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Rademeyer KM, R Nass S, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Hauser KF, McRae M. Fentanyl dysregulates neuroinflammation and disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:1-21. [PMID: 38280928 PMCID: PMC11232468 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Opioid overdose deaths have dramatically increased by 781% from 1999 to 2021. In the setting of HIV, opioid drug abuse exacerbates neurotoxic effects of HIV in the brain, as opioids enhance viral replication, promote neuronal dysfunction and injury, and dysregulate an already compromised inflammatory response. Despite the rise in fentanyl abuse and the close association between opioid abuse and HIV infection, the interactive comorbidity between fentanyl abuse and HIV has yet to be examined in vivo. The HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mouse model was used to understand the interactive effects between fentanyl and HIV. Tat is an essential protein produced during HIV that drives the transcription of new virions and exerts neurotoxic effects within the brain. The Tat-transgenic mouse model uses a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-driven tetracycline promoter which limits Tat production to the brain and this model is well used for examining mechanisms related to neuroHIV. After 7 days of fentanyl exposure, brains were harvested. Tight junction proteins, the vascular cell adhesion molecule, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β were measured to examine the integrity of the blood brain barrier. The immune response was assessed using a mouse-specific multiplex chemokine assay. For the first time in vivo, we demonstrate that fentanyl by itself can severely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and dysregulate the immune response. In addition, we reveal associations between inflammatory markers and tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, U.S.A..
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2
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Barry J, Oikonomou KD, Peng A, Yu D, Yang C, Golshani P, Evans CJ, Levine MS, Cepeda C. Dissociable effects of oxycodone on behavior, calcium transient activity, and excitability of dorsolateral striatal neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:983323. [PMID: 36389179 PMCID: PMC9643681 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.983323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most common medications for moderate to severe pain. Unfortunately, they also have addictive properties that have precipitated opioid misuse and the opioid epidemic. In the present study, we examined the effects of acute administration of oxycodone, a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, on Ca2+ transient activity of medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) in freely moving animals. Ca2+ imaging of MSNs in dopamine D1-Cre mice (expressing Cre predominantly in the direct pathway) or adenosine A2A-Cre mice (expressing Cre predominantly in the indirect pathway) was obtained with the aid of miniaturized microscopes (Miniscopes) and a genetically encoded Cre-dependent Ca2+ indicator (GCaMP6f). Systemic injections of oxycodone (3 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity yet, paradoxically, reduced concomitantly the number of active MSNs. The frequency of Ca2+ transients was significantly reduced in MSNs from A2A-Cre mice but not in those from D1-Cre mice. For comparative purposes, a separate group of mice was injected with a non-Cre dependent Ca2+ indicator in the cerebral cortex and the effects of the opioid also were tested. In contrast to MSNs, the frequency of Ca2+ transients in cortical pyramidal neurons was significantly increased by oxycodone administration. Additional electrophysiological studies in brain slices confirmed generalized inhibitory effects of oxycodone on MSNs, including membrane hyperpolarization, reduced excitability, and decreased frequency of spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. These results demonstrate a dissociation between locomotion and striatal MSN activity after acute administration of oxycodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Barry
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Katerina D. Oikonomou
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Allison Peng
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Yu
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chenyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Evans
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael S. Levine
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Carlos Cepeda,
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3
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Fullerton EF, Karom MC, Streicher JM, Young LJ, Murphy AZ. Age-Induced Changes in µ-Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray of Male and Female Rats. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6232-6242. [PMID: 35790399 PMCID: PMC9374133 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0355-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids have decreased analgesic potency (but not efficacy) in aged rodents compared with adults; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this attenuated response are not yet known. The present study investigated the impact of advanced age and biological sex on opioid signaling in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in the presence of chronic inflammatory pain. Assays measuring µ-opioid receptor (MOR) radioligand binding, GTPγS binding, receptor phosphorylation, cAMP inhibition, and regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) protein expression were performed on vlPAG tissue from adult (2-3 months) and aged (16-18 months) male and female rats. Persistent inflammatory pain was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Adult males exhibited the highest MOR binding potential (BP) and highest G-protein activation (activation efficiency ratio) in comparison to aged males and females (adult and aged). No impact of advanced age or sex on MOR phosphorylation state was observed. DAMGO-induced cAMP inhibition was highest in the vlPAG of adult males compared with aged males and females (adult and aged). vlPAG levels of RGS4 and RGS9-2, critical for terminating G-protein signaling, were assessed using RNAscope. Adult rats (both males and females) exhibited lower levels of vlPAG RGS4 and RGS9-2 mRNA expression compared with aged males and females. The observed age-related reductions in vlPAG MOR BP, G-protein activation efficiency, and cAMP inhibition, along with the observed age-related increases in RGS4 and RGS9-2 vlPAG expression, provide potential mechanisms whereby the potency of opioids is decreased in the aged population.