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Cole BA, Kalli AC, Pilati N, Muench SP, Lippiat JD. A molecular switch in RCK2 triggers sodium-dependent activation of K Na1.1 (KCNT1) potassium channels. Biophys J 2024; 123:2145-2153. [PMID: 38605520 PMCID: PMC11309980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Na+-activated K+ channel KNa1.1, encoded by the KCNT1 gene, is an important regulator of neuronal excitability. How intracellular Na+ ions bind and increase channel activity is not well understood. Analysis of KNa1.1 channel structures indicate that there is a large twisting of the βN-αQ loop in the intracellular RCK2 domain between the inactive and Na+-activated conformations, with a lysine (K885, human subunit numbering) close enough to potentially form a salt bridge with an aspartate (D839) in βL in the Na+-activated state. Concurrently, an aspartate (D884) adjacent in the same loop adopts a position within a pocket formed by the βO strand. In carrying out mutagenesis and electrophysiology with human KNa1.1, we found that alanine substitution of selected residues in these regions resulted in almost negligible currents in the presence of up to 40 mM intracellular Na+. The exception was D884A, which resulted in constitutively active channels in both the presence and absence of intracellular Na+. Further mutagenesis of this site revealed an amino acid size-dependent effect. Substitutions at this site by an amino acid smaller than aspartate (D884V) also yielded constitutively active KNa1.1, and D884I had Na+ dependence similar to wild-type KNa1.1, while increasing the side-chain size larger than aspartate (D884E or D884F) yielded channels that could not be activated by up to 40 mM intracellular Na+. We conclude that Na+ binding results in a conformational change that accommodates D884 in the βO pocket, which triggers further conformational changes in the RCK domains and channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Cole
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Antreas C Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Lippiat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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2
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Zhao T, Wang L, Chen F. Potassium channel-related epilepsy: Pathogenesis and clinical features. Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:891-905. [PMID: 38560778 PMCID: PMC11145612 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Variants in potassium channel-related genes are one of the most important mechanisms underlying abnormal neuronal excitation and disturbances in the cellular resting membrane potential. These variants can cause different forms of epilepsy, which can seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients, especially those with refractory epilepsy or status epilepticus, which are common among pediatric patients and are potentially life-threatening. Variants in potassium ion channel-related genes have been reported in few studies; however, to our knowledge, no systematic review has been published. This study aimed to summarize the epilepsy phenotypes, functional studies, and pharmacological advances associated with different potassium channel gene variants to assist clinical practitioners and drug development teams to develop evidence-based medicine and guide research strategies. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for relevant literature on potassium channel-related epilepsy reported in the past 5-10 years. Various common potassium ion channel gene variants can lead to heterogeneous epilepsy phenotypes, and functional effects can result from gene deletions and compound effects. Administration of select anti-seizure medications is the primary treatment for this type of epilepsy. Most patients are refractory to anti-seizure medications, and some novel anti-seizure medications have been found to improve seizures. Use of targeted drugs to correct aberrant channel function based on the type of potassium channel gene variant can be used as an evidence-based pathway to achieve precise and individualized treatment for children with epilepsy. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: In this article, the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of epilepsy caused by different types of potassium channel gene variants are reviewed in the light of the latest research literature at home and abroad, with the expectation of providing a certain theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of children with this type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Le Wang
- Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Fang Chen
- Hebei Children's HospitalShijiazhuangHebeiChina
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3
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Sun C, Kathuria K, Emery SB, Kim B, Burbulis IE, Shin JH, Weinberger DR, Moran JV, Kidd JM, Mills RE, McConnell MJ. Mapping recurrent mosaic copy number variation in human neurons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4220. [PMID: 38760338 PMCID: PMC11101435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
When somatic cells acquire complex karyotypes, they often are removed by the immune system. Mutant somatic cells that evade immune surveillance can lead to cancer. Neurons with complex karyotypes arise during neurotypical brain development, but neurons are almost never the origin of brain cancers. Instead, somatic mutations in neurons can bring about neurodevelopmental disorders, and contribute to the polygenic landscape of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease. A subset of human neurons harbors idiosyncratic copy number variants (CNVs, "CNV neurons"), but previous analyses of CNV neurons are limited by relatively small sample sizes. Here, we develop an allele-based validation approach, SCOVAL, to corroborate or reject read-depth based CNV calls in single human neurons. We apply this approach to 2,125 frontal cortical neurons from a neurotypical human brain. SCOVAL identifies 226 CNV neurons, which include a subclass of 65 CNV neurons with highly aberrant karyotypes containing whole or substantial losses on multiple chromosomes. Moreover, we find that CNV location appears to be nonrandom. Recurrent regions of neuronal genome rearrangement contain fewer, but longer, genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kunal Kathuria
