- or butyrate-induced intestinal barrier function improvement. These results suggest that BFCNs improve leaky gut through adenosine A2B signaling and the vagal pathway. Furthermore, BFCNs mediate orexin- or butyrate-induced intestinal barrier function improvement. Since BFCNs play a role in cognitive function and a leaky gut is associated with dementia, the present finding may lead us to speculate that BFCNs are involved in the development of dementia by regulating intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatomo Ishioh
- Division of Metabolism, Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan.
| | - Tsukasa Nozu
- Department of Regional Medicine and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Saori Miyagishi
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Sho Igarashi
- Division of Metabolism, Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Takuya Funayama
- Division of Metabolism, Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Masumi Ohhira
- Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Metabolism, Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan; Center for Medical Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
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14
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Villano I, La Marra M, Di Maio G, Monda V, Chieffi S, Guatteo E, Messina G, Moscatelli F, Monda M, Messina A. Physiological Role of Orexinergic System for Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148353. [PMID: 35886210 PMCID: PMC9323672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins, or hypocretins, are excitatory neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and the sleep and wakefulness states. Since their discovery, several lines of evidence have highlighted that orexin neurons regulate a great range of physiological functions, giving it the definition of a multitasking system. In the present review, we firstly describe the mechanisms underlining the orexin system and their interactions with the central nervous system (CNS). Then, the system’s involvement in goal-directed behaviors, sleep/wakefulness state regulation, feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, reward system, and aging and neurodegenerative diseases are described. Advanced evidence suggests that the orexin system is crucial for regulating many physiological functions and could represent a promising target for therapeutical approaches to obesity, drug addiction, and emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
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15
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Imam A, Bhagwandin A, Ajao MS, Manger PR. The brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). VIII. The subpallial telencephalon. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:2611-2644. [PMID: 35708120 PMCID: PMC9543335 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study provides a detailed architectural analysis of the subpallial telencephalon of the tree pangolin. In the tree pangolin, the subpallial telencephalon was divided into septal and striatopallidal regions. The septal region contained the septal nuclear complex, diagonal band of Broca, and the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. The striatopallidal region comprised of the dorsal (caudate, putamen, internal and external globus pallidus) and ventral (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, ventral pallidum, nucleus basalis, basal part of the substantia innominata, lateral stripe of the striatum, navicular nucleus, and the major island of Calleja) striatopallidal complexes. In the tree pangolin, the organization and numbers of nuclei forming these regions and complexes, their topographical relationships to each other, and the cyto‐, myelo‐, and chemoarchitecture, were found to be very similar to that observed in commonly studied mammals. Minor variations, such as less nuclear parcellation in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, may represent species‐specific variations, or may be the result of the limited range of stains used. Given the overall similarity across mammalian species, it appears that the subpallial telencephalon of the mammalian brain is highly conserved in terms of evolutionary changes detectable with the methods used. It is also likely that the functions associated with these nuclei in other mammals can be translated directly to the tree pangolin, albeit with the understanding that the stimuli that produce activity within these regions may be specific to the life history requirements of the tree pangolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Imam
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adhil Bhagwandin
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
| | - Moyosore S Ajao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa
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16
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Kaplan GB, Lakis GA, Zhoba H. Sleep-Wake and Arousal Dysfunctions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:Role of Orexin Systems. Brain Res Bull 2022; 186:106-122. [PMID: 35618150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal/startle, stress responses and insomnia. This review focuses on the importance of the orexin neural system as a novel mechanism related to the pathophysiology of PTSD. Orexinergic neurons originate in the lateral hypothalamus and project widely to key neurotransmitter system neurons, autonomic neurons, the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and fear-related neural circuits. After trauma or stress, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) transmits sensory information to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and in turn to the hypothalamus and other subcortical and brainstem regions to promote fear and threat. Orexin receptors have a prominent role in this circuit as fear conditioned orexin receptor knockout mice show decreased fear expression while dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) inhibit fear acquisition and expression. Orexin activation of an infralimbic-amygdala circuit impedes fear extinction while DORA treatments enhance it. Increased orexin signaling to the amygdalocortical- hippocampal circuit promotes avoidance behaviors. Orexin has an important role in activating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and the HPA axis stress responses. Blockade of orexin receptors reduces fear-conditioned startle responses. In PTSD models, individuals demonstrate sleep disturbances such as increased sleep latency and more transitions to wakefulness. Increased orexin activity impairs sleep by promoting wakefulness and reducing total sleep time while DORA treatments enhance sleep onset and maintenance. The orexinergic neural system provides important mechanisms for understanding multiple PTSD behaviors and provides new medication targets to treat this often persistent and debilitating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- Mental Health Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118 USA.
