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Jedrasiak-Cape I, Rybicki-Kler C, Brooks I, Ghosh M, Brennan EK, Kailasa S, Ekins TG, Rupp A, Ahmed OJ. Cell-type-specific cholinergic control of granular retrosplenial cortex with implications for angular velocity coding across brain states. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.04.597341. [PMID: 38895393 PMCID: PMC11185600 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.04.597341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cholinergic receptor activation enables the persistent firing of cortical pyramidal neurons, providing a key cellular basis for theories of spatial navigation involving working memory, path integration, and head direction encoding. The granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG) is important for spatially-guided behaviors, but how acetylcholine impacts RSG neurons is unknown. Here, we show that a transcriptomically, morphologically, and biophysically distinct RSG cell-type - the low-rheobase (LR) neuron - has a very distinct expression profile of cholinergic muscarinic receptors compared to all other neighboring excitatory neuronal subtypes. LR neurons do not fire persistently in response to cholinergic agonists, in stark contrast to all other principal neuronal subtypes examined within the RSG and across midline cortex. This lack of persistence allows LR neuron models to rapidly compute angular head velocity (AHV), independent of cholinergic changes seen during navigation. Thus, LR neurons can consistently compute AHV across brain states, highlighting the specialized RSG neural codes supporting navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Rybicki-Kler
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Isla Brooks
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Megha Ghosh
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ellen K.W. Brennan
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Sameer Kailasa
- Dept. of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tyler G. Ekins
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Alan Rupp
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Omar J. Ahmed
- Dept. of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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2
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Roscow EL, Chua R, Costa RP, Jones MW, Lepora N. Learning offline: memory replay in biological and artificial reinforcement learning. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:808-821. [PMID: 34481635 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Learning to act in an environment to maximise rewards is among the brain's key functions. This process has often been conceptualised within the framework of reinforcement learning, which has also gained prominence in machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) as a way to optimise decision making. A common aspect of both biological and machine reinforcement learning is the reactivation of previously experienced episodes, referred to as replay. Replay is important for memory consolidation in biological neural networks and is key to stabilising learning in deep neural networks. Here, we review recent developments concerning the functional roles of replay in the fields of neuroscience and AI. Complementary progress suggests how replay might support learning processes, including generalisation and continual learning, affording opportunities to transfer knowledge across the two fields to advance the understanding of biological and artificial learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rui Ponte Costa
- Bristol Computational Neuroscience Unit, Intelligent Systems Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matt W Jones
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nathan Lepora
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Bristol Robotics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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3
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Noradrenergic Suppression of Persistent Firing in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells through cAMP-PKA Pathway. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0440-20.2020. [PMID: 33637539 PMCID: PMC8009666 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0440-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent firing is believed to be a cellular correlate of working memory. While the effects of noradrenaline (NA) on working memory have widely been described, its effect on the cellular mechanisms of persistent firing remains largely unknown. Using in vitro intracellular recordings, we demonstrate that persistent firing is supported by individual neurons in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells through cholinergic receptor activation, but is dramatically attenuated by NA. In contrast to the classical theory that recurrent synaptic excitation supports persistent firing, suppression of persistent firing by NA was independent of synaptic transmission, indicating that the mechanism is intrinsic to individual cells. In agreement with detrimental effects of cAMP on working memory, we demonstrate that the suppressive effect of NA was through cAMP-PKA pathway. In addition, activation of β1 and/or β3 adrenergic receptors, which increases cAMP levels, suppressed persistent firing. These results are in line with working memory decline observed during high levels of NA and cAMP, which are implicated in high stress, aging, and schizophrenia.
