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Basu A, Yang JH, Yu A, Glaeser-Khan S, Rondeau JA, Feng J, Krystal JH, Li Y, Kaye AP. Frontal Norepinephrine Represents a Threat Prediction Error Under Uncertainty. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 96:256-267. [PMID: 38316333 PMCID: PMC11269024 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To adapt to threats in the environment, animals must predict them and engage in defensive behavior. While the representation of a prediction error signal for reward has been linked to dopamine, a neuromodulatory prediction error for aversive learning has not been identified. METHODS We measured and manipulated norepinephrine release during threat learning using optogenetics and a novel fluorescent norepinephrine sensor. RESULTS We found that norepinephrine response to conditioned stimuli reflects aversive memory strength. When delays between auditory stimuli and footshock are introduced, norepinephrine acts as a prediction error signal. However, temporal difference prediction errors do not fully explain norepinephrine dynamics. To explain noradrenergic signaling, we used an updated reinforcement learning model with uncertainty about time and found that it explained norepinephrine dynamics across learning and variations in temporal and auditory task structure. CONCLUSIONS Norepinephrine thus combines cognitive and affective information into a predictive signal and links time with the anticipation of danger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Basu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jen-Hau Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Abigail Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Jocelyne A Rondeau
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jiesi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Clinical Neuroscience Division, Veterans Administration National Center for PTSD, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing, China; Peking University-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Alfred P Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Clinical Neuroscience Division, Veterans Administration National Center for PTSD, West Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Gold MS, Blum K, Bowirrat A, Pinhasov A, Bagchi D, Dennen CA, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Lewandrowski KU, Sharafshah A, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD. A historical perspective on clonidine as an alpha-2A receptor agonist in the treatment of addictive behaviors: Focus on opioid dependence. INNOSC THERANOSTICS & PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:1918. [PMID: 39119149 PMCID: PMC11308626 DOI: 10.36922/itps.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Clonidine operates through agonism at the alpha-2A receptor, a specific subtype of the alpha-2-adrenergic receptor located predominantly in the prefrontal cortex. By inhibiting the release of norepinephrine, which is responsible for withdrawal symptoms, clonidine effectively addresses withdrawal-related conditions such as anxiety, hypertension, and tachycardia. The groundbreaking work by Gold et al. demonstrated clonidine's ability to counteract the effects of locus coeruleus stimulation, reshaping the understanding of opioid withdrawal within the field. In the 1980s, the efficacy of clonidine in facilitating the transition to long-acting injectable naltrexone was confirmed for individuals motivated to overcome opioid use disorders (OUDs), including physicians and executives. Despite challenges with compliance, naltrexone offers sustained blockade of opioid receptors, reducing the risk of overdose, intoxication, and relapse in motivated patients in recovery. The development of clonidine and naltrexone as treatment modalities for OUDs, and potentially other addictions, including behavioral ones, underscores the potential for translating neurobiological advancements from preclinical models (bench) to clinical practice (bedside), ushering in innovative approaches to addiction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, California, United States of America
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute LLC, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Cross-Cultural Research and Educational Institute, San Clemente, California, United States of America
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, West Bengal, India
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Ketamine Infusion Clinic of South Florida, Pompano, Florida, United States of America
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Albert Pinhasov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Debasis Bagchi
- Department of Nutrigenomic Research, Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Bonita Springs, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski
- Division of Personalized Pain Therapy Research, Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Orthopedics, Hospital Universitário Gaffree Guinle Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alireza Sharafshah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Gilan, Iran
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Reich N, Mannino M, Kotler S. Using caffeine as a chemical means to induce flow states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105577. [PMID: 38331128 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Flow is an intrinsically rewarding state characterised by positive affect and total task absorption. Because cognitive and physical performance are optimal in flow, chemical means to facilitate this state are appealing. Caffeine, a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, has been emphasized as a potential flow-inducer. Thus, we review the psychological and biological effects of caffeine that, conceptually, enhance flow. Caffeine may facilitate flow through various effects, including: i) upregulation of dopamine D1/D2 receptor affinity in reward-associated brain areas, leading to greater energetic arousal and 'wanting'; ii) protection of dopaminergic neurons; iii) increases in norepinephrine release and alertness, which offset sleep-deprivation and hypoarousal; iv) heightening of parasympathetic high frequency heart rate variability, resulting in improved cortical stress appraisal, v) modification of striatal endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor-signalling, leading to enhanced stress tolerance; and vi) changes in brain network activity in favour of executive function and flow. We also discuss the application of caffeine to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and caveats. We hope to inspire studies assessing the use of caffeine to induce flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Biomedical & Life Sciences Division, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; The ALBORADA Drug Discovery Institute, University of Cambridge, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
| | - Michael Mannino
- Flow Research Collective, USA; Miami Dade College, Miami, FL, USA
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Mann LG, Claassen DO. Mesial temporal dopamine: From biology to behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1141-1152. [PMID: 38057945 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
While colloquially recognized for its role in pleasure, reward, and affect, dopamine is also necessary for proficient action control. Many motor studies focus on dopaminergic transmission along the nigrostriatal pathway, using Parkinson's disease as a model of a dorsal striatal lesion. Less attention to the mesolimbic pathway and its role in motor control has led to an important question related to the limbic-motor network. Indeed, secondary targets of the mesolimbic pathway include the hippocampus and amygdala, and these are linked to the motor cortex through the substantia nigra and thalamus. The modulatory impact of dopamine in the hippocampus and amygdala in humans is a focus of current investigations. This review explores dopaminergic activity in the mesial temporal lobe by summarizing dopaminergic networks and transmission in these regions and examining their role in behaviour and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Mann
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Pruccoli J, Parmeggiani A, Cordelli DM, Lanari M. The involvement of the adrenergic system in feeding and eating disorders. A systematic review. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024; 25:1-15. [PMID: 37691603 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2245458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenergic dysregulation has been proposed as a possible underlying mechanism in feeding and eating disorders (FED). This review aims to synthesise the current evidence on the role of adrenergic dysregulation in the pathogenesis and management of FED. METHODS A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials.gov. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) was adopted. Preclinical, clinical, and pharmacological studies assessing the adrenergic system in FED were included. RESULTS Thirty-one out of 1415 recognised studies were included. Preclinically, studies on adrenaline's anorectic impact, receptor subtypes, and effects on hepatic function in rats show that catecholamine anorexia is primarily alpha-adrenergic, whereas beta-adrenergic anorexia can be obtained only after puberty, implying an impact of sexual hormones. Clinically, catecholamine levels may be higher in FED patients than in healthy controls (HC). Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) may show higher epinephrine-induced platelet aggregability response than HC. Pharmacological trials suggest that the alpha-2-adrenergic medication clonidine may not lower AN symptoms, but agents regulating the adrenaline-noradrenaline neurotransmission (bupropion, reboxetine, duloxetine, sibutramine) have been found to improve binge eating symptoms. CONCLUSION Adrenergic dysregulation may be involved in the pathophysiology of FED. More research is needed to comprehend underlying mechanisms and treatment implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Pruccoli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età evolutiva, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonia Parmeggiani
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età evolutiva, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Duccio Maria Cordelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Centro Regionale per i Disturbi della Nutrizione e dell'Alimentazione in età evolutiva, U.O. Neuropsichiatria dell'età pediatrica, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Lanari
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Lima KR, Neves BHSD, Carrazoni GS, Rosa ACDSD, Carriço MRS, Roehrs R, Mello-Carpes PB. Acute physical exercise improves recognition memory via locus coeruleus activation but not via ventral tegmental area activation. Physiol Behav 2023; 272:114370. [PMID: 37797663 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Both animals and humans have been studied to explore the impact of acute physical exercise (PE) on memory. In rats, a single session of PE enhances the persistence of novel object recognition (NOR) memory, which depends on dopamine and noradrenaline activity in the hippocampus. However, limited research has examined the involvement of other brain regions in this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and locus coeruleus (LC) in modulating the persistence of NOR memory induced by acute PE. After NOR training, some animals underwent a 30 min treadmill PE session, followed by infusion of either vehicle (VEH) or muscimol (MUS) in either the VTA or LC. Other animals did not undergo PE and only received VEH, MUS, or NMDA within the same time window. We evaluated memory recall 1, 7, and 14 days later. Acute PE promoted memory persistence for up to 14 days afterward, similar to NMDA glutamatergic stimulation of the VTA or LC. Moreover, only the LC region was required for the memory improvement induced by acute PE since blocking this region with MUS impaired NOR encoding. Our findings suggest that acute PE can improve learning within a closed time window, and this effect depends on LC, but not VTA, activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Ramires Lima
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Ben-Hur Souto das Neves
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Salgado Carrazoni
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Murilo Ricardo Sigal Carriço
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roehrs
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Billig Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Stress, Memory and Behavior Lab, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Zanfino G, Puzzo C, de Laurenzi V, Adriani W. Characterization of Behavioral Phenotypes in Heterozygous DAT Rat Based on Pedigree. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2565. [PMID: 37761006 PMCID: PMC10526166 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is an essential neurotransmitter whose key roles include movement control, pleasure and reward, attentional and cognitive skills, and regulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Reuptake is carried out by the dopamine transporter (DAT; DAT1 SLC6A3 gene). In order to study the effects of hyper-dopaminergia syndrome, the gene was silenced in rats. DAT-KO rats show stereotypical behavior, hyperactivity, a deficit in working memory, and an altered circadian cycle. In addition to KO rats, heterozygous (DAT-HET) rats show relative hypofunction of DAT; exact phenotypic effects are still unknown and may depend on whether the sire or the dam was KO. Our goal was to elucidate the potential importance of the parental origin of the healthy or silenced allele and its impact across generations, along with the potential variations in maternal care. We thus generated specular lines to study the effects of (grand) parental roles in inheriting the wild or mutated allele. MAT-HETs are the progeny of a KO sire and a WT dam; by breeding MAT-HET males and KO females, we obtained subjects with a DAT -/- epigenotype, named QULL, to reflect additional epigenetic DAT modulation when embryos develop within a hyper-dopaminergic KO uterus. We aimed to verify if any behavioral anomaly was introduced by a QULL (instead of KO) rat acting as a direct father or indirect maternal grandfather (or both). We thus followed epigenotypes obtained after three generations and observed actual effects on impaired maternal care of the offspring (based on pedigree). In particular, offspring of MAT-HET-dam × QULL-sire breeding showed a compulsive and obsessive phenotype. Although the experimental groups were all heterozygous, the impact of having a sire of epigenotype QULL (who developed in the uterus of a KO grand-dam) has emerged clearly. Along the generations, the effects of the DAT epigenotype on the obsessive/compulsive phenotype do vary as a function of the uterine impact on either allele in one's genealogical line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioia Zanfino
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.Z.); (C.P.)
