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Why do humans undergo an adiposity rebound? Exploring links with the energetic costs of brain development in childhood using MRI-based 4D measures of total cerebral blood flow. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1044-1050. [PMID: 35136192 PMCID: PMC9050592 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Background Individuals typically show a childhood nadir in adiposity termed the adiposity rebound (AR). The AR serves as an early predictor of obesity risk, with early rebounders often at increased risk; however, it is unclear why this phenomenon occurs, which could impede understandings of weight gain trajectories. The brain’s energy requirements account for a lifetime peak of 66% of the body’s resting metabolic expenditure during childhood, around the age of the AR, and relates inversely to weight gain, pointing to a potential energy trade-off between brain development and adiposity. However, no study has compared developmental trajectories of brain metabolism and adiposity in the same individuals, which would allow a preliminary test of a brain-AR link. Methods We used cubic splines and generalized additive models to compare age trajectories of previously collected MRI-based 4D flow measures of total cerebral blood flow (TCBF), a proxy for cerebral energy use, to the body mass index (BMI) in a cross-sectional sample of 82 healthy individuals (0–60 years). We restricted our AR analysis to pre-pubertal individuals (0–12 years, n = 42), predicting that peak TCBF would occur slightly after the BMI nadir, consistent with evidence that lowest BMI typically precedes the nadir in adiposity. Results TCBF and the BMI showed inverse trajectories throughout childhood, while the estimated age at peak TCBF (5.6 years) was close but slightly later than the estimated age of the BMI nadir (4.9 years). Conclusions The timing of peak TCBF in this sample points to a likely concordance between peak brain energetics and the nadir in adiposity. Inverse age trajectories between TCBF and BMI support the hypothesis that brain metabolism is a potentially important influence on early life adiposity. These findings also suggest that experiences influencing the pattern of childhood brain energy use could be important predictors of body composition trajectories.
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2
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Mansur RB, Lee Y, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. What is bipolar disorder? A disease model of dysregulated energy expenditure. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:529-545. [PMID: 32305381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding and management of bipolar disorder (BD) have been slow to emerge. Despite notable recent developments in neurosciences, our conceptualization of the nature of this mental disorder has not meaningfully progressed. One of the key reasons for this scenario is the continuing lack of a comprehensive disease model. Within the increasing complexity of modern research methods, there is a clear need for an overarching theoretical framework, in which findings are assimilated and predictions are generated. In this review and hypothesis article, we propose such a framework, one in which dysregulated energy expenditure is a primary, sufficient cause for BD. Our proposed model is centered on the disruption of the molecular and cellular network regulating energy production and expenditure, as well its potential secondary adaptations and compensatory mechanisms. We also focus on the putative longitudinal progression of this pathological process, considering its most likely periods for onset, such as critical periods that challenges energy homeostasis (e.g. neurodevelopment, social isolation), and the resulting short and long-term phenotypical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Yena Lee
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Kingston General Hospital, Providence Care Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University School of Medicine, Kingston, ON, Canada
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3
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Ishai A, Osborne MT, Tung B, Wang Y, Hammad B, Patrich T, Oberfeld B, Fayad ZA, Giles JT, Lo J, Shin LM, Grinspoon SK, Koenen KC, Pitman RK, Tawakol A. Amygdalar Metabolic Activity Independently Associates With Progression of Visceral Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1029-1038. [PMID: 30383236 PMCID: PMC6375724 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Epidemiologic data link psychological stress to adiposity. The underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES To test whether (i) higher activity of the amygdala, a neural center involved in the response to stress, associates with greater visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes and (ii) this association is mediated by increased bone marrow activity. SETTING Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. PATIENTS Two hundred forty-six patients without active oncologic, cardiovascular, or inflammatory disease who underwent clinical 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging were studied. VAT imaging was repeated ∼1 year later in 68 subjects. DESIGN Metabolic activity of the amygdala (AmygA), hematopoietic tissue activity, and adiposity volumes were measured with validated methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The relationship between AmygA and baseline and follow-up VAT. RESULTS AmygA associated with baseline body mass index (standardized β = 0.15; P = 0.01), VAT (0.19; P = 0.002), and VAT/subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (0.20; P = 0.002), all remaining significant after adjustment for age and sex. AmygA also associated with bone marrow activity (0.15; P = 0.01), which in turn associated with VAT (0.34; P < 0.001). Furthermore, path analysis showed that 48% of the relationship between AmygA and baseline VAT was mediated by increased bone marrow activity (P = 0.007). Moreover, AmygA associated with achieved VAT after 1 year (P = 0.02) after adjusting for age, sex, and baseline VAT. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a neurobiological pathway involving the amygdala and bone marrow linking psychosocial stress to adiposity in humans. Future studies should test whether targeting this mechanism attenuates adiposity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T Osborne
