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Putthanbut N, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Extracellular vesicle therapy in neurological disorders. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:85. [PMID: 39183263 PMCID: PMC11346291 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital for cell-to-cell communication, transferring proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in various physiological and pathological processes. They play crucial roles in immune modulation and tissue regeneration but are also involved in pathogenic conditions like inflammation and degenerative disorders. EVs have heterogeneous populations and cargo, with numerous subpopulations currently under investigations. EV therapy shows promise in stimulating tissue repair and serving as a drug delivery vehicle, offering advantages over cell therapy, such as ease of engineering and minimal risk of tumorigenesis. However, challenges remain, including inconsistent nomenclature, complex characterization, and underdeveloped large-scale production protocols. This review highlights the recent advances and significance of EVs heterogeneity, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of their roles in disease pathologies to develop tailored EV therapies for clinical applications in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napasiri Putthanbut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Jea Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA.
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2
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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Deng M, Hou Y, Liu J, He J, Lan Z, Xiao H. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes overexpressing SRC-3 protect mice from cerebral ischemia by inhibiting ferroptosis. Brain Res Bull 2024; 211:110948. [PMID: 38614406 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment for cerebral ischemia remains limited, and new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Exosome has shown great promise for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) was reported to be involved in neurological performances. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes overexpressing SRC-3 on cerebral ischemia in mice. METHODS The mice were treated with an intracerebroventricular injection of GFP-overexpressed exosomes (GFP-exo) and SRC-3-overexpressed exosomes (SRC3-exo) in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of cerebral ischemia. RESULTS The results showed that SRC3-exo treatment significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis of the neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation. It further suppressed the activation of microglia and astrocytes, and decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brains of MCAO mice. Furthermore, SRC3-exo treatment reduced the water content of brain tissue and infarct size, which alleviated the neurological damage and improved neurological performances in the MCAO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MSC-derived exosomes expressing SRC3 can be a therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemia by inhibiting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Stroke Prevention and Treatment of Hunan Province, Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
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4
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Waseem A, Saudamini, Haque R, Janowski M, Raza SS. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: Shaping the next era of stroke treatment. NEUROPROTECTION 2023; 1:99-116. [PMID: 38283953 PMCID: PMC10811806 DOI: 10.1002/nep3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Exosome-based treatments are gaining traction as a viable approach to addressing the various issues faced by an ischemic stroke. These extracellular vesicles, mainly produced by Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), exhibit many properties with substantial therapeutic potential. Exosomes are particularly appealing for stroke therapy because of their low immunogenicity, effective cargo transport, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Their diverse effects include neuroprotection, angiogenesis stimulation, inflammatory response modulation, and cell death pathway attenuation, synergistically promoting neuronal survival, tissue regeneration, and functional recovery. Exosomes also show potential as diagnostic indicators for early stroke identification and customized treatment options. Despite these promising qualities, current exosome-based therapeutics have some limitations. The heterogeneity of exosome release among cell types, difficulty in standardization and isolation techniques, and complications linked to dosage and targeted administration necessitates extensive investigation. It is critical to thoroughly understand exosomal processes and their complicated interactions within the cellular milieu. To improve the practicality and efficacy of exosome-based medicines, research efforts must focus on improving production processes, developing robust evaluation criteria, and developing large-scale isolation techniques. Altogether, exosomes' multifunctional properties offer a new route for transforming stroke treatment and significantly improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Waseem
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College HospitalEra University, SarfarazganjLucknowIndia
| | - Saudamini
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College HospitalEra University, SarfarazganjLucknowIndia
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of South BiharGayaIndia
| | - Rizwanul Haque
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of South BiharGayaIndia
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MarylandBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Syed S. Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College HospitalEra University, SarfarazganjLucknowIndia
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College HospitalEra University, SarfarazganjLucknowIndia
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Yan Q, Yin Y, Li X, Li M. Exosome-shuttled MYCBPAP from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells regulates synaptic remodeling and ameliorates ischemic stroke in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102309. [PMID: 37423468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been demonstrated to improve cardiac function via the secretion of paracrine factors rather than direct differentiation. We, therefore, investigated whether bone marrow-derived MSC (BMSC)-released exosomes (BMSC-exo) enhance neurological recovery in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with ischemic stroke. METHODS Markers of BMSC and BMSC-exo were detected to characterize BMSC and BMSC-exo. A green fluorescent PKH-67-labeled assay was conducted to ensure BMSC-exo internalization. Rat neuronal cells (RNC) were induced with Ang II and oxygen-glucose deprivation. The protective effects of BMSC-exo on RNC were studied by CCK-8, LDH, and immunofluorescence assays. SHR were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes in the modeled rats were measured. The effects of BMSC-exo on SHR were investigated by mNSS scoring, foot-fault tests, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, TTC staining, TUNEL, and HE staining. The hub genes related to SHR and proteins shuttled by BMSC-exo were intersected to obtain a possible candidate, followed by rescue experiments. RESULTS BMSC-exo significantly promoted RNC viability and repressed cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Moreover, SHR administrated with BMSC-exo exhibited significant improvement in functional recovery and narrowed infarct size. BMSC-exo shuttled the MYCBPAP protein. Knockdown of MYCBPAP inhibited the protective effects of BMSC-exo on RNC and exacerbated synaptic damage in SHR. CONCLUSIONS MYCBPAP shuttled by BMSC-exo facilitates synaptic remodeling in SHR, which may contribute to a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Yan
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001 Hebei, PR China.