| | - Gabrielle A Lakis
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA; Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215 USA
| | - Hryhoriy Zhoba
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, 02132 USA
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17
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Agrawal S, Singh V, Singh C, Singh A. A review on pathophysiological aspects of Sleep Deprivation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 22:CNSNDDT-EPUB-123413. [PMID: 35549867 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220512092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) (also referred as insomnia) is a condition in which peoples fails to get enough sleep due to excessive yawning, facing difficulty to learn new concepts, forgetfulness as well as depressed mood. This could be occurs due to several possible reasons including medications, stress (caused by shift work). Despite the fact that sleep is important for the normal physiology, it currently affects millions of people around the world US (70 million) and Europe (45 million). Due to increase work demand nowadays lots of peoples experiencing sleep deprivation hence, this could be the reason for several car accident followed by death and morbidity. This review highlighted the impact of SD on neurotransmitter release and functions, theories (Flip-flop theory, oxidative stress theory, neuroinflammation theory, neurotransmitter theory, and hormonal theory) associated with SD pathogenesis apart from this it also demonstrate the molecular pathways underlying SD (PI3K and Akt , NF-κB, Nrf2, and adenosine pathway. However, this study also elaborates the SD induced changes in the level of neurotransmitters, hormonal, and mitochondrial functions. Along with this, it also covers several molecular aspects associated with SD as well. Through this study a link is made between SD and associated causes, which will further help to develop potential therapeutic strategy against SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Agrawal
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vishesh Singh
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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18
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Neurobiology of the Orexin System and Its Potential Role in the Regulation of Hedonic Tone. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020150. [PMID: 35203914 PMCID: PMC8870430 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin peptides comprise two neuropeptides, orexin A and orexin B, that bind two G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), orexin receptor 1 (OXR1) and orexin receptor 2 (OXR2). Although cell bodies that produce orexin peptides are localized in a small area comprising the lateral hypothalamus and adjacent regions, orexin-containing fibres project throughout the neuraxis. Although orexins were initially described as peptides that regulate feeding behaviour, research has shown that orexins are involved in diverse functions that range from the modulation of autonomic functions to higher cognitive functions, including reward-seeking, behaviour, attention, cognition, and mood. Furthermore, disruption in orexin signalling has been shown in mood disorders that are associated with low hedonic tone or anhedonia, including depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and addiction. Notably, projections of orexin neurons overlap circuits involved in the modulation of hedonic tone. Evidence shows that orexins may potentiate hedonic behaviours by increasing the feeling of pleasure or reward to various signalling, whereas dysregulation of orexin signalling may underlie low hedonic tone or anhedonia. Further, orexin appears to play a key role in regulating behaviours in motivationally charged situations, such as food-seeking during hunger, or drug-seeking during withdrawal. Therefore, it would be expected that dysregulation of orexin expression or signalling is associated with changes in hedonic tone. Further studies investigating this association are warranted.
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19
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Li Y, Hollis E. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Selectively Drive Coordinated Motor Learning in Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:10148-10160. [PMID: 34750228 PMCID: PMC8660044 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1152-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control requires precise temporal and spatial encoding across distinct motor centers that is refined through the repetition of learning. The recruitment of motor regions requires modulatory input to shape circuit activity. Here, we identify a role for the baso-cortical cholinergic pathway in the acquisition of a coordinated motor skill in mice. Targeted depletion of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons results in significant impairments in training on the rotarod task of coordinated movement. Cholinergic neuromodulation is required during training sessions as chemogenetic inactivation of cholinergic neurons also impairs task acquisition. Rotarod learning is known to drive refinement of corticostriatal neurons arising in both medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and motor cortex, and we have found that cholinergic input to both motor regions is required for task acquisition. Critically, the effects of cholinergic neuromodulation are restricted to the acquisition stage, as depletion of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons after learning does not affect task execution. Our results indicate a critical role for cholinergic neuromodulation of distant cortical motor centers during coordinated motor learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Acetylcholine release from basal forebrain cholinergic neuron terminals rapidly modulates neuronal excitability, circuit dynamics, and cortical coding; all processes required for processing complex sensory information, cognition, and attention. We found that depletion or transient silencing of cholinergic inputs to anatomically isolated motor areas, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and motor cortex, selectively led to significant impairments on coordinated motor learning; disrupting this baso-cortical network after acquisition elicited no effect on task execution. Our results indicate a pivotal role for cholinergic neuromodulation of distant cortical motor centers during coordinated motor learning. These findings support the concept that cognitive components (such as attention) are indispensable in the adjustment of motor output and training-induced improvements in motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
| | - Edmund Hollis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
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20
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Roman-Ortiz C, Guevara JA, Clem RL. GABAergic basal forebrain projections to the periaqueductal gray promote food consumption, reward and predation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22638. [PMID: 34811442 PMCID: PMC8608827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviors central to the procurement and consumption of food are among those most fundamental to survival, but their inappropriate expression can lead to overeating and obesity. Nevertheless, we have a poor understanding of circuits that promote feeding independent of physiological demand. Here we demonstrate that activation of basal forebrain (BF) GABAergic neurons results in consumption of food as well as non-food items in well-fed mice, and performance of fictive eating in the absence of ingestible materials. In addition, stimulation of these cells disrupts defensive threat responses and elicits reward-like motivational effects. Finally, BF GABAergic activity triggers skilled predatory attacks of live prey and prey-like objects, but not social targets. These effects were entirely recapitulated by selective stimulation of BF GABAergic projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Our results outline a potent circuit mechanism for increased feeding through recruitment of distinct but synergistic behaviors, and add to growing evidence that PAG is an important integrator of feeding-related activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciorana Roman-Ortiz
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica A Guevara
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Roger L Clem