| | - Concetto Puzzo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.Z.); (C.P.)
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, 00186 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo de Laurenzi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.Z.); (C.P.)
- Faculty of Psychology, International Telematic University Uninettuno, 00186 Rome, Italy
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Warren CV, Kroll CF, Kopp B. Dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic modulation of endogenous event-related potentials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105221. [PMID: 37150485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) represent the cortical processing of sensory, motor or cognitive functions invoked by particular events or stimuli. A current theory posits that the catecholaminergic neurotransmitters dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) modulate a number of endogenous ERPs during various cognitive processes. This manuscript aims to evaluate a leading neurotransmitter hypothesis with a systematic overview and meta-analysis of pharmacologic DA and NE manipulation of specific ERPs in healthy subjects during executive function. Specifically, the frontally-distributed P3a, N2, and Ne/ERN (or error-related negativity) are supposedly modulated primarily by DA, whereas the parietally-distributed P3b is thought to be modulated by NE. Based on preceding research, we refer to this distinction between frontally-distributed DA-sensitive and parietally-distributed NE-sensitive ERP components as the Extended Neurobiological Polich (ENP) hypothesis. Our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that this distinction is too simplistic and many factors interact with DA and NE to influence these specific ERPs. These may include genetic factors, the specific cognitive processes engaged, or elements of study design, i.e. session or sequence effects or data-analysis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Warren
- Charlotte Fresenius Hochschule, Alte Rabenstraße 32, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; Professorship for Clinical Psychology, Helmut-Schmidt University/ Bundeswehr University Hamburg, Holstenhofweg 85, 22043 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Charlotte F Kroll
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6. P.O. Box 616, Maastricht, MD, 6200, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Kopp
- Clinic für Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Bouras NN, Mack NR, Gao WJ. Prefrontal modulation of anxiety through a lens of noradrenergic signaling. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1173326. [PMID: 37139472 PMCID: PMC10149815 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1173326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common class of mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million individuals annually. Anxiety is an adaptive response to a stressful or unpredictable life event. Though evolutionarily thought to aid in survival, excess intensity or duration of anxiogenic response can lead to a plethora of adverse symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. A wealth of data has implicated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the regulation of anxiety. Norepinephrine (NE) is a crucial neuromodulator of arousal and vigilance believed to be responsible for many of the symptoms of anxiety disorders. NE is synthesized in the locus coeruleus (LC), which sends major noradrenergic inputs to the mPFC. Given the unique properties of LC-mPFC connections and the heterogeneous subpopulation of prefrontal neurons known to be involved in regulating anxiety-like behaviors, NE likely modulates PFC function in a cell-type and circuit-specific manner. In working memory and stress response, NE follows an inverted-U model, where an overly high or low release of NE is associated with sub-optimal neural functioning. In contrast, based on current literature review of the individual contributions of NE and the PFC in anxiety disorders, we propose a model of NE level- and adrenergic receptor-dependent, circuit-specific NE-PFC modulation of anxiety disorders. Further, the advent of new techniques to measure NE in the PFC with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution will significantly help us understand how NE modulates PFC function in anxiety disorders.
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Ahmad S, Rafiq H, Khan A, Tikmani P, Batool Z, Tabassum S, Arain F, Siddiqi S, Khaliq S, Amin F, Wasim M, Haider S. Ameliorative effects of half-dose saffron and chamomile combination on Psycho-endocrinological changes in a diabetic murine model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276236. [PMID: 36302045 PMCID: PMC9612524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Reduction in blood insulin level alters brain function by inducing oxidative stress with changes in dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission, ultimately leading to neuropsychological symptoms. The efficacy of currently available psychotropic drugs is not satisfactory. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the beneficial effects of a combination of the natural herbs, saffron and chamomile, in treating diabetes and its resultant neuropsychological effects using a rodent model of diabetes mellitus. METHOD The rats were randomly divided in to eight groups (n = 10), healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC) and six groups of diabetic rats treated with various concentrations and combinations of saffron and chamomile. Diabetic treatment groups individually received methanolic extract and water decoction of chamomile (30 mg/kg) and saffron (10mg/kg) and their combined half doses (saffron 5mg/kg and chamomile 15mg/kg) for two weeks. Open field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST) were used to measure the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of herbs, respectively. Finally, biochemical, and neurochemical estimations were made. RESULTS The present study suggests the therapeutic effects of herbs especially in co-administrated decoction, against diabetes with improved antioxidant profile and enhanced levels of dopamine and norepinephrine. Anxiolytic and antidepressant effects were evident with improvements in the OFT and FST. Examination of the cortex of the diabetic group revealed cellular damage and tangle formation, which indicates advanced stages of dementia. CONCLUSION This study shows that the use of a combination of saffron and chamomile improves diabetes control and reduces its related psychiatric effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Ahmad
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Hamna Rafiq
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asra Khan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Prashant Tikmani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zehra Batool
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Tabassum
- Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fazal Arain
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salman Siddiqi
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saima Khaliq
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University of Science, Arts and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Faiq Amin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wasim
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saida Haider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Waterhouse BD, Predale HK, Plummer NW, Jensen P, Chandler DJ. Probing the structure and function of locus coeruleus projections to CNS motor centers. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:895481. [PMID: 36247730 PMCID: PMC9556855 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.895481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brainstem nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) sends projections to the forebrain, brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord and is a source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in these areas. For more than 50 years, LC was considered to be homogeneous in structure and function such that NE would be released uniformly and act simultaneously on the cells and circuits that receive LC projections. However, recent studies have provided evidence that LC is modular in design, with segregated output channels and the potential for differential release and action of NE in its projection fields. These new findings have prompted a radical shift in our thinking about LC operations and demand revision of theoretical constructs regarding impact of the LC-NE system on behavioral outcomes in health and disease. Within this context, a major gap in our knowledge is the relationship between the LC-NE system and CNS motor control centers. While we know much about the organization of the LC-NE system with respect to sensory and cognitive circuitries and the impact of LC output on sensory guided behaviors and executive function, much less is known about the role of the LC-NE pathway in motor network operations and movement control. As a starting point for closing this gap in understanding, we propose using an intersectional recombinase-based viral-genetic strategy TrAC (Tracing Axon Collaterals) as well as established ex vivo electrophysiological assays to characterize efferent connectivity and physiological attributes of mouse LC-motor network projection neurons. The novel hypothesis to be tested is that LC cells with projections to CNS motor centers are scattered throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the nucleus but collectively display a common set of electrophysiological properties. Additionally, we expect to find these LC projection neurons maintain an organized network of axon collaterals capable of supporting selective, synchronous release of NE in motor circuitries for the purpose of coordinately regulating operations across networks that are responsible for balance and movement dynamics. Investigation of this hypothesis will advance our knowledge of the role of the LC-NE system in motor control and provide a basis for treating movement disorders resulting from disease, injury, or normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D. Waterhouse
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States,*Correspondence: Barry D. Waterhouse,
| | - Haven K. Predale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Plummer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Patricia Jensen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Daniel J. Chandler
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, United States
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12
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Asgharian P, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Sabernavaei M, Hosseini K, Forouhandeh H, Ebrahimi T, Sharafi-Badr P, Tarhriz V, Soofiyani SR, Helon P, Rajkovic J, Durna Daştan S, Docea AO, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Koch W, Cho WC. Pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential of natural compounds in neuropsychiatric disorders: An update. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:926607. [PMID: 36188551 PMCID: PMC9521271 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.926607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parina Asgharian
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santo Tomas, Chile
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mahsa Sabernavaei
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Forouhandeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ebrahimi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria Sharafi-Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saiedeh Razi Soofiyani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sevgi Durna Daştan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
- Beekeeping Development Application and Research Center, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Perepelkina OV, Poletaeva II. Selection of Mice for Object Permanence Cognitive Task Solution. Neurol Int 2022; 14:696-706. [PMID: 36135993 PMCID: PMC9502561 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of mice for high (“plus”) and low (“minus”) scores in the puzzle-box test was performed over five generations. This test evaluates the success (or failure) in finding the underpass, leading to the dark part of the box, when it is blocked. This means that the mouse is either able or unable to operate the “object permanence rule” (one of the index’s cognitive abilities). For the “+” strain, animals were bred who solved the test when the underpass test blocked with a plug; the “−” strain comprised those who were unable to solve this task. In mice of the “+” strain, the proportion of animals that was able to solve “plug” stages of the test was higher than in the “−” strain and in the non-selected genetically heterogeneous population. The “+” mice ate significantly more new food in the hyponeophagia test. Animals of both strains demonstrated the ability to “manipulate” the plug blocking the underpass, touching the plug with their paws and muzzle, although the majority of “−” mice were unable to open the underpass effectively. Thus, mice of both selected strains demonstrated that they were able to understand that the underpass does exist, but only “+”-strain animals (at least the majority of them) were able to realize the solution. The selection for plug-stage solution success affected the mouse’s ability to open the hidden underpass.