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sarah B Emery
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1241 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - ByungJun Kim
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ian E Burbulis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22902, USA
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21230, USA
| | - John V Moran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1241 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Kidd
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1241 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, 1241 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Michael J McConnell
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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4
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Chiang WT, Chang YK, Hui WH, Chang SW, Liao CY, Chang YC, Chen CJ, Wang WC, Lai CC, Wang CH, Luo SY, Huang YP, Chou SH, Horng TL, Hou MH, Muench SP, Chen RS, Tsai MD, Hu NJ. Structural basis and synergism of ATP and Na + activation in bacterial K + uptake system KtrAB. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3850. [PMID: 38719864 PMCID: PMC11078986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The K+ uptake system KtrAB is essential for bacterial survival in low K+ environments. The activity of KtrAB is regulated by nucleotides and Na+. Previous studies proposed a putative gating mechanism of KtrB regulated by KtrA upon binding to ATP or ADP. However, how Na+ activates KtrAB and the Na+ binding site remain unknown. Here we present the cryo-EM structures of ATP- and ADP-bound KtrAB from Bacillus subtilis (BsKtrAB) both solved at 2.8 Å. A cryo-EM density at the intra-dimer interface of ATP-KtrA was identified as Na+, as supported by X-ray crystallography and ICP-MS. Thermostability assays and functional studies demonstrated that Na+ binding stabilizes the ATP-bound BsKtrAB complex and enhances its K+ flux activity. Comparing ATP- and ADP-BsKtrAB structures suggests that BsKtrB Arg417 and Phe91 serve as a channel gate. The synergism of ATP and Na+ in activating BsKtrAB is likely applicable to Na+-activated K+ channels in central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Tien Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Kai Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Hui
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Chang
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10663, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30092, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiung Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Ying Luo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Leng Horng
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 407102, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hon Hou
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences and the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ren-Shiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407224, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115201, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
| | - Nien-Jen Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan.
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402202, Taiwan.
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5
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Cui F, Wulan T, Zhang Q, Zhang VW, Jiang Y. Identification of a novel KCNT2 variant in a family with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies: a case report and literature review. Front Genet 2024; 15:1371282. [PMID: 38510274 PMCID: PMC10951377 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1371282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental diseases characterized mainly by developmental delay/intellectual disability and early-onset epilepsy. Researchers have identified variations in the KCNT2 gene (OMIM* 610044) as the cause of DEE type 57 (MIM# 617771). Case presentation: We report in this study a 46-year-old woman who presented with early-onset epilepsy, intellectual disability, hypertrichosis, coarse facial features, and short stature. Besides, there were four other affected individuals in her family history, including two elder brothers, a younger brother, and their mother. We collected blood samples from the proband, her two affected brothers, and her clinically normal daughter for genetic analysis. Clinical exome sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous variant in the KCNT2 gene (NM_198503: c.188G>A, p.Arg63His) in the proband and her two affected brothers, while her daughter did not carry this variant. Furthermore, we reviewed all 25 patients identified in the literature with KCNT2 variants and compared their phenotypes. Conclusion: Epilepsy and intellectual disability/developmental delay occur in almost all patients with KCNT2 variants. KCNT2-relevant DEEs partially overlap with the clinical phenotypes of KATP channel diseases, particularly in hypertrichosis and distinctive coarse facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengji Cui
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Chifeng Maternity Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | - Tuoya Wulan
- Department of Reproduction, Chifeng Maternity Hospital, Chifeng, China
| | | | | | - Yuhua Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Chifeng Maternity Hospital, Chifeng, China
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6