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Moyano P, Flores A, García J, García JM, Anadon MJ, Frejo MT, Sola E, Pelayo A, Del Pino J. Bisphenol A single and repeated treatment increases HDAC2, leading to cholinergic neurotransmission dysfunction and SN56 cholinergic apoptotic cell death through AChE variants overexpression and NGF/TrkA/P75 NTR signaling disruption. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112614. [PMID: 34655688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), a widely used plasticizer, induces cognitive dysfunctions following single and repeated exposure. Several studies, developed in hippocampus and cortex, tried to find the mechanisms that trigger and mediate these dysfunctions, but those are still not well known. Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) innervate hippocampus and cortex, regulating cognitive function, and their loss or the induction of cholinergic neurotransmission dysfunction leads to cognitive disabilities. However, no studies were performed in BFCN. We treated wild type or histone deacetylase (HDAC2), P75NTR or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) silenced SN56 cholinergic cells from BF with BPA (0.001 μM-100 μM) with or without recombinant nerve growth factor (NGF) and with or without acetylcholine (ACh) for one- and fourteen days in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects. BPA induced cholinergic neurotransmission disruption through reduction of ChAT activity, and produced apoptotic cell death, mediated partially through AChE-S overexpression and NGF/TrkA/P75NTR signaling dysfunction, independently of cholinergic neurotransmission disruption, following one- and fourteen days of treatment. BPA mediates these alterations, in part, through HDAC2 overexpression. These data are relevant since they may help to elucidate the neurotoxic mechanisms that trigger the cognitive disabilities induced by BPA exposure, providing a new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Flores
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Department of Pharmacolgy, Health Sciences School, Alfonso X University, 28691, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Anadon
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Sola
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela Pelayo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Ruggiero RN, Rossignoli MT, Marques DB, de Sousa BM, Romcy-Pereira RN, Lopes-Aguiar C, Leite JP. Neuromodulation of Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortical Synaptic Plasticity and Functional Connectivity: Implications for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:732360. [PMID: 34707481 PMCID: PMC8542677 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.732360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (HPC-PFC) pathway plays a fundamental role in executive and emotional functions. Neurophysiological studies have begun to unveil the dynamics of HPC-PFC interaction in both immediate demands and long-term adaptations. Disruptions in HPC-PFC functional connectivity can contribute to neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in mental illnesses and neurological conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. Given the role in functional and dysfunctional physiology, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms that modulate the dynamics of HPC-PFC communication. Two of the main mechanisms that regulate HPC-PFC interactions are synaptic plasticity and modulatory neurotransmission. Synaptic plasticity can be investigated inducing long-term potentiation or long-term depression, while spontaneous functional connectivity can be inferred by statistical dependencies between the local field potentials of both regions. In turn, several neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, and endocannabinoids, can regulate the fine-tuning of HPC-PFC connectivity. Despite experimental evidence, the effects of neuromodulation on HPC-PFC neuronal dynamics from cellular to behavioral levels are not fully understood. The current literature lacks a review that focuses on the main neurotransmitter interactions with HPC-PFC activity. Here we reviewed studies showing the effects of the main neurotransmitter systems in long- and short-term HPC-PFC synaptic plasticity. We also looked for the neuromodulatory effects on HPC-PFC oscillatory coordination. Finally, we review the implications of HPC-PFC disruption in synaptic plasticity and functional connectivity on cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. The comprehensive overview of these impairments could help better understand the role of neuromodulation in HPC-PFC communication and generate insights into the etiology and physiopathology of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Naime Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Teixeira Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Danilo Benette Marques
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Monteiro de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Cleiton Lopes-Aguiar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Pereira Leite
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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23
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Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Chaves-Coira I, Fernandez de Sevilla ME, Martinez-Rachadell L, Esparza J, Torres-Aleman I, Nuñez A. Reduced Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Effects in the Basal Forebrain of Aging Mouse. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:682388. [PMID: 34539376 PMCID: PMC8442768 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.682388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that aging is frequently accompanied by a decline in cognition. Furthermore, aging is associated with lower serum IGF-I levels that may contribute to this deterioration. We studied the effect of IGF-I in neurons of the horizontal diagonal band of Broca (HDB) of young (≤6 months old) and old (≥20-month-old) mice to determine if changes in the response of these neurons to IGF-I occur along with aging. Local injection of IGF-I in the HDB nucleus increased their neuronal activity and induced fast oscillatory activity in the electrocorticogram (ECoG). Furthermore, IGF-I facilitated tactile responses in the primary somatosensory cortex elicited by air-puffs delivered in the whiskers. These excitatory effects decreased in old mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that cholinergic HDB neurons express IGF-I receptors and that IGF-I injection increased the expression of c-fos in young, but not in old animals. IGF-I increased the activity of optogenetically-identified cholinergic neurons in young animals, suggesting that most of the IGF-I-induced excitatory effects were mediated by activation of these neurons. Effects of aging were partially ameliorated by chronic IGF-I treatment in old mice. The present findings suggest that reduced IGF-I activity in old animals participates in age-associated changes in cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Zegarra-Valdivia
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Peru.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Irene Chaves-Coira
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neurosciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Ignacio Torres-Aleman
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Madrid, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Angel Nuñez
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neurosciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Exploring the Role of Orexinergic Neurons in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2141-2153. [PMID: 34495449 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting about 2% of the population. A neuropeptide, orexin, is linked with sleep abnormalities in the parkinsonian patient. This study aimed to review the changes in the orexinergic system in parkinsonian subjects and the effects of orexin. A number of search techniques were used and presumed during the search, including cloud databank searches of PubMed and Medline using title words, keywords, and MeSH terms. PD is characterised by motor dysfunctions (postural instability, rigidity, tremor) and cognitive disorders, sleep-wake abnormalities grouped under non-motor disorders. The Orexinergic system found in the hypothalamus is linked with autonomic function, neuroprotection, learning and memory, and the sleep-wake cycle. Prepro-orexin, a precursor peptide (130 amino acids), gives rise to orexins (Orx-A and Orx-B). Serum orexin level measurement is vital for evaluating several neurological disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and PD). Orexinergic neurons are activated by hypoglycemia and ghrelin, while they are restrained by food consumption and leptin. Orexinergic system dysfunctioning was found to be linked with non-motor symptoms (sleep abnormalities) in PD. Orexinergic neuron's behaviour may be either inhibitory or excitatory depending on the environment in which they are present. As well, orexin antagonists are found to improve the abnormal sleep pattern. Since the orexinergic system plays a role in several psychological and neurological disorders, therefore, these disorders can be managed by targeting this system.