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14
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Olejnik A, Ficek M, Szkodo M, Stanisławska A, Karczewski J, Ryl J, Dołęga A, Siuzdak K, Bogdanowicz R. Tailoring Diffusional Fields in Zwitterion/Dopamine Copolymer Electropolymerized at Carbon Nanowalls for Sensitive Recognition of Neurotransmitters. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13183-13198. [PMID: 35868019 PMCID: PMC9413423 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The importance of neurotransmitter sensing in the diagnosis and treatment of many psychological illnesses and neurodegenerative diseases is non-negotiable. For electrochemical sensors to become widespread and accurate, a long journey must be undertaken for each device, from understanding the materials at the molecular level to real applications in biological fluids. We report a modification of diamondized boron-doped carbon nanowalls (BCNWs) with an electropolymerized polydopamine/polyzwitterion (PDA|PZ) coating revealing tunable mechanical and electrochemical properties. Zwitterions are codeposited with PDA and noncovalently incorporated into a structure. This approach causes a specific separation of the diffusion fields generated by each nanowall during electrochemical reactions, thus increasing the contribution of the steady-state currents in the amperometric response. This phenomenon has a profound effect on the sensing properties, leading to a 4-fold enhancement of the sensitivity (3.1 to 14.3 μA cm-2 μM-1) and a 5-fold decrease of the limit of detection (505 to 89 nM) in comparison to the pristine BCNWs. Moreover, as a result of the antifouling capabilities of the incorporated zwitterions, this enhancement is preserved in bovine serum albumin (BSA) with a high protein concentration. The presence of zwitterion facilitates the transport of dopamine in the direction of the electrode by intermolecular interactions such as cation-π and hydrogen bonds. On the other hand, polydopamine units attached to the surface form molecular pockets driven by hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions. As a result, the intermediate state of dopamine-analyte oxidation is stabilized, leading to the enhancement of the sensing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Olejnik
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
- Centre
for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow
Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ficek
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Szkodo
- Institute
of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Alicja Stanisławska
- Institute
of Manufacturing and Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
and Ship Technology, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering and Advanced Materials
Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Institute
of Nanotechnology and Materials Engineering and Advanced Materials
Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siuzdak
- Centre
for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow
Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Department
of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications
and Informatics, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza
11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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15
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Corbett BF, Luz S, Arner J, Vigderman A, Urban K, Bhatnagar S. Arc-Mediated Plasticity in the Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus Promotes Habituation to Stress. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:116-126. [PMID: 35527070 PMCID: PMC9246972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habituation is defined as a progressive decline in response to repeated exposure to a familiar and predictable stimulus and is highly conserved across species. Disrupted habituation is a signature of posttraumatic stress disorder. In rodents, habituation is observed in neural, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to repeated exposure to predictable and moderately intense stress or restraint. We previously demonstrated that lesioning the posterior paraventricular thalamic nucleus (pPVT) impairs habituation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and specific neural connections among the pPVT and other brain regions that underlie habituation are unknown. METHODS Behavioral and neuroendocrine habituation was assessed in adult male Sprague Dawley rats using the repeated restraint paradigm. Pan-neuronal and Cre-dependent DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) were used to chemogenetically inhibit the pPVT and the subpopulation of pPVT neurons that project to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), respectively. Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) expression was knocked down in the pPVT using small interfering RNA. Structural plasticity of pPVT neurons was assessed using Golgi staining. Local field potential recordings were used to assess coherent neural activity between the pPVT and mPFC. The attentional set shifting task was used to assess mPFC-dependent behavior. RESULTS Here, we show that Arc promotes habituation by increasing stress-induced spinogenesis in the pPVT, increasing coherent neural activity with the mPFC, and improving mPFC-mediated cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Arc induction in the pPVT regulates habituation and mPFC function. Therapies that improve synaptic plasticity during posttraumatic stress disorder therapy may enhance habituation and the efficacy of posttraumatic stress disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F. Corbett
- Center for Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sandra Luz
- Center for Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay Arner
- Center for Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail Vigderman
- Center for Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly Urban
- Center for Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seema Bhatnagar
- Center for Stress Neurobiology, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Emotional and behavioral problems in Japanese preschool children with motor coordination difficulties: the role of autistic traits. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:979-990. [PMID: 33566188 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been little research on whether younger children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) symptoms have an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems. This study examined whether coordination difficulties are associated with emotional and behavioral problems (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer problems, reduced prosocial behavior) in preschool children and the role of autistic traits in this association. Data (N = 1042, age 58-71 months) were analyzed from the Tama Children's Survey (TCS). The Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (LDCDQ) was used to measure coordination difficulty symptoms. Information was obtained on emotional/behavioral problems using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and on autistic traits with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Higher autistic traits were based on SRS cutoff scores (53.5 for boys and 52.5 for girls). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess associations between the variables. In adjusted models, children with probable DCD (pDCD) were significantly more likely to score above the clinical thresholds on all SDQ emotional/behavioral domains. However, nearly all of these associations became nonsignificant after including autistic traits in the analysis. Additional analyses showed that children with pDCD with higher autistic traits had significantly increased odds for emotional problems (odds ratio [OR]: 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.52-13.19), hyperactivity/inattention (OR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.45-9.64), peer problems (OR: 15.81, 95% CI: 5.96-41.99), and total difficulties (OR: 28.78, 95% CI: 7.23-114.57), compared to children with pDCD alone. These results indicate that the increased risk of emotional/behavioral difficulties in preschool children with pDCD might be mediated by autistic traits.
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17
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Functional Coupling of the Locus Coeruleus Is Linked to Successful Cognitive Control. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030305. [PMID: 35326262 PMCID: PMC8946131 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a brainstem structure that sends widespread efferent projections throughout the mammalian brain. The LC constitutes the major source of noradrenaline (NE), a modulatory neurotransmitter that is crucial for fundamental brain functions such as arousal, attention, and cognitive control. This role of the LC-NE is traditionally not believed to reflect functional influences on the frontoparietal network or the striatum, but recent advances in chemogenetic manipulations of the rodent brain have challenged this notion. However, demonstrations of LC-NE functional connectivity with these areas in the human brain are surprisingly sparse. Here, we close this gap. Using an established emotional stroop task, we directly compared trials requiring response conflict control with trials that did not require this, but were matched for visual stimulus properties, response modality, and controlled for pupil dilation differences across both trial types. We found that LC-NE functional coupling with the parietal cortex and regions of the striatum is substantially enhanced during trials requiring response conflict control. Crucially, the strength of this functional coupling was directly related to individual reaction time differences incurred by conflict resolution. Our data concur with recent rodent findings and highlight the importance of converging evidence between human and nonhuman neurophysiology to further understand the neural systems supporting adaptive and maladaptive behavior in health and disease.
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18
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Vázquez JC, Martin de la Torre O, López Palomé J, Redolar-Ripoll D. Effects of Caffeine Consumption on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040739. [PMID: 35215389 PMCID: PMC8875377 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD impairments arise from irregularities primarily in dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) circuits within the prefrontal cortex. Due to ADHD medication’s controversial side effects and high rates of diagnosis, alternative/complementary pharmacological therapeutic approaches for ADHD are needed. Although the number of publications that study the potential effects of caffeine consumption on ADHD treatment have been accumulating over the last years, and caffeine has recently been used in ADHD research in the context of animal models, an updated evidence-based systematic review on the effects of caffeine on ADHD-like symptoms in animal studies is lacking. To provide insight and value at the preclinical level, a systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines was performed for all publications available up to 1 September 2021. Caffeine treatment increases attention and improves learning, memory, and olfactory discrimination without altering blood pressure and body weight. These results are supported at the neuronal/molecular level. Nonetheless, the role of caffeine in modulating ADHD-like symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity is contradictory, raising discrepancies that require further clarification. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that the cognitive effects of caffeine found in animal models could be translated to human ADHD, particularly during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier C. Vázquez
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive NeuroLab, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (O.M.d.l.T.); (D.R.-R.)
