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Local and Relayed Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation of the Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9030064. [PMID: 30889866 PMCID: PMC6468768 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our discovery of low-threshold stimulation-induced locomotion in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) led to the clinical use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) that manifest gait and postural disorders. Three additional major discoveries on the properties of PPN neurons have opened new areas of research for the treatment of motor and arousal disorders. The description of (a) electrical coupling, (b) intrinsic gamma oscillations, and (c) gene regulation in the PPN has identified a number of novel therapeutic targets and methods for the treatment of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. We first delve into the circuit, cellular, intracellular, and molecular organization of the PPN, and then consider the clinical results to date on PPN DBS. This comprehensive review will provide valuable information to explain the network effects of PPN DBS, point to new directions for treatment, and highlight a number of issues related to PPN DBS.
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Naro A, Bramanti A, Leo A, Cacciola A, Manuli A, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Shedding new light on disorders of consciousness diagnosis: The dynamic functional connectivity. Cortex 2018; 103:316-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Garcia-Rill E, Mahaffey S, Hyde JR, Urbano FJ. Bottom-up gamma maintenance in various disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 128:31-39. [PMID: 29353013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintained gamma band activity is a key element of higher brain function, participating in perception, executive function, and memory. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), as part of the reticular activating system (RAS), is a major source of the "bottom-up" flow of gamma activity to higher regions. However, interruption of gamma band activity is associated with a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review will focus on the role of the PPN in activating higher regions to induce arousal and descending pathways to modulate posture and locomotion. As such, PPN deep brain stimulation (DBS) can not only help regulate arousal and stepping, but continuous application may help maintain necessary levels of gamma band activity for a host of other brain processes. We will explore the potential future applications of PPN DBS for a number of disorders that are characterized by disturbances in gamma band maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
| | - S Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - F J Urbano
- IFIBYNE (CONICET-UBA), DFBMC, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kovács A, Bordás C, Bíró T, Hegyi Z, Antal M, Szücs P, Pál B. Direct presynaptic and indirect astrocyte-mediated mechanisms both contribute to endocannabinoid signaling in the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:247-266. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Torterolo P, Castro-Zaballa S, Cavelli M, Chase MH, Falconi A. Neocortical 40 Hz oscillations during carbachol-induced rapid eye movement sleep and cataplexy. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:580-9. [PMID: 26670051 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Higher cognitive functions require the integration and coordination of large populations of neurons in cortical and subcortical regions. Oscillations in the gamma band (30-45 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in these cognitive functions. In previous studies, we analysed the extent of functional connectivity between cortical areas employing the 'mean squared coherence' analysis of the EEG gamma band. We demonstrated that gamma coherence is maximal during alert wakefulness and is almost absent during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) is critical for REM sleep generation. The NPO is considered to exert executive control over the initiation and maintenance of REM sleep. In the cat, depending on the previous state of the animal, a single microinjection of carbachol (a cholinergic agonist) into the NPO can produce either REM sleep [REM sleep induced by carbachol (REMc)] or a waking state with muscle atonia, i.e. cataplexy [cataplexy induced by carbachol (CA)]. In the present study, in cats that were implanted with electrodes in different cortical areas to record polysomnographic activity, we compared the degree of gamma (30-45 Hz) coherence during REMc, CA and naturally-occurring behavioural states. Gamma coherence was maximal during CA and alert wakefulness. In contrast, gamma coherence was almost absent during REMc as in naturally-occurring REM sleep. We conclude that, in spite of the presence of somatic muscle paralysis, there are remarkable differences in cortical activity between REMc and CA, which confirm that EEG gamma (≈40 Hz) coherence is a trait that differentiates wakefulness from REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Castro-Zaballa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Cavelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atilio Falconi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Garcia-Rill E, Virmani T, Hyde J, D’Onofrio S, Mahaffey S. Arousal and the control of perception and movement. CURRENT TRENDS IN NEUROLOGY 2016; 10:53-64. [PMID: 28690375 PMCID: PMC5501251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries on the nature of the activity generated by the reticular activating system (RAS) suggest that arousal is much more involved in perception and movement than previously thought. The RAS is not simply an amorphous, unspecific region but rather a distinct group of nuclei with specific cell and transmitter