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Qureshi T, Ali S, Fahad T. Synergistic Effect of Coenzyme Q10 and L-Carnitine on Gliosis and Anhedonia, in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis: An Immunohistochemical Study. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:484-492. [PMID: 39069688 PMCID: PMC11289612 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Objective This study provides histological evidence of the combined effects of L-Carnitine, and Coenzyme Q10 on gliosis and anhedonia in a rat model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Fifty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Group 1 was the control group. The rest of the groups were disease models and were given 0.2% cuprizone w/w to induce MS. After 4 weeks, Group 3 started receiving L-Carnitine, Group 4 was given Coenzyme Q10, and Group 5 received both, while cuprizone poisoning continued. After 12 weeks sucrose preference test and tail suspension test were performed for anhedonia. Rats were euthanized and brains were dissected, and assessed for astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial count. Results A significant increase in oligodendrocyte count, while a reduction in astrocyte and microglial count was seen in the synergistic group (p < 0.05). Synergism could not be proved in anhedonia. Conclusion The combination of Coenzyme Q10 and L-Carnitine has a synergistic effect in controlling gliosis in a rat model of MS, but synergism could not be demonstrated on anhedonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayyaba Qureshi
- Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, Al-Mizan Campus, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shabana Ali
- Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, Al-Mizan Campus, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Fahad
- Department of Anatomy, Islamic International Medical College, Al-Mizan Campus, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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2
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Kwakowsky A, Chawdhary B, de Souza A, Meyer E, Kaye AH, Green CR, Stylli SS, Danesh-Meyer H. Tonabersat Significantly Reduces Disease Progression in an Experimental Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17454. [PMID: 38139284 PMCID: PMC10744318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by chronic neuroinflammation thought to be mediated by the inflammasome pathway. Connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels contribute to the activation of the inflammasome through the release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inflammasome activation signals. The objective of the study was to evaluate if the Cx43 hemichannel blocker, tonabersat, is effective in modulating the inflammatory response and reducing disability in the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (MOG35-55 EAE) model of MS. Here, we show that the Cx43 hemichannel blocking drug, tonabersat, significantly reduced expression of neuroinflammatory markers for microglial activation (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)) and astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) while preserving myelin basic protein (MBP) expression levels in the corpus callosum, motor cortex, and striatum regions of the brain in MOG35-55 EAE mice. Reduced NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex assembly and Caspase-1 activation confirmed the drug's mode of action. MOG35-55 EAE mice showed clinical signs of MS, but MOG35-55 EAE mice treated with tonabersat retained behavior closer to normal. These data suggest that clinical trial phase IIb-ready tonabersat may merit further investigation as a promising candidate for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kwakowsky
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Galway Neuroscience Centre, School of Medicine, Ollscoil na Gaillimhe—University of Galway, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland
| | - Bhavya Chawdhary
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Antonio de Souza
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Emily Meyer
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (B.C.); (A.d.S.); (E.M.)
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Andrew H. Kaye
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.H.K.); (S.S.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
| | - Stanley S. Stylli
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.H.K.); (S.S.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helen Danesh-Meyer
- Department of Opthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (C.R.G.); (H.D.-M.)
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3
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Schoenberg PLA, Song AK, Mohr EM, Rogers BP, Peterson TE, Murphy BA. Increased microglia activation in late non-central nervous system cancer survivors links to chronic systemic symptomatology. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:6001-6019. [PMID: 37751068 PMCID: PMC10619383 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged inflammatory expression within the central nervous system (CNS) is recognized by the brain as a molecular signal of "sickness", that has knock-on effects to the blood-brain barrier, brain-spinal barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, neuro-axonal structures, neurotransmitter activity, synaptic plasticity, neuroendocrine function, and resultant systemic symptomatology. It is concurred that the inflammatory process associated with cancer and cancer treatments underline systemic symptoms present in a large portion of survivors, although this concept is largely theoretical from disparate and indirect evidence and/or clinical anecdotal reports. We conducted a proof-of-concept study to link for the first time late non-CNS cancer survivors presenting chronic systemic symptoms and the presence of centralized inflammation, or neuroinflammation, using TSPO-binding PET tracer [11 C]-PBR28 to visualize microglial activation. We compared PBR28 SUVR in 10 non-CNS cancer survivors and 10 matched healthy controls. Our data revealed (1) microglial activation was significantly higher in caudate, temporal, and occipital regions in late non-central nervous system/CNS cancer survivors compared to healthy controls; (2) increased neuroinflammation in cancer survivors was not accompanied by significant differences in plasma cytokine markers of peripheral inflammation; (3) increased neuroinflammation was not accompanied by reduced fractional anisotropy, suggesting intact white matter microstructural integrity, a marker of neurovascular fiber tract organization; and (4) the presentation of chronic systemic symptoms in cancer survivors was significantly connected with microglial activation. We present the first data empirically supporting the concept of a peripheral-to-centralized inflammatory response in non-CNS cancer survivors, specifically those previously afflicted with head and neck cancer. Following resolution of the initial peripheral inflammation from the cancer/its treatments, in some cases damage/toxification to the central nervous system occurs, ensuing chronic systemic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy L. A. Schoenberg
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Osher Center for Integrative HealthVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Alexander K. Song
- Department of NeurologyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt Brain InstituteVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Emily M. Mohr
- Osher Center for Integrative HealthVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Vanderbilt Brain InstituteVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Todd E. Peterson