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25
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Arankowsky-Sandoval G, Budde H, Imperatori C, Machado S, Yamamoto T, Yadollahpour A, Torterolo P. In vivo brain levels of acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine after oleoylethanolamide or palmitoylethanolamide administrations are mediated by PPARα engagement. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5932-5950. [PMID: 34396611 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a nuclear receptor that has been linked to the modulation of several physiological functions, including the sleep-wake cycle. The PPARα recognizes as endogenous ligands the lipids oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which in turn, if systemically injected, they exert wake-promoting effects. Moreover, the activation of PPARα by the administration of OEA or PEA increases the extracellular contents of neurotransmitters linked to the control of wakefulness; however, the role of PPARα activated by OEA or PEA on additional biochemicals related to waking regulation, such as acetylcholine (ACh) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), has not been fully studied. Here, we have investigated the effects of treatments of OEA or PEA on the contents of ACh and 5-HT by using in vivo microdialysis techniques coupled to HPLC means. For this purpose, OEA or PEA were systemically injected (5, 10 or 30 mg/kg; i.p.), and the levels of ACh and 5-HT were collected from the basal forebrain, a wake-related brain area. These pharmacological treatments significantly increased the contents of ACh and 5-HT as determined by HPLC procedures. Interestingly, PPARα antagonist MK-886 (30 mg/kg; i.p.) injected before the treatments of OEA or PEA blocked these outcomes. Our data suggest that the activation of PPARα by OEA or PEA produces significant changes on ACh and 5-HT levels measured from the basal forebrain and support the conclusion that PPARα is a suitable molecular element involved in the regulation of wake-related neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.,Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Gloria Arankowsky-Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Institute for Systems Medicine, Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Imperatori
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Science, European University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.,Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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26
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Kalashnikova TP, Anisimov GV. [Features of the organization of sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:55-60. [PMID: 34078861 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202112104255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents modern ideas about the clinical features of sleep in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the macrostructure of sleep, its cyclic organization and possible common links in the pathogenesis of sleep disorders and behavioral problems in patients. The relationship between the structure of sleep and impaired executive functions, the level of social maladjustment in patients with ADHD has been proven. Typical of children with ADHD are difficulty in going to sleep and falling asleep for a long time (resistance to sleep time), increased motor activity associated with sleep, including the association of ADHD with Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic leg movement syndrome (PLMS), daytime sleepiness. The presence of circadian desynchrony in children with ADHD explains the relationship between chronotype, circadian typology, and clinical manifestations of the syndrome. Multidirectional data on the representation of REM sleep by nocturnal polysomnography in children with ADHD depend on age. However, the change in the proportion of REM sleep during the night is considered as a leading factor in the pathogenesis of ADHD manifestations. Various variants of metabolic disorders of melatonin, dopamine, serotonin, aggravated by social jet lag, are considered by the conjugatedcommon pathogenetic mechanisms of sleep disturbance and ADHD. As well as changes in the concentration of iron and ferritin in the blood, which may explain the frequency of RLS and PLMS in children with ADHD. The change in the number of sleep cycles during the night in patients has been demonstrated. Possible strategies for correcting sleep disorders in children with ADHD and their impact on the manifestation of ADHD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G V Anisimov
- The First Medical and Pedagogical Center «Lingua Bona», Perm, Russia
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27
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Abstract
Twenty-two years after their discovery, the hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two of the most studied peptidergic systems, involved in myriad physiological systems that range from sleep, arousal, motivation, homeostatic regulation, fear, anxiety and learning. A causal relationship between activity of Hcrt and arousal stability was established shortly after their discovery and have led to the development of a new class of drugs to treat insomnia. In this review we discuss the many faces of the Hcrt system and examine recent findings that implicate decreased Hcrt function in the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric conditions. We also discuss future therapeutic strategies to replace or enhance Hcrt function as a treatment option for these neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Seigneur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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28
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Koulousakis P, van den Hove D, Visser-Vandewalle V, Sesia T. Cognitive Improvements After Intermittent Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert in a Transgenic Rat Model for Alzheimer's Disease: A Preliminary Approach. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 73:461-466. [PMID: 31868670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) has been shown to exert promising therapeutical effects in a pilot study with patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed at comparing the cognitive effects of intermittent and continuous NBM stimulation paradigms in an animal model for AD. In this exploratory study, aged Tgf344-AD rats were behaviorally tested pre-, and post implantation, while being stimulated with unilateral- or bilateral-intermittent and bilateral-continuous patterns. Bilateral-intermittent NBM DBS lead to supernormal performance in a spatial memory task. These findings suggest that NBM DBS could be further refined, thereby improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippos Koulousakis
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thibaut Sesia
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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29
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Pacholko AG, Wotton CA, Bekar LK. Astrocytes-The Ultimate Effectors of Long-Range Neuromodulatory Networks? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:581075. [PMID: 33192327 PMCID: PMC7554522 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.581075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It was long thought that astrocytes, given their lack of electrical signaling, were not involved in communication with neurons. However, we now know that one astrocyte on average maintains and regulates the extracellular neurotransmitter and potassium levels of more than 140,000 synapses, both excitatory and inhibitory, within their individual domains, and form a syncytium that can propagate calcium waves to affect distant cells via release of “gliotransmitters” such as glutamate, ATP, or adenosine. Neuromodulators can affect signal-to-noise and frequency transmission within cortical circuits by effects on inhibition, allowing for the filtering of relevant vs. irrelevant stimuli. Moreover, synchronized “resting” and desynchronized “activated” brain states are gated by short bursts of high-frequency neuromodulatory activity, highlighting the need for neuromodulation that is robust, rapid, and far-reaching. As many neuromodulators are released in a volume manner where degradation/uptake and the confines of the complex CNS limit diffusion distance, we ask the question—are astrocytes responsible for rapidly extending neuromodulator actions to every synapse? Neuromodulators are known to influence transitions between brain states, leading to control over plasticity, responses to salient stimuli, wakefulness, and sleep. These rapid and wide-spread state transitions demand that neuromodulators can simultaneously influence large and diverse regions in a manner that should be impossible given the limitations of simple diffusion. Intriguingly, astrocytes are ideally situated to amplify/extend neuromodulator effects over large populations of synapses given that each astrocyte can: (1) ensheath a large number of synapses; (2) release gliotransmitters (glutamate/ATP/adenosine) known to affect inhibition; (3) regulate extracellular potassium that can affect excitability and excitation/inhibition balance; and (4) express receptors for all neuromodulators. In this review article, we explore the hypothesis that astrocytes extend and amplify neuromodulatory influences on neuronal networks via alterations in calcium dynamics, the release of gliotransmitters, and potassium homeostasis. Given that neuromodulatory networks are at the core of our sleep-wake cycle and behavioral states, and determine how we interact with our environment, this review article highlights the importance of basic astrocyte function in homeostasis, general cognition, and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Pacholko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Caitlin A Wotton