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Avraam J, Wu Y, Richerson GB. Perinatal Nicotine Reduces Chemosensitivity of Medullary 5-HT Neurons after Maturation in Culture. Neuroscience 2020; 446:80-93. [PMID: 32818601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal exposure to nicotine produces ventilatory and chemoreflex deficits in neonatal mammals. Medullary 5-HT neurons are putative central chemoreceptors that innervate respiratory nuclei and promote ventilation, receive cholinergic input and express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Perforated patch clamp recordings were made from cultured 5-HT neurons dissociated from the medullary raphé of 0-3 day old mice expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein driven by the enhancer region for PET1 (ePet-EYFP). The effect of exposure to low (6 mg kg-1day-1) or high (60 mg kg-1day-1) doses of nicotine in utero (prenatal), in culture (postnatal), or both and the effect of acute nicotine exposure (10 μM), were examined on baseline firing rate (FR at 5% CO2, pH = 7.4) and the change in FR with acidosis (9% CO2, pH 7.2) in young (12-21 days in vitro, DIV) and older (≥22 DIV) acidosis stimulated 5-HT neurons. Nicotine exposed neurons exhibited ∼67% of the response to acidosis recorded in neurons given vehicle (p = 0.005), with older neurons exposed to high dose prenatal and postnatal nicotine, exhibiting only 28% of that recorded in the vehicle neurons (p < 0.01). In neurons exposed to low or high dose prenatal and postnatal nicotine, acute nicotine exposure led to a smaller increase in FR (∼+51% vs +168%, p = 0.026) and response to acidosis (+6% vs +67%, p = 0.014) compared to vehicle. These data show that exposure to nicotine during development reduces chemosensitivity of 5-HT neurons as they mature, an effect that may be related to the abnormal chemoreflexes reported in rodents exposed to nicotine in utero, and may cause a greater risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Avraam
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yuanming Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - George Bradley Richerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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5
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Knauer B, Yoshida M. Switching between persistent firing and depolarization block in individual rat CA1 pyramidal neurons. Hippocampus 2019; 29:817-835. [PMID: 30794330 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation plays a role in mnemonic tasks and epileptic discharges in vivo. In vitro, these functions and malfunctions may relate to persistent firing (PF) and depolarization block (DB), respectively. Pyramidal neurons of the CA1 field have previously been reported to engage in either PF or DB during cholinergic stimulation. However, it is unknown whether these cells constitute disparate populations of neurons. Furthermore, it is unclear which cell-specific peculiarities may mediate their diverse response properties. However, it has not been shown whether individual CA1 pyramidal neurons can switch between PF and DB states. Here, we used whole cell patch clamp in the current clamp mode on in vitro CA1 pyramidal neurons from acutely sliced rat tissue to test various intrinsic properties which may provoke individual cells to switch between PF and DB. We found that individual cells could switch from PF to DB, in a cholinergic agonist concentration dependent manner and depending on the parameters of stimulation. We also demonstrate involvement of TRPC and potassium channels in this switching. Finally, we report that the probability for DB was more pronounced in the proximal than in the distal half of CA1. These findings offer a potential mechanism for the stronger spatial modulation in proximal, compared to distal CA1, as place field formation was shown to be affected by DB. Taken together, our results suggest that PF and DB are not mutually exclusive response properties of individual neurons. Rather, a cell's response mode depends on a variety of intrinsic properties, and modulation of these properties enables switching between PF and DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Knauer
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Mercator Research Group - Structure of Memory, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Faculty of Psychology, Mercator Research Group - Structure of Memory, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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6
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Aussel A, Buhry L, Tyvaert L, Ranta R. A detailed anatomical and mathematical model of the hippocampal formation for the generation of sharp-wave ripples and theta-nested gamma oscillations. J Comput Neurosci 2018; 45:207-221. [DOI: 10.1007/s10827-018-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Reboreda A, Theissen FM, Valero-Aracama MJ, Arboit A, Corbu MA, Yoshida M. Do TRPC channels support working memory? Comparing modulations of TRPC channels and working memory through G-protein coupled receptors and neuromodulators. Behav Brain Res 2018; 354:64-83. [PMID: 29501506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a crucial ability we use in daily life. However, the cellular mechanisms supporting working memory still remain largely unclear. A key component of working memory is persistent neural firing which is believed to serve short-term (hundreds of milliseconds up to tens of seconds) maintenance of necessary information. In this review, we will focus on the role of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels as a mechanism underlying persistent firing. Many years of in vitro work have been suggesting a crucial role of TRPC channels in working memory and temporal association tasks. If TRPC channels are indeed a central mechanism for working memory, manipulations which impair or facilitate working memory should have a similar effect on TRPC channel modulation. However, modulations of working memory and TRPC channels were never systematically compared, and it remains unanswered whether TRPC channels indeed contribute to working memory in vivo or not. In this article, we review the effects of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) and neuromodulators, including acetylcholine, noradrenalin, serotonin and dopamine, on working memory and TRPC channels. Based on comparisons, we argue that GPCR and downstream signaling pathways that activate TRPC, generally support working memory, while those that suppress TRPC channels impair it. However, depending on the channel types, areas, and systems tested, this is not the case in all studies. Further work to clarify involvement of specific TRPC channels in working memory tasks and how they are affected by neuromodulators is still necessary in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Reboreda