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Liu R, Sun L, Shi X, Li C, Guo X, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang K, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wu J. Increased Expression of K Na1.2 Channel by MAPK Pathway Regulates Neuronal Activity Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:427-440. [PMID: 37875713 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that functional abnormalities in the KNa1.2 channel are linked to epileptic encephalopathies. However, the role of KNa1.2 channel in traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains limited. We collected brain tissue from the TBI mice and patients with post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) to determine changes in KNa1.2 channel following TBI. We also investigated whether the MAPK pathway, which was activated by the released cytokines after injury, regulated KNa1.2 channel in in vitro. Finally, to elucidate the physiological significance of KNa1.2 channel in neuronal excitability, we utilized the null mutant-Kcnt2-/- mice and compared their behavior patterns, seizure susceptibility, and neuronal firing properties to wild type (WT) mice. TBI was induced in both Kcnt2-/- and WT mice to investigate any differences between the two groups under pathological condition. Our findings revealed that the expression of KNa1.2 channel was notably increased only during the acute phase following TBI, while no significant elevation was observed during the late phase. Furthermore, we identified the released cytokines and activated MAPK pathway in the neurons after TBI and confirmed that KNa1.2 channel was enhanced by the MAPK pathway via stimulation of TNF-α. Subsequently, compared to WT mice, neurons from Kcnt2-/- mice showed increased neuronal excitability and Kcnt2-/- mice displayed motor deficits and enhanced seizure susceptibility, which suggested that KNa1.2 channel may be neuroprotective. Therefore, this study suggests that enhanced KNa1.2 channel, facilitated by the inflammatory response, may exert a protective role in an acute phase of the TBI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ci Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yingting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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7
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Abdollahi Z, Nejabat M, Abnous K, Hadizadeh F. The therapeutic value of thiazole and thiazolidine derivatives in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic literature review. Res Pharm Sci 2024; 19:1-12. [PMID: 39006977 PMCID: PMC11244712 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.394816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease and the fifth leading cause of death among the elderly. The development of drugs for AD treatment is based on inhibiting cholinesterase (ChE) activity and inhibiting amyloid-beta peptide and tau protein aggregations. Many in vitro findings have demonstrated that thiazole-and thiazolidine-based compounds have a good inhibitory effect on ChE and other elements involved in the AD pathogenicity cascade. Experimental approach In the present review, we collected available documents to verify whether these synthetic compounds can be a step forward in developing new medications for AD. A systematic literature search was performed in major electronic databases in April 2021. Twenty-eight relevant in vitro and in vivo studies were found and used for data extraction. Findings/Results Findings demonstrated that thiazole-and thiazolidine-based compounds could ameliorate AD's pathologic condition by affecting various targets, including inhibition of ChE activity, amyloid-beta, and tau aggregation in addition to cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p25, beta-secretase-1, cyclooxygenase, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Conclusion and implications Due to multitarget effects at micromolar concentration, this review demonstrated that these synthetic compounds could be considered promising candidates for developing anti-Alzheimer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abdollahi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojgan Nejabat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Mustapha S, Magaji RA, Magaji MG, Gaya IB, Umar B, Yusha’u Y, Daku AB, Chiroma SM, Jaafar A, Mehat MZ, Taib CNM, Moklas MAM. Neuroprotective roles of flavonoid "hispidulin" in the central nervous system: A review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:1077-1084. [PMID: 39055875 PMCID: PMC11266747 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.76605.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Interest in naturally occurring phytochemicals has been on the increase, they are believed to reduce the risk of brain disorders. Hispidulin (HN) is a phenolic flavonoid compound with various pharmacological and biological effects on the central nervous system. It belongs to the flavone class of flavonoids. It can be found in different plant materials, especially fruits and vegetables. The literature used in this review was collected from credible scientific databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Hindawi without time restriction, using relevant keywords, such as HN, brain, central nervous system, flavonoids, and flavones. HN was discovered to possess pro-apoptotic properties, act as an antioxidant, inhibit cytokine production and toll-like receptor 4 expression, as well as impede nuclear factor kappa beta and mitogen-activated protein kinase B. HN was also found to inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro and reduce brain edema in mice. These pharmacological potentials suggest that HN is a promising candidate for neuroprotection in CNS disorders like depression and epilepsy. This review provides an update on the scientific literature concerning how these activities could help provide various forms of neuroprotection in the CNS. Additional experimental data on the effects of HN in models of neurological disorders and neuroprotection should be explored further. Based on the current study, HN is a promising candidate for neuroprotection of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mustapha
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University Dutse, PMB 7156, Jigawa State, Nigeria
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Rabiu Abdussalam Magaji
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Garba Magaji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Bako Gaya