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lane K Bekar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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30
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Saletin JM, Jackvony S, Rodriguez KA, Dickstein DP. A coordinate-based meta-analysis comparing brain activation between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 2020; 42:5239589. [PMID: 30541103 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Sleep disruption is common in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Likewise, deficits in attention are a hallmark of sleep deprivation in healthy individuals. Whether ADHD and sleep deprivation modulate common, or disparate, neural systems is unknown. No study has yet utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate sleep loss in ADHD. We address this gap by performing a novel meta-analysis to compare patterns of fMRI activation during sleep deprivation and ADHD. METHODS We performed a coordinate-based activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis using the GingerALE software. A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies of sleep deprivation vs. rested and also ADHD vs. healthy controls (HC) yielded 134 articles. fMRI coordinates were extracted for each contrast (i.e. "ADHD vs. HC," "TSD vs. Rested") and normalized to the Talairach-atlas. Separate ALE analyses were performed for ADHD and sleep deprivation. We directly compared these initial estimates to determine shared vs. distinct areas of fMRI neural activation in ADHD and sleep deprivation. RESULTS Conjunction analyses revealed overlapping hypoactivations between ADHD and sleep loss in executive function regions, notably the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Sleep deprivation, however, was associated with significantly exaggerated hyperactivation in the thalamus. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that ADHD and sleep deprivation share a common neural signature: hypoactivation of executive function neuroanatomy. In contrast, sleep loss, but not ADHD, was associated with thalamic hyperactivations, intimating a potential compensatory response in sleep loss not present in ADHD. By elucidating shared and distinct patterns of functional neuroanatomy, these data provide novel targets for future experimental investigations of sleep loss in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Saletin
- E.P. Bradley Hospital Sleep Research Laboratory, Providence, RI.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Daniel P Dickstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.,E.P. Bradley Hospital PediMIND Program, East Providence, RI
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31
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Li SB, de Lecea L. The hypocretin (orexin) system: from a neural circuitry perspective. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:107993. [PMID: 32135427 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake, thermogenesis, and mood. Since the hypocretins/orexins were discovered more than two decades ago, extensive studies have accumulated concrete evidence showing the pivotal role of hypocretin/orexin in diverse neural modulation. New method of viral-mediated tracing system offers the possibility to map the monosynaptic inputs and detailed anatomical connectivity of Hcrt neurons. With the development of powerful research techniques including optogenetics, fiber-photometry, cell-type/pathway specific manipulation and neuronal activity monitoring, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing, the details of how hypocretinergic system execute functional modulation of various behaviors are coming to light. In this review, we focus on the function of neural pathways from hypocretin neurons to target brain regions. Anatomical and functional inputs to hypocretin neurons are also discussed. We further briefly summarize the development of pharmaceutical compounds targeting hypocretin signaling. This article is part of the special issue on Neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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32
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Murillo-Rodríguez E, Arankowsky-Sandoval G, Pertwee RG, Parker L, Mechoulam R. Sleep and neurochemical modulation by cannabidiolic acid methyl ester in rats. Brain Res Bull 2020; 155:166-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Effects of Intranasal Orexin-A (Hypocretin-1) Administration on Neuronal Activation, Neurochemistry, and Attention in Aged Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:362. [PMID: 32038222 PMCID: PMC6987046 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function represents a key determinative factor for independent functioning among the elderly, especially among those with age-related cognitive disorders. However; existing pharmacotherapeutic tactics for treating these disorders provide only modest benefits on cognition. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system is uniquely positioned, anatomically and functionally, to integrate physiological functions that support proper cognition. The ongoing paucity of orexin receptor agonists has mired the ability to study their potential as cognitive enhancers. Fortunately, intranasal administration of native orexin peptides circumvents this issue and others concerning peptide transport into the central nervous system (CNS). To investigate the ability of intranasal orexin-A (OxA) administration to improve the anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral substrates of age-related cognitive dysfunction, these studies utilized a rodent model of aging combined with acute intranasal administration of saline or OxA. Here, intranasal OxA increases c-Fos expression in several telencephalic brain regions that mediate important cognitive functions, increases prefrontal cortical acetylcholine efflux, and alters set-shifting-mediated attentional function in rats. Ultimately, these studies provide a framework for the possible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of intranasal OxA in treating age-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Habiba Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
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34
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Park CH, Kim SH, Jung HY. Characteristics of the Uncinate Fasciculus and Cingulum in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Diffusion Tensor Tractography Study. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9120377. [PMID: 31847329 PMCID: PMC6956104 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have examined the relationship between cognition, and the cingulum and uncinate fasciculus (UF). In this study, diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) was used to investigate the correlation between fractional-anisotropy (FA) values and the number of fibers in the cingulum and UF in patients with and without cognitive impairment. The correlation between cognitive function, and the cingulum and UF was also investigated. Thirty patients (14 males, age = 70.68 ± 7.99 years) were divided into a control group (n = 14) and mild-cognitive-impairment (MCI) group (n = 16). The Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) and DTT were performed to assess cognition and bilateral tracts of the cingulum and UF. The relationship between SNSB values and the cingulum and UF was analyzed. The number of fibers in the right cingulum and right UF were significantly different between the two groups. The MCI group showed thinner tracts in both the cingulum and UF compared to the control group. A significant relationship was found between the number of fibers in the right UF and delayed memory recall. In conclusion, memory loss in MCI was associated with a decreased number of fibers in the right UF, while language and visuospatial function were related to the number of fibers in the right cingulum.