- Cardiac MR-PET-CT Program, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brian Tung
- Cardiac MR-PET-CT Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ying Wang
- Cardiac MR-PET-CT Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Basma Hammad
- Cardiac MR-PET-CT Program, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jon T Giles
- Department of Rheumatology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Janet Lo
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa M Shin
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger K Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmed Tawakol
- Cardiac MR-PET-CT Program, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Ahmed Tawakol, MD, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Yawkey 5-050, Boston, Massachusetts 02114-2750. E-mail:
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Vandekar SN, Shou H, Satterthwaite TD, Shinohara RT, Merikangas AK, Roalf DR, Ruparel K, Rosen A, Gennatas ED, Elliott MA, Davatzikos C, Gur RC, Gur RE, Detre JA. Sex differences in estimated brain metabolism in relation to body growth through adolescence. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:524-535. [PMID: 29072856 PMCID: PMC6421255 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17737692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human brain consumes a disproportionate amount of the body's overall metabolic resources, and evidence suggests that brain and body may compete for substrate during development. Using perfusion MRI from a large cross-sectional cohort, we examined developmental changes of MRI-derived estimates of brain metabolism, in relation to weight change. Nonlinear models demonstrated that, in childhood, changes in body weight were inversely related to developmental age-related changes in brain metabolism. This inverse relationship persisted through early adolescence, after which body and brain metabolism began to decline. Females achieved maximum body growth approximately two years earlier than males, with a correspondingly earlier stabilization of brain metabolism to adult levels. These findings confirm prior findings with positron emission tomography performed in a much smaller cohort, demonstrate that relative brain metabolism can be inferred from noninvasive MRI data, and extend observations on the associations between body growth and brain metabolism to sex differences through adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Vandekar
- 1 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Haochang Shou
- 1 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Russell T Shinohara
- 1 Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alison K Merikangas
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Roalf
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adon Rosen
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Mark A Elliott
- 3 Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- 3 Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,3 Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John A Detre
- 3 Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,5 Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Weimer K, Sauer H, Horing B, Valitutti F, Mazurak N, Zipfel S, Stengel A, Enck P, Mack I. Impaired Gastric Myoelectrical Reactivity in Children and Adolescents with Obesity Compared to Normal-Weight Controls. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060699. [PMID: 29857470 PMCID: PMC6024785 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity often has its onset in childhood and can be accompanied by various comorbidities such as functional gastrointestinal disorders and altered gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA). This study investigates whether obesity in childhood and adolescence is already associated with altered GMA, and whether an inpatient weight loss program affects GMA. Sixty children with obesity (OBE) and 27 normal-weight children (NW) (12.9 ± 1.7 years; 51% female) were compared for their GMA at rest, after a stress test, and after a drink-to-full water load test. A continuous electrogastrogram (EGG) was recorded and analyzed with respect to gastric slow waves and tachygastric activity. OBE were examined upon admission (T1) and before discharge (T2) following an inpatient weight loss program; NW served as control group. Compared to NW, children with obesity showed flattened GMA as indicated by lower tachygastric reactivity after stress and water load test at T1. Data of OBE did not differ between T1 and T2. EGG parameters were associated neither with sex, age, and BMI nor with subjective stress and food intake. Children with obesity show impaired gastric myoelectrical reactivity in response to a stress and water load test compared to normal-weight controls, which does not change during an inpatient weight loss program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weimer
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Helene Sauer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Bjoern Horing
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Francesco Valitutti