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Baraka Umar
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Yusha’u
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar Bishir Daku
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University Dutse, PMB 7156, Jigawa State, Nigeria
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kuban Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Samaila Musa Chiroma
- Neucastle University Medicine Malaysia (NuMed), No. 1, Jalan Serjana 1, Kota ilmu, 79200 Iskandar Puteri (formerly Nusajaya) Johor-Malaysia
| | - Aliyu Jaafar
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), 810107, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohamad Zulfadli Mehat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Che Norma Mat Taib
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Aris Moh’d Moklas
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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9
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Khan R, Chaturvedi P, Sahu P, Ludhiadch A, Singh P, Singh G, Munshi A. Role of Potassium Ion Channels in Epilepsy: Focus on Current Therapeutic Strategies. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:67-87. [PMID: 36578258 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666221227112621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is one of the prevalent neurological disorders characterized by disrupted synchronization between inhibitory and excitatory neurons. Disturbed membrane potential due to abnormal regulation of neurotransmitters and ion transport across the neural cell membrane significantly contributes to the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Potassium ion channels (KCN) regulate the resting membrane potential and are involved in neuronal excitability. Genetic alterations in the potassium ion channels (KCN) have been reported to result in the enhancement of the release of neurotransmitters, the excitability of neurons, and abnormal rapid firing rate, which lead to epileptic phenotypes, making these ion channels a potential therapeutic target for epilepsy. The aim of this study is to explore the variations reported in different classes of potassium ion channels (KCN) in epilepsy patients, their functional evaluation, and therapeutic strategies to treat epilepsy targeting KCN. METHODOLOGY A review of all the relevant literature was carried out to compile this article. RESULTS A large number of variations have been reported in different genes encoding various classes of KCN. These genetic alterations in KCN have been shown to be responsible for disrupted firing properties of neurons. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the main therapeutic strategy to treat epilepsy. Some patients do not respond favorably to the AEDs treatment, resulting in pharmacoresistant epilepsy. CONCLUSION Further to address the challenges faced in treating epilepsy, recent approaches like optogenetics, chemogenetics, and genome editing, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), are emerging as target-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Khan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Pragya Chaturvedi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Prachi Sahu
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Abhilash Ludhiadch
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Paramdeep Singh
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001 India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
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10
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Borowicz-Reutt K, Czernia J, Krawczyk M. Genetic Background of Epilepsy and Antiepileptic Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16280. [PMID: 38003469 PMCID: PMC10671416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced identification of the gene mutations causing epilepsy syndromes is expected to translate into faster diagnosis and more effective treatment of these conditions. Over the last 5 years, approximately 40 clinical trials on the treatment of genetic epilepsies have been conducted. As a result, some medications that are not regular antiseizure drugs (e.g., soticlestat, fenfluramine, or ganaxolone) have been introduced to the treatment of drug-resistant seizures in Dravet, Lennox-Gastaut, maternally inherited chromosome 15q11.2-q13.1 duplication (Dup 15q) syndromes, and protocadherin 19 (PCDH 19)-clusterig epilepsy. And although the effects of soticlestat, fenfluramine, and ganaxolone are described as promising, they do not significantly affect the course of the mentioned epilepsy syndromes. Importantly, each of these syndromes is related to mutations in several genes. On the other hand, several mutations can occur within one gene, and different gene variants may be manifested in different disease phenotypes. This complex pattern of inheritance contributes to rather poor genotype-phenotype correlations. Hence, the detection of a specific mutation is not synonymous with a precise diagnosis of a specific syndrome. Bearing in mind that seizures develop as a consequence of the predominance of excitatory over inhibitory processes, it seems reasonable that mutations in genes encoding sodium and potassium channels, as well as glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) receptors, play a role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. In some cases, different pathogenic variants of the same gene can result in opposite functional effects, determining the effectiveness of therapy with certain medications. For instance, seizures related to gain-of-function (GoF) mutations in genes encoding sodium channels can be successfully treated with sodium channel blockers. On the contrary, the same drugs may aggravate seizures related to loss-of-function (LoF) variants of the same genes. Hence, knowledge of gene mutation-treatment response relationships facilitates more favorable selection of drugs for anticonvulsant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Unit of Experimental Neuropathophysiology, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.C.); (M.K.)