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN) Magdeburg, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Frederik M Theissen
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria J Valero-Aracama
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstraße 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alberto Arboit
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mihaela A Corbu
- Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN) Magdeburg, Brenneckestraße 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44/Haus 64, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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8
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Cutsuridis V, Yoshida M. Editorial: Memory Processes in Medial Temporal Lobe: Experimental, Theoretical and Computational Approaches. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28428747 PMCID: PMC5382157 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
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9
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Radzicki D, Pollema-Mays SL, Sanz-Clemente A, Martina M. Loss of M1 Receptor Dependent Cholinergic Excitation Contributes to mPFC Deactivation in Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2292-2304. [PMID: 28137966 PMCID: PMC5354343 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1553-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic pain, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is deactivated and mPFC-dependent tasks such as attention and working memory are impaired. We investigated the mechanisms of mPFC deactivation in the rat spared nerve injury (SNI) model of neuropathic pain. Patch-clamp recordings in acute slices showed that, 1 week after the nerve injury, cholinergic modulation of layer 5 (L5) pyramidal neurons was severely impaired. In cells from sham-operated animals, focal application of acetylcholine induced a left shift of the input/output curve and persistent firing. Both of these effects were almost completely abolished in cells from SNI-operated rats. The cause of this impairment was an ∼60% reduction of an M1-coupled, pirenzepine-sensitive depolarizing current, which appeared to be, at least in part, the consequence of M1 receptor internalization. Although no changes were detected in total M1 protein or transcript, both the fraction of the M1 receptor in the synaptic plasma membrane and the biotinylated M1 protein associated with the total plasma membrane were decreased in L5 mPFC of SNI rats. The loss of excitatory cholinergic modulation may play a critical role in mPFC deactivation in neuropathic pain and underlie the mPFC-specific cognitive deficits that are comorbid with neuropathic pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) undergoes major reorganization in chronic pain. Deactivation of mPFC output is causally correlated with both the cognitive and the sensory component of neuropathic pain. Here, we show that cholinergic excitation of commissural layer 5 mPFC pyramidal neurons is abolished in neuropathic pain rats due to a severe reduction of a muscarinic depolarizing current and M1 receptor internalization. Therefore, in neuropathic pain rats, the acetylcholine (ACh)-dependent increase in neuronal excitability is reduced dramatically and the ACh-induced persisting firing, which is critical for working memory, is abolished. We propose that the blunted cholinergic excitability contributes to the functional mPFC deactivation that is causal for the pain phenotype and represents a cellular mechanism for the attention and memory impairments comorbid with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Sanz-Clemente
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Kitamura T, Macdonald CJ, Tonegawa S. Entorhinal-hippocampal neuronal circuits bridge temporally discontiguous events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:438-43. [PMID: 26286654 PMCID: PMC4561404 DOI: 10.1101/lm.038687.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC)-hippocampal (HPC) network plays an essential role for episodic memory, which preserves spatial and temporal information about the occurrence of past events. Although there has been significant progress toward understanding the neural circuits underlying the spatial dimension of episodic memory, the relevant circuits subserving the temporal dimension are just beginning to be understood. In this review, we examine the evidence concerning the role of the EC in associating events separated by time--or temporal associative learning--with emphasis on the function of persistent activity in the medial entorhinal cortex layer III (MECIII) and their direct inputs into the CA1 region of HPC. We also discuss the unique role of Island cells in the medial entorhinal cortex layer II (MECII), which is a newly discovered direct feedforward inhibitory circuit to CA1. Finally, we relate the function of these entorhinal cortical circuits to recent findings concerning hippocampal time cells, which may collectively activate in sequence to bridge temporal gaps between discontiguous events in an episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitamura
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Christopher J Macdonald
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Susumu Tonegawa
- RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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11