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioids have decreased analgesic potency (but not efficacy) in aged rodents compared with adults; however, the neural mechanisms underlying this attenuated response are not yet known. In the present study, we observed age-related reductions in ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) µ-opioid receptor (MOR) binding potential (BP), G-protein activation efficiency, and cAMP inhibition, along with the observed age-related increases in regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS)4 and RGS9-2 vlPAG expression, providing potential mechanisms whereby the potency of opioids is decreased in the aged population. These coordinated decreases in opioid receptor signaling may explain the previously reported reduced potency of opioids to produce pain relief in females and aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan F Fullerton
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Mary C Karom
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Larry J Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Anne Z Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
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Vega R, García-Garibay O, Soto E. Opioid receptor activation modulates the calcium current in the cochlear outer hair cells of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3543-3552. [PMID: 35501117 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous works showed that opioid peptides are produced by olivocochlear efferent neurons, while cochlear hair cells express opioid receptors. It has been proposed that opioids protect the auditory system from damage by intense stimulation, although their use for therapeutic or illicit purposes links to hearing impairment. Therefore, it is relevant to study the effect of opioids in the auditory system to define their functional expression and mechanism of action. This study investigated the modulation of the Ca2+ currents by opioid peptides in the rat outer hair cells (OHC) using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The influence of agonists of the three opioid receptor subtypes (μ, δ, and κ) was studied. The κ opioid receptor agonist U-50488 inhibits the Ca2+ currents in a partially reversible form. Coincidently, norbinaltorphimine (a κ receptor antagonist) blocked the U-50488 inhibitory effect on the Ca2+ current. The δ- and the μ opioid receptor agonists did not significantly affect the Ca2+ currents. These results indicate that the κ opioid receptor activation inhibits the Ca2+ current in OHC, modulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration when OHCs depolarize. The modulation of the auditory function by opioids constitutes a relevant mechanism with a potential role in the physiopathology of auditory disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Vega
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México
| | | | - Enrique Soto
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México
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5
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Yang Y, Bai J, Sun JY, Ye T, Zhang L, Wu FY, Nan J, Lan Y. Mechanisms Underlying Mu Opioid Receptor Effects on Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synaptic Transmission in Mouse Cerebellar Cortex. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:862704. [PMID: 35546898 PMCID: PMC9083459 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.862704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are widely expressed in the brain, varying in density in different areas. Activation of MORs underlies analgesia, euphoria, but may lead to tolerance, dependence, and ultimately opioid addiction. The Purkinje cell (PC) is the only efferent neuron in the cerebellar cortex and receives glutamatergic synaptic inputs from the parallel fibers formed by the axons of granule cells. Studies have shown that MORs are expressed during the development of cerebellar cells. However, the distribution of MOR and their effects on PF-PC synaptic transmission remain unclear. To examine these questions, we used whole-cell patch clamp recordings and pharmacological methods to determine the effects and mechanisms of MOR activation on synaptic transmission at PF-PC synapses. The MOR-selective agonist DAMGO significantly reduced the amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) of PF-PC evoked (e) EPSCs, and increased the paired-pulse ratio (PPR).DAMGO-induced inhibitory effects on PF-PC eEPSCs and PPR were abolished by MOR specific blocker CTOP. Further, DAMGO significantly reduced the frequency of PF-PC mEPSCs, but had no obvious effect on their amplitude, suggesting a presynaptic site of action. The DAMGO-induced reduction in the frequency of PF-PC mEPSCs also was blocked by CTOP. A protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor PKI added in the pipette solution did not affect the inhibitory effects on PF-PC mEPSCs induced by DAMGO. Both the PKA inhibitor K5720 and MEK inhibitor U0126 in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) prevented the inhibitory effects of DAMGO on PF-PC mEPSCs. These findings reveal that MORs are expressed in presynaptic PF axon terminals, where DAMGO can activate presynaptic MORs to inhibit PF-PC synaptic transmission by regulating the release of glutamate. G-protein-dependent cAMP-PKA signaling pathway may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jin Bai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jia-yue Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Feng-ying Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Jun Nan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lan
