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Sun X, Gu R, Bai J. Differentiation and regulation of CD4 + T cell subsets in Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:352. [PMID: 39153043 PMCID: PMC11335276 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and its hallmark pathological features are the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). It has been shown that the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is damaged in PD patients, and a large number of infiltrating T cells and inflammatory cytokines have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma of PD patients and PD animal models, including significant change in the number and proportion of different CD4+ T cell subsets. This suggests that the neuroinflammatory response caused by CD4+ T cells is an important risk factor for the development of PD. Here, we systematically review the differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets, and focus on describing the functions and mechanisms of different CD4+ T cell subsets and their secreted cytokines in PD. We also summarize the current immunotherapy targeting CD4+ T cells with a view to providing assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650500, China.
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2
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Balzano T, Del Rey NLG, Esteban-García N, Reinares-Sebastián A, Pineda-Pardo JA, Trigo-Damas I, Obeso JA, Blesa J. Neurovascular and immune factors of vulnerability of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in non-human primates. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:118. [PMID: 38886348 PMCID: PMC11183116 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tier of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) degenerate prominently in Parkinson's disease (PD), while those in the dorsal tier and ventral tegmental area are relatively spared. The factors determining why these neurons are more vulnerable than others are still unrevealed. Neuroinflammation and immune cell infiltration have been demonstrated to be a key feature of neurodegeneration in PD. However, the link between selective dopaminergic neuron vulnerability, glial and immune cell response, and vascularization and their interactions has not been deciphered. We aimed to investigate the contribution of glial cell activation and immune cell infiltration in the selective vulnerability of ventral dopaminergic neurons within the midbrain in a non-human primate model of PD. Structural characteristics of the vasculature within specific regions of the midbrain were also evaluated. Parkinsonian monkeys exhibited significant microglial and astroglial activation in the whole midbrain, but no major sub-regional differences were observed. Remarkably, the ventral substantia nigra was found to be typically more vascularized compared to other regions. This feature might play some role in making this region more susceptible to immune cell infiltration under pathological conditions, as greater infiltration of both T- and B- lymphocytes was observed in parkinsonian monkeys. Higher vascular density within the ventral region of the SNc may be a relevant factor for differential vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The increased infiltration of T- and B- cells in this region, alongside other molecules or toxins, may also contribute to the susceptibility of dopaminergic neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Balzano
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
| | - Natalia López-González Del Rey
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- PhD Program in Neuroscience Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Esteban-García
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- PhD Program in Neuroscience Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Reinares-Sebastián
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Pineda-Pardo
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Trigo-Damas
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Obeso
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.
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Gu R, Pan J, Awan MUN, Sun X, Yan F, Bai L, Bai J. The major histocompatibility complex participates in Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107168. [PMID: 38583689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). The central nervous system (CNS) has previously been considered as an immune-privileged area. However, studies have shown that the immune responses are involved in PD. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presents antigens from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to T lymphocytes, immune responses will be induced. MHCs are expressed in microglia, astrocytes, and dopaminergic neurons. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in MHC are related to the risk of PD. The aggregated α-syn triggers the expression of MHCs by activating glia cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes responses and microglia activation are detected in brains of PD patients. In addiction immune responses further increase blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and T cell infiltration in PD. Thus, MHCs are involved in PD through participating in immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Gu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jianyu Pan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Maher Un Nisa Awan
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Xie Y, Chen L, Chen J, Chen Y. Calcitriol restrains microglial M1 polarization and alleviates dopaminergic degeneration in hemiparkinsonian mice by boosting regulatory T-cell expansion. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3373. [PMID: 38346718 PMCID: PMC10861354 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) and vitamin D supplementation robustly alleviates neurodegeneration in PD models. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect require further clarification. Current evidence suggests that harnessing regulatory T cells (Treg) may mitigate neuronal degeneration. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of vitamin D receptor activation by calcitriol on PD, specifically focusing on its role in Treg. METHODS Hemiparkinsonian mice model was established through the injection of 6-OHDA into the striatum. Mice were pretreated with calcitriol before 6-OHDA injection. The motor performance, dopaminergic neuronal survival, contents of dopamine, and dopamine metabolites were evaluated. The pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, T-cell infiltration, mRNA expression of indicated microglial M1/M2 phenotypic markers, and microglial marker in the midbrain were detected. Populations of Treg in the splenic tissues were assessed using a flow cytometry assay. PC61 monoclonal antibody was applied to deplete Treg in vivo. RESULTS We show that calcitriol supplementation notably improved motor performance and reduced dopaminergic degeneration in the 6-OHDA-induced PD model. Mechanistically, calcitriol promoted anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective Treg and inhibited pro-inflammatory/neurodestructive effector T-cell generation in this model. This process significantly inhibited T-cell infiltration in the midbrain, restrained microglial activation, microglial M1 polarization, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines release. This more favorable inflammatory microenvironment rescued dopaminergic degeneration. To further verify that the anti-inflammatory effects of calcitriol are associated with Treg expansion, we applied an antibody-mediated Treg depletion assay. As predicted, the anti-inflammatory effects of calcitriol in the PD model were diminished following Treg depletion. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that calcitriol's anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in PD are associated with its potential to boost Treg expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Jiacheng Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical SchoolUniversity of South ChinaHengyangChina
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Xue J, Tao K, Wang W, Wang X. What Can Inflammation Tell Us about Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1641. [PMID: 38338925 PMCID: PMC10855787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a complicated etiology and pathogenesis. α-Synuclein aggregation, dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the process of PD. Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a key element in the initiation and progression of PD. In this review, we summarize the inflammatory response and pathogenic mechanisms of PD. Additionally, we describe the potential anti-inflammatory therapies, including nod-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome inhibition, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) inhibition, microglia inhibition, astrocyte inhibition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase inhibition, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist, targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, targeting the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent pathway, targeting α-synuclein, targeting miRNA, acupuncture, and exercise. The review focuses on inflammation and will help in designing new prevention strategies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
| | | | | | - Xiaofei Wang
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China; (K.T.); (W.W.)