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nazar Mazurak
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans' primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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7
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Freese J, Klement RJ, Ruiz-Núñez B, Schwarz S, Lötzerich H. The sedentary (r)evolution: Have we lost our metabolic flexibility? F1000Res 2017; 6:1787. [PMID: 29225776 PMCID: PMC5710317 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12724.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, up until the agricultural revolution, environmental fluctuations forced the human species to develop a flexible metabolism in order to adapt its energy needs to various climate, seasonal and vegetation conditions. Metabolic flexibility safeguarded human survival independent of food availability. In modern times, humans switched their primal lifestyle towards a constant availability of energy-dense, yet often nutrient-deficient, foods, persistent psycho-emotional stressors and a lack of exercise. As a result, humans progressively gain metabolic disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease, wherever the sedentary lifestyle spreads in the world. For more than 2.5 million years, our capability to store fat for times of food shortage was an outstanding survival advantage. Nowadays, the same survival strategy in a completely altered surrounding is responsible for a constant accumulation of body fat. In this article, we argue that the metabolic disease epidemic is largely based on a deficit in metabolic flexibility. We hypothesize that the modern energetic inflexibility, typically displayed by symptoms of neuroglycopenia, can be reversed by re-cultivating suppressed metabolic programs, which became obsolete in an affluent environment, particularly the ability to easily switch to ketone body and fat oxidation. In a simplified model, the basic metabolic programs of humans’ primal hunter-gatherer lifestyle are opposed to the current sedentary lifestyle. Those metabolic programs, which are chronically neglected in modern surroundings, are identified and conclusions for the prevention of chronic metabolic diseases are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Freese
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Rainer Johannes Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, 97422, Germany
| | - Begoña Ruiz-Núñez
- Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schwarz
- University College Physiotherapy Thim van der Laan,, Landquart, 7302, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Lötzerich
- Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environmental Science, German Sports University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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8
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Mansur RB, Rizzo LB, Santos CM, Asevedo E, Cunha GR, Noto MN, Pedrini M, Zeni-Graiff M, Cordeiro Q, McIntyre RS, Brietzke E. Plasma copeptin and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:624-636. [PMID: 28457001 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to compare plasma copeptin levels, the c-terminal of provasopressin, between individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls and to assess the relation between copeptin and metabolic parameters. METHODS We measured plasma levels of copeptin in individuals with BD (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 21). Information related to psychiatric/medical history, as well as to metabolic comorbidities and laboratorial parameters was also captured. Insulin resistance and β-cell function in basal state were calculated from fasting plasma glucose and C-peptide using the HOMA2 calculator. Impaired glucose metabolism was defined as pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Copeptin, adiponectin, and leptin plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Plasma copeptin levels were lower in individuals with BD, relative to healthy controls (P < 0.001). There were significant interactions between BD and plasma copeptin on β-cell function (rate ratio [RR] = 1.048; P = 0.030) and on leptin levels (RR = 1.087; P = 0.012), indicating that there was a positive correlation between these markers in the BD group, but a negative one in healthy controls. Finally, in individuals with BD only, the association between β-cell function, body mass index (RR = 1.007; P < 0.001), and insulin resistance (RR = 1.001; P = 0.037) was moderated by copeptin levels. CONCLUSION Copeptin levels were lower in individuals with BD than in healthy controls. There were differential associations between copeptin and metabolic parameters within the BD and healthy control subgroups, suggesting an association between abnormal copeptin and metabolic dysregulation only in the BD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lucas B Rizzo
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Camila M Santos
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elson Asevedo
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graccielle R Cunha
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane N Noto
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Vila Maria Outpatient Clinic, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pedrini