types that control waking and modulate such processes as perception and movement. Thus, disturbances in the RAS will affect a number of neurological disorders. The discovery of gamma band activity in the RAS determined that high threshold calcium channels are responsible for generating gamma band activity in the RAS. Results showing that waking is mediated by CaMKII modulation of P/Q-type channels and REM sleep is modulated by cAMP/PK modulation of N-type channels points to different intracellular pathways influencing each state. Few studies address these important breakthroughs. Novel findings also show that the same primate RAS neurons exhibiting activity in relation to arousal are also involved in locomotion. Moreover, deep brain stimulation of this region, specifically the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN DBS), in Parkinson's disease has salutary effects on movement, sleep, and cognition. Gamma oscillations appear to participate in sensory perception, problem solving, and memory, and coherence at these frequencies may occur at cortical or thalamocortical levels. However, rather than participating in the temporal binding of sensory events, gamma band activity generated in the RAS may help stabilize coherence related to arousal, providing a stable activation state during waking, and relay such activation to the cortex. Continuous sensory input will thus induce gamma band activity in the RAS to participate in the processes of preconscious awareness, and provide the essential stream of information for the formulation of many of our perceptions and actions. Such a role has received little attention but promises to help understand and treat a number of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - T. Virmani
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - J.R. Hyde
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S. D’Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - S. Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Urbano FJ, Bisagno V, González B, Celeste Rivero-Echeto M, Muñiz JA, Luster B, D'Onofrio S, Mahaffey S, Garcia-Rill E. Pedunculopontine arousal system physiology-Effects of psychostimulant abuse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:162-8. [PMID: 26779323 PMCID: PMC4688579 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the interactions between the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the thalamocortical system. Experiments using modulators of cholinergic receptors in the PPN clarified its role on psychostimulant-induced locomotion. PPN activation was found to be involved in the animal’s voluntary search for psychostimulants. Every PPN neuron is known to generate gamma band oscillations. Voltage-gated calcium channels are key elements in the generation and maintenance of gamma band activity of PPN neurons. Calcium channels are also key elements mediating psychostimulant-induced alterations in the thalamic targets of PPN output. Thus, the PPN is a key substrate for maintaining arousal and REM sleep, but also in modulating psychostimulant self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Urbano
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Verónica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Betina González
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Javier A Muñiz
- IFIBYNE-CONICET, ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brennon Luster
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stasia D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Susan Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Luster B, D'Onofrio S, Urbano F, Garcia-Rill E. High-threshold Ca2+ channels behind gamma band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/6/e12431. [PMID: 26109189 PMCID: PMC4510632 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is part of the Reticular Activating System, and active during waking and REM sleep. Previous results showed that all PPN cells plateau at gamma frequencies and intrinsic membrane oscillations in PPN neurons are mediated by high-threshold N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. The present study was designed to determine whether some PPN cells have only N-, only P/Q-, or both N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels. We used patch-clamp recordings in PPN cells in slices from anesthetized rat pups in the presence of synaptic receptor blockers (SB) and Tetrodotoxin (TTX), and applied ramps to induce intrinsic membrane oscillations. We found that all PPN cell types showed gamma oscillations in the presence of SB+TTX when using current ramps. In 50% of cells, the N-type Ca2+ channel blocker ω-Conotoxin-GVIA (ω-CgTx) reduced gamma oscillation amplitude, while subsequent addition of the P/Q-type blocker ω-Agatoxin-IVA (ω-Aga) blocked the remaining oscillations. Another 20% manifested gamma oscillations that were not significantly affected by the addition of ω-CgTx, however, ω-Aga blocked the remaining oscillations. In 30% of cells, ω-Aga had no effect on gamma oscillations, while ω-CgTx blocked them. These novel results confirm the segregation of populations of PPN cells as a function of the calcium channels expressed, that is, the presence of cells in the PPN that manifest gamma band oscillations through only N-type, only P/Q-type, and both N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennon Luster
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Stasia D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Francisco Urbano
