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Takaba R, Ibi D, Yoshida K, Hosomi E, Kawase R, Kitagawa H, Goto H, Achiwa M, Mizutani K, Maeda K, González-Maeso J, Kitagaki S, Hiramatsu M. Ethopharmacological evaluation of antidepressant-like effect of serotonergic psychedelics in C57BL/6J male mice. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:3019-3035. [PMID: 37874338 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocybin, lysergic acid diethylamide, and DOI exert a hallucinatory effect through serotonin 5-HT2A receptor (5-HT2A) activation. Recent studies have revealed that serotonergic psychedelics have therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive and anxiety-related disorders. However, the involvement of 5-HT2A in mediating the therapeutic effects of these drugs remains unclear. In this study, we ethopharmacologically analyzed the role of 5-HT2A in the occurrence of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of serotonergic psychedelics such as psilocin, an active metabolite of psilocybin, DOI, and TCB-2 in mice 24 h post-treatment. Mice with acute intraperitoneal psychedelic treatment exhibited significantly shorter immobility times in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail-suspension test (TST) than vehicle-treated control mice. These effects were eliminated by pretreatment with volinanserin, a 5-HT2A antagonist. Surprisingly, the decreasing immobility time in the FST in response to acute psilocin treatment was sustained for at least three weeks. In the novelty-suppressed feeding test (NSFT), the latency to feed, an indicator of anxiety-like behavior, was decreased by acute administration of psilocin; however, pretreatment with volinanserin did not diminish this effect. In contrast, DOI and TCB-2 did not affect the NSFT performance in mice. Furthermore, psilocin, DOI, and TCB-2 treatment did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity or head-twitch response, a hallucination-like behavior in rodents. These results suggest that 5-HT2A contributes to the antidepressant effects of serotonergic psychedelics rather than anxiolytic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Takaba
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502.
| | - Daisuke Ibi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502.
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502.
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Eri Hosomi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Ririna Kawase
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Hiroko Kitagawa
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Hirotaka Goto
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Mizuki Achiwa
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Kento Mizutani
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Kyosuke Maeda
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Javier González-Maeso
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Shinji Kitagaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502
| | - Masayuki Hiramatsu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502.
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan, 468-8502.
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Zawadzka M, Yeghiazaryan M, Niedziółka S, Miazga K, Kwaśniewska A, Bekisz M, Sławińska U. Forced Remyelination Promotes Axon Regeneration in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010495. [PMID: 36613945 PMCID: PMC9820536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries result in the loss of motor and sensory functions controlled by neurons located at the site of the lesion and below. We hypothesized that experimentally enhanced remyelination supports axon preservation and/or growth in the total spinal cord transection in rats. Multifocal demyelination was induced by injection of ethidium bromide (EB), either at the time of transection or twice during transection and at 5 days post-injury. We demonstrated that the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly increased 14 days after demyelination. Most OPCs differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes by 60-90 dpi in double-EB-injected rats; however, most axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells. A significant number of axons passed the injury epicenter and entered the distant segments of the spinal cord in the double-EB-injected rats. Moreover, some serotoninergic fibers, not detected in control animals, grew caudally through the injury site. Behavioral tests performed at 60-90 dpi revealed significant improvement in locomotor function recovery in double-EB-injected rats, which was impaired by the blockade of serotonin receptors, confirming the important role of restored serotonergic fibers in functional recovery. Our findings indicate that enhanced remyelination per se, without substantial inhibition of glial scar formation, is an important component of spinal cord injury regeneration.