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Reserach Group in Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Kubera B, Leonhard C, Röβler A, Peters A. Stress-Related Changes in Body Form: Results from the Whitehall II Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1625-1632. [PMID: 28767203 PMCID: PMC5573629 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress is associated with body mass gain in some people but with body mass loss in others. When the stressor persists, some people adapt with their stress responses, whereas others do not. Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects autonomic variability and is related to stress responses to psychosocial challenges. It was hypothesized that the combined effects of stress exposure and autonomic variability predict long-term changes in body form. METHODS Data of 1,369 men and 612 women from the Whitehall II cohort were analyzed. BMI, hip-to-height ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were measured at three time points over a 10-year period. HRV and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire) were assessed. RESULTS Men with high psychological distress were at risk of developing an increased waist-to-height ratio (F = 3.4, P = 0.038). Men with high psychological distress and low HRV were prone to develop an increased body mass and hip-to-height ratio (psychological distress: F = 4.3, P = 0.016; HRV: F = 5.0, P = 0.008). Statistical trends showed that women displayed similar patterns of stress-related changes in body form (P = 0.061; P = 0.063). CONCLUSIONS Assessing psychological distress and autonomic variability predicts changes in body form. Psychological distress was found to be associated with an increased risk of developing the wide-waisted phenotype, while psychological distress combined with low autonomic variability was associated with an increased risk of developing the corpulent phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kubera
- Medical Clinic 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Röβler
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Medical Clinic 1, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Address of Correspondence: Achim Peters, Professor of Internal Medicine, Brain Metabolism, Neuroenergetics, Obesity and Diabetes, Medical Clinic I, University of Lübeck, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Marie-Curie-Straβe, 23538 Lübeck, Germany, Tel.: +49-451-31017859,
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10
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Uncertainty and stress: Why it causes diseases and how it is mastered by the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 156:164-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Peters A. Die Selfish-Brain-Theorie. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-017-0122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Müller MJ, Geisler C. From the past to future: from energy expenditure to energy intake to energy expenditure. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:358-364. [PMID: 27901032 PMCID: PMC5518173 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although most recent research on energy balance focusses on energy intake (EI) there is still need to think about both sides of the energy balance. Current research on energy expenditure (EE) relates to metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance, mitochondrial metabolism associated with aging, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the role of EE in hunger and appetite control, non-shivering thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue activity, cellular bioenergetics as a target of obesity treatment and the evolutionary and ecological determinants of EE in humans and other primates. As far as regulation of energy balance is concerned there is recent evidence that EE rather than body weight is under tight control. Biologically, EE is maintained within a narrow physiological range. An EE-set point has been proposed as the width between the upper and lower boundaries of the individual EE range. Regulation of EE may fail in very obese patients with an EI above their upper boundary and after drastic weight loss when patients may go far below their lower EE boundary and thus are loosing control. In population studies, fat-free mass (FFM) and its composition (that is, the proportion of high to low metabolic rate organs) are major determinants of EE. It is tempting to speculate that tight biologic control of EE is related to brain energy need, which is preserved at the cost of peripheral metabolism. There is a moderate heritability of EE, which is independent of the heritability of FFM. In future, metabolic phenotyping should focus on the EE-FFM relationship rather than on EE-values alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Müller
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Geisler
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Saetang J, Sangkhathat S. Diets link metabolic syndrome and colorectal cancer development (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1312-1320. [PMID: 28098913 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets have been believed to be an important factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and colorectal cancer (CRC). In recent years, many studies have shown an intimate relationship between mucosal immunity, metabolism and diets, which has led to a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and CRC development. Although the precise effects of diets on oncogenesis have not been compl-etely elucidated, microbiota changes and inflammation are believed to be important factors that influence the development of CRC. Moreover, increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and alteration of adipokine levels have been observed in patients with colorectal adenoma and/or CRC, and these all have been considered as the important mechanisms that link diets to the development of metabolic syndrome and CRC. Importantly, a high-fat, low-fiber diet is associated with dysbiosis, and as the gut signature becomes more important in metabolic syndrome and CRC, an increased understanding of diets on bacterial activity in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and CRC will lead to new preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirakrit Saetang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Surasak Sangkhathat