- Vanderbilt Brain InstituteVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- Division of Hematology and OncologyVanderbilt‐Ingram Cancer CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
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Sun X, Qian M, Li H, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yin M, Dai L, Bao H. FKBP5 activates mitophagy by ablating PPAR-γ to shape a benign remyelination environment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:736. [PMID: 37952053 PMCID: PMC10640650 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by myelin damage, followed by axonal and ultimately neuronal loss, which has been found to be associated with mitophagy. The etiology and pathology of MS remain elusive. However, the role of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5, also called FKBP51), a newly identified gene associated with MS, in the progression of the disease has not been well defined. Here, we observed that the progress of myelin loss and regeneration in Fkbp5ko mice treated with demyelination for the same amount of time was significantly slower than that in wild-type mice, and that mitophagy plays an important regulatory role in this process. To investigate the mechanism, we discovered that the levels of FKBP5 protein were greatly enhanced in the CNS of cuprizone (CPZ) mice and the myelin-denuded environment stimulates significant activation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, in which the important regulator, PPAR-γ, is critically regulated by FKBP5. This study reveals the role of FKBP5 in regulating a dynamic pathway of natural restorative regulation of mitophagy through PPAR-γ in pathological demyelinating settings, which may provide potential targets for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzong Sun
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Menghan Qian
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Min Yin
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Lili Dai
- School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China.
| | - Hongkun Bao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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5
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Zhang X, Chen F, Sun M, Wu N, Liu B, Yi X, Ge R, Fan X. Microglia in the context of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1157287. [PMID: 37360338 PMCID: PMC10287974 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1157287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease that commonly results in nontraumatic disability in young adults. The characteristic pathological hallmark of MS is damage to myelin, oligodendrocytes, and axons. Microglia provide continuous surveillance in the CNS microenvironment and initiate defensive mechanisms to protect CNS tissue. Additionally, microglia participate in neurogenesis, synaptic refinement, and myelin pruning through the expression and release of different signaling factors. Continuous activation of microglia has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders. We first review the lifetime of microglia, including the origin, differentiation, development, and function of microglia. We then discuss microglia participate in the whole processes of remyelination and demyelination, microglial phenotypes in MS, and the NF-κB/PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in microglia. The damage to regulatory signaling pathways may change the homeostasis of microglia, which would accelerate the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Sun
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Metabolic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiangming Yi
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Ruli Ge
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
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6
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Abdolahi S, Zare-Chahoki A, Noorbakhsh F, Gorji A. A Review of Molecular Interplay between Neurotrophins and miRNAs in Neuropsychological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6260-6280. [PMID: 35916975 PMCID: PMC9463196 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02966-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various neurotrophins (NTs), including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4, promote cellular differentiation, survival, and maintenance, as well as synaptic plasticity, in the peripheral and central nervous system. The function of microRNAs (miRNAs) and other small non-coding RNAs, as regulators of gene expression, is pivotal for the appropriate control of cell growth and differentiation. There are positive and negative loops between NTs and miRNAs, which exert modulatory effects on different signaling pathways. The interplay between NTs and miRNAs plays a crucial role in the regulation of several physiological and pathological brain procedures. Emerging evidence suggests the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of the interactions between NTs and miRNAs in several neuropsychological disorders, including epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and drug abuse. Here, we review current data regarding the regulatory interactions between NTs and miRNAs in neuropsychological disorders, for which novel diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies are emerging. Targeting NTs-miRNAs interactions for diagnostic or therapeutic approaches needs to be validated by future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdolahi
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Zare-Chahoki
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farshid Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Department of Neurology and Institute for Translational Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Wittekindt M, Kaddatz H, Joost S, Staffeld A, Bitar Y, Kipp M, Frintrop L. Different Methods for Evaluating Microglial Activation Using Anti-Ionized Calcium-Binding Adaptor Protein-1 Immunohistochemistry in the Cuprizone Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111723. [PMID: 35681418 PMCID: PMC9179561 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the pathology of various central nervous system disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). While different methods exist to evaluate the extent of microglia activation, comparative studies investigating the sensitivity of these methods are missing for most models. In this study, we systematically evaluated which of the three commonly used histological methods (id est, quantification of microglia density, densitometrically evaluated staining intensity, or cellular morphology based on the determination of a ramification index, all measured in anti-ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 (IBA1) immunohistochemical stains) is the most sensitive method to detect subtle changes in the microglia activation status in the context of MS. To this end, we used the toxin-induced cuprizone model which allows the experimental induction of a highly reproducible demyelination in several central nervous system regions, paralleled by early microglia activation. In this study, we showed that after 3 weeks of cuprizone intoxication, all methods reveal a significant microglia activation in the white matter corpus callosum. In contrast, in the affected neocortical grey matter, the evaluation of anti-IBA1 cell morphologies was the most sensitive method to detect subtle changes of microglial activation. The results of this study provide a useful guide for future immunohistochemical evaluations in the cuprizone and other neurodegenerative models.