- Neuromodulation Unit, Institut Brain 360, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ona Martin de la Torre
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive NeuroLab, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (O.M.d.l.T.); (D.R.-R.)
- Neuromodulation Unit, Institut Brain 360, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júdit López Palomé
- Consorci d’Educació de Barcelona, Centre de Màxima Complexitat Elisenda de Montcada, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08010 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Diego Redolar-Ripoll
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Cognitive NeuroLab, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (O.M.d.l.T.); (D.R.-R.)
- Neuromodulation Unit, Institut Brain 360, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition associated with impaired function and increased risk of poor outcomes in children, young people and adults with the condition. Currently approved pharmacological treatments for ADHD include a range of stimulant (methylphenidate, amphetamine) and nonstimulant (atomoxetine, guanfacine, clonidine) medications. All have been shown to be effective in treating the symptoms of ADHD and improving other functional outcomes including quality of life, academic performance, rates of accidents and injuries, and do not appear to be associated with significant adverse outcomes or side effects. In this chapter, we review medications for ADHD by summarising the mechanisms of action of each of the two main classes of compounds (stimulants and nonstimulants), the formulations of the most commonly prescribed medications within each class, their efficacy in treating ADHD symptoms and other outcomes, and other factors that influence treatment decisions including side effects and tolerability, comorbidities and medical history. We conclude with a summary of the treatment decisions made by clinicians and suggest some next steps for research. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of action of these medications and how exactly they improve symptoms, and to examine their effects on commonly occurring comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Groom
- Academic Unit of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, Center for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for ADHD and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Across the Lifespan, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Riedel P, Domachowska IM, Lee Y, Neukam PT, Tönges L, Li SC, Goschke T, Smolka MN. L-DOPA administration shifts the stability-flexibility balance towards attentional capture by distractors during a visual search task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:867-885. [PMID: 35147724 PMCID: PMC8891202 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06077-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cognitive control dilemma describes the necessity to balance two antagonistic modes of attention: stability and flexibility. Stability refers to goal-directed thought, feeling, or action and flexibility refers to the complementary ability to adapt to an ever-changing environment. Their balance is thought to be maintained by neurotransmitters such as dopamine, most likely in a U-shaped rather than linear manner. However, in humans, studies on the stability-flexibility balance using a dopaminergic agent and/or measurement of brain dopamine are scarce. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the causal involvement of dopamine in the stability-flexibility balance and the nature of this relationship in humans. METHODS Distractibility was assessed as the difference in reaction time (RT) between distractor and non-distractor trials in a visual search task. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 65 healthy participants performed the task under placebo and a dopamine precursor (L-DOPA). Using 18F-DOPA-PET, dopamine availability in the striatum was examined at baseline to investigate its relationship to the RT distractor effect and to the L-DOPA-induced change of the RT distractor effect. RESULTS There was a pronounced RT distractor effect in the placebo session that increased under L-DOPA. Neither the RT distractor effect in the placebo session nor the magnitude of its L-DOPA-induced increase were related to baseline striatal dopamine. CONCLUSIONS L-DOPA administration shifted the stability-flexibility balance towards attentional capture by distractors, suggesting causal involvement of dopamine. This finding is consistent with current theories of prefrontal cortex dopamine function. Current data can neither confirm nor falsify the inverted U-shaped function hypothesis with regard to cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - I. M. Domachowska
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Y. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - P. T. Neukam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - L. Tönges
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr University Bochum, St. Josef-Hospital, Gudrunstraße 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - S. C. Li
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany ,Centre for Tactile Internet With Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, Georg-Schumman-Str. 9, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - T. Goschke
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M. N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Fluid intelligence and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110630118. [PMID: 34764223 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110630118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant progress identifying genetic and brain differences related to intelligence. However, there remain considerable gaps in our understanding of how cognitive mechanisms that underpin intelligence map onto various brain functions. In this article, we argue that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system is essential for understanding the biological basis of intelligence. We review evidence suggesting that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system plays a central role at all levels of brain function, from metabolic processes to the organization of large-scale brain networks. We connect this evidence with our executive attention view of working-memory capacity and fluid intelligence and present analyses on baseline pupil size, an indicator of locus coeruleus activity. Using a latent variable approach, our analyses showed that a common executive attention factor predicted baseline pupil size. Additionally, the executive attention function of disengagement--not maintenance--uniquely predicted baseline pupil size. These findings suggest that the ability to control attention may be important for understanding how cognitive mechanisms of fluid intelligence map onto the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. We discuss how further research is needed to better understand the relationships between fluid intelligence, the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, and functionally organized brain networks.
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22
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Xu A, Tang Y, Zeng Q, Wang X, Tian H, Zhou Y, Li Z. Electroacupuncture Enhances Cognition by Promoting Brain Glucose Metabolism and Inhibiting Inflammation in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:387-400. [PMID: 32741819 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, yet there is no effective treatment. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a complementary alternative medicine approach. In clinical and animal studies, EA promotes cognition in AD and vascular dementia. It has been previously reported that cognitive decline in AD might be closely related to reduced glucose intake in the brain. It is worth mentioning that the regions of glucose hypometabolism are usually found to be associated with neuroinflammation. OBJECTIVE This study is to explore whether the protective mechanism of EA on cognition is related to the regulation of glucose metabolism and neuroinflammation. METHODS APP/PS1 mice were randomly divided into AD group and the treatment (AD + EA) group. In the AD + EA group, EA was applied on Baihui (GV20) and Yintang (GV29) for 20 min and then pricked at Shuigou (GV26), once every alternate day for 4 weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) tests were performed to evaluate the effects of EA treatment on cognitive functions. 18F-FDG PET, immunofluorescence, and western blot were used to examine the mechanisms underlying EA effects. RESULTS From MWM tests, EA treatment significantly improved cognition of APP/PS1 mice. From the 18F-FDG PET, the levels of uptake rate of glucose in frontal lobe were higher than the AD group after EA. From immunofluorescence and western blot, amyloid-β (Aβ) and neuroinflammation were reduced after EA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EA may prevent cognitive decline in AD mouse models by enhancing glucose metabolism and inhibiting inflammation-mediated Aβ deposition in the frontal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Xu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yinshan Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation and Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingtao Zeng
- Information Engineering Institute, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiling Tian
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation and Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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23
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Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez O, Alejo R, Fernández-Novoa L, Cacabelos P, Corzo L, Rodríguez S, Alcaraz M, Nebril L, Tellado I, Cacabelos N, Pego R, Naidoo V, Carril JC. Atremorine in Parkinson's disease: From dopaminergic neuroprotection to pharmacogenomics. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2841-2886. [PMID: 34106485 DOI: 10.1002/med.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atremorine is a novel bioproduct obtained by nondenaturing biotechnological processes from a genetic species of Vicia faba. Atremorine is a potent dopamine (DA) enhancer with powerful effects on the neuronal dopaminergic system, acting as a neuroprotective agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). Over 97% of PD patients respond to a single dose of Atremorine (5 g, p.o.) 1 h after administration. This response is gender-, time-, dose-, and genotype-dependent, with optimal doses ranging from 5 to 20 g/day, depending upon disease severity and concomitant medication. Drug-free patients show an increase in DA levels from 12.14 ± 0.34 pg/ml to 6463.21 ± 1306.90 pg/ml; and patients chronically treated with anti-PD drugs show an increase in DA levels from 1321.53 ± 389.94 pg/ml to 16,028.54 ± 4783.98 pg/ml, indicating that Atremorine potentiates the dopaminergic effects of conventional anti-PD drugs. Atremorine also influences the levels of other neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline) and hormones which are regulated by DA (e.g., prolactin, PRL), with no effect on serotonin or histamine. The variability in Atremorine-induced DA response is highly attributable to pharmacogenetic factors. Polymorphic variants in pathogenic (SNCA, NUCKS1, ITGA8, GPNMB, GCH1, BCKDK, APOE, LRRK2, ACMSD), mechanistic (DRD2), metabolic (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4/5, NAT2), transporter (ABCB1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4) and pleiotropic genes (APOE) influence the DA response to Atremorine and its psychomotor and brain effects. Atremorine enhances DNA methylation and displays epigenetic activity via modulation of the pharmacoepigenetic network. Atremorine is a novel neuroprotective agent for dopaminergic neurons with potential prophylactic and therapeutic activity in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- Department of Health Biotechnology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Olaia Martínez
- Department of Medical Epigenetics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Cacabelos
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Lola Corzo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Susana Rodríguez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Margarita Alcaraz
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Laura Nebril
- Department of Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Tellado
- Department of Digital Diagnosis, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Natalia Cacabelos
- Department of Medical Documentation, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Rocío Pego
- Department of Neuropsychology, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- Department of Neuroscience, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Juan C Carril
- Department of Genomics & Pharmacogenomics, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