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Lauritsen J, Romero-Ramos M. The systemic immune response in Parkinson's disease: focus on the peripheral immune component. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:863-878. [PMID: 37598092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to neuronal changes and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology. Moreover, some of the affected neuronal groups innervate organs with a relevant role in immunity. Consequently, not only microglia, but also peripheral immune cells are altered, resulting in a systemic immune response. Innate and adaptive immune cells may participate in the neurodegenerative process by acting peripherally, infiltrating the brain, or releasing mediators that can protect or harm neurons. However, the sequence of the changes and the significance of each immune compartment in the disease remain to be clarified. In this review, we describe current understanding of the peripheral immune response in PD and discuss the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Lauritsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty & Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty & Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Jurcau A, Andronie-Cioara FL, Nistor-Cseppento DC, Pascalau N, Rus M, Vasca E, Jurcau MC. The Involvement of Neuroinflammation in the Onset and Progression of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14582. [PMID: 37834030 PMCID: PMC10573049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting the fastest growth in incidence in recent years. As with most neurodegenerative diseases, the pathophysiology is incompletely elucidated, but compelling evidence implicates inflammation, both in the central nervous system and in the periphery, in the initiation and progression of the disease, although it is not yet clear what triggers this inflammatory response and where it begins. Gut dysbiosis seems to be a likely candidate for the initiation of the systemic inflammation. The therapies in current use provide only symptomatic relief, but do not interfere with the disease progression. Nonetheless, animal models have shown promising results with therapies that target various vicious neuroinflammatory cascades. Translating these therapeutic strategies into clinical trials is still in its infancy, and a series of issues, such as the exact timing, identifying biomarkers able to identify Parkinson's disease in early and pre-symptomatic stages, or the proper indications of genetic testing in the population at large, will need to be settled in future guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Delia Carmen Nistor-Cseppento
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Nicoleta Pascalau
- Department of Psycho-Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (A.J.); (D.C.N.-C.)
| | - Marius Rus
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta Vasca
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine “Vasile Goldis” Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
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Abdelmoaty MM, Yeapuri P, Machhi J, Lu Y, Namminga KL, Kadry R, Lu E, Bhattarai S, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Immune senescence in aged APP/PS1 mice. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:317-330. [PMID: 38023614 PMCID: PMC10659760 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the linkage between age and deficits in innate and adaptive immunity which heralds both Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and progression. The pathobiological events which underlie and tie these outcomes remain not fully understood. Methods To investigate age-dependent immunity in AD, we evaluated innate and adaptive immunity in coordinate studies of regulatory T cell (Treg) function, T cell frequencies, and microglial integrity. These were assessed in blood, peripheral lymphoid tissues, and the hippocampus of transgenic (Tg) amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) against non-Tg mice. Additionally, immune arrays of hippocampal tissue were performed at 4, 6, 12, and 20 months of age. Results APP/PS1 mice showed progressive impairment of Treg immunosuppressive function with age. There was partial restoration of Treg function in 20-month-old mice. Ingenuity pathway analyses of hippocampal tissues were enriched in inflammatory, oxidative, and cellular activation pathways that paralleled advancing age and AD-pathobiology. Operative genes in those pathways included, but were not limited to triggering receptor on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1), T helper type 1 (Th1), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Interleukin-17 (IL-17), nitric oxide, acute phase, and T cell receptor signaling pathways were also perturbed. Significant inflammation was observed at 6- and 12-months. However, at 20-months, age associated partial restoration of Treg function reduced inflammatory phenotype. Conclusions Impaired Treg function, inflammation and oxidative stress were associated with AD pathology. Age associated partial restoration of Treg function in old mice reduced the hippocampal inflammatory phenotype. Restoring Treg suppressive function can be a therapeutic modality for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M. Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Krista L. Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rana Kadry