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8
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Proteomics in Multiple Sclerosis: The Perspective of the Clinician. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095162. [PMID: 35563559 PMCID: PMC9100097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects approximately 2.8 million people worldwide. In the last decade, a new era was heralded in by a new phenotypic classification, a new diagnostic protocol and the first ever therapeutic guideline, making personalized medicine the aim of MS management. However, despite this great evolution, there are still many aspects of the disease that are unknown and need to be further researched. A hallmark of these research are molecular biomarkers that could help in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the disease. Proteomics, a rapidly evolving discipline of molecular biology may fulfill this dire need for the discovery of molecular biomarkers. In this review, we aimed to give a comprehensive summary on the utility of proteomics in the field of MS research. We reviewed the published results of the method in case of the pathogenesis of the disease and for biomarkers of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, conversion of disease courses, disease activity, progression and immunological therapy. We found proteomics to be a highly effective emerging tool that has been providing important findings in the research of MS.
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Jansen MI, Thomas Broome S, Castorina A. Exploring the Pro-Phagocytic and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of PACAP and VIP in Microglia: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094788. [PMID: 35563181 PMCID: PMC9104531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterised by the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, multifocal white-matter lesions, and neurodegeneration. In recent years, microglia have emerged as key contributors to MS pathology, acting as scavengers of toxic myelin/cell debris and modulating the inflammatory microenvironment to promote myelin repair. In this review, we explore the role of two neuropeptides, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as important regulators of microglial functioning during demyelination, myelin phagocytosis, and remyelination, emphasising the potential of these neuropeptides as therapeutic targets for the treatment of MS.
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2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine (Cladribine) preferentially inhibits the biological activity of microglial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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12
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Damuzzo V, Agnoletto L, Rampazzo R, Cammalleri F, Cancanelli L, Chiumente M, Costantino S, Michielan S, Milani F, Sartori A, Rivano M, Mengato D. The QOSMOS Study: Pharmacist-Led Multicentered Observational Study on Quality of Life in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Int 2021; 13:682-694. [PMID: 34940751 PMCID: PMC8706851 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint13040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Health-related quality of life is frequently included in patient-reported outcomes aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis, but recent data about Italian patients are missing. A multicenter observational and cross-sectional study was performed by students of hospital pharmacy to update existing data on quality of life and to correlate it with the pharmacological and medical history of patients. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the MS-QoL54 questionnaire, and the pharmacist collected patients' characteristics, medical and pharmacological history, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Three hundred and forty-nine patients with multiple sclerosis were recruited from 16 centers between May 2018 and June 2019 (median age = 44.1 years; 68.9% women). The composite indexes of physical and mental well-being showed direct correlation with each other (R = 0.826; p < 0.001), and EDSS disability was an independent negative predictor of both indexes (R2 = 35.08% p < 0.001 and R2 = 15.74% p < 0.001, respectively). A trend of association between Physical Health Composite Score and different classes of oral disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) was observed. Our study found a decrease in QoL correlated with teriflunomide, which deserves further investigation. This experience demonstrates that joint action between scientific society and students association can be successful in conducting a no-profit multicenter observational study in a real-world setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Damuzzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; (S.M.); (F.M.)
