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Mi J, Sun A, Härtel L, Dilling C, Meybohm P, Burek M. Isolation of Capillaries from Small Amounts of Mouse Brain Tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:27-38. [PMID: 38427226 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Isolated brain capillaries are essential for analyzing changes in protein and gene expression at the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions. The standard methods for isolating brain capillaries require the use of at least one or more mouse brains in order to obtain sufficient quantity and purity of brain capillaries. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for isolating and purifying capillaries from tiny amounts of mouse cerebral cortex using manual homogenization, density gradient centrifugation, and filtration while preserving the structural integrity and functional activity of microvessel fragments. Western blotting showed that proteins expressed at the BBB were enriched in mouse brain capillaries isolated by the optimized method compared to cerebral cortex protein homogenates. This approach can be used for the analysis of a variety of rare mouse genetic models and can also help the investigators to understand regional differences in susceptibility to pathological phenomena such as ischemia and traumatic brain injury. This will allow the investigators to better understand the physiology and pathology of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiao Mi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aili Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Härtel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Dilling
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Pyun J, Koay H, Runwal P, Mawal C, Bush AI, Pan Y, Donnelly PS, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Cu(ATSM) Increases P-Glycoprotein Expression and Function at the Blood-Brain Barrier in C57BL6/J Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2084. [PMID: 37631298 PMCID: PMC10458578 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is critical in preventing brain access to substrate drugs and effluxing amyloid beta (Aβ), a contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Strategies to regulate P-gp expression therefore may impact central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery and brain Aβ levels. As we have demonstrated that the copper complex copper diacetyl bis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) (Cu(ATSM)) increases P-gp expression and function in human brain endothelial cells, the present study assessed the impact of Cu(ATSM) on expression and function of P-gp in mouse brain endothelial cells (mBECs) and capillaries in vivo, as well as in peripheral organs. Isolated mBECs treated with Cu(ATSM) (100 nM for 24 h) exhibited a 1.6-fold increase in P-gp expression and a 20% reduction in accumulation of the P-gp substrate rhodamine 123. Oral administration of Cu(ATSM) (30 mg/kg/day) for 28 days led to a 1.5 & 1.3-fold increase in brain microvascular and hepatic expression of P-gp, respectively, and a 20% reduction in BBB transport of [3H]-digoxin. A metallomic analysis showed a 3.5 and 19.9-fold increase in Cu levels in brain microvessels and livers of Cu(ATSM)-treated mice. Our findings demonstrate that Cu(ATSM) increases P-gp expression and function at the BBB in vivo, with implications for CNS drug delivery and clearance of Aβ in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pyun
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
| | - HuiJing Koay
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia (P.S.D.)
| | - Pranav Runwal
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Celeste Mawal
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.M.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.M.); (A.I.B.)
| | - Yijun Pan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia (P.S.D.)
| | - Jennifer L. Short
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Joseph A. Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (J.P.); (P.R.)
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Liu Q, Jenkitkasemwong S, Prami TA, McCabe SM, Zhao N, Hojyo S, Fukada T, Knutson MD. Metal-ion transporter SLC39A8 is required for brain manganese uptake and accumulation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105078. [PMID: 37482277 PMCID: PMC10457451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential nutrient, but is toxic in excess. Whole-body Mn levels are regulated in part by the metal-ion influx transporter SLC39A8, which plays an essential role in the liver by reclaiming Mn from bile. Physiological roles of SLC39A8 in Mn homeostasis in other tissues, however, remain largely unknown. To screen for extrahepatic requirements for SLC39A8 in tissue Mn homeostasis, we crossed Slc39a8-inducible global-KO (Slc39a8 iKO) mice with Slc39a14 KO mice, which display markedly elevated blood and tissue Mn levels. Tissues were then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to determine levels of Mn. Although Slc39a14 KO; Slc39a8 iKO mice exhibited systemic hypermanganesemia and increased Mn loading in the bone and kidney due to Slc39a14 deficiency, we show Mn loading was markedly decreased in the brains of these animals, suggesting a role for SLC39A8 in brain Mn accumulation. Levels of other divalent metals in the brain were unaffected, indicating a specific effect of SLC39A8 on Mn. In vivo radiotracer studies using 54Mn in Slc39a8 iKO mice revealed that SLC39A8 is required for Mn uptake by the brain, but not most other tissues. Furthermore, decreased 54Mn uptake in the brains of Slc39a8 iKO mice was associated with efficient inactivation of Slc39a8 in isolated brain microvessels but not in isolated choroid plexus, suggesting SLC39A8 mediates brain Mn uptake via the blood-brain barrier. These findings establish SLC39A8 as a candidate therapeutic target for mitigating Mn uptake and accumulation in the brain, the primary organ of Mn toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Liu
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Supak Jenkitkasemwong
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tamanna Afrin Prami
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shannon Morgan McCabe
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ningning Zhao