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eugene Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rodney Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Olson KE, Abdelmoaty MM, Namminga KL, Lu Y, Obaro H, Santamaria P, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. An open-label multiyear study of sargramostim-treated Parkinson's disease patients examining drug safety, tolerability, and immune biomarkers from limited case numbers. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 37217980 PMCID: PMC10201023 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical utility and safety of sargramostim has previously been reported in cancer, acute radiation syndrome, autoimmune disease, inflammatory conditions, and Alzheimer's disease. The safety, tolerability, and mechanisms of action in Parkinson's disease (PD) during extended use has not been evaluated. METHODS As a primary goal, safety and tolerability was assessed in five PD patients treated with sargramostim (Leukine®, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) for 33 months. Secondary goals included numbers of CD4+ T cells and monocytes and motor functions. Hematologic, metabolic, immune, and neurological evaluations were assessed during a 5-day on, 2-day off therapeutic regimen given at 3 μg/kg. After 2 years, drug use was discontinued for 3 months. This was then followed by an additional 6 months of treatment. RESULTS Sargramostim-associated adverse events included injection-site reactions, elevated total white cell counts, and bone pain. On drug, blood analyses and metabolic panels revealed no untoward side effects linked to long-term treatment. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores remained stable throughout the study while regulatory T cell number and function were increased. In the initial 6 months of treatment, transcriptomic and proteomic monocyte tests demonstrated autophagy and sirtuin signaling. This finding paralleled anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities within both the adaptive and innate immune profile arms. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the data affirmed long-term safety as well as immune and anti-inflammatory responses reflecting clinical stability in PD under the sargramostim treatment. Confirmation in larger patient populations is planned in a future phase II evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03790670, Date of Registration: 01/02/2019, URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03790670?cond=leukine+parkinson%27s&draw=2&rank=2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mai M Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Helen Obaro
- Great Plains Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pamela Santamaria
- Neurology Consultants of Nebraska, PC and Nebraska Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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10
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Lemaitre P, Tareen SHK, Pasciuto E, Mascali L, Martirosyan A, Callaerts‐Vegh Z, Poovathingal S, Dooley J, Holt MG, Yshii L, Liston A. Molecular and cognitive signatures of ageing partially restored through synthetic delivery of IL2 to the brain. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16805. [PMID: 36975362 PMCID: PMC10165365 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is a common pathological outcome during aging, with an ill-defined molecular and cellular basis. In recent years, the concept of inflammaging, defined as a low-grade inflammation increasing with age, has emerged. Infiltrating T cells accumulate in the brain with age and may contribute to the amplification of inflammatory cascades and disruptions to the neurogenic niche observed with age. Recently, a small resident population of regulatory T cells has been identified in the brain, and the capacity of IL2-mediated expansion of this population to counter neuroinflammatory disease has been demonstrated. Here, we test a brain-specific IL2 delivery system for the prevention of neurological decline in aging mice. We identify the molecular hallmarks of aging in the brain glial compartments and identify partial restoration of this signature through IL2 treatment. At a behavioral level, brain IL2 delivery prevented the age-induced defect in spatial learning, without improving the general decline in motor skill or arousal. These results identify immune modulation as a potential path to preserving cognitive function for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemaitre
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Loriana Mascali
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Araks Martirosyan
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | | | | | - James Dooley
- Immunology ProgrammeThe Babraham InstituteBabrahamUK
- Department of PathologyThe University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Matthew G Holt
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Instituto de Investigaçāo e Inovaçāo em Saúde (i3S)University of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Lidia Yshii
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of NeurosciencesKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease ResearchLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and TransplantationKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Immunology ProgrammeThe Babraham InstituteBabrahamUK
- Department of PathologyThe University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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11
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Comi C. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Immune dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:67-93. [PMID: 36803824 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the contraposition between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes has been increasingly challenged. Inflammation has been emphasized as a key player in the onset and progression of Parkinson disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The strongest indicators of the involvement of the immune system derived from evidence of microglial activation, profound imbalance in phenotype and composition of peripheral immune cells, and impaired humoral immune responses. Moreover, peripheral inflammatory mechanisms (e.g., involving the gut-brain axis) and immunogenetic factors are likely to be implicated. Even though several lines of preclinical and clinical studies are supporting and defining the complex relationship between the immune system and PD, the exact mechanisms are currently unknown. Similarly, the temporal and causal connections between innate and adaptive immune responses and neurodegeneration are unsettled, challenging our ambition to define an integrated and holistic model of the disease. Despite these difficulties, current evidence is providing the unique opportunity to develop immune-targeted approaches for PD, thus enriching our therapeutic armamentarium. This chapter aims to provide an extensive overview of past and present studies that explored the implication of the immune system in neurodegeneration, thus paving the road for the concept of disease modification in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, S.Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy.