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Jochems A, Yoshida M. A robust in vivo-like persistent firing supported by a hybrid of intracellular and synaptic mechanisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123799. [PMID: 25901969 PMCID: PMC4406621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent firing is believed to support short-term information retention in the brain. Established hypotheses make use of the recurrent synaptic connectivity to support persistent firing. However, this mechanism is known to suffer from a lack of robustness. On the other hand, persistent firing can be supported by an intrinsic cellular mechanism in multiple brain areas. However, the consequences of having both the intrinsic and the synaptic mechanisms (a hybrid model) on persistent firing remain largely unknown. The goal of this study is to investigate whether a hybrid neural network model with these two mechanisms has advantages over a conventional recurrent network based model. Our computer simulations were based on in vitro recordings obtained from hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells under cholinergic receptor activation. Calcium activated non-specific cationic (CAN) current supported persistent firing in the Hodgkin-Huxley style cellular models. Our results suggest that the hybrid model supports persistent firing within a physiological frequency range over a wide range of different parameters, eliminating parameter sensitivity issues generally recognized in network based persistent firing. In addition, persistent firing in the hybrid model is substantially more robust against distracting inputs, can coexist with theta frequency oscillations, and supports pattern completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Jochems
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Psychology, Mercator Research Group—Structure of Memory, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Saravanan V, Arabali D, Jochems A, Cui AX, Gootjes-Dreesbach L, Cutsuridis V, Yoshida M. Transition between encoding and consolidation/replay dynamics via cholinergic modulation of CAN current: A modeling study. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1052-70. [PMID: 25678405 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal place cells that are activated sequentially during active waking get reactivated in a temporally compressed (5-20 times) manner during slow-wave-sleep and quiet waking. The two-stage model of the hippocampus suggests that neural activity during awaking supports encoding function while temporally compressed reactivation (replay) supports consolidation. However, the mechanisms supporting different neural activity with different temporal scales during encoding and consolidation remain unclear. Based on the idea that acetylcholine modulates functional transition between encoding and consolidation, we tested whether the cholinergic modulation may adjust intrinsic network dynamics to support different temporal scales for these two modes of operation. Simulations demonstrate that cholinergic modulation of the calcium activated non-specific cationic (CAN) current and the synaptic transmission may be sufficient to switch the network dynamics between encoding and consolidation modes. When the CAN current is active and the synaptic transmission is suppressed, mimicking the high acetylcholine condition during active waking, a slow propagation of multiple spikes is evident. This activity resembles the firing pattern of place cells and time cells during active waking. On the other hand, when CAN current is suppressed and the synaptic transmission is intact, mimicking the low acetylcholine condition during slow-wave-sleep, a time compressed fast (∼10 times) activity propagation of the same set of cells is evident. This activity resembles the time compressed firing pattern of place cells during replay and pre-play, achieving a temporal compression factor in the range observed in vivo (5-20 times). These observations suggest that cholinergic system could adjust intrinsic network dynamics suitable for encoding and consolidation through the modulation of the CAN current and synaptic conductance in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Saravanan
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of psychology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Danial Arabali
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of psychology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arthur Jochems
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of psychology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anja-Xiaoxing Cui
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of psychology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heracklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Motoharu Yoshida
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Faculty of psychology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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13
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Shpak G, Zylbertal A, Wagner S. Transient and sustained afterdepolarizations in accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells are mediated by distinct mechanisms that are differentially regulated by neuromodulators. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:432. [PMID: 25642164 PMCID: PMC4294165 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interactions between mammalian conspecifics rely heavily on molecular communication via the main and accessory olfactory systems. These two chemosensory systems show high similarity in the organization of information flow along their early stages: social chemical cues are detected by the sensory neurons of the main olfactory epithelium and the vomeronasal organ. These neurons then convey sensory information to the main (MOB) and accessory (AOB) olfactory bulbs, respectively, where they synapse upon mitral cells that project to higher brain areas. Yet, the functional difference between these two chemosensory systems remains unclear. We have previously shown that MOB and AOB mitral cells exhibit very distinct intrinsic biophysical properties leading to different types of information processing. Specifically, we found that unlike MOB mitral cells, AOB neurons display persistent firing responses to strong stimuli. These prolonged responses are mediated by long-lasting calcium-activated non-selective cationic current (Ican). In the current study we further examined the firing characteristics of these cells and their modulation by several neuromodulators. We found that AOB mitral cells display transient depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) following moderate firing. These DAPs are not found in MOB mitral cells that show instead robust hyperpolarizing afterpotentials. Unlike Ican, the DAPs of AOB mitral cells are activated by low levels of intracellular calcium and are relatively insensitive to flufenamic acid. Moreover, the cholinergic agonist carbachol exerts opposite effects on the persistent firing and DAPs of AOB mitral cells. We conclude that these phenomena are mediated by distinct biophysical mechanisms that may serve to mediate different types of information processing in the AOB at distinct brain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Shpak