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24
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Lockhofen DEL, Mulert C. Neurochemistry of Visual Attention. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:643597. [PMID: 34025339 PMCID: PMC8133366 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention is the cognitive process that mediates the selection of important information from the environment. This selection is usually controlled by bottom-up and top-down attentional biasing. Since for most humans vision is the dominant sense, visual attention is critically important for higher-order cognitive functions and related deficits are a core symptom of many neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Here, we summarize the importance and relative contributions of different neuromodulators and neurotransmitters to the neural mechanisms of top-down and bottom-up attentional control. We will not only review the roles of widely accepted neuromodulators, such as acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline, but also the contributions of other modulatory substances. In doing so, we hope to shed some light on the current understanding of the role of neurochemistry in shaping neuron properties contributing to the allocation of attention in the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Mulert
- Center for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Justus-Liebig University, Hessen, Germany
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25
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Pastor V, Medina JH. Medial prefrontal cortical control of reward- and aversion-based behavioral output: Bottom-up modulation. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3039-3062. [PMID: 33660363 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
How does the brain guide our actions? This is a complex issue, where the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a crucial role. The mPFC is essential for cognitive flexibility and decision making. These functions are related to reward- and aversion-based learning, which ultimately drive behavior. Though, cortical projections and modulatory systems that may regulate those processes in the mPFC are less understood. How does the mPFC regulate approach-avoidance behavior in the case of conflicting aversive and appetitive stimuli? This is likely dependent on the bottom-up neuromodulation of the mPFC projection neurons. In this review, we integrate behavioral-, pharmacological-, and viral-based circuit manipulation data showing the involvement of mPFC dopaminergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, and serotoninergic inputs in reward and aversion processing. Given that an incorrect balance of reward and aversion value could be a key problem in mental diseases such as substance use disorders, we discuss outstanding questions for future research on the role of mPFC modulation in reward and aversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Pastor
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Horacio Medina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. Eduardo De Robertis" (IBCN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Cacabelos R, Carrera I, Martínez O, Naidoo V, Cacabelos N, Aliev G, Carril JC. Influence of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin transporters on the pharmacogenetics of Atremorine in Parkinson's disease. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:695-706. [PMID: 33458869 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Atremorine is a potent dopamine (DA) enhancer obtained by nondenaturing biotechnological processes from a genetic species of Vicia faba. Atremorine affects the neuronal dopaminergic system by acting as a neuroprotective agent against Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients (N = 127) responded to a single dose of Atremorine (5 g, p.o.) 1 h after administration in a sex-, time-, dose-, and genotype-dependent fashion. Drug-free patients (N = 81) showed an increase in DA levels from 12.14 ± 0.34 pg/ml to 6463.21 ± 1306.90 pg/ml; and patients chronically treated with anti-PD drugs (N = 46) showed an increase in DA levels from 1321.53 ± 389.94 pg/ml to 16,028.54 ± 4783.98 pg/ml, indicating that Atremorine potentiates the dopaminergic effect of conventional anti-PD drugs. The variability in Atremorine-induced DA response is strongly attributable to pharmacogenetic factors. Polymorphic variants in pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, and pleiotropic genes influence the DA response to Atremorine. Genetic variation in the DA (SLC6A3; rs460000), noradrenaline (NA) (SLC6A2; rs12708954, rs3785143, rs5569), and serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SLC6A4; rs2020934, rs2020936, rs4251417, rs6354) genes exert a genotype-dependent Atremorine-induced DA response in PD, with potential impact on the DA-related pharmacogenetic outcome and minimum effects on NA and 5-HT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Iván Carrera
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Olaia Martínez
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Vinogran Naidoo
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Natalia Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.,GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Juan C Carril
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, Bergondo, Spain
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27
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A mixed herbal extract as an adjunctive therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Integr Med Res 2021; 10:100714. [PMID: 33665099 PMCID: PMC7903061 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2021.100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylphenidate improves clinical symptoms and brain activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients through the attention-regulation network's dopamine system. Additionally, water-soluble extracts (HX106) of four plants (Gastrodia elata Blume, Liriope platyphylla Wang et Tang, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, and Dimocarpus longan Lour) improve cognitive function. We hypothesized that the combination of HX106 and methylphenidate would improve ADHD symptoms and brain activity of the attention network more effectively than the combination of placebo and methylphenidate. Methods Twenty-seven patients with ADHD were administered a herbal mixture and methylphenidate (n=13), or placebo and methylphenidate (n=14) during a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Changes in ADHD symptoms (K-ARS scores), as well as brain activity and functional connectivity, were assessed at baseline and 4 weeks later. Results The HX106 group showed a greater improvement in total attention (16.8%) and inattention (17.2%) scores than the placebo group. The HX106 group showed increased brain activity within the left precuneus compared to the placebo group. The HX106 group also showed increased functional connectivity from the precuneus seed to the left middle temporal gyrus compared with the placebo group. In all participants, the changes in K-ARS scores were negatively correlated with changes in brain activity in the left middle temporal gyrus. Conclusions HX106 enhanced the effect of methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms and increased brain activity in the attention-regulation network. Therefore, HX106 may be an effective adjunctive therapy for patients with ADHD.
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28
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Jung M, Kim HS, Loprinzi PD, Kang M. Serial-multiple mediation of enjoyment and intention on the relationship between creativity and physical activity. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:161-180. [PMID: 33490377 PMCID: PMC7815478 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine a serial-multiple mediation of physical activity (PA) enjoyment and PA intention in the relationship between creativity and PA level (i.e., moderate-to-vigorous PA). A total of 298 undergraduate and graduate students completed a self-reported questionnaire evaluating creativity, PA enjoyment, PA intention, and PA level. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, ordinary least-squares regression analysis, and bootstrap methodology. Based on the research findings, both PA enjoyment (β = 0.06; 95% CI [0.003, 0.12]) and PA intention (β = 0.08; 95% CI [0.03, 0.13]) were found to be a mediator of the relationship between creativity and PA level, respectively. Moreover, the serial-multiple mediation of PA enjoyment and PA intention in the relationship between creativity and PA level was statistically significant (β = 0.02; 95% CI [0.01, 0.04]). These findings underscore the importance of shaping both cognitive and affective functions for PA promotion and provide additional support for a neurocognitive affect-related model in the PA domain. In order to guide best practices for PA promotion programs aimed at positively influencing cognition and affect, future PA interventions should develop evidence-based strategies that routinely evaluate cognitive as well as affective responses to PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Han Soo Kim
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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29
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Chen CY, Matrov D, Veale R, Onoe H, Yoshida M, Miura K, Isa T. Properties of visually guided saccadic behavior and bottom-up attention in marmoset, macaque, and human. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:437-457. [PMID: 33356912 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00312.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccades are stereotypic behaviors whose investigation improves our understanding of how primate brains implement precise motor control. Furthermore, saccades offer an important window into the cognitive and attentional state of the brain. Historically, saccade studies have largely relied on macaques. However, the cortical network giving rise to the saccadic command is difficult to study in macaques because relevant cortical areas lie in deep sulci and are difficult to access. Recently, a New World monkey. the marmoset, has garnered attention as an alternative to macaques because of advantages including its smooth cortical surface. However, adoption of the marmoset for oculomotor research has been limited due to a lack of in-depth descriptions of marmoset saccade kinematics and their ability to perform psychophysical tasks. Here, we directly compare free-viewing and visually guided behavior of marmoset, macaque, and human engaged in identical tasks under similar conditions. In the video free-viewing task, all species exhibited qualitatively similar saccade kinematics up to 25° in amplitude although with different parameters. Furthermore, the conventional bottom-up saliency model predicted gaze targets at similar rates for all species. We further verified their visually guided behavior by training them with step and gap saccade tasks. In the step paradigm, marmosets did not show shorter saccade reaction time for upward saccades whereas macaques and humans did. In the gap paradigm, all species showed similar gap effect and express saccades. Our results suggest that the marmoset can serve as a model for oculomotor, attentional, and cognitive research while we need to be aware of their difference from macaque or human.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We directly compared the results of a video free-viewing task and visually guided saccade tasks (step and gap) among three different species: marmoset, macaque, and human. We found that all species exhibit qualitatively similar saccadic kinematics and saliency-driven saccadic behavior albeit with different parameters. Our results suggest that the marmoset possesses similar neural mechanisms to macaque and human for saccadic control, and it is an appropriate model to study neural mechanisms for active vision and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Denis Matrov
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Veale
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Onoe
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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30