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11
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Assi J, Chyta M, Mavridis I. Lhermitte-Duclos disease with concomitant KCNT2 gene mutation: report of an extremely rare combination. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:3295-3299. [PMID: 37368068 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) refers to cerebellar dysplastic gangliocytoma, a slow-growing tumor. Pathogenic variants of voltage-gated potassium channels have been associated with epilepsy of variable severity. These include the sodium-activated potassium channel subfamily T member 2 (KCNT2) gene, which encodes for pore-forming alpha subunits. KCNT2 gene mutations have been recently described to cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). The purpose of the present article is to describe an extremely rare case of a young child who has both LDD and KCNT2 mutation. Our patient is an 11-year-old boy who presented with an absence episode, and his investigations revealed electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities, LDD, and a heterozygous KCNT2 mutation. Regarding LDD patients, epileptic seizures have been reported in very few cases. Reports of patients with mutated KCNT2 variants are also extremely rare. It is for sure that LDD and KCNT2 mutation is an extremely rare combination. Although further follow-up is mandatory in order to draw safe conclusions for our case, the available data support that our patient is either the first reported case of a subclinical KCNT2 mutation or the first case of its clinical expression in late childhood so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeries Assi
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Marianna Chyta
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Mavridis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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12
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Cioclu MC, Mosca I, Ambrosino P, Puzo D, Bayat A, Wortmann SB, Koch J, Strehlow V, Shirai K, Matsumoto N, Sanders SJ, Michaud V, Legendre M, Riva A, Striano P, Muhle H, Pendziwiat M, Lesca G, Mangano GD, Nardello R, Lemke JR, Møller RS, Soldovieri MV, Rubboli G, Taglialatela M. KCNT2-Related Disorders: Phenotypes, Functional, and Pharmacological Properties. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:332-349. [PMID: 37062836 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathogenic variants in KCNT2 are rare causes of developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE). We herein describe the phenotypic and genetic features of patients with KCNT2-related DEE, and the in vitro functional and pharmacological properties of KCNT2 channels carrying 14 novel or previously untested variants. METHODS Twenty-five patients harboring KCNT2 variants were investigated: 12 were identified through an international collaborative network, 13 were retrieved from the literature. Clinical data were collected and included in a standardized phenotyping sheet. Novel variants were detected using exome sequencing and classified using ACMG criteria. Functional and pharmacological studies were performed by whole-cell electrophysiology in HEK-293 and SH-SY5Y cells. RESULTS The phenotypic spectrum encompassed: (a) intellectual disability/developmental delay (21/22 individuals with available information), ranging from mild to severe/profound; (b) epilepsy (15/25); (c) neurological impairment, with altered muscle tone (14/22); (d) dysmorphisms (13/20). Nineteen pathogenic KCNT2 variants were found (9 new, 10 reported previously): 16 missense, 1 in-frame deletion of a single amino acid, 1 nonsense, and 1 frameshift. Among tested variants, 8 showed gain-of-function (GoF), and 6 loss-of-function (LoF) features when expressed heterologously in vitro. Quinidine and fluoxetine blocked all GoF variants, whereas loxapine and riluzole activated some LoF variants while blocking others. INTERPRETATION We expanded the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of KCNT2-related disorders, highlighting novel genotype-phenotype associations. Pathogenic KCNT2 variants cause GoF or LoF in vitro phenotypes, and each shows a unique pharmacological profile, suggesting the need for in vitro functional and pharmacological investigation to enable targeted therapies based on the molecular phenotype. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:332-349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Cioclu
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine (member of ERN EpiCARE), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mosca
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Ambrosino
- Dept. of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Deborah Puzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine (member of ERN EpiCARE), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Saskia B Wortmann
- University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Amalia Children's Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Koch
- University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Strehlow
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kentaro Shirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tsuchiura Kyodo General Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndrome Malformatifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Maladies rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marine Legendre
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndrome Malformatifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Antonella Riva
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hiltrud Muhle
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manuela Pendziwiat
- Department of Neuropediatrics, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle (PNMG), UCBL, CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Lyon and Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Giuseppe Donato Mangano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Nardello
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Johannes R Lemke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine (member of ERN EpiCARE), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Virginia Soldovieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine (member of ERN EpiCARE), Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Flitsch LJ, Börner K, Stüllein C, Ziegler S, Sonntag-Buck V, Wiedtke E, Semkova V, Au Yeung SWC, Schlee J, Hajo M, Mathews M, Ludwig BS, Kossatz S, Kessler H, Grimm D, Brüstle O. Identification of adeno-associated virus variants for gene transfer into human neural cell types by parallel capsid screening. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8356. [PMID: 35589936 PMCID: PMC9120183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain cells generated by in vitro cell programming provide exciting prospects for disease modeling, drug discovery and cell therapy. These applications frequently require efficient and clinically compliant tools for genetic modification of the cells. Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) fulfill these prerequisites for a number of reasons, including the availability of a myriad of AAV capsid variants with distinct cell type specificity (also called tropism). Here, we harnessed a customizable parallel screening approach to assess a panel of natural or synthetic AAV capsid variants for their efficacy in lineage-related human neural cell types. We identified common lead candidates suited for the transduction of directly converted, early-stage induced neural stem cells (iNSCs), induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived later-stage, radial glia-like neural progenitors, as well as differentiated astrocytic and mixed neuroglial cultures. We then selected a subset of these candidates for functional validation in iNSCs and iPSC-derived astrocytes, using shRNA-induced downregulation of the citrate transporter SLC25A1 and overexpression of the transcription factor NGN2 for proofs-of-concept. Our study provides a comparative overview of the susceptibility of different human cell programming-derived brain cell types to AAV transduction and a critical discussion of the assets and limitations of this specific AAV capsid screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,AskBio GmbH, Am Taubenfeld 21, 69123, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Stüllein