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35
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Cassidy RM, Lu Y, Jere M, Tian JB, Xu Y, Mangieri LR, Felix-Okoroji B, Selever J, Xu Y, Arenkiel BR, Tong Q. A lateral hypothalamus to basal forebrain neurocircuit promotes feeding by suppressing responses to anxiogenic environmental cues. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1640. [PMID: 30854429 PMCID: PMC6402846 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Animals must consider competing information before deciding to eat: internal signals indicating the desirability of food and external signals indicating the risk involved in eating within a particular environment. The behaviors driven by the former are manifestations of hunger, and the latter, anxiety. The connection between pathologic anxiety and reduced eating in conditions like typical depression and anorexia is well known. Conversely, anti-anxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines increase appetite. Here, we show that GABAergic neurons in the diagonal band of Broca (DBBGABA) are responsive to indications of risk and receive monosynaptic inhibitory input from lateral hypothalamus GABAergic neurons (LHGABA). Activation of this circuit reduces anxiety and causes indiscriminate feeding. We also found that diazepam rapidly reduces DBBGABA activity while inducing indiscriminate feeding. Our study reveals that the LHGABA→DBBGABA neurocircuit overrides anxiogenic environmental cues to allow feeding and that this pathway may underlie the link between eating and anxiety-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Cassidy
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MSTP, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School and MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue S3.8344 Mitchell BSRB, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue S3.8344 Mitchell BSRB, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yungang Lu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Madhavi Jere
- Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA
| | - Jin-Bin Tian
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030-1892, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leandra R. Mangieri
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue S3.8344 Mitchell BSRB, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Selever
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroconnectivity Core, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, S640, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, 6621 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Arenkiel
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Neuroconnectivity Core, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, S640, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, 6621 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 7000 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 6767 Bertner Avenue S3.8344 Mitchell BSRB, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St., Suite MSB 7.046 Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Cascella M, Bimonte S, Muzio MR. Towards a better understanding of anesthesia emergence mechanisms: Research and clinical implications. World J Methodol 2018; 8:9-16. [PMID: 30345225 PMCID: PMC6189114 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v8.i2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence from anesthesia (AE) is the ending stage of anesthesia featuring the transition from unconsciousness to complete wakefulness and recovery of consciousness (RoC). A wide range of undesirable complications, including coughing, respiratory/cardiovascular events, and mental status changes such as emergence delirium, and delayed RoC, may occur during this critical phase. In general anesthesia processes, induction and AE represent a neurobiological example of “hysteresis”. Indeed, AE mechanisms should not be simply considered as reverse events of those occurring in the induction phase. Anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness (LoC) and AE until RoC are quite distinct phenomena with, in part, a distinct neurobiology. Althoughanaesthetics produce LoC mostly by affecting cortical connectivity, arousal processes at the end of anesthesia are triggered by structures deep in the brain, rather than being induced within the neocortex. This work aimed to provide an overview on AE processes research, in terms of mechanisms, and EEG findings. Because most of the research in this field concerns preclinical investigations, translational suggestions and research perspectives are proposed. However, little is known about the relationship between AE neurobiology, and potential complications occurring during the emergence, and after the RoC. Thus, another scope of this review is to underline why a better understanding of AE mechanisms could have significant clinical implications, such as improving the patients’ quality of recovery, and avoiding early and late postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cascella
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Department of Supportive Care, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale” - IRCSS, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bimonte
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Department of Supportive Care, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale” - IRCSS, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Muzio
- Division of Infantile Neuropsychiatry, UOMI-Maternal and Infant Health, ASL NA3 SUD Torre del Greco, Naples 80059, Italy
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Calva CB, Fadel JR. Intranasal administration of orexin peptides: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential for age-related cognitive dysfunction. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145921. [PMID: 30148983 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, including narcolepsy and age-related dementias. Current pharmacotherapeutic approaches to cognitive enhancement are few in number and limited in efficacy. Thus, novel treatment strategies are needed. The hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system, a central integrator of physiological function, plays an important role in modulating cognition. Several single- and dual-orexin receptor antagonists are available for various clinical and preclinical applications, but the paucity of orexin agonists has limited the ability to research their therapeutic potential. To circumvent this hurdle, direct intranasal administration of orexin peptides is being investigated as a prospective treatment for cognitive dysfunction, narcolepsy or other disorders in which deficient orexin signaling has been implicated. Here, we describe the possible mechanisms and therapeutic potential of intranasal orexin delivery. Combined with the behavioral evidence that intranasal orexin-A administration improves cognitive function in narcoleptic and sleep-deprived subjects, our neurochemical studies in young and aged animals highlights the capacity for intranasal orexin administration to improve age-related deficits in neurotransmission. In summary, we highlight prior and original work from our lab and from others that provides a framework for the use of intranasal orexin peptides in treating cognitive dysfunction, especially as it relates to age-related cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Jim R Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6311 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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Janto K, Prichard JR, Pusalavidyasagar S. An Update on Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists and Their Potential Role in Insomnia Therapeutics. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:1399-1408. [PMID: 30092886 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Current pharmacological options for the treatment of insomnia insufficiently meet the needs of all insomnia patients. Approved treatments are not consistently effective in improving sleep onset and sleep maintenance, while also having complicated safety profiles. These limitations highlight the unmet need for additional medications and treatment strategies. Initial research suggests that the dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) may offer an additional pharmaceutical option to treat insomnia in some patients. METHODS We reviewed the existing literature on dual orexin receptor antagonists in PubMed databases using the search terms "orexin receptor antagonist," "almorexant" "filorexant," "lembroexant" and "suvorexant"; searches were limited to English language primary research articles, clinical trials, and reviews. RESULTS Targeting the orexin receptor system for treatment of insomnia offers an additional and alternative pharmacological approach to more common gamma aminobutyric acid agonist sedative hypnotic treatment. Effectiveness is not well established in the current literature; however, the literature does suggest efficacy. Preclinical reports also suggest the potential for treatment in individuals with comorbid Alzheimer disease and insomnia. CONCLUSIONS DORAs offer an additional treatment option for insomnia. More clinical trials are needed to robustly evaluate their safety and effectiveness in several subclasses of individuals with insomnia. Given the published literature, head-to-head comparisons to existing treatment for insomnia are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Janto