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Samuels JD, Lotstein ML, Lehmann ML, Elkahloun AG, Banerjee S, Herkenham M. Chronic social defeat alters brain vascular-associated cell gene expression patterns leading to vascular dysfunction and immune system activation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:154. [PMID: 37380974 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain vascular integrity is critical for brain health, and its disruption is implicated in many brain pathologies, including psychiatric disorders. Brain-vascular barriers are a complex cellular landscape composed of endothelial, glial, mural, and immune cells. Yet currently, little is known about these brain vascular-associated cells (BVACs) in health and disease. Previously, we demonstrated that 14 days of chronic social defeat (CSD), a mouse paradigm that produces anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, causes cerebrovascular damage in the form of scattered microbleeds. Here, we developed a technique to isolate barrier-related cells from the mouse brain and subjected the isolated cells to single-cell RNA sequencing. Using this isolation technique, we found an enrichment in BVAC populations, including distinct subsets of endothelial and microglial cells. In CSD compared to non-stress, home-cage control, differential gene expression patterns disclosed biological pathways involving vascular dysfunction, vascular healing, and immune system activation. Overall, our work demonstrates a unique technique to study BVAC populations from fresh brain tissue and suggests that neurovascular dysfunction is a key driver of psychosocial stress-induced brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Samuels
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, 409 Lane Road, MR-4 6154, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Madison L Lotstein
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael L Lehmann
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Abdel G Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Subhadra Banerjee
- Flow Cytometry Core, Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Miles Herkenham
- Section on Functional Neuroanatomy, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Tian Y, Fopiano KA, Buncha V, Lang L, Suggs HA, Wang R, Rudic RD, Filosa JA, Bagi Z. The role of ADAM17 in cerebrovascular and cognitive function in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1125932. [PMID: 36937050 PMCID: PMC10018024 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1125932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) exhibits α-secretase activity, whereby it can prevent the production of neurotoxic amyloid precursor protein-α (APP). ADAM17 is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and may act to regulate vascular homeostatic responses, including vasomotor function, vascular wall morphology, and formation of new blood vessels. The role of vascular ADAM17 in neurodegenerative diseases remains poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that cerebrovascular ADAM17 plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods and results We found that 9-10 months old APP/PS1 mice with b-amyloid accumulation and short-term memory and cognitive deficits display a markedly reduced expression of ADAM17 in cerebral microvessels. Systemic delivery and adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated re-expression of ADAM17 in APP/PS1 mice improved cognitive functioning, without affecting b-amyloid plaque density. In isolated and pressurized cerebral arteries of APP/PS1 mice the endothelium-dependent dilation to acetylcholine was significantly reduced, whereas the vascular smooth muscle-dependent dilation to the nitric oxide donor, sodium nitroprusside was maintained when compared to WT mice. The impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation of cerebral arteries in APP/PS1 mice was restored to normal level by ADAM17 re-expression. The cerebral artery biomechanical properties (wall stress and elasticity) and microvascular network density was not affected by ADAM17 re-expression in the APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, proteomic analysis identified several differentially expressed molecules involved in AD neurodegeneration and neuronal repair mechanisms that were reversed by ADAM17 re-expression. Discussion Thus, we propose that a reduced ADAM17 expression in cerebral microvessels impairs vasodilator function, which may contribute to the development of cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice, and that ADAM17 can potentially be targeted for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Tian
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Katie Anne Fopiano
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Vadym Buncha
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Liwei Lang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Hayden A. Suggs
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - R. Daniel Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A. Filosa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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6
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Noh K, Liu X, Wei C. Optimizing transcardial perfusion of small molecules and biologics for brain penetration and biodistribution studies in rodents. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2023; 44:71-83. [PMID: 35508078 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Efficiently removing blood from the brain vasculature is critical to evaluate accurately the brain penetration and biodistribution of drug candidates, especially for biologics as their blood concentrations are substantially higher than the brain concentrations. Transcardial perfusion has been used widely to remove residual blood in the brain; however, the perfusion conditions (such as the perfusion rate and time) reported in the literature are quite varied, and the performance of these methods on blood removal has not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, the effectiveness of the perfusion conditions was assessed by measuring brain hemoglobin levels. Sodium nitrite (NaNO2 ) as an additive in the perfusate was evaluated at different concentrations. Blood removal was significantly improved with 2% NaNO2 over a 20 min perfusion in mouse without disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In mice, the optimized perfusion method significantly lowered the measured brain-to-plasma ratio (Kp,brain ) for monoclonal antibodies due to the removal of blood contamination and small molecules with a moderate-to-high BBB permeability and with a high brain-unbound-fraction (fu,brain ) presumably due to flux out of the brain during perfusion. Perfusion with or without NaNO2 clearly removed the residual blood in rat brain but with no difference observed in Kp,brain between the perfusion groups with or without 2% NaNO2 . In conclusion, a perfusion method was successfully developed to evaluate the brain penetration of small molecules and biologics in rodents for the first time. The transcardial perfusion with 2% NaNO2 effectively removed the residual blood in the brain and significantly improved the assessment of brain penetration of biologics. For small molecules, however, transcardial perfusion may not be performed, as small molecule compounds could be washed away from the brain by the perfusion procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumhan Noh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Watson LS, Wilken-Resman B, Williams A, DiLucia S, Sanchez G, McLeod TL, Sims-Robinson C. Hyperinsulinemia alters insulin receptor presentation and internalization in brain microvascular endothelial cells. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2022; 19:14791641221118626. [PMID: 35975361 PMCID: PMC9393688 DOI: 10.1177/14791641221118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptors are internalized by endothelial cells to facilitate their physiological processes; however, the impact of hyperinsulinemia in brain endothelial cells is not known. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the impact hyperinsulinemia plays on insulin receptor internalization through changes in phosphorylation, as well as the potential impact of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Hippocampal microvessels were isolated from high-fat diet fed mice and assessed for insulin signaling activation, a process known to be involved with receptor internalization. Surface insulin receptors in brain microvascular endothelial cells were labelled to assess the role hyperinsulinemia plays on receptor internalization in response to stimulation, with and without the PTP1B antagonist, Claramine. Our results indicated that insulin receptor levels increased in tandem with decreased receptor signaling in the high-fat diet mouse microvessels. Insulin receptors of cells subjected to hyperinsulinemic treatment demonstrate splice variation towards decreased IR-A mRNA expression and demonstrate a higher membrane-localized proportion. This corresponded with decreased autophosphorylation at sites critical for receptor internalization and signaling. Claramine restored signaling and receptor internalization in cells treated with hyperinsulinemia. In conclusion, hyperinsulinemia impacts brain microvascular endothelial cell insulin receptor signaling and internalization, likely via alternative splicing and increased negative feedback from PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke S Watson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brynna Wilken-Resman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alexus Williams
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie DiLucia
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taylor L McLeod
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Catrina Sims-Robinson
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and
Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South
Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Catrina Sims-Robinson, PhD, Molecular and
Cellular Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina,
96 Jonathan Lucas Street Suite 309D2 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC 29425-2503,
USA.
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Weng WT, Kuo PC, Scofield BA, Paraiso HC, Brown DA, Yu IC, Yen JH. 4-Ethylguaiacol Modulates Neuroinflammation and Promotes Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression to Ameliorate Brain Injury in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887000. [PMID: 35860274 PMCID: PMC9289724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is caused by a sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow that subsequently induces a complex cascade of pathophysiological responses, leading to brain inflammation and irreversible infarction. 4-ethylguaiacol (4-EG) is reported to suppress inflammatory immune responses. However, whether 4-EG exerts anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic stroke remains unexplored. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of 4-EG and examined the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of 4-EG in ischemic stroke. The effect of 4-EG in ischemic stroke was determined by using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal model followed by exploring the infarct size, neurological deficits, microglia activation, inflammatory cytokine production, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, and microglial heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Nrf2-/- and HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP-treated mice were also subjected to MCAO to evaluate the role of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in 4-EG-mediated protection in ischemic stroke. We found that 4-EG attenuated infarct size and neurological deficits, and lessened BBB disruption in ischemic stroke. Further investigation revealed that 4-EG suppressed microglial activation, peripheral inflammatory immune cell infiltration, and brain endothelial cell adhesion molecule upregulation in the ischemic brain. Finally, we identified that the protective effect of 4-EG in ischemic stroke was abolished in Nrf2-/– and ZnPP-treated MCAO mice. Our results identified that 4-EG confers protection against ischemic stroke and reveal that the protective effect of 4-EG in ischemic stroke is mediated through the induction of the Nrf2/HO1 pathway. Thus, our findings suggest that 4-EG could be developed as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tsan Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Ping-Chang Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Barbara A. Scofield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Hallel C. Paraiso