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6
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Urla C, Corteletti I, Raible AS, Handgretinger R, Fuchs J, Warmann SW, Schmid E. D,L-Methadone enhances the cytotoxic activity of standard chemotherapeutic agents on pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:1337-1350. [PMID: 35182225 PMCID: PMC9114081 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-03945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In advanced tumor stages, pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) shows an intrinsic resistance to standard chemotherapy, which is associated with a dismal prognosis. Alternative therapeutic approaches and optimization of already existent treatment protocols are urgently needed in these conditions. The µ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) agonist, D,L-methadone is frequently used for analgesia in oncological patients. Recent evidence has shown that D,L-methadone in combination with chemotherapeutic agents may enhance their cytotoxic effect against cancer cells. There are no related data in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Methods Antitumor effects of combined D,L-methadone and doxorubicin, carboplatin, and vincristine on RMS cell lines RD and RH30 were analyzed using following outcome data: expression of the OPRM1 receptor (Western blot), cell growth inhibition (MTT assay), cell migration (wound-healing assay), apoptosis induction (caspase-3/7 assay), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (flow cytometry). Results In both cell lines, OPRM1 expression was significantly increased after combined treatment of D,L-methadone with all three cytotoxic drugs tested, which resulted in suppression of tumor cell growth and increase of apoptosis rates. These effects were mediated by increased ROS production and up-regulation of caspase-3/7 activity. Doxorubicin combined with D,L-methadone significantly reduced cell migration in both cell lines. Carboplatin or vincristine in combination with D,L-methadone had only an impact on cell migration in RH30 cells. Conclusions This new therapeutic approach in RMS provides strong antitumor effects in vitro. The combination of standard chemotherapy and D,L-methadone requires further investigation. Especially advanced tumors with a limited effectiveness of conventional treatment regimens seem a potential target of this approach. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-022-03945-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Urla
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Irene Corteletti
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ann-Sophie Raible
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Handgretinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Fuchs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Steven W Warmann
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Paul AK, Smith CM, Rahmatullah M, Nissapatorn V, Wilairatana P, Spetea M, Gueven N, Dietis N. Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1091. [PMID: 34832873 PMCID: PMC8620360 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction and numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. As opium and opioids have been traditionally used as painkillers, the exact mechanisms of their adverse reactions over repeated use are multifactorial and not fully understood. Older adults suffer from cancer and non-cancer chronic pain more than younger adults, due to the physiological changes related to ageing and their reduced metabolic capabilities and thus show an increased number of adverse reactions to opioid drugs. All clinically used opioids are μ-opioid receptor agonists, and the major adverse effects are directly or potentially connected to this receptor. Multifunctional opioid ligands or peripherally restricted opioids may elicit fewer adverse effects, as shown in preclinical studies, but these results need reproducibility from further extensive clinical trials. The current review aims to overview various mechanisms involved in the adverse effects induced by opioids, to provide a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and, ultimately, to help develop an effective therapeutic strategy to better manage pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Craig M. Smith
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD) and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Nikolas Dietis
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
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Dendritic spine remodeling and plasticity under general anesthesia. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2001-2017. [PMID: 34061250 PMCID: PMC8166894 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ever since its first use in surgery, general anesthesia has been regarded as a medical miracle enabling countless life-saving diagnostic and therapeutic interventions without pain sensation and traumatic memories. Despite several decades of research, there is a lack of understanding of how general anesthetics induce a reversible coma-like state. Emerging evidence suggests that even brief exposure to general anesthesia may have a lasting impact on mature and especially developing brains. Commonly used anesthetics have been shown to destabilize dendritic spines and induce an enhanced plasticity state, with effects on cognition, motor functions, mood, and social behavior. Herein, we review the effects of the most widely used general anesthetics on dendritic spine dynamics and discuss functional and molecular correlates with action mechanisms. We consider the impact of neurodevelopment, anatomical location of neurons, and their neurochemical profile on neuroplasticity induction, and review the putative signaling pathways. It emerges that in addition to possible adverse effects, the stimulation of synaptic remodeling with the formation of new connections by general anesthetics may present tremendous opportunities for translational research and neurorehabilitation.