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12
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Balzano T, Esteban-García N, Blesa J. Neuroinflammation, immune response and α-synuclein pathology: how animal models are helping us to connect dots. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:13-23. [PMID: 36538833 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2160440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A key pathological event occurring in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the transneuronal spreading of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Other hallmarks of PD include neurodegeneration, glial activation, and immune cell infiltration in susceptible brain regions. Although preclinical models can mimic most of the key characteristics of PD, it is crucial to know the biological bases of individual differences between them when choosing one over another, to ensure proper interpretation of the results and to positively influence the outcome of the experiments. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of current preclinical models actively used to study the interplay between α-syn pathology, neuroinflammation and immune response in PD but also to explore new potential preclinical models or emerging therapeutic strategies intended to fulfill the unmet medical needs in this disease. Lastly, this review also considers the current state of the ongoing clinical trials of new drugs designed to target these processes and delay the initiation or progression of the disease. EXPERT OPINION Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents have been demonstrated to be very promising candidates for reducing disease progression; however, more efforts are needed to reduce the enormous gap between these and dopaminergic drugs, which have dominated the therapeutic market for the last sixty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Balzano
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Esteban-García
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid, Spain.,PhD Program in Neuroscience Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III; Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Badr M, McFleder RL, Wu J, Knorr S, Koprich JB, Hünig T, Brotchie JM, Volkmann J, Lutz MB, Ip CW. Expansion of regulatory T cells by CD28 superagonistic antibodies attenuates neurodegeneration in A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mice. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:319. [PMID: 36587195 PMCID: PMC9805693 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells (Treg) are a subgroup of T lymphocytes involved in maintaining immune balance. Disturbance of Treg number and impaired suppressive function of Treg correlate with Parkinson's disease severity. Superagonistic anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (CD28SA) activate Treg and cause their expansion to create an anti-inflammatory environment. METHODS Using the AAV1/2-A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mouse model that overexpresses the pathogenic human A53T-α-synuclein (hαSyn) variant in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, we assessed the neuroprotective and disease-modifying efficacy of a single intraperitoneal dose of CD28SA given at an early disease stage. RESULTS CD28SA led to Treg expansion 3 days after delivery in hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice. At this timepoint, an early pro-inflammation was observed in vehicle-treated hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice with elevated percentages of CD8+CD69+ T cells in brain and increased levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the cervical lymph nodes and spleen. These immune responses were suppressed in CD28SA-treated hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice. Early treatment with CD28SA attenuated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the SN of hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice accompanied with reduced brain numbers of activated CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD11b+ microglia observed at the late disease-stage 10 weeks after AAV injection. In contrast, a later treatment 4 weeks after AAV delivery failed to reduce dopaminergic neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that immune modulation by Treg expansion at a timepoint of overt inflammation is effective for treatment of hαSyn Parkinson's disease mice and suggest that the concept of early immune therapy could pose a disease-modifying option for Parkinson's disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Badr
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rhonda L. McFleder
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jingjing Wu
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - James B. Koprich
- grid.417188.30000 0001 0012 4167Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.511892.6Atuka Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Thomas Hünig
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M. Brotchie
- grid.417188.30000 0001 0012 4167Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.511892.6Atuka Inc, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jens Volkmann
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Mechanisms of Autoimmune Cell in DA Neuron Apoptosis of Parkinson's Disease: Recent Advancement. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7965433. [PMID: 36567855 PMCID: PMC9771667 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7965433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as motor and nonmotor symptoms due to the selective loss of midbrain DArgic (DA) neurons. More and more studies have shown that pathological reactions initiated by autoimmune cells play an essential role in the progression of PD. Autoimmune cells exist in the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges; they are considered inducers of neuroinflammation and regulate the immune in the human brain in PD. For example, T cells can recognize α-synuclein presented by antigen-presenting cells to promote neuroinflammation. In addition, B cells will accelerate the apoptosis of DA neurons in the case of PD-related gene mutations. Activation of microglia and damage of DA neurons even form the self-degeneration cycle to deteriorate PD. Numerous autoimmune cells have been considered regulators of apoptosis, α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and neuroinflammation of DA neurons in PD. The evidence is mounting that autoimmune cells promote DA neuron apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and function of B cell, T cell, and microglia as well as NK cell in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DA neuron apoptosis to understand the disease better and propose potential target identification for the treatment in the early stages of PD. However, there are still some limitations in our work, for example, the specific mechanism of PD progression caused by autoimmune cells in mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, and autophagy has not been clarified in detail, which needs to be summarized in further work.