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001 Hebei, PR China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001 Hebei, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001 Hebei, PR China
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Beatriz M, Rodrigues RJ, Vilaça R, Egas C, Pinheiro PS, Daley GQ, Schlaeger TM, Raimundo N, Rego AC, Lopes C. Extracellular vesicles improve GABAergic transmission in Huntington's disease iPSC-derived neurons. Theranostics 2023; 13:3707-3724. [PMID: 37441602 PMCID: PMC10334823 DOI: 10.7150/thno.81981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry bioactive molecules associated with various biological processes, including miRNAs. In both Huntington's disease (HD) models and human samples, altered expression of miRNAs involved in synapse regulation was reported. Recently, the use of EV cargo to reverse phenotypic alterations in disease models with synaptopathy as the end result of the pathophysiological cascade has become an interesting possibility. Methods: Here, we assessed the contribution of EVs to GABAergic synaptic alterations using a human HD model and studied the miRNA content of isolated EVs. Results: After differentiating human induced pluripotent stem cells into electrophysiologically active striatal-like GABAergic neurons, we found that HD-derived neurons displayed reduced density of inhibitory synapse markers and GABA receptor-mediated ionotropic signaling. Treatment with EVs secreted by control (CTR) fibroblasts reversed the deficits in GABAergic synaptic transmission and increased the density of inhibitory synapses in HD-derived neuron cultures, while EVs from HD-derived fibroblasts had the opposite effects on CTR-derived neurons. Moreover, analysis of miRNAs from purified EVs identified a set of differentially expressed miRNAs between manifest HD, premanifest, and CTR lines with predicted synaptic targets. Conclusion: The EV-mediated reversal of the abnormal GABAergic phenotype in HD-derived neurons reinforces the potential role of EV-miRNAs on synapse regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Beatriz
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Rodrigues
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Vilaça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Conceição Egas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant- Transfer Technology Association, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Paulo S. Pinheiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - George Q. Daley
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Thorsten M. Schlaeger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- MIA - Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A. Cristina Rego
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Lopes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- MIA - Multidisciplinary Institute of Ageing, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Asgari Taei A, Khodabakhsh P, Nasoohi S, Farahmandfar M, Dargahi L. Paracrine Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke: Opportunities and Challenges. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6281-6306. [PMID: 35922728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well acknowledged that neuroprotective effects of transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in ischemic stroke are attributed to their paracrine-mediated actions or bystander effects rather than to cell replacement in infarcted areas. This therapeutic plasticity is due to MSCs' ability to secrete a broad range of bioactive molecules including growth factors, trophic factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles, overall known as the secretome. The secretome derivatives, such as conditioned medium (CM) or purified extracellular vesicles (EVs), exert remarkable advantages over MSC transplantation in stroke treating. Here, in this review, we used published information to provide an overview on the secretome composition of MSCs, underlying mechanisms of therapeutic effects of MSCs, and preclinical studies on MSC-derived products application in stroke. Furthermore, we discussed current advantages and challenges for successful bench-to-bedside translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Nasoohi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farahmandfar
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells overexpressed with miR-182-5p protects against brain injury in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106748. [PMID: 36087376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a critical role in ischemic brain injury by mediating the inflammatory response. The microRNA miR-185-5p suppresses inflammatory signaling by targeting TLR4. This study investigates whether overexpressing miR-182-5p in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) could potentiate the neuroprotective effects of BM-MSCs in a mouse model of ischemic brain injury. METHODS We isolated BM-MSCs from mice, transfected the cells with miR-182-5p mimic, determined their MSC lineage through flow cytometry analysis of surface markers, examined miR-182-5p and TLR4 expression levels, and injected them into mice undergone middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). MSC transplanted mice were subjected to behavior assays to determine cognitive and motor functions and biochemical analysis to determine neuroinflammation and TLR4/NF-κB in the ischemic hemisphere. RESULTS We found that BM-MSCs overexpressing miR-182-5p showed reduced TLR4 expression without affecting their MSC lineage. Mice transplanted with miR-182-5p overexpressing BM-MSCs after MCAO showed significantly improved cognitive and motor functions and reduced neuroinflammation, including suppressed microglial M1 polarization, reduced inflammatory cytokines, and inhibited TLR4/ NF-κB signaling. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that overexpressing miR-182-5p in BM-MSCs can enhance the neuroprotective effects of BM-MSCs against ischemic brain injury by suppressing TLR4-mediated inflammatory response.
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Lei Q, Deng M, Liu J, He J, Lan Z, Hu Z, Xiao H. SRC3 Promotes the Protective Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation on Cerebral Ischemia in a Mouse Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:112-119. [PMID: 34875163 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow (BM) are reported to protect against ischemic brain injury. This study aimed to investigate whether the steroid receptor cofactor 3 (SRC3) was involved in MSC-induced neuroprotection. BM-MSCs were isolated from wild-type (WT) and SRC3 knockout (SRC3-/-) mice and transplanted into mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The MSC identification and differentiation were determined by flow cytometry and Alizarin Red S staining after osteogenic and adipogenic stimulations. The effects of MSCs on brain injury were assessed by brain water content, modified neurological severity score (mNSS), Morris water maze test, and open field test. Finally, the effects of MSCs on MCAO-induced oxidative stress were assessed by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and mRNA levels of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT. We found that SRC3 deficiency did not impact the MSC identification or osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. MSC-SRC3-/- transplantation in mice that underwent the MCAO procedure exhibited diminished effects on suppression of brain edema, neurological deficits, cognitive disruption, locomotor impairment, and anxiety compared to comparable levels of MSC-WT. Finally, MSC-WT transplantation inhibited MCAO-induced oxidative stress, and the effects were significantly attenuated in MCAO mice transplanted with MSC-SRC3-/-. MSCs suppressed the MCAO-induced upregulation of MDA activity and the inhibition of SOD, GSH, SOD1, SOD2, and CAT levels, and SRC3-deficient MSCs showed significantly reduced effects. Our results indicate that SRC3 plays an important role in mediating the neuroprotective effects of MSCs in mice that experienced ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Nakano M, Fujimiya M. Potential effects of mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles and exosomal miRNAs in neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2359-2366. [PMID: 33907007 PMCID: PMC8374551 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells that possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties. The effects of existing drugs for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease are limited, thus mesenchymal stem cell therapy has been anticipated as a means of ameliorating neuronal dysfunction. Since mesenchymal stem cells are known to scarcely differentiate into neuronal cells in damaged brain after transplantation, paracrine factors secreted from mesenchymal stem cells have been suggested to exert therapeutic effects. Extracellular vesicles and exosomes are small vesicles released from mesenchymal stem cells that contain various molecules, including proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs. In recent years, administration of exosomes/extracellular vesicles in models of neurological disorders has been shown to improve neuronal dysfunctions, via exosomal transfer into damaged cells. In addition, various microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells that regulate various genes and reduce neuropathological changes in various neurological disorders have been identified. This review summarizes the effects of exosomes/extracellular vesicles and exosomal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells on models of stroke, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive impairments, including Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakano
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mineko Fujimiya
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Cordycepin Ameliorates Intracerebral Hemorrhage Induced Neurological and Cognitive Impairments Through Reducing Anti-Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 31:106199. [PMID: 34775183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nerve damage and cognitive impairment caused by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) seriously affect the quality of life of patients. Cordycepin has been reported to have antioxidant and neuroprotective functions. However, the therapeutic effect of cordycepin on cognitive impairment caused by ICH is still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Autologous whole blood was injected into the basal ganglia to construct a mouse ICH model. The Modified Neurological Severity Score was used to assess nerve damage in mice. The wet/dry method was used to detect brain water content. Open field test was used to assess the anxiety of mice. Morris water maze testing, Y-maze test and nest-building test were used to evaluate the cognitive function of mice. qRT-PCR and western blotting assay were used to evaluate the expression of genes. RESULTS Cordycepin treatment could ameliorate ICH-induced neurological deficits, brain edema, anxiety, cognitive impairments, oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity in ICH mice. CONCLUSION Cordycepin ameliorates ICH-induced neurological and cognitive impairments through reducing anti-oxidative stress in mouse model.