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Snigdha Pusalavidyasagar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Valenzano A, Moscatelli F, Messina A, Monda V, Orsitto R, Zezza G, Fiorentino G, Salerno M, Triggiani AI, Viggiano A, Mollica MP, Carotenuto M, Monda M, Cibelli G, Messina G. Stress Profile in Remotely Piloted Aircraft Crewmembers During 2 h Operating Mission. Front Physiol 2018; 9:461. [PMID: 29867525 PMCID: PMC5949534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional stability plays a key role in individual and team performance during both routine activities and management of unexpected emergencies. Using a psycho-physiological approach, the stress response was investigated in drone operators in service. Methods: Salivary α-amylase (sAA), galvanic skin response (GSR) and anxiety were assessed over a 2-h operating flight. Results: Compared to baseline values, GSR and sAA values increased in operating conditions. Moreover, these values were higher in Pilots than in Sensor Operators, indicating that their stress response was greater. These results were associated with an increase in anxiety level, highlighting a relationship between autonomic reactivity and anxiety. Conclusion: This is the first report providing experimental evidences of the stress response related to Remotely Piloted Aircraft operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio I Triggiani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrea Viggiano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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40
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Calva CB, Fayyaz H, Fadel JR. Increased acetylcholine and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex following intranasal orexin-A (hypocretin-1). J Neurochem 2018; 145:232-244. [PMID: 29250792 PMCID: PMC5924451 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Orexin/hypocretin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area are integrators of physiological function. Previous work from our laboratory and others has shown the importance of orexin transmission in cognition. Age-related reductions in markers of orexin function further suggest that this neuropeptide may be a useful target for the treatment of age-related cognitive dysfunction. Intranasal administration of orexin-A (OxA) has shown promise as a therapeutic option for cognitive dysfunction. However, the neurochemical mechanisms of intranasal OxA administration are not fully understood. Here, we use immunohistochemistry and in vivo microdialysis to define the effects of acute intranasal OxA administration on: (i) activation of neuronal populations in the cortex, basal forebrain, and brainstem and (ii) acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of Fischer 344/Brown Norway F1 rats. Acute intranasal administration of OxA significantly increased c-Fos expression, a marker for neuronal activation, in the PFC and in subpopulations of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of acute intranasal OxA on neurotransmitter efflux in the PFC and found that intranasal OxA significantly increased both ACh and glutamate efflux in this region. These findings were independent from any changes in c-Fos expression in orexin neurons, suggesting that these effects are not resultant from direct activation of orexin neurons. In total, these data indicate that intranasal OxA may enhance cognition through activation of distinct neuronal populations in the cortex and basal forebrain and through increased neurotransmission of ACh and glutamate in the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleman B. Calva
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
| | - Habiba Fayyaz
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
| | - Jim R. Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208 USA
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41
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Satpute AB, Kragel PA, Barrett LF, Wager TD, Bianciardi M. Deconstructing arousal into wakeful, autonomic and affective varieties. Neurosci Lett 2018; 693:19-28. [PMID: 29378297 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Arousal plays a central role in a wide variety of phenomena, including wakefulness, autonomic function, affect and emotion. Despite its importance, it remains unclear as to how the neural mechanisms for arousal are organized across them. In this article, we review neuroscience findings for three of the most common origins of arousal: wakeful arousal, autonomic arousal, and affective arousal. Our review makes two overarching points. First, research conducted primarily in non-human animals underscores the importance of several subcortical nuclei that contribute to various sources of arousal, motivating the need for an integrative framework. Thus, we outline an integrative neural reference space as a key first step in developing a more systematic understanding of central nervous system contributions to arousal. Second, there is a translational gap between research on non-human animals, which emphasizes subcortical nuclei, and research on humans using non-invasive neuroimaging techniques, which focuses more on gross anatomical characterizations of cortical (e.g. network architectures including the default mode network) and subcortical structures. We forecast the importance of high-field neuroimaging in bridging this gap to examine how the various networks within the neural reference space for arousal operate across varieties of arousal-related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay B Satpute
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Philip A Kragel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA; The Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Lisa Feldman Barrett
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA; The Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - Marta Bianciardi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sperandeo R, Monda V, Messina G, Carotenuto M, Maldonato NM, Moretto E, Leone E, De Luca V, Monda M, Messina A. Brain functional integration: an epidemiologic study on stress-producing dissociative phenomena. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:11-19. [PMID: 29296086 PMCID: PMC5741075 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s146250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissociative phenomena are common among psychiatric patients; the presence of these symptoms can worsen the prognosis, increasing the severity of their clinical conditions and exposing them to increased risk of suicidal behavior. Personality disorders as long duration stressful experiences may support the development of dissociative phenomena. In 933 psychiatric outpatients consecutively recruited, presence of dissociative phenomena was identified with the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). Dissociative phenomena were significantly more severe in the group of people with mental disorders and/or personality disorders. All psychopathologic traits detected with the symptom checklist-90-revised had a significant correlation with the total score on the DES. Using total DES score as the dependent variable, a linear regression model was constructed. Mental and personality disorders which were associated with greater severity of dissociative phenomena on analysis of variance were included as predictors; scores from the nine scales of symptom checklist-90-revised, significantly correlated to total DES score, were used as covariates. The model consisted of seven explanatory variables (four factors and three covariates) explaining 82% of variance. The four significant factors were the presence of borderline and narcissistic personality disorder, substance abuse disorders and psychotic disorders. Significant covariates were psychopathologic traits of anger, psychoticism and obsessiveness. This study, confirming Janet's theory, explains that, mental disorders and psychopathologic experiences of patients can configure the chronic stress condition that produces functional damage to the adaptive executive system. The symptoms of dissociative depersonalization/derealization and dissociative amnesia can be explained, in large part, through their current and previous psychopathologic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Sperandeo