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC) Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Asaph Zylbertal
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Life Sciences, Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomo Wagner
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
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14
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Tiganj Z, Hasselmo ME, Howard MW. A simple biophysically plausible model for long time constants in single neurons. Hippocampus 2014; 25:27-37. [PMID: 25113022 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent work in computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology suggests that a set of cells that decay exponentially could be used to support memory for the time at which events took place. Analytically and through simulations on a biophysical model of an individual neuron, we demonstrate that exponentially decaying firing with a range of time constants up to minutes could be implemented using a simple combination of well-known neural mechanisms. In particular, we consider firing supported by calcium-controlled cation current. When the amount of calcium leaving the cell during an interspike interval is larger than the calcium influx during a spike, the overall decay in calcium concentration can be exponential, resulting in exponential decay of the firing rate. The time constant of the decay can be several orders of magnitude larger than the time constant of calcium clearance, and it could be controlled externally via a variety of biologically plausible ways. The ability to flexibly and rapidly control time constants could enable working memory of temporal history to be generalized to other variables in computing spatial and ordinal representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Tiganj
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Memory and Brain, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Persistent sodium current drives conditional pacemaking in CA1 pyramidal neurons under muscarinic stimulation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15011-21. [PMID: 24048831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0577-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons are normally quiescent but can fire spontaneously when stimulated by muscarinic agonists. In brain slice recordings from mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons, we examined the ionic basis of this activity using interleaved current-clamp and voltage-clamp experiments. Both in control and after muscarinic stimulation, the steady-state current-voltage curve was dominated by inward TTX-sensitive persistent sodium current (I(NaP)) that activated near -75 mV and increased steeply with depolarization. In control, total membrane current was net outward (hyperpolarizing) near -70 mV so that cells had a stable resting potential. Muscarinic stimulation activated a small nonselective cation current so that total membrane current near -70 mV shifted to become barely net inward (depolarizing). The small depolarization triggers regenerative activation of I(NaP), which then depolarizes the cell from -70 mV to spike threshold. We quantified the relative contributions of I(NaP), hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I(h)), and calcium current to pacemaking by using the cell's own firing as a voltage command along with specific blockers. TTX-sensitive sodium current was substantial throughout the entire interspike interval, increasing as the membrane potential approached threshold, while both Ih and calcium current were minimal. Thus, spontaneous activity is driven primarily by activation of I(NaP) in a positive feedback loop starting near -70 mV and providing increasing inward current to threshold. These results show that the pacemaking "engine" from I(NaP) is an inherent property of CA1 pyramidal neurons that can be engaged or disengaged by small shifts in net membrane current near -70 mV, as by muscarinic stimulation.
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Tiganj Z, Shankar KH, Howard MW. Encoding the Laplace transform of stimulus history using mechanisms for persistent firing. BMC Neurosci 2013. [PMCID: PMC3704764 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-s1-p356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Cholinergic receptor activation supports persistent firing in layer III neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:108-15. [PMID: 23810207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medial temporal lobe (MTL) areas are crucial for memory tasks such as spatial working memory and temporal association memory, which require an active maintenance of memory for a short period of time (a few hundred milliseconds to tens of seconds). Recent work has shown that the projection from layer III neurons in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) to hippocampal region CA1, the temporoammonic (TA) pathway, might be specially important for these memory tasks. In addition, lesions to the entorhinal cortex disrupt persistent firing in CA1 which is believed to support active maintenance of memory. Injection of cholinergic antagonists and group I mGlu receptor antagonists to the MEC impairs spatial working memory and temporal association memory. Consistent with this, we have shown that group I mGlu receptor activation supports persistent firing in principal cells of the MEC layer III in vitro (Yoshida et al. [39]). However, it still remains unknown whether cholinergic receptor activation also supports persistent firing in MEC layer III neurons. In this paper, we tested this in MEC layer III cells using both ruptured and perforated whole-cell recordings in vitro. We report that the majority of cells we recorded from in MEC layer III show persistent firing during perfusion of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (2-10μM). In addition, repeated stimulation gradually suppressed persistent firing. We further discuss the possible role of persistent firing in memory function in general.