- IFIBYNE-CONICET University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Ishibashi M, Gumenchuk I, Kang B, Steger C, Lynn E, Molina NE, Eisenberg LM, Leonard CS. Orexin Receptor Activation Generates Gamma Band Input to Cholinergic and Serotonergic Arousal System Neurons and Drives an Intrinsic Ca(2+)-Dependent Resonance in LDT and PPT Cholinergic Neurons. Front Neurol 2015; 6:120. [PMID: 26082752 PMCID: PMC4451588 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of the waking state is a shift in EEG power to higher frequencies with epochs of synchronized intracortical gamma activity (30-60 Hz) - a process associated with high-level cognitive functions. The ascending arousal system, including cholinergic laterodorsal (LDT) and pedunculopontine (PPT) tegmental neurons and serotonergic dorsal raphe (DR) neurons, promotes this state. Recently, this system has been proposed as a gamma wave generator, in part, because some neurons produce high-threshold, Ca(2+)-dependent oscillations at gamma frequencies. However, it is not known whether arousal-related inputs to these neurons generate such oscillations, or whether such oscillations are ever transmitted to neuronal targets. Since key arousal input arises from hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) neurons, we investigated whether the unusually noisy, depolarizing orexin current could provide significant gamma input to cholinergic and serotonergic neurons, and whether such input could drive Ca(2+)-dependent oscillations. Whole-cell recordings in brain slices were obtained from mice expressing Cre-induced fluorescence in cholinergic LDT and PPT, and serotonergic DR neurons. After first quantifying reporter expression accuracy in cholinergic and serotonergic neurons, we found that the orexin current produced significant high frequency, including gamma, input to both cholinergic and serotonergic neurons. Then, by using a dynamic clamp, we found that adding a noisy orexin conductance to cholinergic neurons induced a Ca(2+)-dependent resonance that peaked in the theta and alpha frequency range (4-14 Hz) and extended up to 100 Hz. We propose that this orexin current noise and the Ca(2+) dependent resonance work synergistically to boost the encoding of high-frequency synaptic inputs into action potentials and to help ensure cholinergic neurons fire during EEG activation. This activity could reinforce thalamocortical states supporting arousal, REM sleep, and intracortical gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Ishibashi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Iryna Gumenchuk
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Bryan Kang
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Catherine Steger
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth Lynn
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Nancy E Molina
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
| | - Leonard M Eisenberg
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA ; Department of Medicine, New York Medical College , Valhalla, NY , USA
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Bordas C, Kovacs A, Pal B. The M-current contributes to high threshold membrane potential oscillations in a cell type-specific way in the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:121. [PMID: 25904846 PMCID: PMC4388076 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus is known as a cholinergic nucleus of the reticular activating system, participating in regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Besides cholinergic neurons, it consists of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons as well. According to classical and recent studies, more subgroups of neurons were defined. Groups based on the neurotransmitter released by a neuron are not homogenous, but can be further subdivided. The PPN neurons do not only provide cholinergic and non-cholinergic inputs to several subcortical brain areas but they are also targets of cholinergic and other different neuromodulatory actions. Although cholinergic neuromodulation has been already investigated in the nucleus, one of its characteristic targets, the M-type potassium current has not been described yet. Using slice electrophysiology, we provide evidence in the present work that cholinergic neurons possess M-current, whereas GABAergic neurons lack it. The M-current contributes to certain functional differences of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, as spike frequency adaptation, action potential firing frequency or the amplitude difference of medium afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs). Furthermore, we showed that high threshold membrane potential oscillation with high power, around 20 Hz frequency is a functional property of almost all cholinergic cells, whereas GABAergic neurons have only low amplitude oscillations. Blockade of the M-current abolished the oscillatory activity at 20 Hz, and largely diminished it at other frequencies. Taken together, the M-current seems to be characteristic for PPN cholinergic neurons. It provides a possibility for modulating gamma band activity of these cells, thus contributing to neuromodulatory regulation of the reticular activating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Bordas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balazs Pal
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
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Garcia-Rill E, D’Onofrio S, Mahaffey S, Bisagno V, Urbano FJ. Pedunculopontine arousal system physiology-Implications for schizophrenia. Sleep Sci 2015; 8:82-91. [PMID: 26483949 PMCID: PMC4608902 DOI: 10.1016/j.slsci.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by major sleep/wake disturbances including increased vigilance and arousal, decreased slow wave sleep, and increased REM sleep drive. Other arousal-related symptoms include sensory gating deficits as exemplified by decreased habituation of the blink reflex. There is also dysregulation of gamma band activity, suggestive of disturbances in a host of arousal-related mechanisms. This review examines the role of the reticular activating system, especially the pedunculopontine nucleus, in the symptoms of the disease. Recent discoveries on the physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus help explain many of these disorders of arousal in, and point to novel therapeutic avenues for, schizophrenia.