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Zhou YK, Patel HH, Roth DM. Extracellular Vesicles: A New Paradigm for Cellular Communication in Perioperative Medicine, Critical Care, and Pain Management. Anesth Analg 2021; 133:1162-1179. [PMID: 34304233 PMCID: PMC8542619 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in many health and disease states, including ischemia, inflammation, and pain, which are major concerns in the perioperative period and in critically ill patients. EVs are functionally active, nanometer-sized, membrane-bound vesicles actively secreted by all cells. Cell signaling is essential to physiological and pathological processes, and EVs have recently emerged as key players in intercellular communication. Recent studies in EV biology have improved our mechanistic knowledge of the pathophysiological processes in perioperative and critical care patients. Studies also show promise in using EVs in novel diagnostic and therapeutic clinical applications. This review considers the current advances and gaps in knowledge of EVs in the areas of ischemia, inflammation, pain, and in organ systems that are most relevant to anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, critical care, and pain management. We expect the reader will better understand the relationship between EVs and perioperative and critical care pathophysiological states and their potential use as novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqiu K. Zhou
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David M. Roth
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA and Department of Anesthesiology, UCSD School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Wu J, Piao Y, Liu Q, Yang X. Platelet-rich plasma-derived extracellular vesicles: A superior alternative in regenerative medicine? Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13123. [PMID: 34609779 PMCID: PMC8666280 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), due to its promising therapeutic properties, has been used in regenerative medicine for more than 30 years and numerous encouraging outcomes have been obtained. Currently, by benefiting from new insights into PRP mechanisms and the excellent performance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the field of tissue repair and regeneration, studies have found that a large number of EVs released from activated platelets also participate in the regulation of tissue repair. A growing number of preclinical studies are exploring the functions of PRP-derived EVs (PRP-EVs), especially in tissue regeneration. Here, we summarize the latest progress in PRP-EVs as a superior alternative cell-free therapeutic strategy in regenerative medicine, clarify their underlying molecular mechanisms, and discuss the advantages and limitations of the upcoming clinical applications. This review highlights the potential of PRP-EVs to replace the application of PRP or even become a superior alternative in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuping Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingxin Piao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qinyi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Rouillard ME, Sutter PA, Durham OR, Willis CM, Crocker SJ. Astrocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (ADEVs): Deciphering their Influences in Aging. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1462-1475. [PMID: 34527422 PMCID: PMC8407882 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are an abundant and dynamic glial cell exclusive to the central nervous system (CNS). In the context of injury, inflammation, and/or diseases of the nervous system, astrocyte responses, termed reactive astrogliosis, are a recognized pathological feature across a range of conditions and diseases. However, the impact of reactive astrogliosis is not uniform and varies by context and duration (time). In recent years, extracellular communication between glial cells via extracellular vesicles (EVs) has garnered interest as a process connected with reactive astrogliosis. In this review, we relate recent findings on astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs) with a focus on factors that can influence the effects of ADEVs and identified age related changes in the function of ADEVs. Additionally, we will discuss the current limitations of existing experimental approaches and identify questions that highlight areas for growth in this field, which will continue to enhance our understanding of ADEVs in age-associated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Rouillard
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Pearl A Sutter
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Olivia R Durham
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cory M Willis
- 2Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- 1Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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16
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Reed SL, Escayg A. Extracellular vesicles in the treatment of neurological disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 157:105445. [PMID: 34271084 PMCID: PMC8817677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, cell-derived membranous particles containing various nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids that play essential roles in intercellular communication. Evidence indicating that part of the regenerative benefit from stem cell therapy arises through EVs released from transplanted cells created interest in using EVs for clinical applications. EVs from various cellular sources, including mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, and glia, are efficacious in models of neurological disease. In these models, EVs attenuate reactive gliosis, neuronal death, pro-inflammatory signaling, as well as reduce cognitive, behavioral, and motor deficits. EVs are naturally permeable to the blood-brain barrier and can be modified to contain molecules of interest, thereby also serving as a vehicle to transport therapeutics into the brain. This review summarizes the current state of research using EVs as a treatment in models of neurological disorders and highlights considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Reed
- Emory University, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew Escayg
- Emory University, Department of Human Genetics, Atlanta, Georgia.
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17
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Nozohouri S, Vaidya B, Abbruscato TJ. Exosomes in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:5533-5545. [PMID: 32534564 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200614180253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a leading cause of mortality, results in severe neurological outcomes in the patients. Effective stroke therapies may significantly decrease the extent of injury. For this purpose, novel and efficient drug delivery strategies need to be developed. Among a myriad of therapeutic and drug delivery techniques, exosomes have shown promising results in ischemic stroke either by their intrinsic therapeutic characteristics, which can result in angiogenesis and neurogenesis or by acting as competent, biocompatible drug delivery vehicles to transport neurotherapeutic agents into the brain. In this review, we have discussed different methods of exosome isolation and cargo loading techniques, advantages and disadvantages of using exosomes as a drug delivery carrier and the therapeutic applications of exosomes with a focus on ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX-79106, United States
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Vaidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX-79106, United States
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX-79106, United States
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18
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Comparative study of commercial protocols for high recovery of high-purity mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle isolation and their efficient labeling with fluorescent dyes. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 35:102396. [PMID: 33864911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used as carriers for therapeutic molecules and drugs to target disordered tissues. This aimed to compare the protocols used for isolation of MSC-derived EVs by comparing EV collection conditions and three commercial purification kits. We also determined appropriate fluorescent dyes for labeling EVs. MSC-derived EVs were efficiently secreted during cell growth and highly purified by the phosphatidyl serine-based affinity kit. Although the EV membrane was more efficiently labeled with the fluorescent dye PKH67 compared to other probes, the efficiency was not enough to accurately analyze the endothelial cellular uptake of EVs. Results verified the easy protocol for isolating and fluorescently labeling EVs with commercial reagents and kits, but meanwhile, further modification of the protocol is required in order to scale up the amount of EVs derived from MSCs using fluorescent probes.