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15
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Yamamoto S, Matsui A, Ohyagi M, Kikutake C, Harada Y, Iizuka-Koga M, Suyama M, Yoshimura A, Ito M. In Vitro Generation of Brain Regulatory T Cells by Co-culturing With Astrocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:960036. [PMID: 35911740 PMCID: PMC9335882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.960036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are normally born in the thymus and activated in secondary lymphoid tissues to suppress immune responses in the lymph node and at sites of inflammation. Tregs are also resident in various tissues or accumulate in damaged tissues, which are now called tissue Tregs, and contribute to homeostasis and tissue repair by interacting with non-immune cells. We have shown that Tregs accumulate in the brain during the chronic phase in a mouse cerebral infarction model, and these Tregs acquire the characteristic properties of brain Tregs and contribute to the recovery of neurological damage by interacting with astrocytes. However, the mechanism of tissue Treg development is not fully understood. We developed a culture method that confers brain Treg characteristics in vitro. Naive Tregs from the spleen were activated and efficiently amplified by T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation in the presence of primary astrocytes. Furthermore, adding IL-33 and serotonin could confer part of the properties of brain Tregs, such as ST2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and serotonin receptor 7 (Htr7) expression. Transcriptome analysis revealed that in vitro generated brain Treg-like Tregs (induced brain Tregs; iB-Tregs) showed similar gene expression patterns as those in in vivo brain Tregs, although they were not identical. Furthermore, in Parkinson’s disease models, in which T cells have been shown to be involved in disease progression, iB-Tregs infiltrated into the brain more readily and ameliorated pathological symptoms more effectively than splenic Tregs. These data indicate that iB-Tregs contribute to our understanding of brain Treg development and could also be therapeutic for inflammatory brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ako Matsui
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohyagi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Kikutake
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Harada
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mana Iizuka-Koga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Ito
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Minako Ito,
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16
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Abdelmoaty MM, Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Shahjin F, Kumar V, Olson KE, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. Monocyte biomarkers define sargramostim treatment outcomes for Parkinson's disease. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e958. [PMID: 35802825 PMCID: PMC9270000 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity heralds both the development and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Deficits in innate immunity in PD are defined by impairments in monocyte activation, function, and pro‐inflammatory secretory factors. Each influences disease pathobiology. Methods and Results To define monocyte biomarkers associated with immune transformative therapy for PD, changes in gene and protein expression were evaluated before and during treatment with recombinant human granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF, sargramostim, Leukine®). Monocytes were recovered after leukapheresis and isolation by centrifugal elutriation, before and 2 and 6 months after initiation of treatment. Transcriptome and proteome biomarkers were scored against clinical motor functions. Pathway enrichments from single cell‐RNA sequencing and proteomic analyses from sargramostim‐treated PD patients demonstrate a neuroprotective signature, including, but not limited to, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and autophagy genes and proteins (LRRK2, HMOX1, TLR2, TLR8, RELA, ATG7, and GABARAPL2). Conclusions This monocyte profile provides an “early” and unique biomarker strategy to track clinical immune‐based interventions, but requiring validation in larger case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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17
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Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101618. [PMID: 35395416 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterised by progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Peripheral immune cell infiltration and activation of microglia and astrocytes are observed in PD, a process called neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a fundamental response to protect the brain but, when chronic, it triggers neuronal damage. In the last decade, central and peripheral inflammation were suggested to occur at the prodromal stage of PD, sustained throughout disease progression, and may play a significant role in the pathology. Understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD has been a high priority in research, primarily to find effective treatments once symptoms are present. Evidence indicates that early life exposure to neuroinflammation as a consequence of life events, environmental or behaviour factors such as exposure to infections, pollution or a high fat diet increase the risk of developing PD. Many studies show healthy habits and products that decrease neuroinflammation also reduce the risk of PD. Here, we aim to stimulate discussion about the role of neuroinflammation in PD onset and progression. We highlight that reducing neuroinflammation throughout the lifespan is critical for preventing idiopathic PD, and present epidemiological studies that detail risk and protective factors. It is possible that introducing lifestyle changes that reduce neuroinflammation at the time of PD diagnosis may slow symptom progression. Finally, we discuss compounds and therapeutics to treat the neuroinflammation associated with PD.
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18
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Tabikh M, Chahla C, Okdeh N, Kovacic H, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z. Parkinson disease: Protective role and function of neuropeptides. Peptides 2022; 151:170713. [PMID: 34929264 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are bioactive molecules, made up of small chains of amino acids, with many neuromodulatory properties. Several lines of evidence suggest that neuropeptides, mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathology. The wide spread disruption of neuropeptides has been excessively demonstrated to be related to the pathophysiological symptoms in PD where impairment in motor function per example was correlated with neuropeptides dysregulation in the substantia niagra (SN). Moreover, the levels of different neuropeptides have been found modified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of PD patients, indicating their potential role in the manifestation of PD symptoms and dysfunctions. In this review, we outlined the neuroprotective effects of neuropeptides on dopaminergic neuronal loss, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in several models and tissues of PD. Our main focus was to elaborate the role of orexin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), opioids, angiotensin, carnosine and many others in the protection and/or involvement in the neurodegeneration of striatal dopaminergic cells. Further studies are required to better assess the mode of action and cellular mechanisms of neuropeptides in order to shift the focus from the in vitro and in vivo testing to applicable clinical testing. This review, allows a support for future use of neuropeptides as therapeutic solution for PA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Tabikh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Chahla
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Okdeh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Herve Kovacic
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France.
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, 1300, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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19
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Jansen MI, Thomas Broome S, Castorina A. Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094788. [PMID: 35563181 PMCID: PMC9104531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, multifocal white-matter lesions, and neurodegeneration. In recent years, microglia have emerged as key contributors to MS pathology, acting as scavengers of toxic myelin/cell debris and modulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote myelin repair. In this review, we explore the role of two neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as important regulators of microglial functioning during demyelination, myelin phagocytosis, and remyelination, emphasising the potential of these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS.