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Key Words
- CaMKII, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
- Calcium channels
- EEG, electroencephalogram
- EPSC, excitatory postsynaptic potential
- GABA, γ aminobutyric acid
- Gamma band activity
- InsP, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor protein
- KA, kainic acid
- NCS-1, neuronal calcium sensor protein 1
- NMDA, n methyl d aspartic acid
- Neuronal calcium sensor protein
- P50 potential
- PGO, ponto-geniculo-occipital
- PPN, pedunculopontine nucleus
- Pf, parafascicular nucleus
- RAS, reticular activating system
- REM, rapid eye movement
- SWS, slow wave sleep
- SubCD, subcoeruleus dorsalis
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- ω-Aga, ω-agatoxin-IVA
- ω-CgTx, ω-conotoxin-GVIA
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Stasia D’Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Susan Mahaffey
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE-CONICET and ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Urbano
- IFIBYNE-CONICET and ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lau B, Welter ML, Belaid H, Fernandez Vidal S, Bardinet E, Grabli D, Karachi C. The integrative role of the pedunculopontine nucleus in human gait. Brain 2015; 138:1284-96. [PMID: 25765327 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The brainstem pedunculopontine nucleus has a likely, although unclear, role in gait control, and is a potential deep brain stimulation target for treating resistant gait disorders. These disorders are a major therapeutic challenge for the ageing population, especially in Parkinson's disease where gait and balance disorders can become resistant to both dopaminergic medication and subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Here, we present electrophysiological evidence that the pedunculopontine and subthalamic nuclei are involved in distinct aspects of gait using a locomotor imagery task in 14 patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing surgery for the implantation of pedunculopontine or subthalamic nuclei deep brain stimulation electrodes. We performed electrophysiological recordings in two phases, once during surgery, and again several days after surgery in a subset of patients. The majority of pedunculopontine nucleus neurons (57%) recorded intrasurgically exhibited changes in activity related to different task components, with 29% modulated during visual stimulation, 41% modulated during voluntary hand movement, and 49% modulated during imaginary gait. Pedunculopontine nucleus local field potentials recorded post-surgically were modulated in the beta and gamma bands during visual and motor events, and we observed alpha and beta band synchronization that was sustained for the duration of imaginary gait and spatially localized within the pedunculopontine nucleus. In contrast, significantly fewer subthalamic nucleus neurons (27%) recorded intrasurgically were modulated during the locomotor imagery, with most increasing or decreasing activity phasically during the hand movement that initiated or terminated imaginary gait. Our data support the hypothesis that the pedunculopontine nucleus influences gait control in manners extending beyond simply driving pattern generation. In contrast, the subthalamic nucleus seems to control movement execution that is not likely to be gait-specific. These data highlight the crucial role of these two nuclei in motor control and shed light on the complex functions of the lateral mesencephalus in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lau
- 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Welter
- 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France 2 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hayat Belaid
- 2 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sara Fernandez Vidal
- 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Eric Bardinet
- 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - David Grabli
- 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France 2 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- 1 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France 2 Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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Januszko P, Niemcewicz S, Gajda T, Wołyńczyk-Gmaj D, Piotrowska AJ, Gmaj B, Piotrowski T, Szelenberger W. Sleepwalking episodes are preceded by arousal-related activation in the cingulate motor area: EEG current density imaging. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:530-536. [PMID: 25708721 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate local arousal fluctuations in adults who received ICSD-2 diagnosis of somnambulism. METHODS EEG neuroimaging (eLORETA) was utilized to compare current density distribution for 4s epochs immediately preceding sleepwalking episode (from -4.0 s to 0 s) to the distribution during earlier 4s epochs (from -8.0 s to -4.0 s) in 20 EEG segments from 15 patients. RESULTS Comparisons between eLORETA images revealed significant (t>4.52; p<0.05) brain activations before onset of sleepwalking, with greater current density within beta 3 frequency range (24-30 Hz) in Brodmann areas 33 and 24. CONCLUSIONS Sleepwalking motor events are associated with arousal-related activation of cingulate motor area. SIGNIFICANCE These results support the notion of blurred boundaries between wakefulness and NREM sleep in sleepwalking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Januszko
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Szymon Niemcewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gajda
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Wołyńczyk-Gmaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Justyna Piotrowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gmaj