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19
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Dabrowska S, Andrzejewska A, Janowski M, Lukomska B. Immunomodulatory and Regenerative Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Outlook for Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 11:591065. [PMID: 33613514 PMCID: PMC7893976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic, multipotent stem cells derived from mesoderm, which can be easily isolated from many sources such as bone marrow, umbilical cord or adipose tissue. MSCs provide support for hematopoietic stem cells and have an ability to differentiate into multiple cell lines. Moreover, they have proangiogenic, protective and immunomodulatory properties. MSCs have the capacity to modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses, which accompany many diseases, by inhibiting pro-inflammatory reactions and stimulating anti-inflammatory activity. Recent findings revealed that the positive effect of MSCs is at least partly associated with the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are small membrane structures, containing proteins, lipids and nuclei acids, which take part in intra-cellular communication. Many studies indicate that EVs contain protective and pro-regenerative properties and can modulate an immune response that is activated in various diseases such as CNS diseases, myocardial infarction, liver injury, lung diseases, ulcerative colitis or kidney injury. Thus, EVs have similar functions as their cells of origin and since they do not carry the risk of cell transplantation, such as tumor formation or small vessel blockage, they can be considered a potential therapeutic tool for cell-free therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dabrowska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Andrzejewska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, Warsaw, Poland.,University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, PAS, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Xin D, Li T, Chu X, Ke H, Liu D, Wang Z. MSCs-extracellular vesicles attenuated neuroinflammation, synapse damage and microglial phagocytosis after hypoxia-ischemia injury by preventing osteopontin expression. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105322. [PMID: 33279596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) significantly suppressed hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced neuroinflammation in neonatal mice. However, its underlying mechanism is still unknown. Osteopontin (OPN) is one of the key molecules involved in neuroinflammation. We demonstrate here for the first time a key role of OPN in EVs-mediated neuroinflammation following HI. Firstly, HI exposure upregulated OPN expression in Iba-1+/ TMEM119+ microglia and Iba-1+/TMEM119- monocytes/macrophages. Blocking OPN mRNA expression with LV-shOPN attenuated edema, infarct volumes, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines following HI exposure. MSCs-EVs treatment remarkably restored synaptic reorganization and up-regulated synaptic protein expression post-HI, concomitant with reducing OPN levels. Moreover, MSCs-EVs treatment rescued microglial phagocytosis of viable neurons following HI, concomitant with decreasing OPN expression. In addition, blocking NF-κB activation with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, NF-κB inhibitor) or MSCs-EVs attenuated HI-induced OPN expression in the ipsilateral cortex. This study demonstrates that upregulation of OPN expression in cerebral immune cells aggravated brain damage and inflammation following HI insult. MSCs-EVs suppressed neuroinflammation, synaptic damage and microglial phagocytosis after HI injury by preventing NF-κB-mediated OPN expression in neonate mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Hongfei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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21
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Zheng X, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. The role of small extracellular vesicles in cerebral and myocardial ischemia-Molecular signals, treatment targets, and future clinical translation. Stem Cells 2021; 39:403-413. [PMID: 33432732 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heart and the brain mutually interact with each other, forming a functional axis that is disturbed under conditions of ischemia. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) show great potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Due to heart-brain interactions, therapeutic actions of EVs in the brain and the heart cannot be regarded in an isolated way. Effects in each of the two organs reciprocally influence the outcome of the other. Stem cell-derived EVs modulate a large number of signaling pathways in both tissues. Upon ischemia, EVs prevent delayed injury, promote angiogenesis, enhance parenchymal remodeling, and enable functional tissue recovery. The therapeutic effects greatly depend on EV cargos, among which are noncoding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, which modulate cell signaling in a differential way that not always corresponds to each other in the two tissues. Interestingly, the same miRNA or protein localized in EVs can modulate different signaling pathways in the ischemic heart and brain, which may have diverse consequences for disease outcomes. Paying careful attention to unveiling these underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into tissue remodeling processes and identify targets for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction therapies. Some of these mechanisms are discussed in this concise review, and consequences for the clinical translation of EVs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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22
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Li Y, Tang Y, Yang GY. Therapeutic application of exosomes in ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 6:483-495. [PMID: 33431513 PMCID: PMC8485240 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the world, with limited effective treatments. Increasing evidence demonstrates that exosomes are involved in ischaemic pathology and exhibit restorative therapeutic effects by mediating cell–cell communication. The potential of exosome therapy for ischaemic stroke has been actively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we mainly discuss the current knowledge of therapeutic applications of exosomes from different cell types, different exosomal administration routes, and current advances of exosome tracking and targeting in ischaemic stroke. We also briefly summarised the pathology of ischaemic stroke, exosome biogenesis, exosome profile changes after stroke as well as registered clinical trials of exosome-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of medcine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Medx Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of medcine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China .,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Medx Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
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23
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Gu SS, Kang XW, Wang J, Guo XF, Sun H, Jiang L, Zhang JS. Effects of extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells on oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced neuronal injury. World J Emerg Med 2021; 12:61-67. [PMID: 33505552 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have shown therapeutic potential for cerebral ischemic diseases. However, the mechanisms by which BMSC-derived sEVs (BMSC-sEVs) protect neurons against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remain unclear. In this study, we explored the neuroprotective effects of BMSC-sEVs in the primary culture of rat cortical neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. METHODS The primary cortical neuron OGD/R model was established to simulate the process of cerebral I/R in vitro. Based on this model, we examined whether the mechanism through which BMSC-sEVs could rescue OGD/R-induced neuronal injury. RESULTS BMSC-sEVs (20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL) significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) productions, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Additionally, BMSC-sEVs prevented OGD/R-induced neuronal apoptosis in vivo, as indicated by increased cell viability, reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining-positive cells, down-regulated cleaved caspase-3, and up-regulated Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Furthermore, Western blot and flow cytometry analysis indicated that BMSC-sEV treatment decreased the expression of phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (p-CaMK II)/CaMK II, suppressed the increase of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) caused by OGD/R in neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that BMSC-sEVs have significant neuroprotective effects against OGD/R-induced cell injury by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis, and Ca2+/CaMK II signaling pathways may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Gu
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Kang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Guo
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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24