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9
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Neurodevelopmental signatures of narcotic and neuropsychiatric risk factors in 3D human-derived forebrain organoids. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7760-7783. [PMID: 34158620 PMCID: PMC8873021 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that narcotic use during pregnancy and specific environmental factors (e.g., maternal immune activation and chronic stress) may increase risk of neuropsychiatric illness in offspring. However, little progress has been made in defining human-specific in utero neurodevelopmental pathology due to ethical and technical challenges associated with accessing human prenatal brain tissue. Here we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate reproducible organoids that recapitulate dorsal forebrain development including early corticogenesis. We systemically exposed organoid samples to chemically defined "enviromimetic" compounds to examine the developmental effects of various narcotic and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors within tissue of human origin. In tandem experiments conducted in parallel, we modeled exposure to opiates (μ-opioid agonist endomorphin), cannabinoids (WIN 55,212-2), alcohol (ethanol), smoking (nicotine), chronic stress (human cortisol), and maternal immune activation (human Interleukin-17a; IL17a). Human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids were consequently analyzed via an array of unbiased and high-throughput analytical approaches, including state-of-the-art TMT-16plex liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) proteomics, hybrid MS metabolomics, and flow cytometry panels to determine cell-cycle dynamics and rates of cell death. This pipeline subsequently revealed both common and unique proteome, reactome, and metabolome alterations as a consequence of enviromimetic modeling of narcotic use and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors in tissue of human origin. However, of our 6 treatment groups, human-derived organoids treated with the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 exhibited the least convergence of all groups. Single-cell analysis revealed that WIN 55,212-2 increased DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis, in human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. We subsequently confirmed induction of DNA damage and apoptosis by WIN 55,212-2 within 3D human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Lastly, in a BrdU pulse-chase neocortical neurogenesis paradigm, we identified that WIN 55,212-2 was the only enviromimetic treatment to disrupt newborn neuron numbers within human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Cumulatively this study serves as both a resource and foundation from which human 3D biologics can be used to resolve the non-genomic effects of neuropsychiatric risk factors under controlled laboratory conditions. While synthetic cannabinoids can differ from naturally occurring compounds in their effects, our data nonetheless suggests that exposure to WIN 55,212-2 elicits neurotoxicity within human-derived developing forebrain tissue. These human-derived data therefore support the long-standing belief that maternal use of cannabinoids may require caution so to avoid any potential neurodevelopmental effects upon developing offspring in utero.
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Machelska H, Celik MÖ. Advances in Achieving Opioid Analgesia Without Side Effects. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1388. [PMID: 30555325 PMCID: PMC6282113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective drugs for the treatment of severe pain, but they also cause addiction and overdose deaths, which have led to a worldwide opioid crisis. Therefore, the development of safer opioids is urgently needed. In this article, we provide a critical overview of emerging opioid-based strategies aimed at effective pain relief and improved side effect profiles. These approaches comprise biased agonism, the targeting of (i) opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed tissue (by reducing agonist access to the brain, the use of nanocarriers, or low pH-sensitive agonists); (ii) heteromers or multiple receptors (by monovalent, bivalent, and multifunctional ligands); (iii) receptor splice variants; and (iv) endogenous opioid peptides (by preventing their degradation or enhancing their production by gene transfer). Substantial advancements are underscored by pharmaceutical development of new opioids such as peripheral κ-receptor agonists, and by treatments augmenting the action of endogenous opioids, which have entered clinical trials. Additionally, there are several promising novel opioids comprehensively examined in preclinical studies, but also strategies such as biased agonism, which might require careful rethinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melih Ö Celik
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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11
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The Peptide PnPP-19, a Spider Toxin Derivative, Activates μ-Opioid Receptors and Modulates Calcium Channels. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10010043. [PMID: 29342943 PMCID: PMC5793130 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic peptide PnPP-19 comprehends 19 amino acid residues and it represents part of the primary structure of the toxin δ-CNTX-Pn1c (PnTx2-6), isolated from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer. Behavioural tests suggest that PnPP-19 induces antinociception by activation of CB1, μ and δ opioid receptors. Since the peripheral and central antinociception induced by PnPP-19 involves opioid activation, the aim of this work was to identify whether this synthetic peptide could directly activate opioid receptors and investigate the subtype selectivity for μ-, δ- and/or κ-opioid receptors. Furthermore, we also studied the modulation of calcium influx driven by PnPP-19 in dorsal root ganglion neurons, and analyzed whether this modulation was opioid-mediated. PnPP-19 selectively activates μ-opioid receptors inducing indirectly inhibition of calcium channels and hereby impairing calcium influx in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Interestingly, notwithstanding the activation of opioid receptors, PnPP-19 does not induce β-arrestin2 recruitment. PnPP-19 is the first spider toxin derivative that, among opioid receptors, selectively activates μ-opioid receptors. The lack of β-arrestin2 recruitment highlights its potential for the design of new improved opioid agonists.