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Dennis A. Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manchester University College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - I-Chen Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Jui-Hung Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jui-Hung Yen,
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Damodarasamy M, Khaing ZZ, Hyde J, Keene CD, Bentov I, Banks WA, Reed MJ. Viable human brain microvessels for the study of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Microvasc Res 2022; 140:104282. [PMID: 34813858 PMCID: PMC8846932 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The brain microvasculature is altered in normal aging and in the presence of disease processes, such as neurodegeneration or ischemia, but there are few methods for studying living tissues. We now report that viable microvessels (MV) are readily isolated from brain tissue of subjects enrolled in studies of neurodegenerative diseases who undergo rapid autopsy (performed with <12 h postmortem interval - PMI). We find that these MV retain their morphology and cellular components and are fairly uniform in size. Sufficient MV (~3-5000) are obtained from 3 to 4 g of tissue to allow for studies of cellular composition as well as extracellular matrix (ECM). Using live/dead assays, these MV are viable for up to 5 days in tissue culture media (2D) designed to support endothelial cells and up to 11 days post-isolation in a 3-dimensional (3D) matrix (Low Growth Factor Matrigel™). Assays that measure the reducing potential of live cells \demonstrated that the majority of the MV maintain high levels of metabolic activity for a similar number of days as the live/dead assays. Functional cellular components (such as tight junctions and transporter proteins) and ECM of MV in tissue culture media, and to a lesser extent in 3D matrices, were readily visualized using immunofluorescence techniques. MV in tissue culture media are lysed and protein content analyzed, but MV in 3D matrix first require removal of the supporting matrix, which can confound the analysis of MV ECM. Finally, MV can be preserved in cryoprotective media, whereby over 50% retain their baseline viability upon thawing. In summary, we find that MV isolated from human brains undergoing rapid autopsy are viable in standard tissue culture for up to 5 days and the timeframe for experiments can be extended up to 11 days by use of a supportive 3D matrix. Viable human MV allow for temporal and spatial analysis of relevant cellular and ECM components that have implications for microvascular function in neurodegenerative diseases, vascular brain injury, and neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Damodarasamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hyde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Itay Bentov
- Department of Pain and Anesthesia, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William A Banks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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Laschke MW, Menger MD. Microvascular fragments in microcirculation research and regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:1109-1120. [PMID: 34731017 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments (MVF) are functional vessel segments, which rapidly reassemble into new microvasculatures under experimental in vitro and in vivo conditions. Accordingly, they have been used for many years in microcirculation research to study basic mechanisms of endothelial cell function, angiogenesis and microvascular network formation in two- and three-dimensional environments. Moreover, they serve as vascularization units for musculoskeletal regeneration and implanted biomaterials as well as for the treatment of myocardial infarction and the generation of prevascularized tissue organoids. Besides, multiple factors determining the vascularization capacity of MVF have been identified, including their tissue origin and cellular composition, the conditions for their short- and long-term storage as well as their implantation site and the general health status and medication of the recipient. The next challenging step is now the successful translation of all these promising experimental findings into clinical practice. If this succeeds, a multitude of future therapeutic applications may significantly benefit from the remarkable properties of MVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W Laschke
- Saarland University, 9379, Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Kirrbergerstrasse 100, Homburg, Germany, 66421;
| | - Michael D Menger
- Saarland University, 9379, Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, Homburg, Saarland, Germany;
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Ca 2+ homeostasis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:55-110. [PMID: 34253298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) lining the wall of brain capillaries. Its integrity is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including up/downregulation of tight junction proteins or adhesion molecules, altered Ca2+ homeostasis, remodeling of cytoskeleton, that are confined at the level of BMVECs. Beside the contribution of BMVECs to BBB permeability changes, other cells, such as pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, leukocytes or neurons, etc. are also exerting direct or indirect modulatory effects on BBB. Alterations in BBB integrity play a key role in multiple brain pathologies, including neurological (e.g. epilepsy) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etc.). In this review, the principal Ca2+ signaling pathways in brain microvascular endothelial cells are discussed and their contribution to BBB integrity is emphasized. Improving the knowledge of Ca2+ homeostasis alterations in BMVECa is fundamental to identify new possible drug targets that diminish/prevent BBB permeabilization in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
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