- Tumor Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Selfish brain and selfish immune system interplay: A theoretical framework for metabolic comorbidities of mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Pruimboom L, Reheis D. Intermittent drinking, oxytocin and human health. Med Hypotheses 2016; 92:80-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Ye Q, Wu Y, Gao Y, Li Z, Li W, Zhang C. The 'selfish brain' is regulated by aquaporins and autophagy under nutrient deprivation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3842-8. [PMID: 26986971 PMCID: PMC4838129 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain maintains its mass and physiological functional capacity compared with other organs under harsh conditions such as starvation, a mechanism termed the 'selfish brain' theory. To further investigate this phenomenon, mice were examined following water and/or food deprivation. Although the body weights of the mice, the weight of the organs except the brain and blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the absence of water and/or food, the brain weight maintained its original state. Furthermore, no significant differences in the water content of the brain or its energy balance were observed when the mice were subjected to water and/or food deprivation. To further investigate the mechanism underlying the brain maintenance of water and substance homeostasis, the expression levels of aquaporins (AQPs) and autophagy‑specific protein long‑chain protein 3 (LC3) were examined. During the process of water and food deprivation, no significant differences in the transcriptional levels of AQPs were observed. However, autophagy activity levels were initially stimulated, then suppressed in a time‑dependent manner. LC3 and AQPs have important roles for the survival of the brain under conditions of food and water deprivation, which provided further understanding of the mechanism underlying the 'selfish brain' phenomenon. Although not involved in the energy regulation of the 'selfish brain', AQPs were observed to have important roles in water and food deprivation, specifically with regards to the control of water content. Additionally, the brain exhibits an 'unselfish strategy' using autophagy during water and/or food deprivation. The present study furthered current understanding of the 'selfish brain' theory, and identified additional regulating target genes of AQPs and autophagy, with the aim of providing a basis for the prevention of nutrient shortage in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Ye
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Weiguang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Chenggang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Cognitive and Mental Health Research Center of The People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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17
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Peters A, McEwen BS. Stress habituation, body shape and cardiovascular mortality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:139-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mansur RB, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS. Is there a "metabolic-mood syndrome"? A review of the relationship between obesity and mood disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:89-104. [PMID: 25579847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and mood disorders are highly prevalent and co-morbid. Epidemiological studies have highlighted the public health relevance of this association, insofar as both conditions and its co-occurrence are associated with a staggering illness-associated burden. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity and mood disorders are intrinsically linked and share a series of clinical, neurobiological, genetic and environmental factors. The relationship of these conditions has been described as convergent and bidirectional; and some authors have attempted to describe a specific subtype of mood disorders characterized by a higher incidence of obesity and metabolic problems. However, the nature of this association remains poorly understood. There are significant inconsistencies in the studies evaluating metabolic and mood disorders; and, as a result, several questions persist about the validity and the generalizability of the findings. An important limitation in this area of research is the noteworthy phenotypic and pathophysiological heterogeneity of metabolic and mood disorders. Although clinically useful, categorical classifications in both conditions have limited heuristic value and its use hinders a more comprehensive understanding of the association between metabolic and mood disorders. A recent trend in psychiatry is to move toward a domain specific approach, wherein psychopathology constructs are agnostic to DSM-defined diagnostic categories and, instead, there is an effort to categorize domains based on pathogenic substrates, as proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC). Moreover, the substrates subserving psychopathology seems to be unspecific and extend into other medical illnesses that share in common brain consequences, which includes metabolic disorders. Overall, accumulating evidence indicates that there is a consistent association of multiple abnormalities in neuropsychological constructs, as well as correspondent brain abnormalities, with broad-based metabolic dysfunction, suggesting, therefore, that the existence of a "metabolic-mood syndrome" is possible. Nonetheless, empirical evidence is necessary to support