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Abstract
Opioids are the most effective drugs for the treatment of severe pain, but they also cause addiction and overdose deaths, which have led to a worldwide opioid crisis. Therefore, the development of safer opioids is urgently needed. In this article, we provide a critical overview of emerging opioid-based strategies aimed at effective pain relief and improved side effect profiles. These approaches comprise biased agonism, the targeting of (i) opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed tissue (by reducing agonist access to the brain, the use of nanocarriers, or low pH-sensitive agonists); (ii) heteromers or multiple receptors (by monovalent, bivalent, and multifunctional ligands); (iii) receptor splice variants; and (iv) endogenous opioid peptides (by preventing their degradation or enhancing their production by gene transfer). Substantial advancements are underscored by pharmaceutical development of new opioids such as peripheral κ-receptor agonists, and by treatments augmenting the action of endogenous opioids, which have entered clinical trials. Additionally, there are several promising novel opioids comprehensively examined in preclinical studies, but also strategies such as biased agonism, which might require careful rethinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melih Ö Celik
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Kou ZZ, Wan FP, Bai Y, Li CY, Hu JC, Zhang GT, Zhang T, Chen T, Wang YY, Li H, Li YQ. Decreased Endomorphin-2 and μ-Opioid Receptor in the Spinal Cord Are Associated with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:80. [PMID: 27656127 PMCID: PMC5013037 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is one of the most common complications in the early stage of diabetes mellitus (DM). Endomorphin-2 (EM2) selectively activates the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and subsequently induces antinociceptive effects in the spinal dorsal horn. However, the effects of EM2-MOR in PDN have not yet been clarified in the spinal dorsal horn. Therefore, we aimed to explore the role of EM2-MOR in the pathogenesis of PDN. The main findings were the following: (1) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exhibited hyperglycemia, body weight loss and mechanical allodynia; (2) in the spinal dorsal horn, the expression levels of EM2 and MOR decreased in diabetic rats; (3) EM2 protein concentrations decreased in the brain, lumbar spinal cord and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in diabetic rats but were unchanged in the plasma; (4) the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) was significantly higher in diabetic rats than in control rats; and (5) intrathecal injection of EM2 for 14 days in the early stage of PDN partially alleviated mechanical allodynia and reduced MOR expression in diabetic rats. Our results demonstrate that the EM2-MOR signal may be involved in the early stage of PDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Kou
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Fa-Ping Wan
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Yu Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Jia-Chen Hu
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Guo-Tao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
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GDF-15 enhances intracellular Ca2+ by increasing Cav1.3 expression in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Biochem J 2016; 473:1895-904. [PMID: 27114559 PMCID: PMC4925162 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GDF-15 (growth/differentiation factor 15) is a novel member of the TGF (transforming growth factor)-β superfamily that has critical roles in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We reported previously that GDF-15 increased delayed rectifier outward K+ currents and Kv2.1 α subunit expression through TβRII (TGF-β receptor II) to activate Src kinase and Akt/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling in rat CGNs (cerebellar granule neurons). In the present study, we found that treatment of CGNs with GDF-15 for 24 h increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in response to membrane depolarization, as determined by Ca2+ imaging. Whole-cell current recordings indicated that GDF-15 increased the inward Ca2+ current (ICa) without altering steady-state activation of Ca2+ channels. Treatment with nifedipine, an inhibitor of L-type Ca2+ channels, abrogated GDF-15-induced increases in [Ca2+]i and ICa. The GDF-15-induced increase in ICa was mediated via up-regulation of the Cav1.3 α subunit, which was attenuated by inhibiting Akt/mTOR and ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) pathways and by pharmacological inhibition of Src-mediated TβRII phosphorylation. Given that Cav1.3 is not only a channel for Ca2+ influx, but also a transcriptional regulator, our data confirm that GDF-15 induces protein expression via TβRII and activation of a non-Smad pathway, and provide novel insight into the mechanism of GDF-15 function in neurons.