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Zhang Q, Cheng Y, Zhou M, Dai Y. Locomotor Pattern and Force Generation Modulated by Ionic Channels: A Computational Study of Spinal Networks Underlying Locomotion. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:809599. [PMID: 35493855 PMCID: PMC9050146 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.809599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a fundamental movement in vertebrates produced by spinal networks known as central pattern generators (CPG). During fictive locomotion cat lumbar motoneurons (MNs) exhibit changes in membrane properties, including hyperpolarization of voltage threshold, reduction of afterhyperpolarization and input resistance, and amplification of nonlinear membrane properties. Both modeling and electrophysiological studies suggest that these changes can be produced by upregulating voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC), persistent sodium (NaP), or L-type calcium channel (LTCC) or downregulating delayed-rectifier potassium (K(DR)) or calcium-dependent potassium channel (KCa) in spinal MNs. Further studies implicate that these channel modulations increase motor output and facilitate MN recruitment. However, it remains unknown how the channel modulation of CPG networks or MN pools affects the rhythmic generation of locomotion and force production of skeletal muscle during locomotion. In order to investigate this issue, we built a two-level CPG model composed of excitatory interneuron pools (Exc-INs), coupled reciprocally with inhibitory interneuron pools (Inh-INs), and projected to the flexor-extensor MN pools innervating skeletal muscles. Each pool consisted of 100 neurons with membrane properties based on cat spinal neurons. VGSC, K(DR), NaP, KCa, LTCC, and H-current channels were included in the model. Simulation results showed that (1) upregulating VGSC, NaP, or LTCC or downregulating KCa in MNs increased discharge rate and recruitment of MNs, thus facilitating locomotor pattern formation, increased amplitude of electroneurogram (ENG) bursting, and enhanced force generation of skeletal muscles. (2) The same channel modulation in Exc-INs increased the firing frequency of the Exc-INs, facilitated rhythmic generation, and increased flexor-extensor durations of step cycles. (3) Contrarily, downregulation of NaP or LTCC in MNs or Exc-INs or both CPG (Exc-INs and Inh-INs) and MNs disrupted locomotor pattern and reduced or even blocked the ENG bursting of MNs and force generation of skeletal muscles. (4) Pharmacological experiments showed that bath application of 25 μM nimodipine or 2 μM riluzole completely blocked fictive locomotion in isolated rat spinal cord, consistent with simulation results. We concluded that upregulation of VGSC, NaP, or LTCC or downregulation of KCa facilitated rhythmic generation and force production during walking, with NaP and LTCC playing an essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication and Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- School of Physical Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication and Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, School of Communication and Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education and Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Dai,
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Mu D, Sun YG. Circuit Mechanisms of Itch in the Brain. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:23-30. [PMID: 34662562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant somatic sensation with the desire to scratch, and it consists of sensory, affective, and motivational components. Acute itch serves as a critical protective mechanism because an itch-evoked scratching response will help to remove harmful substances invading the skin. Recently, exciting progress has been made in deciphering the mechanisms of itch at both the peripheral nervous system and the CNS levels. Key neuronal subtypes and circuits have been revealed for ascending transmission and the descending modulation of itch. In this review, we mainly summarize the current understanding of the central circuit mechanisms of itch in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Gang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
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Hansen EA, Nøddelund E, Nielsen FS, Sørensen MP, Nielsen MØ, Johansen M, Andersen MH, Nielsen MD. Freely chosen cadence during ergometer cycling is dependent on pedalling history. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3041-3049. [PMID: 34286367 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE History dependence can refer to the fact that parts of the human physiology (e.g., one or a group of muscles, or the nervous system) as well as functional aspects of the human (e.g., motor behaviour, or performance) depend on prior muscle activation. In the present study, it was investigated whether initial cycling at relatively low and high preset target cadences affected a subsequent freely chosen cadence at the end of the same bout of submaximal ergometer cycling. METHODS Twenty-two participants performed a single test session, which consisted of separate bouts of submaximal ergometer cycling. In one bout, cycling at 50 rpm was followed by cycling at freely chosen cadence. In another bout, cycling at 90 rpm was followed by cycling at freely chosen cadence. In yet another bout (denoted reference), the cadence was freely chosen throughout. Behavioural (cadence), biomechanical (tangential pedal force), and physiological (heart rate) responses were measured. RESULTS Increased cadence resulted in decreased maximal tangential pedal force in accordance with existing knowledge. Initial cycling at 50 and 90 rpm caused freely chosen cadence to be about 5% lower and higher, respectively, than the freely chosen cadence (72.4 ± 2.4 rpm) at the end of the reference bout. These differences in cadence were not accompanied by statistically significant differences in heart rate. CONCLUSION The freely chosen cadence depended on the preset cadence applied at the beginning of the bout. This was denoted a phenomenon of motor behavioural history dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst A Hansen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Emma Nøddelund
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Frederikke S Nielsen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mads P Sørensen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Magnus Ø Nielsen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maria Johansen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias H Andersen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten D Nielsen