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Szelenberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowowiejska 27, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Garcia-Rill E, Hyde J, Kezunovic N, Urbano FJ, Petersen E. The physiology of the pedunculopontine nucleus: implications for deep brain stimulation. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 122:225-35. [PMID: 24880787 PMCID: PMC4484763 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This brief review resolves a number of persistent conflicts regarding the location and characteristics of the mesencephalic locomotor region, which has in the past been described as not locomotion-specific and is more likely the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The parameters of stimulation used to elicit changes in posture and locomotion we now know are ideally suited to match the intrinsic membrane properties of PPN neurons. The physiology of these cells is important not only because it is a major element of the reticular activating system, but also because it is a novel target for the treatment of gait and postural deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD). The discussion explains many of the effects reported following deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the PPN by different groups and provides guidelines for the determination of long-term assessment and effects of PPN DBS. A greater understanding of the physiology of the target nuclei within the brainstem and basal ganglia, amassed over the past decades, has enabled increasingly better patient outcomes from DBS for movement disorders. Despite these improvements, there remains a great opportunity for further understanding of the mechanisms through which DBS has its effects and for further development of appropriate technology to effect these treatments. We review the scientific basis for one of the newest targets, the PPN, in the treatment of PD and other movement disorders, and address the needs for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcia-Rill
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 847, 4301 West Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA,
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15
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D'Onofrio S, Kezunovic N, Hyde JR, Luster B, Messias E, Urbano FJ, Garcia-Rill E. Modulation of gamma oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus by neuronal calcium sensor protein-1: relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:709-19. [PMID: 25376789 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00828.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced levels of gamma-band activity are present in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. In the same disorders, increased neuronal calcium sensor protein-1 (NCS-1) expression was reported in a series of postmortem studies. These disorders are also characterized by sleep dysregulation, suggesting a role for the reticular activating system (RAS). The discovery of gamma-band activity in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the cholinergic arm of the RAS, revealed that such activity was mediated by high-threshold calcium channels that are regulated by NCS-1. We hypothesized that NCS-1 normally regulates gamma-band oscillations through these calcium channels and that excessive levels of NCS-1, such as would be expected with overexpression, decrease gamma-band activity. We found that PPN neurons in rat brain slices manifested gamma-band oscillations that were increased by low levels of NCS-1 but suppressed by high levels of NCS-1. Our results suggest that NCS-1 overexpression may be responsible for the decrease in gamma-band activity present in at least some schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stasia D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Nebojsa Kezunovic
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - James R Hyde
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Brennon Luster
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Erick Messias
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and
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16
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Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Cassel JC. The nonspecific thalamus: A place in a wedding bed for making memories last? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 54:175-96. [PMID: 25451763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We summarize anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral evidence that the rostral intralaminar (ILN) and the reuniens and rhomboid (ReRh) nuclei that belong to the nonspecific thalamus, might be part of a hippocampo-cortico-thalamic network underlying consolidation of enduring declarative(-like) memories at systems level. The first part of this review describes the anatomical and functional organization of these thalamic nuclei. The second part presents the theoretical models supporting the active systems-level consolidation, a process that relies upon sleep specific field-potential oscillations occurring during both slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The last part presents data in the rat showing that the lesion of the rostral ILN or of the ReRh specifically hinders the formation of remote spatial memories without affecting task acquisition or retrieval of a recent memory. These results showing a critical role of the ILN and ReRh nuclei in the transformation of a recent memory into a remote one are discussed in the context of their control of cortical arousal (ARAS) and of thalamo-cortico-thalamic synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Pereira de Vasconcelos
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie Neuropôle de Strasbourg - GDR CNRS 2905, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jean-Christophe Cassel
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Faculté de Psychologie Neuropôle de Strasbourg - GDR CNRS 2905, 12 rue Goethe, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Urbano FJ, D'Onofrio SM, Luster BR, Beck PB, Hyde JR, Bisagno V, Garcia-Rill E. Pedunculopontine Nucleus Gamma Band Activity-Preconscious Awareness, Waking, and REM Sleep. Front Neurol 2014; 5:210. [PMID: 25368599 PMCID: PMC4202729 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a major component of the reticular activating system (RAS) that regulates waking and REM sleep, states of high-frequency EEG activity. Recently, we described the presence of high threshold, voltage-dependent N- and P/Q-type calcium channels in RAS nuclei that subserve gamma band oscillations in the mesopontine PPN, intralaminar parafascicular nucleus (Pf), and pontine subcoeruleus nucleus dorsalis (SubCD). Cortical gamma band activity participates in sensory perception, problem solving, and memory. Rather than participating in the temporal binding of sensory events as in the cortex, gamma band activity in the RAS may participate in