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20
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Comi C. T Lymphocytes in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S65-S74. [PMID: 35253782 PMCID: PMC9535550 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells are key mediators of both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses, and their role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is being increasingly recognized. Several lines of evidence have highlighted how T cells are involved in both the central nervous system and the periphery, leading to a profound imbalance in the immune network in PD patients. This review discusses the involvement of T cells in both preclinical and clinical studies, their importance as feasible biomarkers of motor and non-motor progression of the disease, and recent therapeutic strategies addressing the modulation of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Caritá" University Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Program in Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Caritá" University Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
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21
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Markovic M, Yeapuri P, Namminga KL, Lu Y, Saleh M, Olson KE, Gendelman HE, Mosley RL. Interleukin-2 expands neuroprotective regulatory T cells in Parkinson's disease. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2022; 1:43-50. [PMID: 38407500 PMCID: PMC9254387 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Pharmacological approaches that boost neuroprotective regulatory T cell (Treg) number and function lead to neuroprotective activities in neurodegenerative disorders. Objectives We investigated whether low-dose interleukin 2 (IL-2) expands Treg populations and protects nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in a model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods IL-2 at 2.5 × 104 IU/dose/mouse was administered for 5 days. Lymphocytes were isolated and phenotype determined by flow cytometric analyses. To 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxicated mice, 0.5 × 106 of enriched IL-2-induced Tregs were adoptively transferred to assess the effects on nigrostriatal neuron survival. Results IL-2 increased frequencies of CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+ Tregs that express ICOS and CD39 in blood and spleen. Adoptive transfer of IL-2-induced Tregs to MPTP-treated recipients increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ nigral dopaminergic neuronal bodies by 51% and TH+ striatal termini by 52% compared to control MPTP-treated animal controls. Conclusions IL-2 expands numbers of neuroprotective Tregs providing a vehicle for neuroprotection of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in a pre-clinical PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Krista L. Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Maamoon Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 68198Omaha, NE, USA
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22
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Saleh M, Markovic M, Olson KE, Gendelman HE, Mosley RL. Therapeutic Strategies for Immune Transformation in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S201-S222. [PMID: 35871362 PMCID: PMC9535567 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity can lead to alpha-synuclein (α-syn) misfolding, aggregation, and post-translational modifications in Parkinson's disease (PD). This process is driven by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which can contribute to the release of neurotoxic oligomers that facilitate dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Strategies that promote vaccines and antibodies target the clearance of misfolded, modified α-syn, while gene therapy approaches propose to deliver intracellular single chain nanobodies to mitigate α-syn misfolding, or to deliver neurotrophic factors that support neuronal viability in an otherwise neurotoxic environment. Additionally, transformative immune responses provide potential targets for PD therapeutics. Anti-inflammatory drugs represent one strategy that principally affects innate immunity. Considerable research efforts have focused on transforming the balance of pro-inflammatory effector T cells (Teffs) to favor regulatory T cell (Treg) activity, which aims to attenuate neuroinflammation and support reparative and neurotrophic homeostasis. This approach serves to control innate microglial neurotoxic activities and may facilitate clearance of α-syn aggregates accordingly. More recently, changes in the intestinal microbiome have been shown to alter the gut-immune-brain axis leading to suppressed leakage of bacterial products that can promote peripheral inflammation and α-syn misfolding. Together, each of the approaches serves to interdict chronic inflammation associated with disordered immunity and neurodegeneration. Herein, we examine research strategies aimed at improving clinical outcomes in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamoon Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Su R, Zhou T. Alpha-Synuclein Induced Immune Cells Activation and Associated Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:769506. [PMID: 34803660 PMCID: PMC8602361 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.769506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder closely related to immunity. An important aspect of the pathogenesis of PD is the interaction between α-synuclein and a series of immune cells. Studies have shown that accumulation of α-synuclein can induce an autoimmune response that accelerates the progression of PD. This study discusses the mechanisms underlying the interaction between α-synuclein and the immune system. During the development of PD, abnormally accumulated α-synuclein becomes an autoimmune antigen that binds to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate microglia, which differentiate into the microglia type 1 (M1) subtype. The microglia activate intracellular inflammatory pathways, induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and promote the differentiation of cluster of differentiation 4 + (CD4 +) T cells into proinflammatory T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) subtypes. Given the important role of α-synuclein in the immune system of the patients with PD, identifying potential targets of immunotherapy related to α-synuclein is critical for slowing disease progression. An enhanced understanding of immune-associated mechanisms in PD can guide the development of associated therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Su