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Haupt M, Zheng X, Kuang Y, Lieschke S, Janssen L, Bosche B, Jin F, Hein K, Kilic E, Venkataramani V, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Lithium modulates miR-1906 levels of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles contributing to poststroke neuroprotection by toll-like receptor 4 regulation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:357-373. [PMID: 33146943 PMCID: PMC7900596 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is neuroprotective in preclinical stroke models. In addition to that, poststroke neuroregeneration is stimulated upon transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Preconditioning of MSCs with lithium further enhances the neuroregenerative potential of MSCs, which act by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). The present work analyzed whether MSC preconditioning with lithium modifies EV secretion patterns, enhancing the therapeutic potential of such derived EVs (Li‐EVs) in comparison with EVs enriched from native MSCs. Indeed, Li‐EVs significantly enhanced the resistance of cultured astrocytes, microglia, and neurons against hypoxic injury when compared with controls and to native EV‐treated cells. Using a stroke mouse model, intravenous delivery of Li‐EVs increased neurological recovery and neuroregeneration for as long as 3 months in comparison with controls and EV‐treated mice, albeit the latter also showed significantly better behavioral test performance compared with controls. Preconditioning of MSCs with lithium also changed the secretion patterns for such EVs, modifying the contents of various miRNAs within these vesicles. As such, Li‐EVs displayed significantly increased levels of miR‐1906, which has been shown to be a new regulator of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Li‐EVs reduced posthypoxic and postischemic TLR4 abundance, resulting in an inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) signaling pathway, decreased proteasomal activity, and declined both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression, all of which culminated in reduced levels of poststroke cerebral inflammation. Conclusively, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, an enhanced therapeutic potential of Li‐EVs compared with native EVs, interfering with a novel signaling pathway that yields both acute neuroprotection and enhanced neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Simone Lieschke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Janssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bert Bosche
- MediClin Clinic Reichshof, Department of Neurocritical Care, First Stage Rehabilitation and Weaning, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Katharina Hein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Guy R, Offen D. Promising Opportunities for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1320. [PMID: 32942544 PMCID: PMC7564210 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease refers to any pathological condition in which there is a progressive decline in neuronal function resulting from brain atrophy. Despite the immense efforts invested over recent decades in developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, effective therapy for these conditions is still an unmet need. One of the promising options for promoting brain recovery and regeneration is mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation. The therapeutic effect of MSCs is thought to be mediated by their secretome, and specifically, by their exosomes. Research shows that MSC-derived exosomes retain some of the characteristics of their parent MSCs, such as immune system modulation, regulation of neurite outgrowth, promotion of angiogenesis, and the ability to repair damaged tissue. Here, we summarize the functional outcomes observed in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases following MSC-derived exosome treatment. We will examine the proposed mechanisms of action through which MSC-derived exosomes mediate their therapeutic effects and review advanced studies that attempt to enhance the improvement achieved using MSC-derived exosome treatment, with a view towards future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Offen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
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26
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León-Moreno LC, Castañeda-Arellano R, Aguilar-García IG, Desentis-Desentis MF, Torres-Anguiano E, Gutiérrez-Almeida CE, Najar-Acosta LJ, Mendizabal-Ruiz G, Ascencio-Piña CR, Dueñas-Jiménez JM, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Dueñas-Jiménez SH. Kinematic Changes in a Mouse Model of Penetrating Hippocampal Injury and Their Recovery After Intranasal Administration of Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:579162. [PMID: 33192324 PMCID: PMC7533596 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.579162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion speed changes appear following hippocampal injury. We used a hippocampal penetrating brain injury mouse model to analyze other kinematic changes. We found a significant decrease in locomotion speed in both open-field and tunnel walk tests. We described a new quantitative method that allows us to analyze and compare the displacement curves between mice steps. In the tunnel walk, we marked mice with indelible ink on the knee, ankle, and metatarsus of the left and right hindlimbs to evaluate both in every step. Animals with hippocampal damage exhibit slower locomotion speed in both hindlimbs. In contrast, in the cortical injured group, we observed significant speed decrease only in the right hindlimb. We found changes in the displacement patterns after hippocampal injury. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles had been used for the treatment of several diseases in animal models. Here, we evaluated the effects of intranasal administration of endometrial mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the outcome after the hippocampal injury. We report the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6 in these vesicles. We observed locomotion speed and displacement pattern preservation in mice after vesicle treatment. These mice had lower pyknotic cells percentage and a smaller damaged area in comparison with the nontreated group, probably due to angiogenesis, wound repair, and inflammation decrease. Our results build up on the evidence of the hippocampal role in walk control and suggest that the extracellular vesicles could confer neuroprotection to the damaged hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Carolina León-Moreno
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Tonala, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rolando Castañeda-Arellano
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Transplant, Department of Physiology, cGMP Cell Processing Facility, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Irene Guadalupe Aguilar-García
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Elizabeth Torres-Anguiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Tonala, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Coral Estefanía Gutiérrez-Almeida
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Luis Jesús Najar-Acosta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Tonala, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Mendizabal-Ruiz
- Department of Computer Sciences, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - César Rodolfo Ascencio-Piña
- Department of Computer Sciences, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Judith Marcela Dueñas-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jorge David Rivas-Carrillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Tonala, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Sergio Horacio Dueñas-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Xin D, Li T, Chu X, Ke H, Yu Z, Cao L, Bai X, Liu D, Wang Z. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles modulate microglia/macrophage polarization and protect the brain against hypoxia-ischemic injury in neonatal mice by targeting delivery of miR-21a-5p. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:597-613. [PMID: 32619670 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) (MSC-EVs) exhibit protective effects in damaged or diseased tissues. However, the role of EVs secreted by MSC in hypoxia-ischemic (HI) injury in neonatal mice remains unknown. Systemic administration of MSC-EVs attenuated acute brain damage and neuroinflammation, and skewed CD11b+/CD45low microglia and CD11b+/CD45high brain monocyte/macrophage towards a more anti-inflammatory property as determined at 72 h post-HI. In addition, MSC-EVs remarkably improve the injury outcomes pups prior to weaning (P21), while no effect on long-term memory impairment (P42). Importantly, these effects were preceded by incorporation of MSC-EVs into a large number of neurons and microglia within HI group. Abundant levels of miR-21a-5p were present in EVs as determined with next-generation sequencing. Notably, MSC-EVs treatment further increased miR-21a-5p levels at 72 h post HI. Knockdown analyses revealed that miR-21a-5p, and its target-Timp3, were essential for this neuroprotective property of MSC-EVs following HI exposure as demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models. These findings suggest that a systemic administration of EVs derived from MSC, have the capacity to incorporated into neurons and microglia where they can then exert neuroprotection against HI-induced injury in neonates through the delivery of miR-21a-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Xin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xili Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Hongfei Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhuoya Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Xuemei Bai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology and Ethics, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Zhang B, Zhong Q, Chen X, Wu X, Sha R, Song G, Zhang C, Chen X. Neuroprotective Effects of Celastrol on Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia Rats via Regulating HMGB1/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:847. [PMID: 