and develop this concept. Future research should focus on dimensional constructs and employ integrative, multidisciplinary and multimodal approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Harb MR, Almeida OFX. Altered motivation masks appetitive learning potential of obese mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:377. [PMID: 25400563 PMCID: PMC4214228 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eating depends strongly on learning processes which, in turn, depend on motivation. Conditioned learning, where individuals associate environmental cues with receipt of a reward, forms an important part of hedonic mechanisms; the latter contribute to the development of human overweight and obesity by driving excessive eating in what may become a vicious cycle. Although mice are commonly used to explore the regulation of human appetite, it is not known whether their conditioned learning of food rewards varies as a function of body mass. To address this, groups of adult male mice of differing body weights were tested two appetitive conditioning paradigms (pavlovian and operant) as well as in food retrieval and hedonic preference tests in an attempt to dissect the respective roles of learning/motivation and energy state in the regulation of feeding behavior. We found that (i) the rate of pavlovian conditioning to an appetitive reward develops as an inverse function of body weight; (ii) higher body weight associates with increased latency to collect food reward; and (iii) mice with lower body weights are more motivated to work for a food reward, as compared to animals with higher body weights. Interestingly, as compared to controls, overweight and obese mice consumed smaller amounts of palatable foods (isocaloric milk or sucrose, in either the presence or absence of their respective maintenance diets: standard, low fat-high carbohydrate or high fat-high carbohydrate). Notably, however, all groups adjusted their consumption of the different food types, such that their body weight-corrected daily intake of calories remained constant. Thus, overeating in mice does not reflect a reward deficiency syndrome and, in contrast to humans, mice regulate their caloric intake according to metabolic status rather than to the hedonic properties of a particular food. Together, these observations demonstrate that excess weight masks the capacity for appetitive learning in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen R Harb
- NeuroAdaptations Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany ; Neuroscience Domain, Institute of Life and Health Sciences (ICVS), University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Abstract
The link between chronic psychosocial and metabolic stress and the pathogenesis of disease has been extensively documented. Nevertheless, the cellular mechanisms by which stressful life experiences and their associated primary neuroendocrine mediators cause biological damage and increase disease risk remain poorly understood. The allostatic load model of chronic stress focuses on glucocorticoid dysregulation. In this Perspectives, we expand upon the metabolic aspects of this model-particularly glucose imbalance-and propose that mitochondrial dysfunction constitutes an early, modifiable target of chronic stress and stress-related health behaviours. Central to this process is mitochondrial regulation of energy metabolism and cellular signalling. Chronically elevated glucose levels damage both mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA, generating toxic products that can promote systemic inflammation, alter gene expression and hasten cell ageing. Consequently, the concept of 'mitochondrial allostatic load' defines the deleterious structural and functional changes that mitochondria undergo in response to elevated glucose levels and stress-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Picard
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, 3501 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Bruce S McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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21
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Kubera B, Bosy-Westphal A, Peters A, Braun W, Langemann D, Neugebohren S, Heller M, Müller MJ. Energy allocation between brain and body during ontogenetic development. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:725-32. [PMID: 24038669 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We here studied how energy is allocated between brain and body both during the ontogenetic development from a child to an adult and during weight loss. METHODS We investigated 180 normal weight female and male children and adolescents (aged 6.1-19.9 years) as well as 35 overweight adolescents undergoing weight reduction intervention. 52 normal weight and 42 obese adult women were used for comparison. We assessed brain mass by magnetic-resonance-imaging and body metabolism by indirect calorimetry. To study how energy is allocated between brain and body, we measured plasma insulin, since insulin fulfils the functions of a glucose allocating hormone, i.e., peripheral glucose uptake depends on insulin, central uptake does not. We used reference data obtained in the field of comparative biology. In a brain-body-plot, we calculated the distance between each subject and a reference mammal of comparable size and named the distance "encephalic measure." With higher encephalic measures, more energy is allocated to the brain. RESULTS We found that ontogenetic development from a child to an adult was indicated by decreasing encephalic measures in females (r = -0.729, P < 0.001) and increasing plasma insulin concentrations (F = 6.6, P = 0.002 in females and F = 8.6, P < 0.001 in males). Weight loss of about 5 kg in females and about 9 kg in males resulted in reduced insulin concentrations and increased encephalic measures. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the share of energy allocated to the brain increased with weight loss, but decreased during the ontogenetic development from childhood to adolescence. These developmental changes in brain-to-body energy allocation appear to be driven by increasing plasma insulin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kubera