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Bernáldez J, Jiménez S, González LJ, Ferro JN, Soto E, Salceda E, Chávez D, Aguilar MB, Licea-Navarro A. A New Member of Gamma-Conotoxin Family Isolated from Conus princeps Displays a Novel Molecular Target. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:39. [PMID: 26861393 PMCID: PMC4773792 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel conotoxin, named as PiVIIA, was isolated from the venom of Conus princeps, a marine predatory cone snail collected in the Pacific Southern Coast of Mexico. Chymotryptic digest of the S-alkylated peptide in combination with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, were used to define the sequencing of this peptide. Eleven N-terminal amino acids were verified by automated Edman degradation. PiVIIA is a 25-mer peptide (CDAOTHYCTNYWγCCSGYCγHSHCW) with six cysteine residues forming three disulphide bonds, a hydroxyproline (O) and two gamma carboxyglutamic acid (γ) residues. Based on the arrangement of six Cys residues (C-C-CC-C-C), this conotoxin might belong to the O2-superfamily. Moreover, PiVIIA has a conserved motif (-γCCS-) that characterizes γ-conotoxins from molluscivorous Conus. Peptide PiVIIA has 45% sequence identity with γ-PnVIIA—the prototype of this family. Biological activity of PiVIIA was assessed by voltage-clamp recording in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Perfusion of PiVIIA in the µM range produces a significant increase in the Ca2+ currents, without significantly modifying the Na+, K+ or proton-gated acid sensing ionic currents. These results indicate that PiVIIA is a new conotoxin whose activity deserves further studies to define its potential use as a positive modulator of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bernáldez
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico.
| | - Samanta Jiménez
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico.
| | - Luis Javier González
- Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas, Departamento de Proteómica, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Avenida 31 e/158 y 190, Cubanacán, Playa, PO Box 6162. C.P. 10600, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Jesús Noda Ferro
- Laboratorio de Espectrometría de Masas, Departamento de Proteómica, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Avenida 31 e/158 y 190, Cubanacán, Playa, PO Box 6162. C.P. 10600, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Enrique Soto
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemerita Universidad de Puebla, 14 sur 6301, CU, San Manuel, Puebla, Pue, C.P. 72570, Mexico.
| | - Emilio Salceda
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemerita Universidad de Puebla, 14 sur 6301, CU, San Manuel, Puebla, Pue, C.P. 72570, Mexico.
| | - Daniela Chávez
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico.
| | - Manuel B Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Marina, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, UNAM, Juriquilla, Queretaro, C.P. 76230, Mexico.
| | - Alexei Licea-Navarro
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, CICESE, Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana 3918, Ensenada, Baja California, C.P. 22860, Mexico.
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Abstract
Models are valuable tools to assess how deeply we understand complex systems: only if we are able to replicate the output of a system based on the function of its subcomponents can we assume that we have probably grasped its principles of operation. On the other hand, discrepancies between model results and measurements reveal gaps in our current knowledge, which can in turn be targeted by matched experiments. Models of the auditory periphery have improved greatly during the last decades, and account for many phenomena observed in experiments. While the cochlea is only partly accessible in experiments, models can extrapolate its behavior without gap from base to apex and with arbitrary input signals. With models we can for example evaluate speech coding with large speech databases, which is not possible experimentally, and models have been tuned to replicate features of the human hearing organ, for which practically no invasive electrophysiological measurements are available. Auditory models have become instrumental in evaluating models of neuronal sound processing in the auditory brainstem and even at higher levels, where they are used to provide realistic input, and finally, models can be used to illustrate how such a complicated system as the inner ear works by visualizing its responses. The big advantage there is that intermediate steps in various domains (mechanical, electrical, and chemical) are available, such that a consistent picture of the evolvement of its output can be drawn. However, it must be kept in mind that no model is able to replicate all physiological characteristics (yet) and therefore it is critical to choose the most appropriate model—or models—for every research question. To facilitate this task, this paper not only reviews three recent auditory models, it also introduces a framework that allows researchers to easily switch between models. It also provides uniform evaluation and visualization scripts, which allow for direct comparisons between models.
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Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) expression in the human spiral ganglia. Brain Res 2014; 1590:10-9. [PMID: 25278190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opioid peptides and their receptors have been localized to the inner ear of the rat and guinea pig mammalian models. The expression of mu opioid receptor (MOR) in the human and mouse cochlea is not yet known. We present MOR protein localization by immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression by in situ hybridization in the human and mouse spiral ganglia (SG) and organ of Corti. In the human most of the (SG) neurons were immunoreactive; a subset was non-immunoreactive. In situ hybridization revealed a similar labeling pattern across the neurons of the SG. A similar distribution MOR pattern was demonstrated in the mouse SG. In the mouse organ of Corti MOR was expressed in inner and outer hair cells. Fibers underneath the inner hair cells were also MOR immunoreactive. These results are consistent with a role of MOR in neuromodulation of the auditory periphery. The present results show that the expression of MORs is well-conserved across multiple mammalian species, indicative of an important role in auditory processing.
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