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Grueschow M, Kleim B, Ruff CC. Role of the locus coeruleus arousal system in cognitive control. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12890. [PMID: 32820571 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control lies at the core of human adaptive behaviour. Humans vary substantially in their ability to execute cognitive control with respect to optimally facing environmental challenges, although the neural origins of this heterogeneity are currently not well understood. Recent theoretical frameworks implicate the locus coeruleus noradrenergic arousal system (LC-NE) in that process. Invasive neurophysiological work in rodents has shown that the LC-NE is an important homeostatic control centre of the body. LC-NE innervates the entire neocortex and has particularly strong connections with the cingulate gyrus. In the present study, using a response conflict task, functional magnetic resonance imaging and concurrent pupil dilation measures (a proxy for LC-NE firing), we provide empirical evidence for a decisive role of the LC-NE in cognitive control in humans. We show that the level of individual behavioural adjustment in cognitive control relates to the level of functional coupling between LC-NE and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, as well as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we show that the pupil is substantially more dilated during conflict trials requiring behavioural adjustment than during no conflict trials. In addition, we explore a potential relationship between pupil dilation and neural activity during choice conflict adjustments. Our data provide novel insight into arousal-related influences on cognitive control and suggest pupil dilation as a potential external marker for endogenous neural processes involved in optimising behavioural control. Our results may also be clinically relevant for a variety of pathologies where cognitive control is compromised, such as anxiety, depression, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Grueschow
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Kleim
- Department of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian C Ruff
- Department of Economics, Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics (ZNE), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Brandão PRP, Munhoz RP, Grippe TC, Cardoso FEC, de Almeida E Castro BM, Titze-de-Almeida R, Tomaz C, Tavares MCH. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: A clinical and pathophysiological overview. J Neurol Sci 2020; 419:117177. [PMID: 33068906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) has received increasing attention, and, together with other non-motor symptoms, exert a significant functional impact in the daily lives of patients. This article aims to compile and briefly summarize selected published data about clinical features, cognitive evaluation, biomarkers, and pathophysiology of PD-related dementia (PDD). The literature search included articles indexed in the MEDLINE/PubMed database, published in English, over the last two decades. Despite significant progress on clinical criteria and cohort studies for PD-mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PDD, there are still knowledge gaps about its exact molecular and pathological basis. Here we overview the scientific literature on the role of functional circuits, neurotransmitter systems (monoaminergic and cholinergic), basal forebrain, and brainstem nuclei dysfunction in PD-MCI. Correlations between neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, clinical outcomes, and pathological results are described to aid in uncovering the neurodegeneration pattern in PD-MCI and PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Renato P Brandão
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB); Neurology Section, Medical Department, Chamber of Deputies of the Federal Republic of Brazil, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Renato Puppi Munhoz
- Toronto Western Hospital, Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital - UHN, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Talyta Cortez Grippe
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade de Brasília (UnB); Movement Disorders Group, Neurology Unit, Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal; School of Medicine, Centro Universitário de Brasília (UniCEUB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eduardo Costa Cardoso
- Movement Disorders Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Neurology Service, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Titze-de-Almeida
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, University of Brasília/FAV, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior and Graduate Program in Environment, CEUMA University - UniCEUMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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32
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Devoto P, Sagheddu C, Santoni M, Flore G, Saba P, Pistis M, Gessa GL. Noradrenergic Source of Dopamine Assessed by Microdialysis in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588160. [PMID: 33071798 PMCID: PMC7538903 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous results indicate that dopamine (DA) release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is modified by α2 adrenoceptor- but not D2 DA receptor- agonists and antagonists, suggesting that DA measured by microdialysis in the mPFC originates from noradrenergic terminals. Accordingly, noradrenergic denervation was found to prevent α2-receptor-mediated rise and fall of extracellular DA induced by atipamezole and clonidine, respectively, in the mPFC. The present study was aimed to determine whether DA released by dopaminergic terminals in the mPFC is not detected by in vivo microdialysis because is readily taken up by norepinephrine transporter (NET). Accordingly, the D2-antagonist raclopride increased the electrical activity of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and enhanced extracellular DOPAC but failed to modify DA in the mPFC. However, in rats whose NET was either inactivated by nisoxetine or eliminated by noradrenergic denervation, raclopride still elevated extracellular DOPAC and activated dopaminergic activity, but also increased DA. Conversely, the D2-receptor agonist quinpirole reduced DOPAC but failed to modify DA in the mPFC in control rats. However, in rats whose NET was eliminated by noradrenergic denervation or inhibited by locally perfused nisoxetine, quinpirole maintained its ability to reduce DOPAC but acquired that of reducing DA. Moreover, raclopride and quinpirole, when locally perfused into the mPFC of rats subjected to noradrenergic denervation, were able to increase and decrease, respectively, extracellular DA levels, while being ineffective in control rats. Transient inactivation of noradrenergic neurons by clonidine infusion into the locus coeruleus, a condition where NET is preserved, was found to reduce extracellular NE and DA in the mPFC, whereas noradrenergic denervation, a condition where NET is eliminated, almost totally depleted extracellular NE but increased DA. Both transient inactivation and denervation of noradrenergic neurons were found to reduce the number of spontaneously active DA neurons and their bursting activity in the VTA. The results indicate that DA released in the mPFC by dopaminergic terminals is not detected by microdialysis unless DA clearance from extracellular space is inactivated. They support the hypothesis that noradrenergic terminals are the main source of DA measured by microdialysis in the mPFC during physiologically relevant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Devoto
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,"Guy Everett" Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudia Sagheddu
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Santoni
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Flore
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Section of Cagliari, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- "Guy Everett" Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Section of Cagliari, Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
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Longley M, Ballard J, Andres-Alonso M, Varatharajah RC, Cuthbert H, Yeo CH. A Patterned Architecture of Monoaminergic Afferents in the Cerebellar Cortex: Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Fibre Distributions within Lobules and Parasagittal Zones. Neuroscience 2020; 462:106-121. [PMID: 32949672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The geometry of the glutamatergic mossy-parallel fibre and climbing fibre inputs to cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells has powerfully influenced thinking about cerebellar functions. The compartmentation of the cerebellum into parasagittal zones, identifiable in olivo-cortico-nuclear projections, and the trajectories of the parallel fibres, transverse to these zones and following the long axes of the cortical folia, are particularly important. Two monoaminergic afferent systems, the serotonergic and noradrenergic, are major inputs to the cerebellar cortex but their architecture and relationship with the cortical geometry are poorly understood. Immunohistochemistry for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and for the noradrenaline transporter (NET) revealed strong anisotropy of these afferent fibres in the molecular layer of rat cerebellar cortex. Individual serotonergic fibres travel predominantly medial-lateral, along the long axes of the cortical folia, similar to parallel fibres and Zebrin II immunohistochemistry revealed that they can influence multiple zones. In contrast, individual noradrenergic fibres run predominantly parasagittally with rostral-caudal extents significantly longer than their medial-lateral deviations. Their local area of influence has similarities in form and size to those of identified microzones. Within the molecular layer, the orthogonal trajectories of these two afferent systems suggest different information processing. An individual serotonergic fibre must influence all zones and microzones within its medial-lateral trajectory. In contrast, noradrenergic fibres can influence smaller cortical territories, potentially as limited as a microzone. Evidence is emerging that these monoaminergic systems may not supply a global signal to all of their targets and their potential for cerebellar cortical functions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Longley
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - John Ballard
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Andres-Alonso
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Hadleigh Cuthbert
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Christopher H Yeo
- Dept. Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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Mäki-Marttunen V, Andreassen OA, Espeseth T. The role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:298-314. [PMID: 32768486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have suggested for decades a role for norepinephrine (NE) in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. Recent experimental findings reveal anatomical and physiological properties of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system and its involvement in brain function and cognition. Here, we integrate these two lines of evidence. First, we review the functional and structural properties of the LC-NE system and its impact on functional brain networks, cognition, and stress, with special emphasis on recent experimental and theoretical advances. Subsequently, we present an update about the role of LC-associated functions for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, focusing on the cognitive and motivational deficits. We propose that schizophrenia phenomenology, in particular cognitive symptoms, may be explained by an abnormal interaction between genetic susceptibility and stress-initiated LC-NE dysfunction. This in turn, leads to imbalance between LC activity modes, dysfunctional regulation of brain network integration and neural gain, and deficits in cognitive functions. Finally, we suggest how recent development of experimental approaches can be used to characterize LC function in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- CoE NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Building 49, P.O. Box 4956 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; Bjørknes College, Lovisenberggata 13, 0456 Oslo, Norway
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36
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Sheldon ZP, Castelino CB, Glaze CM, Bibu SP, Yau E, Schmidt MF. Regulation of vocal precision by noradrenergic modulation of a motor nucleus. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:458-470. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00154.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) function is often implicated in regulating arousal levels. Recent theory suggests that the noradrenergic system also regulates the optimization of behavior with respect to reward maximization by controlling a switch between exploration and exploitation of the specific actions that yield greatest utility. We show in the songbird that NE can act directly on a cortical motor area and cause a switch between exploratory and exploitative behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Sheldon
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Steve P. Bibu