32848589 PMCID: PMC7433406 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a major cause of brain dysfunction, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathophysiological process of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Celastrol is a potent inhibitor of inflammation and oxidative stress that has little toxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate whether celastrol has neuroprotective effects through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, and to elucidate the possible involved mechanisms in transient global cerebral ischemia reperfusion (tGCI/R) rats. Celastrol (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally immediately after reperfusion and the effect of celastrol on reverting spatial learning and memory impairment was determined by Morris water maze (MWM) task. Inflammatory response and oxidative stress, hippocampal neuronal damage and glial activation, and HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway proteins were also examined. Our results indicated that celastrol dose-dependently reduced hippocampal and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and oxidative stress marker (MDA), whereas the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 and antioxidant markers (GSH, SOD, and CAT) were increased significantly in celastrol treated tGCI/R rats. Celastrol alleviated apoptotic neuronal death, inhibited reactive glial activation and proliferation and improved ischemia-induced neurological deficits. Simultaneously, we found that mechanisms responsible for the neuroprotective effect of celastrol could be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions via inhibiting HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings provide a proof of concept for the further validation that celastrol may be a superior candidate for the treatment of severe cerebral ischemic patients in clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Sha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Enshi, China
| | - Guizhi Song
- Department of Quality Inspection, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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29
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Biomaterials and extracellular vesicles in cell-free therapy for bone repair and regeneration: Future line of treatment in regenerative medicine. MATERIALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Voga M, Adamic N, Vengust M, Majdic G. Stem Cells in Veterinary Medicine-Current State and Treatment Options. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:278. [PMID: 32656249 PMCID: PMC7326035 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a branch of medicine that develops methods to grow, repair, or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs or tissues. It has gained significant momentum in recent years. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capability to self—renew and differentiate into tissue cells with specialized functions. Stem cell therapies are therefore used to overcome the body's inability to regenerate damaged tissues and metabolic processes after acute or chronic insult. The concept of stem cell therapy was first introduced in 1991 by Caplan, who proposed that massive differentiation of cells into the desired tissue could be achieved by isolation, cultivation, and expansion of stem cells in in vitro conditions. Among different stem cell types, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) currently seem to be the most suitable for therapeutic purposes, based on their simple isolation and culturing techniques, and lack of ethical issues regarding their usage. Because of their remarkable immunomodulatory abilities, MSCs are increasingly gaining recognition in veterinary medicine. Developments are primarily driven by the limitations of current treatment options for various medical problems in different animal species. MSCs represent a possible therapeutic option for many animal diseases, such as orthopedic, orodental and digestive tract diseases, liver, renal, cardiac, respiratory, neuromuscular, dermal, olfactory, and reproductive system diseases. Although we are progressively gaining an understanding of MSC behavior and their mechanisms of action, some of the issues considering their use for therapy are yet to be resolved. The aim of this review is first to summarize the current knowledge and stress out major issues in stem cell based therapies in veterinary medicine and, secondly, to present results of clinical usage of stem cells in veterinary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Voga
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Neza Adamic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Modest Vengust
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Elsharkasy OM, Nordin JZ, Hagey DW, de Jong OG, Schiffelers RM, Andaloussi SEL, Vader P. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: Why and how? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:332-343. [PMID: 32305351 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a multitude of synthetic drug delivery systems has been developed and introduced to the market. However, applications of such systems are limited due to inefficiency, cytotoxicity and/or immunogenicity. At the same time, the field of natural drug carrier systems has grown rapidly. One of the most prominent examples of such natural carriers are extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are cell-derived membranous particles which play important roles in intercellular communication. EVs possess a number of characteristics that qualify them as promising vehicles for drug delivery. In order to take advantage of these attributes, an in-depth understanding of why EVs are such unique carrier systems and how we can exploit their qualities is pivotal. Here, we review unique EV features that are relevant for drug delivery and highlight emerging strategies to make use of those features for drug loading and targeted delivery.
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32
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Cell-to-Cell Communication in Learning and Memory: From Neuro- and Glio-Transmission to Information Exchange Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010266. [PMID: 31906013 PMCID: PMC6982255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most aspects of nervous system development and function rely on the continuous crosstalk between neurons and the variegated universe of non-neuronal cells surrounding them. The most extraordinary property of this cellular community is its ability to undergo adaptive modifications in response to environmental cues originating from inside or outside the body. Such ability, known as neuronal plasticity, allows long-lasting modifications of the strength, composition and efficacy of the connections between neurons, which constitutes the biochemical base for learning and memory. Nerve cells communicate with each other through both wiring (synaptic) and volume transmission of signals. It is by now clear that glial cells, and in particular astrocytes, also play critical roles in both modes by releasing different kinds of molecules (e.g., D-serine secreted by astrocytes). On the other hand, neurons produce factors that can regulate the activity of glial cells, including their ability to release regulatory molecules. In the last fifteen years it has been demonstrated that both neurons and glial cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) of different kinds, both in physiologic and pathological conditions. Here we discuss the possible involvement of EVs in the events underlying learning and memory, in both physiologic and pathological conditions.
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33
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Angiogenic Activity of Cytochalasin B-Induced Membrane Vesicles of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010095. [PMID: 31906012 PMCID: PMC7016674 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
: The cytochalasin B-induced membrane vesicles (CIMVs) are suggested to be used as a vehicle for the delivery of therapeutics. However, the angiogenic activity and therapeutic potential of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) derived CIMVs (CIMVs-MSCs) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to analyze the morphology, size distribution, molecular composition, and angiogenic properties of CIMVs-MSCs. METHODS The morphology of CIMVs-MSC was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The proteomic analysis, multiplex analysis, and immunostaining were used to characterize the molecular composition of the CIMVs-MSCs. The transfer of surface proteins from a donor to a recipient cell mediated by CIMVs-MSCs was demonstrated using immunostaining and confocal microscopy. The angiogenic potential of CIMVs-MSCs was evaluated using an in vivo approach of subcutaneous implantation of CIMVs-MSCs in mixture with Matrigel matrix. RESULTS Human CIMVs-MSCs retain parental MSCs content, such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines: EGF, FGF-2, Eotaxin, TGF-α, G-CSF, Flt-3L, GM-CSF, Fractalkine, IFNα2, IFN-γ, GRO, IL-10, MCP-3, IL-12p40, MDC, IL-12p70, IL-15, sCD40L, IL-17A, IL-1RA, IL-1a, IL-9, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP_1a, MIP-1b, TNF-α, TNF-β, VEGF. CIMVs-MSCs also have the expression of surface receptors similar to those in parental human MSCs (CD90+, CD29+, CD44+, CD73+). Additionally, CIMVs-MSCs could transfer membrane receptors to the surfaces of target cells in vitro. Finally, CIMVs-MSCs can induce angiogenesis in vivo after subcutaneous injection into adult rats. CONCLUSIONS Human CIMVs-MSCs have similar content, immunophenotype, and angiogenic activity to those of the parental MSCs. Therefore, we believe that human CIMVs-MSCs could be used for cell free therapy of degenerative diseases.