- CLADIAC GmbH, Kurfürsten-Anlage 52-58, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Stüllein Software Engineering (SSE), Friedrich-Hartung-Str. 16, 64560, Riedstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Ziegler
- CLADIAC GmbH, Kurfürsten-Anlage 52-58, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,KINSYS GmbH, Holtzstr. 2, 76135, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vera Sonntag-Buck
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Wiedtke
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE and BRAIN GmbH, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Si Wah Christina Au Yeung
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Schlee
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hajo
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mona Mathews
- LIFE and BRAIN GmbH, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Stefanie Ludwig
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich (TUM), University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (Transla TUM, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich (TUM), University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (Transla TUM, Einsteinstr. 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Kessler
- Institute for Advanced Study, Department Chemie, Technical University Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,LIFE and BRAIN GmbH, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Liu R, Sun L, Wang Y, Jia M, Wang Q, Cai X, Wu J. Double-edged Role of K Na Channels in Brain Tuning: Identifying Epileptogenic Network Micro-Macro Disconnection. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:916-928. [PMID: 34911427 PMCID: PMC9881102 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211215104829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is commonly recognized as a disease driven by generalized hyperexcited and hypersynchronous neural activity. Sodium-activated potassium channels (KNa channels), which are encoded by the Slo 2.2 and Slo 2.1 genes, are widely expressed in the central nervous system and considered as "brakes" to adjust neuronal adaptation through regulating action potential threshold or after-hyperpolarization under physiological condition. However, the variants in KNa channels, especially gain-of-function variants, have been found in several childhood epileptic conditions. Most previous studies focused on mapping the epileptic network on the macroscopic scale while ignoring the value of microscopic changes. Notably, paradoxical role of KNa channels working on individual neuron/microcircuit and the macroscopic epileptic expression highlights the importance of understanding epileptogenic network through combining microscopic and macroscopic methods. Here, we first illustrated the molecular and physiological function of KNa channels on preclinical seizure models and patients with epilepsy. Next, we summarized current hypothesis on the potential role of KNa channels during seizures to provide essential insight into what emerged as a micro-macro disconnection at different levels. Additionally, we highlighted the potential utility of KNa channels as therapeutic targets for developing innovative anti-seizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | - Meng Jia
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-18062552085; E-mail: Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-13319285082; E-mail:
| | - Jianping Wu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-18062552085; E-mail: Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-13319285082; E-mail:
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15
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Slo2/K Na Channels in Drosophila Protect against Spontaneous and Induced Seizure-like Behavior Associated with an Increased Persistent Na + Current. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9047-9063. [PMID: 34544836 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0290-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+ sensitivity is a unique feature of Na+-activated K+ (KNa) channels, making them naturally suited to counter a sudden influx in Na+ ions. As such, it has long been suggested that KNa channels may serve a protective function against excessive excitation associated with neuronal injury and disease. This hypothesis, however, has remained largely untested. Here, we examine KNa channels encoded by the Drosophila Slo2 (dSlo2) gene in males and females. We show that dSlo2/KNa channels are selectively expressed in cholinergic neurons in the adult brain, as well as in glutamatergic motor neurons, where dampening excitation may function to inhibit global hyperactivity and seizure-like behavior. Indeed, we show that effects of feeding Drosophila a cholinergic agonist are exacerbated by the loss of dSlo2/KNa channels. Similar to mammalian Slo2/KNa channels, we show that dSlo2/KNa channels encode a TTX-sensitive K+ conductance, indicating that dSlo2/KNa channels can be activated by Na+ carried by voltage-dependent Na+ channels. We then tested the role of dSlo2/KNa channels in established genetic seizure models in which the voltage-dependent persistent Na+ current (INap) is elevated. We show that the absence of dSlo2/KNa channels increased susceptibility to mechanically induced seizure-like behavior. Similar results were observed in WT flies treated with veratridine, an enhancer of INap Finally, we show that loss of dSlo2/KNa channels in both genetic and pharmacologically primed seizure models resulted in the appearance of spontaneous seizures. Together, our results support a model in which dSlo2/KNa channels, activated by neuronal overexcitation, contribute to a protective threshold to suppress the induction of seizure-like activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Slo2/KNa channels are unique in that they constitute a repolarizing K+ pore that is activated by the depolarizing Na+ ion, making them naturally suited to function as a protective "brake" against overexcitation and Na+ overload. Here, we test this hypothesis in vivo by examining how a null mutation of the Drosophila Slo2 (dSlo2)/KNa gene affects seizure-like behavior in genetic and pharmacological models of epilepsy. We show that indeed the loss of dSlo2/KNa channels results in increased incidence and severity of induced seizure behavior, as well as the appearance of spontaneous seizure activity. Our results advance our understanding of neuronal excitability and protective mechanisms that preserve normal physiology and the suppression of seizure susceptibility.