- Medical Clinic 1, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Luebeck, Germany
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Schilling TM, Ferreira de Sá DS, Westerhausen R, Strelzyk F, Larra MF, Hallschmid M, Savaskan E, Oitzl MS, Busch HP, Naumann E, Schächinger H. Intranasal insulin increases regional cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex in men independently of cortisol manipulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1944-56. [PMID: 23907764 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and cortisol play a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, appetite, and satiety. Little is known about the action and interaction of both hormones in brain structures controlling food intake and the processing of neurovisceral signals from the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we assessed the impact of single and combined application of insulin and cortisol on resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the insular cortex. After standardized periods of food restriction, 48 male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive either 40 IU intranasal insulin, 30 mg oral cortisol, both, or neither (placebo). Continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) sequences were acquired before and after pharmacological treatment. We observed a bilateral, locally distinct rCBF increase after insulin administration in the insular cortex and the putamen. Insulin effects on rCBF were present regardless of whether participants had received cortisol or not. Our results indicate that insulin, but not cortisol, affects blood flow in human brain structures involved in the regulation of eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Schilling
- Institute of Psychobiology, Division of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
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Peters A, Kubera B, Hubold C, Langemann D. The corpulent phenotype-how the brain maximizes survival in stressful environments. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:47. [PMID: 23565074 PMCID: PMC3613700 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of the stress system may change during the life course. In many—but not all—humans the stress reactivity decreases, once the individual is chronically exposed to a stressful and unsafe environment (e.g., poverty, work with high demands, unhappy martial relationship). Such an adaptation is referred to as habituation. Stress habituation allows alleviating the burden of chronic stress, particularly cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, two recent experiments demonstrated low stress reactivity during a mental or psychosocial challenge in subjects with a high body mass. In this focused review we attempt to integrate these experimental findings in a larger context. Are these data compatible with data sets showing a prolonged life expectancy in corpulent people? From the perspective of neuroenergetics, we here raise the question whether “obesity” is unhealthy at all. Is the corpulent phenotype possibly the result of “adaptive phenotypic plasticity” allowing optimized survival in stressful environments?
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Peters
- Clinical Research Group: Brain Metabolism, Neuroenergetics, Obesity and Diabetes, University of Luebeck Luebeck, Germany
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Rinaldi W, Ribeiro TADS, Marques AS, Fabricio GS, Tófolo LP, Gomes RM, Mendes FCV, Mathias PCDF. Efeito da redução de ninhada sobre as respostas autonômicas e metabólicas de ratos Wistar. REV NUTR 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732012000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou o perfil lipídico e a atividade elétrica dos nervos parassimpático (vago superior) e simpático (localizado na região esplâncnica) de ratos obesos oriundos de ninhada reduzida. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisados dois grupos distintos, com 12 animas cada um: ninhada padrão, padronizado em nove filhotes por ninhada, e ninhada reduzida, três filhotes por ninhada. O consumo de ração e peso corporal foi acompanhado do desmame até o final do protocolo experimental. Aos 90 dias de idade, os animais foram anestesiados com (Thiopental®) e submetidos ao registro da atividade elétrica dos nervos simpático (vago) e parassimpático (da região esplâncnica); em seguida, foram sacrificados e retiradas e pesadas as gorduras retroperitoneal e periepididimal. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosagens de glicemia, insulinemia, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol. RESULTADOS: Os ratos de ninhada reduzida apresentaram aumento da ingestão alimentar, peso corporal e tecido adiposo branco, quadros de hiperglicemia, hiperinsulinemia e hipercolesterolemia, aumento dos triglicérides e redução do lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol. CONCLUSÃO: Quanto à atividade do nervo vago, os ratos ninhada reduzida apresentaram um aumento significativo em relação aos ratos ninhada padrão, e mesmo não havendo diferença na atividade simpática, o modelo ninhada reduzida mostrou-se eficaz para indução da obesidade, dislipidemia, hipercolesterolemia, hiperinsulinemia, hiperglicemia e desequilíbrio autonômico em roedores.
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