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From Tumor Metastasis towards Cerebral Ischemia-Extracellular Vesicles as a General Concept of Intercellular Communication Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235995. [PMID: 31795140 PMCID: PMC6928831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been tremendous carriers in both experimental and translational science. These vesicles—formerly regarded as artifacts of in vitro research—have a heterogeneous population of vesicles derived from virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs consist of a bilayer lipid structure with a diameter of about 30 to 1000 nm and have a characteristic protein and non-coding RNA content that make up different forms of EVs such as exosomes, microvesicles, and others. Despite recent progress in the EV field, which is known to serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic tools under various pathological conditions, fundamental questions are yet to be answered. This short review focuses on recently reported data regarding EVs under pathological conditions with a particular emphasis on the role of EVs under such different conditions like tumor formation and cerebral ischemia. The review strives to point out general concepts of EV intercellular communication processes that might be vital to both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the long run.
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35
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Wiklander OPB, Brennan MÁ, Lötvall J, Breakefield XO, El Andaloussi S. Advances in therapeutic applications of extracellular vesicles. Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaav8521. [PMID: 31092696 PMCID: PMC7104415 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-sized, lipid membrane-enclosed vesicles secreted by most, if not all, cells and contain lipids, proteins, and various nucleic acid species of the source cell. EVs act as important mediators of intercellular communication that influence both physiological and pathological conditions. Given their ability to transfer bioactive components and surmount biological barriers, EVs are increasingly being explored as potential therapeutic agents. EVs can potentiate tissue regeneration, participate in immune modulation, and function as potential alternatives to stem cell therapy, and bioengineered EVs can act as delivery vehicles for therapeutic agents. Here, we cover recent approaches and advances of EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar P B Wiklander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4HG, UK
| | - Meadhbh Á Brennan
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- INSERM UMR 1238, PhyOS, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Nantes, 44034 Nantes cedex 1, France
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xandra O Breakefield
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Medawar Centre, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4HG, UK
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36
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Neuroprotective effect of FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 silence on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in a SH-SY5Y cell line. Gene 2019; 697:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Zhang B, Chen X, Lv Y, Wu X, Gui L, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Song G, Yao W, Wan L, Zhang C. Cdh1 overexpression improves emotion and cognitive-related behaviors via regulating hippocampal neuroplasticity in global cerebral ischemia rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:225-237. [PMID: 30677437 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke survivors exhibited cognitive deficits and performed emotional impairment. However, the effect of global cerebral ischemia on standard behavioral measures of emotionality and underlying mechanism remain largely unknown. Our previous work identified that down-regulation of Cdh1 contributed to ischemic neuronal death in rat, thus we hypothesized that Cdh1 exerts a role in emotionality after cerebral ischemia, and we investigated the effect of Cdh1 overexpression on neurogenic behaviors and possible mechanisms in transient global cerebral ischemia reperfusion (tGCI/R) rats. A series of behavioral tests were used to evaluate emotion and cognitive related behaviors, and molecular biological techniques were employed to investigate hippocampal neuroplasticity. The results showed that tGCI/R rats displayed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and a certain degree of cognitive impairment, and these abnormal behaviors accompanied with a loss of hippocampal synapses and dendritic spines, disruption of dendrite arborization and decline in the level of GAP-43, synaptophysin, synapsin and PSD-95. However, Cdh1 overexpression improved negative emotionality, ameliorated cognitive deficits, rescued hippocampal synapses loss, prevented dendritic network disorganization, and increased the level of synaptic-associated proteins after tGCI/R. Taken together, these findings suggest that Cdh1 overexpression exerts a neuroprotective effect by regulating hippocampal neuroplasticity thus improving negative emotionality and cognitive deficits after tGCI/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xuhui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youyou Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 510275, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lingli Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guizhi Song
- Department of Quality Inspection, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Wenlong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Chuanhan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Wang C, Zhu G, He W, Yin H, Lin F, Gou X, Li X. BMSCs protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by secreting exosomes loaded with miR-199a-5p that target BIP to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress at the very early reperfusion stages. FASEB J 2019; 33:5440-5456. [PMID: 30640521 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801821r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been recently reported to play a variety of vital roles in organ and tissue damage repair, mainly via potent paracrine activity, including secreting extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, that serve as mediators facilitating intercellular communication and reprogramming recipient cells by delivering their contents to target cells. However, the underlying mechanisms are diverse and complex, and the influencing characteristics have rarely been studied. Accordingly, we designed this study to explore the time dependence of the effects of exosomes derived from BMSCs (BMexos) on renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms associated with the reperfusion time. Impressively, our study is the first to find that BMexos protected against renal I/R injury in vitro and in vivo at the very early reperfusion stages, especially 4-8 h after reperfusion in vitro and 8-16 h after reperfusion in vivo. Interestingly, we simultaneously found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was significantly suppressed following the administration of BMexos in vitro and in vivo with a similar time dependence. Additionally, we discovered that miR-199a-5p, which was abundant in the BMSCs, was transferred into renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) in a time-dependent manner and significantly inhibited I/R-induced ER stress by targeting binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP). Cocultivation with miR-199a-5p-overexpressing BMSCs amplified the suppression of ER stress and further protected against I/R injury. However, coculture with miR-199a-5p-knockdown BMSCs obviously increased ER stress and reversed the BMexos-induced protection, and silencing BIP by small interfering RNA-1098 in NRK-52E inhibited these effects. This study provides evidence that administering BMexos at the very early reperfusion stages significantly protects against renal I/R injury, and ER stress is closely linked to this protection. These results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy during the very early reperfusion stages of renal I/R injury.-Wang, C., Zhu, G., He, W., Yin, H., Lin, F., Gou, X., Li, X. BMSCs protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by secreting exosomes loaded with miR-199a-5p that target BIP to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress at the very early reperfusion stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China.,Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Chin
| | - Gongmin Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiyang He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hubin Yin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Gou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, Chongqing, China