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16
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Bousali M, Papatheodoridis G, Paraskevis D, Karamitros T. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration, Chronic Infections and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1787. [PMID: 34442866 PMCID: PMC8398950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an Old World virus with a high mutation rate, which puts its origins in Africa alongside the origins of Homo sapiens, and is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family that is characterized by a unique viral replication cycle. It targets human hepatocytes and can lead to chronic HBV infection either after acute infection via horizontal transmission usually during infancy or childhood or via maternal-fetal transmission. HBV has been found in ~85% of HBV-related Hepatocellular Carcinomas (HCC), and it can integrate the whole or part of its genome into the host genomic DNA. The molecular mechanisms involved in the HBV DNA integration is not yet clear; thus, multiple models have been described with respect to either the relaxed-circular DNA (rcDNA) or the double-stranded linear DNA (dslDNA) of HBV. Various genes have been found to be affected by HBV DNA integration, including cell-proliferation-related genes, oncogenes and long non-coding RNA genes (lincRNAs). The present review summarizes the advances in the research of HBV DNA integration, focusing on the evolutionary and molecular side of the integration events along with the arising clinical aspects in the light of WHO's commitment to eliminate HBV and viral hepatitis by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bousali
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Laiko” General Hospital of Athens, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Timokratis Karamitros
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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17
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Gong P, Jiao X, Yu D, Yang Z. Case Report: Causative De novo Variants of KCNT2 for Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy. Front Genet 2021; 12:649556. [PMID: 34276763 PMCID: PMC8277933 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:KCNT2 gene mutations had been described to cause developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). In this study, we presented the detailed clinical features and genetic analysis of two unrelated patients carrying two de novo variants in KCNT2 and reviewed eight different cases available in publications. Methods: Likely pathogenic variants were identified by whole exome sequencing; clinical data of the patients were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Results: Our two unrelated patients were diagnosed with Ohtahara syndrome followed by infantile spasms (IS) and possibly the epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), respectively. They both manifested dysmorphic features with hirsute arms, thick hair, prominent eyebrows, long and thick eyelashes, a broad nasal tip, and short and smooth philtrum. In the eight patients reported previously, two was diagnosed with IS carrying a ‘change-of-function' mutation and a gain-of-function mutation, respectively, two with EIMFS-like carrying a gain-of-function mutation and a loss-of-function mutation, respectively, one with EIMFS carrying a loss-of-function mutation, three with DEE without functional analysis. Among them, two patients with gain-of-function mutations both exhibited dysmorphic features and presented epilepsy phenotype, which was similar to our patients. Conclusion: Overall, the most common phenotypes associated with KCNT2 mutation were IS and EIMFS. Epilepsy phenotype associated with gain- and loss-of-function mutations could overlap. Additional KCNT2 cases will help to make genotype-phenotype correlations clearer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianru Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixian Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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18
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Jackson A, Banka S, Stewart H, Robinson H, Lovell S, Clayton-Smith J. Recurrent KCNT2 missense variants affecting p.Arg190 result in a recognizable phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:3083-3091. [PMID: 34061450 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
KCNT2 variants resulting in substitutions affecting the Arg190 residue have been shown to cause epileptic encephalopathy and a recognizable facial gestalt. We report two additional individuals with intellectual disability, dysmorphic features, hypertrichosis, macrocephaly and the same de novo KCNT2 missense variants affecting the Arg190 residue as previously described. Notably, neither patient has epilepsy. Homology modeling of these missense variants revealed that they are likely to disrupt the stabilization of a closed channel conformation of KCNT2 resulting in a constitutively open state. This is the first report of pathogenic variants in KCNT2 causing a developmental phenotype without epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jackson
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Stewart
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust, Nuffield Orthopaedic Hospital, Oxford, UK
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- Genomics England, London, UK
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Department of Peninsula Clinical Genetics, Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Simon Lovell
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Cole BA, Clapcote SJ, Muench SP, Lippiat JD. Targeting K Na1.1 channels in KCNT1-associated epilepsy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:700-713. [PMID: 34074526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants of KCNT1, the gene encoding the largest known potassium channel subunit, KNa1.1, are associated with developmental and epileptic encephalopathies accompanied by severe psychomotor and intellectual disabilities. Blocking hyperexcitable KNa1.1 channels with quinidine, a class I antiarrhythmic drug, has shown variable success in patients in part because of dose-limiting off-target effects, poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and low potency. In recent years, high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the chicken KNa1.1 channel in different activation states have been determined, and animal models of the diseases have been generated. Alongside increasing information about the functional effects of GOF pathogenic variants on KNa1.1 channel behaviour and how they lead to hyperexcitability, these tools will facilitate the development of more effective treatment strategies. We review the range of KCNT1 variants and their functional effects, the challenges posed by current treatment strategies, and recent advances in finding more potent and selective therapeutic interventions for KCNT1-related epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Cole