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elvina Yau
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marc F. Schmidt
- Biology Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ogbu D, Xia E, Sun J. Gut instincts: vitamin D/vitamin D receptor and microbiome in neurodevelopment disorders. Open Biol 2020; 10:200063. [PMID: 32634371 PMCID: PMC7574554 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome regulates a relationship with the brain known as the gut–microbiota–brain (GMB) axis. This interaction is influenced by immune cells, microbial metabolites and neurotransmitters. Recent findings show gut dysbiosis is prevalent in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There are previously established negative correlations among vitamin D, vitamin D receptor (VDR) levels and severity of ASD as well as ADHD. Both vitamin D and VDR are known to regulate homeostasis in the brain and the intestinal microbiome. This review summarizes the growing relationship between vitamin D/VDR signalling and the GMB axis in ASD and ADHD. We focus on current publications and summarize the progress of GMB in neurodevelopmental disorders, describe effects and mechanisms of vitamin D/VDR in regulating the microbiome and synoptically highlight the potential applications of targeting vitamin D/VDR signalling in neurodevelopment disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny Ogbu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA
| | - Eric Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA.,Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60612, IL, USA.,UIC Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Janitzky K. Impaired Phasic Discharge of Locus Coeruleus Neurons Based on Persistent High Tonic Discharge-A New Hypothesis With Potential Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2020; 11:371. [PMID: 32477246 PMCID: PMC7235306 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small brainstem nucleus with widely distributed noradrenergic projections to the whole brain, and loss of LC neurons is a prominent feature of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This article discusses the hypothesis that in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, the discharge mode of LC neurons could be changed to a persistent high tonic discharge, which in turn might impair phasic discharge. Since phasic discharge of LC neurons is required for the release of high amounts of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain to promote anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, persistent high tonic discharge of LC neurons could be a key factor in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Transcutaneous vagal stimulation (t-VNS), a non-invasive technique that potentially increases phasic discharge of LC neurons, could therefore provide a non-pharmacological treatment approach in specific disease stages. This article focuses on LC vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases, discusses the hypothesis that a persistent high tonic discharge of LC neurons might affect neurodegenerative processes, and finally reflects on t-VNS as a potentially useful clinical tool in specific stages of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Janitzky
- Department of Neurology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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39
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Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z. Dopamine and Noradrenaline in the Brain; Overlapping or Dissociate Functions? Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:334. [PMID: 32038164 PMCID: PMC6986277 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and noradrenaline are crucial neuromodulators controlling brain states, vigilance, action, reward, learning, and memory processes. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) and Locus Coeruleus (LC) are canonically described as the main sources of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) with dissociate functions. A comparison of diverse studies shows that these neuromodulators largely overlap in multiple domains such as shared biosynthetic pathway and co-release from the LC terminals, convergent innervations, non-specificity of receptors and transporters, and shared intracellular signaling pathways. DA–NA interactions are mainly studied in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, yet it can be extended to the whole brain given the diversity of catecholamine innervations. LC can simultaneously broadcast both dopamine and noradrenaline across the brain. Here, we briefly review the molecular, cellular, and physiological overlaps between DA and NA systems and point to their functional implications. We suggest that DA and NA may function in parallel to facilitate learning and maintain the states required for normal cognitive processes. Various signaling modules of NA and DA have been targeted for developing of therapeutics. Understanding overlaps of the two systems is crucial for more effective interventions in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Ranjbar-Slamloo
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zeinab Fazlali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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40
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Astrocyte control of glutamatergic activity: Downstream effects on serotonergic function and emotional behavior. Neuropharmacology 2019; 166:107914. [PMID: 32045742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with a poorly known pathophysiology and sub-optimal treatment, based on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors. We review existing theories on MDD, paying special attention to the role played by the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) or its rodent equivalent, infralimbic cortex (IL), which tightly control the activity of brainstem monoamine neurons (including raphe 5-HT neurons) via descending afferents. Further, astrocytes regulate excitatory synapse activity via glutamate reuptake through astrocytic transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2 (GLAST and GLT-1 in rodents), and alterations of astrocyte number/function have been reported in MDD patients and suicide victims. We recently assessed the impact of reducing GLAST/GLT-1 function in IL on emotional behavior and serotonergic function in rodents. The acute pharmacological blockade of GLT-1 with dihydrokainate (DHK) in rat IL evoked an antidepressant-like effect mediated by local AMPA-R activation and a subsequent enhancement of serotonergic function. No effects were produced by DHK microinfusion in prelimbic cortex (PrL). In the second model, a moderate small interfering RNAs (siRNA)-induced reduction of GLAST and GLT-1 expression in mouse IL markedly increased local glutamatergic neurotransmission and evoked a depressive-like phenotype (reversed by citalopram and ketamine), and reduced serotonergic function and BDNF expression in cortical/hippocampal areas. As for DHK, siRNA microinfusion in PrL did not evoke behavioral/neurochemical effects. Overall, both studies support a critical role of the astrocyte-neuron communication in the control of excitatory neurotransmission in IL, and subsequently, on emotional behavior, via the downstream associated changes on serotonergic function.
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Wagner-Altendorf TA, Fischer B, Roeper J. Axonal projection-specific differences in somatodendritic α2 autoreceptor function in locus coeruleus neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3772-3785. [PMID: 31430399 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The locus coeruleus (LC) contains the majority of central noradrenergic neurons sending wide projections throughout the entire CNS. The LC is considered to be essential for multiple key brain functions including arousal, attention and adaptive stress responses as well as higher cognitive functions and memory. Electrophysiological studies of LC neurons have identified several characteristic functional features such as low-frequency pacemaker activity with broad action potentials, transient high-frequency burst discharges in response to salient stimuli and an apparently homogeneous inhibition of firing by activation of somatodendritic α2 autoreceptors (α2AR). While stress-mediated plasticity of the α2AR response has been described, it is currently unclear whether different LC neurons projecting to distinct axonal targets display differences in α2AR function. Using fluorescent beads-mediated retrograde tracing in adult C57Bl6/N mice, we compared the anatomical distributions and functional in vitro properties of identified LC neurons projecting either to medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus or cerebellum. The functional in vitro analysis of LC neurons confirmed their mostly uniform functional properties regarding action potential generation and pacemaker firing. However, we identified significant differences in tonic and evoked α2AR-mediated responses. While hippocampal-projecting LC neurons were partially inhibited by endogenous levels of norepinephrine and almost completely silenced by application of saturating concentrations of the α2 agonist clonidine, prefrontal-projecting LC neurons were not affected by endogenous levels of norepinephrine and only partially inhibited by saturating concentrations of clonidine. Thus, we identified a limited α2AR control of electrical activity for prefrontal-projecting LC neurons indicative of functional heterogeneity in the LC-noradrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A Wagner-Altendorf
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beatrice Fischer
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Roeper
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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42
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Ando S, Komiyama T, Sudo M, Higaki Y, Ishida K, Costello JT, Katayama K. The interactive effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on cognitive performance: A narrative review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:384-398. [PMID: 31605635 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute moderate intensity exercise has been shown to improve cognitive performance. In contrast, hypoxia is believed to impair cognitive performance. The detrimental effects of hypoxia on cognitive performance are primarily dependent on the severity and duration of exposure. In this review, we describe how acute exercise under hypoxia alters cognitive performance, and propose that the combined effects of acute exercise and hypoxia on cognitive performance are mainly determined by interaction among exercise intensity and duration, the severity of hypoxia, and duration of exposure to hypoxia. We discuss the physiological mechanism(s) of the interaction and suggest that alterations in neurotransmitter function, cerebral blood flow, and possibly cerebral metabolism are the primary candidates that determine cognitive performance when acute exercise is combined with hypoxia. Furthermore, acclimatization appears to counteract impaired cognitive performance during prolonged exposure to hypoxia although the precise physiological mechanism(s) responsible for this amelioration remain to be elucidated. This review has implications for sporting, occupational, and recreational activities at terrestrial high altitude where cognitive performance is essential. Further studies are required to understand physiological mechanisms that determine cognitive performance when acute exercise is performed in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Keisho Katayama
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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43
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Towards a Unified View on Pathways and Functions of Neural Recurrent Processing. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:589-603. [PMID: 31399289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are three neural feedback pathways to the primary visual cortex (V1): corticocortical, pulvinocortical, and cholinergic. What are the respective functions of these three projections? Possible functions range from contextual modulation of stimulus processing and feedback of high-level information to predictive processing (PP). How are these functions subserved by different pathways and can they be integrated into an overarching theoretical framework? We propose that corticocortical and pulvinocortical connections are involved in all three functions, whereas the role of cholinergic projections is limited by their slow response to stimuli. PP provides a broad explanatory framework under which stimulus-context modulation and high-level processing are subsumed, involving multiple feedback pathways that provide mechanisms for inferring and interpreting what sensory inputs are about.