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Villamil-Ortiz JG, Arias-Londoño JD, Cardona-Gómez GP. Inverse Phosphatidylcholine/Phosphatidylinositol Levels as Peripheral Biomarkers and Phosphatidylcholine/Lysophosphatidylethanolamine-Phosphatidylserine as Hippocampal Indicator of Postischemic Cognitive Impairment in Rats. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:989. [PMID: 30627084 PMCID: PMC6309919 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia is a transversal phenomenon in different kinds of neurodegenerative diseases involving acute and chronic brain alterations. Specifically, the role of phospholipids in the pathogenesis of dementia remains unknown. In the present study, we explored phospholipid profiles a month postischemia in cognitively impaired rats. The two-vessel occlusion (2-VO) model was used to generate brain parenchyma ischemia in adult male rats confirmed by alterations in myelin, endothelium, astrocytes and inflammation mediator. A lipidomic analysis was performed via mass spectrometry in the hippocampus and serum a month postischemia. We found decreases in phospholipids (PLs) associated with neurotransmission, such as phosphatidylcholine (PC 32:0, PC 34:2, PC 36:3, PC 36:4, and PC 42:1), and increases in PLs implied in membrane structure and signaling, such as lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE 18:1, 20:3, and 22:6) and phosphatidylserine (PS 38:4, 36:2, and 40:4), in the hippocampus. Complementarily, PC (PC 34:2, PC 34:3, PC 38:5, and PC 36:5) and ether-PC (ePC 34:1, 34:2, 36:2, 38:2, and 38:3) decreased, while Lyso-PC (LPC 18:0, 18:1, 20:4, 20:5, and LPC 22:6) and phosphatidylinositol (PI 36:2, 38:4, 38:5, and 40:5), as neurovascular state sensors, increased in the serum. Taken together, these data suggest inverse PC/LPC-PI levels as peripheral biomarkers and inverse PC/LPE-PS as a central indicator of postischemic cognitive impairment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Maria Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Javier Gustavo Villamil-Ortiz
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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40
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He H, Zeng Q, Huang G, Lin Y, Lin H, Liu W, Lu P. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation exerts neuroprotective effects following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Brain Res 2018; 1707:124-132. [PMID: 30448444 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cerebral ischemia itself is associated with a high rate of disability, secondary cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury following recanalization is associated with much more severe outcomes. The mechanisms underlying cerebral I/R injury are complex, involving neuronal death caused by apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy is critical for cell survival and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral I/R injury. Research has indicated that transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is effective in repairing and reconstructing brain tissue, and that this effect may be associated with the regulation of autophagy. To explore this hypothesis, we intravenously transplanted BMSCs into a rat model of cerebral I/R injury (middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]). Our results indicated that BMSCs transplantation promoted behavioral recovery, reduced cerebral infarction volume, and decreased the number of apoptotic cells in rats exposed to cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, this effect was associated with reduced expression of the autophagy-associated proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1. Furthermore, BMSCs remarkably increased the expression of p-Akt and p-mTOR following cerebral I/R injury. Expression of LC3 also increased when the PI3K pathway was blocked using LY294002. In summary, our results indicated that the protective effects of BMSCs in cerebral I/R injury may be associated with the inhibition of autophagy via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- He He
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Zeng
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhi Huang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yiqiu Lin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongxin Lin
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengcheng Lu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Cunningham CJ, Redondo-Castro E, Allan SM. The therapeutic potential of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome in ischaemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:1276-1292. [PMID: 29768965 PMCID: PMC6077926 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18776802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential as a regenerative therapy for stroke, leading to increased repair and functional recovery in animal models of cerebral ischaemia. While it was initially hypothesised that cell replacement was an important mechanism of action of MSCs, focus has shifted to their paracrine actions or the so called "bystander" effect. MSCs secrete a wide array of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and extracellular vesicles, commonly referred to as the MSC secretome. There is evidence suggesting the MSC secretome can promote repair through a number of mechanisms including preventing cell apoptosis, modulating the inflammatory response and promoting endogenous repair mechanisms such as angiogenesis and neurogenesis. In this review, we will discuss the in vitro approaches currently being employed to drive the MSC secretome towards a more anti-inflammatory and regenerative phenotype. We will then examine the role of the secretome in promoting repair and improving recovery in preclinical models of cerebral ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona J Cunningham
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena Redondo-Castro
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Doeppner TR, Bähr M, Giebel B, Hermann DM. Immunological and non-immunological effects of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on the ischaemic brain. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418789326. [PMID: 30083231 PMCID: PMC6071165 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418789326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the implementation of thrombolysis and endovascular recanalization
strategies, stroke therapy has profoundly changed in recent years. In spite of
these advancements, a considerable proportion of stroke patients still exhibit
functional impairment in the long run, increasing the need for adjuvant
therapies that promote neurological recovery. Stem cell therapies have initially
attracted great interest in the stroke field, since there were hopes that
transplanted cells may allow for the replacement of lost cells. After the
recognition that transplanted cells integrate poorly into existing neural
networks and that they induce brain remodelling in a paracrine way by secreting
a heterogeneous group of nanovesicles, these extracellular vesicles (EVs) have
been identified as key players that mediate restorative effects of stem and
progenitor cells in ischaemic brain tissue. We herein review restorative effects
of EVs in stroke models and discuss immunological and non-immunological
mechanisms that may underlie recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Department of Neurology, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Jiang S, Wu Y, Fang DF, Chen Y. Hypothermic preconditioning but not ketamine reduces oxygen and glucose deprivation induced neuronal injury correlated with downregulation of COX-2 expression in mouse hippocampal slices. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:30-37. [PMID: 29681435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermic preconditioning is an effective treatment for limiting ischemic injury, but the mechanism is poorly understood. This study was aimed to explore the effect of hypothermic and ketamine preconditioning on oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) induced neuronal injury in mouse hippocampal slices, and to investigate its possible mechanism. The population spike (PS) was recorded in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices using extracellular recordings, Na+/K+ ATPase activity in slices was determined by spectrophotometer and the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was measured by Western blot. Ten min of OGD induced a poor recovery of PS in slices after reoxygenation. Hypothermic (33 °C) preconditioning delayed the appearance of transient recovery (TR) of PS and improved the recovery amplitude of PS after reoxygenation. Hypothermic preconditioning also decreased the expression of COX-2 and increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity in slices. Pretreatment of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist at a subanesthetic dose has no effect on OGD induced neuronal injury. Moreover, the protection of hypothermic preconditioning was not added by ketamine. The downregulation of COX-2 expression and the increase of Na+/K+ ATPase activity may be associated with the effectiveness of hypothermic preconditioning in increasing tolerance to an OGD insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lianyungang Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - De-Fang Fang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lianyungang Branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Lianyungang, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China.
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