- National Association of Hospital Pharmacy Students-ReNaSFO, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Agnoletto
- Pharmacy, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, 45100 Rovigo, Italy;
| | - Roberta Rampazzo
- Regional Pharmaceutical Office, Veneto Region, 30125 Venice, Italy;
| | - Francesca Cammalleri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Luca Cancanelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Marco Chiumente
- Italian Society of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics-SIFaCT, 20159 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Stefano Costantino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Silvia Michielan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; (S.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Federica Milani
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; (S.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessia Sartori
- Department of Food and Drug, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy;
| | - Melania Rivano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Hospital Pharmacy, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (L.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Daniele Mengato
- Italian Society of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics-SIFaCT, 20159 Milan, Italy; (M.C.); (D.M.)
- Hospital Pharmacy Department, Azienda Ospedale-Università of Padova, 35121 Padua, Italy
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13
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The Role of Nutritional Lifestyle and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Management: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113774. [PMID: 34836032 PMCID: PMC8620342 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the role of nutritional factors and physical activity (PA) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) go back a long time. Despite the intrinsic difficulty of studying their positive or negative role in MS, the interest of researchers on these topics increased during the last few decades, since the role of diet has been investigated with the perspective of the association with disease-modifying drugs (DMD). The association of DMD, diets, and PA might have an additive effect in modifying disease severity. Among the various diets investigated (low-carbohydrate, gluten-free, Mediterranean, low-fat, fasting-mimicking, and Western diets) only low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, and fast-mimicking diets have shown both in animal models and in humans a positive effect on MS course and in patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, the Mediterranean diet is easier to be maintained compared to fast-mimicking and low-carbohydrate diets, which may lead to detrimental side effects requiring careful clinical monitoring. Conversely, the Western diet, which is characterized by a high intake of highly saturated fats and carbohydrates, may lead to the activation of pro-inflammatory immune pathways and is therefore not recommended. PA showed a positive effect both in animal models as well as on disease course and PROs in humans. Training with combined exercises is considered the more effective approach.
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The Histamine and Multiple Sclerosis Alliance: Pleiotropic Actions and Functional Validation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:217-239. [PMID: 34432258 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with a resilient inflammatory component caused by accumulation into the CNS of inflammatory infiltrates and macrophage/microglia contributing to severe demyelination and neurodegeneration. While the causes are still in part unclear, key pathogenic mechanisms are the direct loss of myelin-producing cells and/or their impairment caused by the immune system. Proposed etiology includes genetic and environmental factors triggered by viral infections. Although several diagnostic methods and new treatments are under development, there is no curative but only palliative care against the relapsing-remitting or progressive forms of MS. In recent times, there has been a boost of awareness on the role of histamine signaling in physiological and pathological functions of the nervous system. Particularly in MS, evidence is raising that histamine might be directly implicated in the disease by acting at different cellular and molecular levels. For instance, constitutively active histamine regulates the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursors, thus playing a central role in the remyelination process; histamine reduces the ability of myelin-autoreactive T cells to adhere to inflamed brain vessels, a crucial step in the development of MS; histamine levels are found increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. The aim of the present work is to present further proofs about the alliance of histamine with MS and to introduce the most recent and innovative histamine paradigms for therapy. We will report on how a long-standing molecule with previously recognized immunomodulatory and neuroprotective functions, histamine, might still provide a renewed and far-reaching role in MS.
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Piec PA, Pons V, Rivest S. Triggering Innate Immune Receptors as New Therapies in Alzheimer's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082164. [PMID: 34440933 PMCID: PMC8393987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are two complex neurodegenerative diseases involving the immune system. So far, available treatments provide at best mild improvements to patients' conditions. For decades now, a new set of molecules have been used to modulate and regulate the innate immunity in these pathologies. Most studies have been carried out in rodents and some of them have reported tremendous beneficial effects on the disease course. The modulation of innate immune cells is of great interest since it provides new hope for patients. In this review, we will briefly overview the therapeutic potential of some molecules and receptors in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease and how they could be used to exploit new therapeutic avenues.
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Kalafatakis I, Karagogeos D. Oligodendrocytes and Microglia: Key Players in Myelin Development, Damage and Repair. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1058. [PMID: 34356682 PMCID: PMC8301746 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-making cells of the CNS, regulate the complex process of myelination under physiological and pathological conditions, significantly aided by other glial cell types such as microglia, the brain-resident, macrophage-like innate immune cells. In this review, we summarize how oligodendrocytes orchestrate myelination, and especially myelin repair after damage, and present novel aspects of oligodendroglial functions. We emphasize the contribution of microglia in the generation and regeneration of myelin by discussing their beneficial and detrimental roles, especially in remyelination, underlining the cellular and molecular components involved. Finally, we present recent findings towards human stem cell-derived preclinical models for the study of microglia in human pathologies and on the role of microbiome on glial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Basic Science, University of Crete Medical School, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
- IMBB FORTH, Nikolaou Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
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