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Lu Y, Foster E, Chikhale R, Herskovitz J, Namminga KL, Olson KE, Abdelmoaty MM, Gao J, Quadros RM, Kiyota T, Jingjing L, Kevadiya BD, Wang X, Liu Y, Poluektova LY, Gurumurthy CB, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. CD4+ effector T cells accelerate Alzheimer's disease in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:272. [PMID: 34798897 PMCID: PMC8603581 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by pathological deposition of misfolded self-protein amyloid beta (Aβ) which in kind facilitates tau aggregation and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation is accepted as a key disease driver caused by innate microglia activation. Recently, adaptive immune alterations have been uncovered that begin early and persist throughout the disease. How these occur and whether they can be harnessed to halt disease progress is unclear. We propose that self-antigens would induct autoreactive effector T cells (Teffs) that drive pro-inflammatory and neurodestructive immunity leading to cognitive impairments. Here, we investigated the role of effector immunity and how it could affect cellular-level disease pathobiology in an AD animal model. METHODS In this report, we developed and characterized cloned lines of amyloid beta (Aβ) reactive type 1 T helper (Th1) and type 17 Th (Th17) cells to study their role in AD pathogenesis. The cellular phenotype and antigen-specificity of Aβ-specific Th1 and Th17 clones were confirmed using flow cytometry, immunoblot staining and Aβ T cell epitope loaded haplotype-matched major histocompatibility complex II IAb (MHCII-IAb-KLVFFAEDVGSNKGA) tetramer binding. Aβ-Th1 and Aβ-Th17 clones were adoptively transferred into APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice expressing chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein and mutant human presenilin 1, and the mice were assessed for memory impairments. Finally, blood, spleen, lymph nodes and brain were harvested for immunological, biochemical, and histological analyses. RESULTS The propagated Aβ-Th1 and Aβ-Th17 clones were confirmed stable and long-lived. Treatment of APP/PS1 mice with Aβ reactive Teffs accelerated memory impairment and systemic inflammation, increased amyloid burden, elevated microglia activation, and exacerbated neuroinflammation. Both Th1 and Th17 Aβ-reactive Teffs progressed AD pathology by downregulating anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) as recorded in the periphery and within the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS These results underscore an important pathological role for CD4+ Teffs in AD progression. We posit that aberrant disease-associated effector T cell immune responses can be controlled. One solution is by Aβ reactive Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Emma Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099 USA
| | - Rupesh Chikhale
- University College London School of Pharmacy, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 6DE UK
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Krista L. Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Katherine E. Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ju Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Rolen M. Quadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Liang Jingjing
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE USA
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
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Olson KE, Namminga KL, Lu Y, Thurston MJ, Schwab AD, de Picciotto S, Tse SW, Walker W, Iacovelli J, Small C, Wipke BT, Mosley RL, Huang E, Gendelman HE. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA and Neuroprotective Immunity in Parkinson's disease. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120786. [PMID: 33839625 PMCID: PMC8382980 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Restoring numbers and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a novel therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disorders. Whether Treg function is boosted by adoptive cell transfer, pharmaceuticals, or immune modulators, the final result is a robust anti-inflammatory and neuronal sparing response. Herein, a newly developed lipid nanoparticle (LNP) containing mRNA encoding granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (Gm-csf mRNA) was developed to peripherally induce Tregs and used for treatment in preclinical Parkinson's disease (PD) models. Administration of Gm-csf mRNA to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice and rats overexpressing alpha-synuclein produced dose-dependent increases in plasma GM-CSF levels and peripheral CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg populations. This upregulation paralleled nigrostriatal neuroprotection, upregulated immunosuppression-associated mRNAs that led to the detection of a treatment-induced CD4+ T cell population, and decreased reactive microgliosis. The current findings strengthen prior works utilizing immune modulation by harnessing Gm-csf mRNA to augment adaptive immune function by employing a new delivery platform to treat PD and potentially other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Thurston
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Aaron D Schwab
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Eric Huang
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Cunha-Reis D, Caulino-Rocha A, Correia-de-Sá P. VIPergic neuroprotection in epileptogenesis: challenges and opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fouka M, Mavroeidi P, Tsaka G, Xilouri M. In Search of Effective Treatments Targeting α-Synuclein Toxicity in Synucleinopathies: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559791. [PMID: 33015057 PMCID: PMC7500083 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent pathologically similar, progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the pathological aggregation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein. PD and DLB are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein in proteinaceous inclusions within neurons named Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), whereas in MSA α-synuclein inclusions are mainly detected within oligodendrocytes named glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The presence of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein along with components of the protein degradation machinery, such as ubiquitin and p62, in LBs and GCIs is considered to underlie the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to the severe neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that characterizes these diseases. Importantly, α-synuclein is proposed to undergo pathogenic misfolding and oligomerization into higher-order structures, revealing self-templating conformations, and to exert the ability of "prion-like" spreading between cells. Therefore, the manner in which the protein is produced, is modified within neural cells and is degraded, represents a major focus of current research efforts in the field. Given that α-synuclein protein load is critical to disease pathogenesis, the identification of means to limit intracellular protein burden and halt α-synuclein propagation represents an obvious therapeutic approach in synucleinopathies. However, up to date the development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent degeneration in synucleinopathies is limited, due to the lack of knowledge regarding the precise mechanisms underlying the observed pathology. This review critically summarizes the recent developed strategies to counteract α-synuclein toxicity, including those aimed to increase protein degradation, to prevent protein aggregation and cell-to-cell propagation, or to engage antibodies against α-synuclein and discuss open questions and unknowns for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Colombo D, Pnevmatikou P, Melloni E, Keywood C. Therapeutic innovation in Parkinson's disease: a 2020 update on disease-modifying approaches. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:1047-1064. [PMID: 32758042 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1800454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting more than 10 million patients worldwide. Despite increasing improvements in disease management, a huge medical need still exists as its relentless progression cannot be delayed by current treatments. Therefore, scientists, clinicians, and pharmaceutical companies are hunting new drugs with 'disease-modifying' properties. AREAS COVERED This review concentrates on new therapeutics - excluding cell and gene therapies - under investigation for PD with 'disease-modifying' potential. This is a global, comprehensive picture of the current innovative drug pipeline, where the main preclinical and clinical data available are provided. Drug candidates presented include α-synuclein modulating agents, neuroprotective agents and neuroinflammation modulators, kinase modulators, neurotrophic factors, and drugs acting on emerging targets. EXPERT OPINION There is excitement for agents with 'disease-modifying' properties and the authors found more than 130 assets, not including cell and gene therapies under investigation - most of them still in preclinical development - meaning that the science is progressing multiple, diverse new opportunities. Many limitations hamper the successful development of these drug candidates such as the translational accuracy of preclinical models, the current clinical development paradigm as well as the lack of biomarkers to be used in diagnosis and therapy management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsa Melloni
- Open R&D Department, Zambon S.p.A ., Bresso, Italy
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Kuter KZ, Cenci MA, Carta AR. The role of glia in Parkinson's disease: Emerging concepts and therapeutic applications. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 252:131-168. [PMID: 32247363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Originally believed to primarily affect neurons, Parkinson's disease (PD) has recently been recognized to also affect the functions and integrity of microglia and astroglia, two cell categories of fundamental importance to brain tissue homeostasis, defense, and repair. Both a loss of glial supportive-defensive functions and a toxic gain of glial functions are implicated in the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, the chronic treatment with L-DOPA may cause maladaptive glial plasticity favoring a development of therapy complications. This chapter focuses on the pathophysiology of PD from a glial point of view, presenting this rapidly growing field from the first discoveries made to the most recent developments. We report and compare histopathological and molecular findings from experimental models of PD and human studies. We moreover discuss the important role played by astrocytes in compensatory adaptations taking place during presymptomatic disease stages. We finally describe examples of potential therapeutic applications stemming from an increased understanding of the important roles of glia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Z Kuter
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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Schwab AD, Thurston MJ, Machhi J, Olson KE, Namminga KL, Gendelman HE, Mosley RL. Immunotherapy for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104760. [PMID: 31978602 PMCID: PMC7933730 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD), there is an immediate need to interdict disease signs and symptoms. In recent years this need was met through therapeutic approaches focused on regenerative stem cell replacement and alpha-synuclein clearance. However, neither have shown long-term clinical benefit. A novel therapeutic approach designed to affect disease is focused on transforming the brain’s immune microenvironment. As disordered innate and adaptive immune functions are primary components of neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, this has emerged as a clear opportunity for therapeutic development. Interventions that immunologically restore the brain’s homeostatic environment can lead to neuroprotective outcomes. These have recently been demonstrated in both laboratory and early clinical investigations. To these ends, efforts to increase the numbers and function of regulatory T cells over dominant effector cells that exacerbate systemic inflammation and neurodegeneration have emerged as a primary research focus. These therapeutics show broad promise in affecting disease outcomes beyond PD, such as for Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and traumatic brain injuries, which share common neurodegenerative disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Schwab
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie J Thurston
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Krista L Namminga
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America.
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States of America
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Martínez C, Juarranz Y, Gutiérrez-Cañas I, Carrión M, Pérez-García S, Villanueva-Romero R, Castro D, Lamana A, Mellado M, González-Álvaro I, Gomariz RP. A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E65. [PMID: 31861827 PMCID: PMC6982157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine and immune systems are coordinated to maintain the homeostasis of the organism, generating bidirectional communication through shared mediators and receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is the paradigm of an endogenous neuropeptide produced by neurons and endocrine and immune cells, involved in the control of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Exogenous administration of VIP exerts therapeutic effects in models of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2). Currently, there are no curative therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and patients present complex diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic problems in daily clinical practice due to their heterogeneous nature. This review focuses on the biology of VIP and VIP receptor signaling, as well as its protective effects as an immunomodulatory factor. Recent progress in improving the stability, selectivity, and effectiveness of VIP/receptors analogues and new routes of administration are highlighted, as well as important advances in their use as biomarkers, contributing to their potential application in precision medicine. On the 50th anniversary of VIP's discovery, this review presents a spectrum of potential clinical benefits applied to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Yasmina Juarranz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Irene Gutiérrez-Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mar Carrión
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Selene Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Raúl Villanueva-Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - David Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Amalia Lamana
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
| | - Mario Mellado
- Departamento de Inmunología y Oncología, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)/CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Isidoro González-Álvaro
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Médica, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa P. Gomariz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.J.); (I.G.-C.); (M.C.); (S.P.-G.); (R.V.-R.); (D.C.); (A.L.); (R.P.G.)
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