- Sport Sciences-Performance and Technology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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Garcia-Ramirez DL, Ha NT, Bibu S, Stachowski NJ, Dougherty KJ. Spinal Cord Injury Alters Spinal Shox2 Interneurons by Enhancing Excitatory Synaptic Input and Serotonergic Modulation While Maintaining Intrinsic Properties in Mouse. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5833-5848. [PMID: 34006587 PMCID: PMC8265802 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1576-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuitry generating locomotor rhythm and pattern is located in the spinal cord. Most spinal cord injuries (SCIs) occur above the level of spinal locomotor neurons; therefore, these circuits are a target for improving motor function after SCI. Despite being relatively intact below the injury, locomotor circuitry undergoes substantial plasticity with the loss of descending control. Information regarding cell type-specific plasticity within locomotor circuits is limited. Shox2 interneurons (INs) have been linked to locomotor rhythm generation and patterning, making them a potential therapeutic target for the restoration of locomotion after SCI. The goal of the present study was to identify SCI-induced plasticity at the level of Shox2 INs in a complete thoracic transection model in adult male and female mice. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of Shox2 INs revealed minimal changes in intrinsic excitability properties after SCI. However, afferent stimulation resulted in mixed excitatory and inhibitory input to Shox2 INs in uninjured mice which became predominantly excitatory after SCI. Shox2 INs were differentially modulated by serotonin (5-HT) in a concentration-dependent manner in uninjured conditions but following SCI, 5-HT predominantly depolarized Shox2 INs. 5-HT7 receptors mediated excitatory effects on Shox2 INs from both uninjured and SCI mice, but activation of 5-HT2B/2C receptors enhanced excitability of Shox2 INs only after SCI. Overall, SCI alters sensory afferent input pathways to Shox2 INs and 5-HT modulation of Shox2 INs to enhance excitatory responses. Our findings provide relevant information regarding the locomotor circuitry response to SCI that could benefit strategies to improve locomotion after SCI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Current therapies to gain locomotor control after spinal cord injury (SCI) target spinal locomotor circuitry. Improvements in therapeutic strategies will require a better understanding of the SCI-induced plasticity within specific locomotor elements and their controllers, including sensory afferents and serotonergic modulation. Here, we demonstrate that excitability and intrinsic properties of Shox2 interneurons, which contribute to the generation of the locomotor rhythm and pattering, remain intact after SCI. However, SCI induces plasticity in both sensory afferent pathways and serotonergic modulation, enhancing the activation and excitation of Shox2 interneurons. Our findings will impact future strategies looking to harness these changes with the ultimate goal of restoring functional locomotion after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leonardo Garcia-Ramirez
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Ngoc T Ha
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Steve Bibu
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Nicholas J Stachowski
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
| | - Kimberly J Dougherty
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
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Unusual Quadrupedal Locomotion in Rat during Recovery from Lumbar Spinal Blockade of 5-HT 7 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116007. [PMID: 34199392 PMCID: PMC8199611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coordination of four-limb movements during quadrupedal locomotion is controlled by supraspinal monoaminergic descending pathways, among which serotoninergic ones play a crucial role. Here we investigated the locomotor pattern during recovery from blockade of 5-HT7 or 5-HT2A receptors after intrathecal application of SB269970 or cyproheptadine in adult rats with chronic intrathecal cannula implanted in the lumbar spinal cord. The interlimb coordination was investigated based on electromyographic activity recorded from selected fore- and hindlimb muscles during rat locomotion on a treadmill. In the time of recovery after hindlimb transient paralysis, we noticed a presence of an unusual pattern of quadrupedal locomotion characterized by a doubling of forelimb stepping in relation to unaffected hindlimb stepping (2FL-1HL) after blockade of 5-HT7 receptors but not after blockade of 5-HT2A receptors. The 2FL-1HL pattern, although transient, was observed as a stable form of fore-hindlimb coupling during quadrupedal locomotion. We suggest that modulation of the 5-HT7 receptors on interneurons located in lamina VII with ascending projections to the forelimb spinal network can be responsible for the 2FL-1HL locomotor pattern. In support, our immunohistochemical analysis of the lumbar spinal cord demonstrated the presence of the 5-HT7 immunoreactive cells in the lamina VII, which were rarely 5-HT2A immunoreactive.
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Kwaśniewska A, Miazga K, Majczyński H, Jordan LM, Zawadzka M, Sławińska U. Noradrenergic Components of Locomotor Recovery Induced by Intraspinal Grafting of the Embryonic Brainstem in Adult Paraplegic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155520. [PMID: 32752261 PMCID: PMC7432907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraspinal grafting of serotonergic (5-HT) neurons was shown to restore plantar stepping in paraplegic rats. Here we asked whether neurons of other phenotypes contribute to the recovery. The experiments were performed on adult rats after spinal cord total transection. Grafts were injected into the sub-lesional spinal cord. Two months later, locomotor performance was tested with electromyographic recordings from hindlimb muscles. The role of noradrenergic (NA) innervation was investigated during locomotor performance of spinal grafted and non-grafted rats using intraperitoneal application of α2 adrenergic receptor agonist (clonidine) or antagonist (yohimbine). Morphological analysis of the host spinal cords demonstrated the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (NA) neurons in addition to 5-HT neurons. 5-HT fibers innervated caudal spinal cord areas in the dorsal and ventral horns, central canal, and intermediolateral zone, while the NA fiber distribution was limited to the central canal and intermediolateral zone. 5-HT and NA neurons were surrounded by each other’s axons. Locomotor abilities of the spinal grafted rats, but not in control spinal rats, were facilitated by yohimbine and suppressed by clonidine. Thus, noradrenergic innervation, in addition to 5-HT innervation, plays a potent role in hindlimb movement enhanced by intraspinal grafting of brainstem embryonic tissue in paraplegic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kwaśniewska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (K.M.); (H.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Krzysztof Miazga
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (K.M.); (H.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Henryk Majczyński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (K.M.); (H.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Larry M. Jordan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada;
| | - Małgorzata Zawadzka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (K.M.); (H.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Urszula Sławińska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (K.M.); (H.M.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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