the processes of preconscious awareness, and provide the essential stream of information for the formulation of many of our actions. That is, the RAS may play an early permissive role in volition. Our latest results suggest that (1) the manifestation of gamma band activity during waking may employ a separate intracellular pathway compared to that during REM sleep, (2) neuronal calcium sensor (NCS-1) protein, which is over expressed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, modulates gamma band oscillations in the PPN in a concentration-dependent manner, (3) leptin, which undergoes resistance in obesity resulting in sleep dysregulation, decreases sodium currents in PPN neurons, accounting for its normal attenuation of waking, and (4) following our discovery of electrical coupling in the RAS, we hypothesize that there are cell clusters within the PPN that may act in concert. These results provide novel information on the mechanisms controlling high-frequency activity related to waking and REM sleep by elements of the RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Urbano
- IFIBYNE & ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Stasia M D'Onofrio
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Brennon R Luster
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Paige B Beck
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - James Robert Hyde
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- IFIBYNE & ININFA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
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18
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Castro S, Cavelli M, Vollono P, Chase MH, Falconi A, Torterolo P. Inter-hemispheric coherence of neocortical gamma oscillations during sleep and wakefulness. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:197-202. [PMID: 24993304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oscillations in the gamma frequency band (mainly ≈40 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) have been involved in the binding of spatially separated but temporally correlated neural events that result in a unified perceptual experience. The extent of these interactions can be examined by means of a mathematical algorithm called "coherence", which reflects the "strength" of functional interactions between cortical areas. As a continuation of a previous study of our group, the present study was conducted to analyze the inter-hemispheric coherence of the EEG gamma frequency band in the cat during alert wakefulness (AW), quiet wakefulness (QW), non-REM (NREM) sleep and REM sleep. Cats were implanted with electrodes in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices to monitor EEG activity. The degree of coherence in the low (30-45 Hz) and high (60-100 Hz) gamma frequency bands from pairs of EEG recordings was analyzed. A large increase in coherence between all inter-hemispheric cortical regions in the low gamma bands during AW was present compared to the other behavioral states. Furthermore, both low and high gamma coherence between inter-hemispheric heterotopic cortices (different cortical areas of both hemispheres) decreased during REM sleep; this is a pattern that we previously reported between the cortical areas of the same hemisphere (intrahemispheric coherence). In the high gamma band, coherence during REM sleep also decreased compared to the other behavioral states. In contrast, between most of the inter-hemispheric homotopic cortical areas (equivalent or mirror areas of both hemispheres), low gamma coherence was similar during NREM compared to REM sleep. We conclude that in spite of subtle differences between homotopic and heterotopic inter-hemispheric cortices, functional interactions at high frequency decrease during REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Castro
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matias Cavelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Patricia Vollono
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michael H Chase
- WebSciences International, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Atilio Falconi
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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19
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Bosman CA, Lansink CS, Pennartz CMA. Functions of gamma-band synchronization in cognition: from single circuits to functional diversity across cortical and subcortical systems. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1982-99. [PMID: 24809619 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-band activity (30-90 Hz) and the synchronization of neural activity in the gamma-frequency range have been observed in different cortical and subcortical structures and have been associated with different cognitive functions. However, it is still unknown whether gamma-band synchronization subserves a single universal function or a diversity of functions across the full spectrum of cognitive processes. Here, we address this question reviewing the mechanisms of gamma-band oscillation generation and the functions associated with gamma-band activity across several cortical and subcortical structures. Additionally, we raise a plausible explanation of why gamma rhythms are found so ubiquitously across brain structures. Gamma band activity originates from the interplay between inhibition and excitation. We stress that gamma oscillations, associated with this interplay, originate from basic functional motifs that conferred advantages for low-level system processing and multiple cognitive functions throughout evolution. We illustrate the multifunctionality of gamma-band activity by considering its role in neural systems for perception, selective attention, memory, motivation and behavioral control. We conclude that gamma-band oscillations support multiple cognitive processes, rather than a single one, which, however, can be traced back to a limited set of circuit motifs which are found universally across species and brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrado A Bosman