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Della, Basilicata.,School of Integrated Gestaltic Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Nelson Mauro Maldonato
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Della, Basilicata.,School of Integrated Gestaltic Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata
| | - Enrico Moretto
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Della, Basilicata.,School of Integrated Gestaltic Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata
| | - Elena Leone
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Della, Basilicata.,School of Integrated Gestaltic Psychotherapy, Torre Annunziata
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples
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Yegla B, Parikh V. Developmental suppression of forebrain trkA receptors and attentional capacities in aging rats: A longitudinal study. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:111-121. [PMID: 28803853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons innervating the cortex regulate cognitive, specifically attentional, processes. Cholinergic atrophy and cognitive decline occur at an accelerated pace in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease; however, the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon remains unknown. Here we hypothesized that developmental suppression of nerve growth factor signaling, mediated via tropomyosin-related kinase A (trkA) receptors, would escalate age-related attentional vulnerability. An adeno-associated viral vector expressing trkA shRNA (AAV-trkA) was utilized to knockdown trkA receptors in postnatal rats at an ontogenetic time point when cortical cholinergic inputs mature, and the impact of this manipulation on performance was assessed in animals maintained on an operant attention task throughout adulthood and until old (24 months) age. A within-subject comparison across different time points illustrated a gradual age-related decline in attentional capacities. However, the performance under baseline and distracted conditions did not differ between the AAV-trkA-infused and animals infused with a vector expressing shRNA against the control protein luciferase at any time point. Additional analysis of cholinergic measures conducted at 24 months showed that the capacity of cholinergic terminals to release acetylcholine following a depolarizing stimulus, cortical cholinergic fiber density and BF cholinergic cell size remained comparable between the two groups. Contrary to our predictions, these data indicate that developmental BF trkA disruption does not impact age-related changes in attentional functions. It is possible that life-long engagement in cognitive activity might have potentially rescued the developmental insults on the cholinergic system, thus preserving attentional capacities in advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Yegla
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Vinay Parikh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.
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44
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Chieffi S, Carotenuto M, Monda V, Valenzano A, Villano I, Precenzano F, Tafuri D, Salerno M, Filippi N, Nuccio F, Ruberto M, De Luca V, Cipolloni L, Cibelli G, Mollica MP, Iacono D, Nigro E, Monda M, Messina G, Messina A. Orexin System: The Key for a Healthy Life. Front Physiol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28620314 PMCID: PMC5450021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are neuropeptides synthesized by a cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. Orexin neurons receive a variety of signals related to environmental, physiological and emotional stimuli, and project broadly to the entire CNS. Orexin neurons are “multi-tasking” neurons regulating a set of vital body functions, including sleep/wake states, feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, reward systems, cognition and mood. Furthermore, a dysfunction of orexinergic system may underlie different pathological conditions. A selective loss orexin neurons was found in narcolepsia, supporting the crucial role of orexins in maintaining wakefulness. In animal models, orexin deficiency lead to obesity even if the consume of calories is lower than wildtype counterpart. Reduced physical activity appears the main cause of weight gain in these models resulting in energy imbalance. Orexin signaling promotes obesity resistance via enhanced spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure regulation and the deficiency/dysfunction in orexins system lead to obesity in animal models despite of lower calories intake than wildtype associated with reduced physical activity. Interestingly, orexinergic neurons show connections to regions involved in cognition and mood regulation, including hippocampus. Orexins enhance hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning and memory abilities, and mood. Conversely, orexin deficiency results in learning and memory deficits, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Precenzano
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope"Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Filippi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Nuccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ruberto
- Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Università degli Studi di Roma La SapienzaRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Maria P Mollica
- Department of Biology Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Diego Iacono
- Neurodevelopmental Research Lab, Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuroscience Research, MidAtlantic Neonatology Associates, Atlantic Health SystemMorristown, NJ, United States.,Neuropathology Research, MANA/Biomedical Research Institute of New JerseyMorristown, NJ, United States
| | | | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of FoggiaFoggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"Naples, Italy
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Monda V, La Marra M, Perrella R, Caviglia G, Iavarone A, Chieffi S, Messina G, Carotenuto M, Monda M, Messina A. Obesity and brain illness: from cognitive and psychological evidences to obesity paradox. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017; 10:473-479. [PMID: 29200883 PMCID: PMC5701608 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s148392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings showed that obesity represents an additional risk factor to developing brain illness such as cognitive impairments and psychopathological disorders. However, some benefits of overweight in the elderly have been identified and an "obesity paradox" has been shown. Currently, it is still unknown how obesity and brain functioning could be linked, and the process by which body fat independently injures cognitive abilities and psychological well-being remains unclear. To establish the independent role of obesity on cognitive abilities and mental health, clarifying the role played by several factors and understanding their interaction is essential. In this review, we discuss the relationship between obesity and brain illness and underline the role played by confounders and other covariates to determine this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Perrella
- Neurological and Stroke Unit, CTO Hospital, AORN “Ospedali dei Colli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgio Caviglia
- Neurological and Stroke Unit, CTO Hospital, AORN “Ospedali dei Colli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Iavarone
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence: Giovanni Messina, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via L Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy, Email
| | - Marco Carotenuto
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental Health, Physical and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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