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18
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Knauer B, Jochems A, Valero-Aracama MJ, Yoshida M. Long-lasting intrinsic persistent firing in rat CA1 pyramidal cells: a possible mechanism for active maintenance of memory. Hippocampus 2013; 23:820-31. [PMID: 23609880 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is critical for memory tasks which require an active maintenance of memory for a short period of time; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. Most theoretical and computational models, which date back to the classic proposals by Donald Hebb in , have been self-constrained by anatomy, as most models rely on the recurrent connectivity in region CA3 to support "reverberating activity" capable of memory maintenance. However, several physiological and behavioral studies have specifically implicated region CA1 in tasks which require an active maintenance of memory. Here, we demonstrate that despite limited recurrent connectivity, CA1 contains a robust cellular mechanism for active memory maintenance in the form of self-sustained persistent firing. Using in vitro whole-cell recordings, we demonstrate that brief stimulation (0.2-2 s) reliably elicits long-lasting (> 30 s) persistent firing that is supported by the calcium-activated non-selective cationic current. In contrast to more traditional ideas, these data suggest that the hippocampal region CA1 is capable of active maintenance of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Knauer
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr, 150, D-44801, Bochum, Germany
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19
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Jochems A, Yoshida M. Persistent firing supported by an intrinsic cellular mechanism in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2250-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Jochems
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum; Germany
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20
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Baysinger AN, Kent BA, Brown TH. Muscarinic receptors in amygdala control trace fear conditioning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45720. [PMID: 23029199 PMCID: PMC3448705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligent behavior requires transient memory, which entails the ability to retain information over short time periods. A newly-emerging hypothesis posits that endogenous persistent firing (EPF) is the neurophysiological foundation for aspects or types of transient memory. EPF is enabled by the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and is triggered by suprathreshold stimulation. EPF occurs in several brain regions, including the lateral amygdala (LA). The present study examined the role of amygdalar mAChRs in trace fear conditioning, a paradigm that requires transient memory. If mAChR-dependent EPF selectively supports transient memory, then blocking amygdalar mAChRs should impair trace conditioning, while sparing delay and context conditioning, which presumably do not rely upon transient memory. To test the EPF hypothesis, LA was bilaterally infused, prior to trace or delay conditioning, with either a mAChR antagonist (scopolamine) or saline. Computerized video analysis quantified the amount of freezing elicited by the cue and by the training context. Scopolamine infusion profoundly reduced freezing in the trace conditioning group but had no significant effect on delay or context conditioning. This pattern of results was uniquely anticipated by the EPF hypothesis. The present findings are discussed in terms of a systems-level theory of how EPF in LA and several other brain regions might help support trace fear conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Baysinger
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brianne A. Kent
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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21
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Giocomo LM, Roudi Y. The neural encoding of space in parahippocampal cortices. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:53. [PMID: 22912603 PMCID: PMC3421450 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Giocomo
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Kent BA, Brown TH. Dual functions of perirhinal cortex in fear conditioning. Hippocampus 2012; 22:2068-79. [PMID: 22903623 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The present review examines the role of perirhinal cortex (PRC) in Pavlovian fear conditioning. The focus is on rats, partly because so much is known, behaviorally and neurobiologically, about fear conditioning in these animals. In addition, the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of rat PRC have been described in considerable detail at the cellular and systems levels. The evidence suggests that PRC can serve at least two types of mnemonic functions in Pavlovian fear conditioning. The first function, termed "stimulus unitization," refers to the ability to treat two or more separate items or stimulus elements as a single entity. Supporting evidence for this perceptual function comes from studies of context conditioning as well as delay conditioning to discontinuous auditory cues. In a delay paradigm, the conditional stimulus (CS) and unconditional stimulus (US) overlap temporally and co-terminate. The second PRC function entails a type of "transient memory." Supporting evidence comes from studies of trace cue conditioning, where there is a temporal gap or trace interval between the CS offset and the US onset. For learning to occur, there must be a transient CS representation during the trace interval. We advance a novel neurophysiological mechanism for this transient representation. These two hypothesized functions of PRC are consistent with inferences based on non-aversive forms of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Kent
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
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