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven J Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Stephen P Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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20
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Impact of predictive, preventive and precision medicine strategies in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:674-688. [PMID: 33077944 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, advances in genetics, neuroimaging and EEG have enabled the aetiology of epilepsy to be identified earlier in the disease course than ever before. At the same time, progress in the study of experimental models of epilepsy has provided a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the condition and has enabled the identification of therapies that target specific aetiologies. We are now witnessing the impact of these advances in our daily clinical practice. Thus, now is the time for a paradigm shift in epilepsy treatment from a reactive attitude, treating patients after the onset of epilepsy and the initiation of seizures, to a proactive attitude that is more broadly integrated into a 'P4 medicine' approach. This P4 approach, which is personalized, predictive, preventive and participatory, puts patients at the centre of their own care and, ultimately, aims to prevent the onset of epilepsy. This aim will be achieved by adapting epilepsy treatments not only to a given syndrome but also to a given patient and moving from the usual anti-seizure treatments to personalized treatments designed to target specific aetiologies. In this Review, we present the current state of this ongoing revolution, emphasizing the impact on clinical practice.
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21
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Inuzuka LM, Macedo-Souza LI, Della-Ripa B, Monteiro FP, Ramos L, Kitajima JP, Garzon E, Kok F. Additional observation of a de novo pathogenic variant in KCNT2 leading to epileptic encephalopathy with clinical features of frontal lobe epilepsy. Brain Dev 2020; 42:691-695. [PMID: 32773162 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KCNT2 was recently recognized as a gene associated with neurodevelopmental disorder and epilepsy. CASE REPORT We present an additional observation of a 16-year-old male patient with a novel de novo KCNT2 likely pathogenic variant and review the five previously reported cases of de novo variants in this gene. DISCUSSION Whole exome sequencing identified the missense variant c.725C > A p.(Thr242Asn), which was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Our patient has a refractory stereotyped and monomorphic type of hyperkinetic focal motor seizure, similar to what is seen in frontal lobe epilepsy, occurring only during sleep. This type of seizure is not usually seen in epileptic encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Midori Inuzuka
- Epilepsy Clinic, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruno Della-Ripa
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Ramos
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Garzon
- Epilepsy Clinic, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
| | - Fernando Kok
- Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
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Kessi M, Chen B, Peng J, Tang Y, Olatoutou E, He F, Yang L, Yin F. Intellectual Disability and Potassium Channelopathies: A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32655623 PMCID: PMC7324798 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) manifests prior to adulthood as severe limitations to intellectual function and adaptive behavior. The role of potassium channelopathies in ID is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between ID and potassium channelopathies. We hypothesized that potassium channelopathies are strongly associated with ID initiation, and that both gain- and loss-of-function mutations lead to ID. This systematic review explores the burden of potassium channelopathies, possible mechanisms, advancements using animal models, therapies, and existing gaps. The literature search encompassed both PubMed and Embase up to October 2019. A total of 75 articles describing 338 cases were included in this review. Nineteen channelopathies were identified, affecting the following genes: KCNMA1, KCNN3, KCNT1, KCNT2, KCNJ10, KCNJ6, KCNJ11, KCNA2, KCNA4, KCND3, KCNH1, KCNQ2, KCNAB1, KCNQ3, KCNQ5, KCNC1, KCNB1, KCNC3, and KCTD3. Twelve of these genes presented both gain- and loss-of-function properties, three displayed gain-of-function only, three exhibited loss-of-function only, and one had unknown function. How gain- and loss-of-function mutations can both lead to ID remains largely unknown. We identified only a few animal studies that focused on the mechanisms of ID in relation to potassium channelopathies and some of the few available therapeutic options (channel openers or blockers) appear to offer limited efficacy. In conclusion, potassium channelopathies contribute to the initiation of ID in several instances and this review provides a comprehensive overview of which molecular players are involved in some of the most prominent disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kessi
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Baiyu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yulin Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Eleonore Olatoutou
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Lifen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
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