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44
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Thiele A, Bellgrove MA. Neuromodulation of Attention. Neuron 2019; 97:769-785. [PMID: 29470969 PMCID: PMC6204752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention is critical to high-level cognition and attention deficits are a hallmark of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although years of research indicates that distinct neuromodulators influence attentional control, a mechanistic account that traverses levels of analysis (cells, circuits, behavior) is missing. However, such an account is critical to guide the development of next-generation pharmacotherapies aimed at forestalling or remediating the global burden associated with disorders of attention. Here, we summarize current neuroscientific understanding of how attention affects single neurons and networks of neurons. We then review key results that have informed our understanding of how neuromodulation shapes these neuron and network properties and thereby enables the appropriate allocation of attention to relevant external or internal events. Finally, we highlight areas where we believe hypotheses can be formulated and tackled experimentally in the near future, thereby critically increasing our mechanistic understanding of how attention is implemented at the cellular and network levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thiele
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN) and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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45
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Schicknick H, Henschke JU, Budinger E, Ohl FW, Gundelfinger ED, Tischmeyer W. β-adrenergic modulation of discrimination learning and memory in the auditory cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3141-3163. [PMID: 31162753 PMCID: PMC6900137 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite vast literature on catecholaminergic neuromodulation of auditory cortex functioning in general, knowledge about its role for long‐term memory formation is scarce. Our previous pharmacological studies on cortex‐dependent frequency‐modulated tone‐sweep discrimination learning of Mongolian gerbils showed that auditory‐cortical D1/5‐dopamine receptor activity facilitates memory consolidation and anterograde memory formation. Considering overlapping functions of D1/5‐dopamine receptors and β‐adrenoceptors, we hypothesised a role of β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex for sweep discrimination learning and memory. Supporting this hypothesis, the β1/2‐adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol bilaterally applied to the gerbil auditory cortex after task acquisition prevented the discrimination increment that was normally monitored 1 day later. The increment in the total number of hurdle crossings performed in response to the sweeps per se was normal. Propranolol infusion after the seventh training session suppressed the previously established sweep discrimination. The suppressive effect required antagonist injection in a narrow post‐session time window. When applied to the auditory cortex 1 day before initial conditioning, β1‐adrenoceptor‐antagonising and β1‐adrenoceptor‐stimulating agents retarded and facilitated, respectively, sweep discrimination learning, whereas β2‐selective drugs were ineffective. In contrast, single‐sweep detection learning was normal after propranolol infusion. By immunohistochemistry, β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptors were identified on the neuropil and somata of pyramidal and non‐pyramidal neurons of the gerbil auditory cortex. The present findings suggest that β‐adrenergic signalling in the auditory cortex has task‐related importance for discrimination learning of complex sounds: as previously shown for D1/5‐dopamine receptor signalling, β‐adrenoceptor activity supports long‐term memory consolidation and reconsolidation; additionally, tonic input through β1‐adrenoceptors may control mechanisms permissive for memory acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Schicknick
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Julia U Henschke
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eike Budinger
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Frank W Ohl
- Department Systems Physiology of Learning, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Eckart D Gundelfinger
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Tischmeyer
- Special Lab Molecular Biological Techniques, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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Shalev N, Vangkilde S, Neville MJ, Tunbridge EM, Nobre AC, Chechlacz M. Dissociable Catecholaminergic Modulation of Visual Attention: Differential Effects of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase Genes on Visual Attention. Neuroscience 2019; 412:175-189. [PMID: 31195057 PMCID: PMC6645579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Visual attention enables us to prioritise behaviourally relevant visual information while ignoring distraction. The neural networks supporting attention are modulated by two catecholamines, dopamine and noradrenaline. The current study investigated the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in two catecholaminergic genes – COMT (Val158Met) and DBH (444 G/A) – on individual differences in attention functions. Participants (n = 125) were recruited from the Oxford Biobank by genotype-based recall. They were tested on a continuous performance task (sustained attention), a Go/No-Go task (response inhibition), and a task assessing attentional selection in accordance with the Theory of Visual Attention (TVA). We found a significant effect of DBH genotype status on the capacity to maintain attention over time (sustained attention) as measured by the continuous performance task. Furthermore, we demonstrated a significant association between COMT genotype status and effective threshold of visual perception in attentional selection as estimated based on the TVA task performance. No other group differences in attention function were found with respect to the studied genotypes. Overall, our findings provide novel experimental evidence that: (i) dopaminergic and noradrenergic genotypes have dissociable effects on visual attention; (ii) either insufficient or excessive catecholaminergic activity may have equally detrimental effects on sustained attention. Catecholaminergic genotypes have dissociative cognitive effects on visual attention. DBH (444 G/A) polymorphism affects sustained attention. COMT Val158Met polymorphism affects perceptual threshold in visual attention. Both too little and too much catecholamines may detrimentally impact sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Shalev
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, Center for Visual Cognition, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matt J Neville
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Magdalena Chechlacz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
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Kadkhoda Mezerji F, Moharreri F, Mohammadpour AH, Elyasi S. Preventive effect of cyproheptadine on sleep and appetite disorders induced by methylphenidate: an exploratory randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2019; 23:72-79. [PMID: 30261781 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2018.1509095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insomnia and loss of appetite are the most common side effects of methylphenidate in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The adverse effects may limit optimal dosing and patients' compliance with treatment leading to the discontinuation of treatment. This research evaluates the preventive effects of cyproheptadine on sleeping and appetite disorders induced by methylphenidate in ADHD children. METHODS During this exploratory, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, forty patients with ADHD diagnosis who had received methylphenidate randomly were assigned to participate in the cyproheptadine or the placebo group. Patients' weight and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score were recorded at baseline, after four, six and eight weeks of treatment. The ADHD Parent Rating Scale-V score was also defined at the beginning and the end of study for each patient. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the cyproheptadine and the placebo groups regarding their weight, rate of growth and PSQI score in the monthly assessment. In addition, there was no significant difference in response to the therapy between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Based on our findings, cyproheptadine does not have any considerable preventive effect on sleeping and appetite disorders induced by methylphenidate in ADHD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Kadkhoda Mezerji
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moharreri
- b Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | | | - Sepideh Elyasi
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Stanford SC, Heal DJ. Catecholamines: Knowledge and understanding in the 1960s, now, and in the future. Brain Neurosci Adv 2019; 3:2398212818810682. [PMID: 32166174 PMCID: PMC7058270 DOI: 10.1177/2398212818810682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The late 1960s was a heyday for catecholamine research. Technological developments made it feasible to study the regulation of sympathetic neuronal transmission and to map the distribution of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain. At last, it was possible to explain the mechanism of action of some important drugs that had been used in the clinic for more than a decade (e.g. the first generation of antidepressants) and to contemplate the rational development of new treatments (e.g. l-dihydroxyphenylalanine therapy, to compensate for the dopaminergic neuropathy in Parkinson's disease, and β1-adrenoceptor antagonists as antihypertensives). The fact that drug targeting noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic transmission are still the first-line treatments for many psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is a testament to the importance of these neurotransmitters and the research that has helped us to understand the regulation of their function. This article celebrates some of the highlights of research at that time, pays tribute to some of the subsequent landmark studies, and appraises the options for where it could go next.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Clare Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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Ferland CE, Teles AR, Ingelmo P, Saran N, Marchand S, Ouellet JA. Blood monoamines as potential biomarkers for conditioned pain modulation efficacy: An exploratory study in paediatrics. Eur J Pain 2018; 23:327-340. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E. Ferland
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group; Montreal Québec Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada; Montreal Québec Canada
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Québec Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain; Montreal Québec Canada
- Department of Anesthesia; McGill University; Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Alisson R. Teles
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group; Montreal Québec Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada; Montreal Québec Canada
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Québec Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain; Montreal Québec Canada
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; McGill University; Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Pablo Ingelmo
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Québec Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain; Montreal Québec Canada
- Department of Anesthesia; McGill University; Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Neil Saran
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group; Montreal Québec Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada; Montreal Québec Canada
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Québec Canada
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; McGill University; Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Serge Marchand
- Department of Surgery; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec Canada
| | - Jean A. Ouellet
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group; Montreal Québec Canada
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada; Montreal Québec Canada
- McGill University Health Centre; Montreal Québec Canada
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain; Montreal Québec Canada
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedics; McGill University; Montreal Québec Canada
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50
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Persistent Stress-Induced Neuroplastic Changes in the Locus Coeruleus/Norepinephrine System. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:1892570. [PMID: 30008741 PMCID: PMC6020552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1892570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity plays a critical role in mediating short- and long-term brain responses to environmental stimuli. A major effector of plasticity throughout many regions of the brain is stress. Activation of the locus coeruleus (LC) is a critical step in mediating the neuroendocrine and behavioral limbs of the stress response. During stressor exposure, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis promotes release of corticotropin-releasing factor in LC, where its signaling promotes a number of physiological and cellular changes. While the acute effects of stress on LC physiology have been described, its long-term effects are less clear. This review will describe how stress changes LC neuronal physiology, function, and morphology from a genetic, cellular, and neuronal circuitry/transmission perspective. Specifically, we describe morphological changes of LC neurons in response to stressful stimuli and signal transduction pathways underlying them. Also, we will review changes in excitatory glutamatergic synaptic transmission in LC neurons and possible stress-induced modifications of AMPA receptors. This review will also address stress-related behavioral adaptations and specific noradrenergic receptors responsible for them. Finally, we summarize the results of several human studies which suggest a link between stress, altered LC function, and pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder.
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