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Postal Box 94216, 1090, GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Research Priority Program Brain & Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Tapia JA, Trejo A, Linares P, Alva JM, Kristeva R, Manjarrez E. Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator: premovement electrical potentials. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00129. [PMID: 24303193 PMCID: PMC3841057 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, here we characterize a bulbar reticular activating system (RAS) of neurons in decerebrate, deafferented and decerebellated cats producing a premovement electrical potential that we named obex slow potential (OSP). The OSP occurs about 0.8 ± 0.4 sec prior to the onset of a fictive-scratching-episode. Here, we describe two classes of bulbar neurons, off-on, which are silent but exhibit a 80 ± 56 Hz firing discharge at the beginning of (and during) the OSP, and on-off interneurons, with a 27 ± 14 Hz firing activity that stops at the beginning of (and during) the OSP. We suggest that these OSP-associated neurons belong to a descending RAS, which contributes to the activation of the spinal central pattern generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Tapia
- Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México ; School of Biology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla 14 Sur 6301, Col. San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, CP 72570, México
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21
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Beck P, Urbano FJ, Williams DK, Garcia-Rill E. Effects of leptin on pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1027-38. [PMID: 23263542 PMCID: PMC3618992 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite and energy expenditure, is increased in obese individuals, although these individuals often exhibit leptin resistance. Obesity is characterized by sleep/wake disturbances, such as excessive daytime sleepiness, increased REM sleep, increased nighttime arousals, and decreased percentage of total sleep time. Several studies have shown that short sleep duration is highly correlated with decreased leptin levels in both animal and human models. Arousal and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are regulated by the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). The goal of this project was to determine the role of leptin in the PPN, and thus in obesity-related sleep disorders. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted on PPN neurons in 9- to 17-day-old rat brainstem slices. Leptin decreased action potential (AP) amplitude, AP frequency, and h-current (I(H)). These findings suggest that leptin causes a blockade of Na⁺ channels. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to test the effects of leptin on Na⁺ conductance. To determine the average voltage dependence of this conductance, results from each cell were equally weighted by expressing conductance as a fraction of the maximum conductance in each cell. I Na amplitude was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting a direct effect of leptin on these channels. The average decrease in Na⁺ conductance by leptin was ~40 %. We hypothesize that leptin normally decreases activity in the PPN by reducing I(H) and I(Na) currents, and that in states of leptin dysregulation (i.e., leptin resistance) this effect may be blunted, therefore causing increased arousal and REM sleep drive, and ultimately leading to sleep-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Beck
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Dept. Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - D. Keith Williams
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Dept. Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Edgar Garcia-Rill
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, Dept. Neurobiology & Dev. Sci., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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22
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Machold RP. Loss of rostral brainstem cholinergic activity results in decreased ultrasonic vocalization behavior and altered sensorimotor gating. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:51-5. [PMID: 23810416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parabigeminal (PBG), pedunculopontine (PPTg), and laterodorsal tegmental (LDTg) nuclei located in the rostral brainstem are the primary sources of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) for the midbrain and thalamus, and as part of the ascending reticular activating system, these cholinergic signaling pathways regulate mouse behavioral responses to sensory stimuli. Here, I report that mice harboring a conditional deletion of ACh synthesis specifically within these nuclei (ChAT(En1 KO)) exhibit decreased ultrasonic vocalizations both as pups and adults, consistent with their previously reported hypoactivity when exploring the novel environment of the open field arena. Furthermore, in prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests, ChAT(En1 KO) animals exhibited increased sensorimotor gating in comparison to control littermates. These data suggest that ACh signaling arising from the rostral brainstem modulates animal behavior in part by tuning the levels of sensorimotor gating. Thus, the net effect of this cholinergic activity is to increase sensitivity to environmental stimuli, and loss of this pathway contributes to the hypoactivity in these mutants by raising the sensory threshold for eliciting exploratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Machold
- New York University School of Medicine, Smilow Neuroscience Program, 522 First Avenue, Smilow 506, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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23
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Khoury S, Chouchou F, Amzica F, Giguère JF, Denis R, Rouleau GA, Lavigne GJ. Rapid EEG activity during sleep dominates in mild traumatic brain injury patients with acute pain. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:633-41. [PMID: 23510169 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a highly prevalent post-concussion symptom occurring in a majority of patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). About half of patients with mTBI report sleep-wake disturbances. It is known that pain can alter sleep quality in this population, but the interaction between pain and sleep is not fully understood. This study aimed to identify how pain affects subjective sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), sleep architecture, and quantitative electroencephalographic (qEEG) brain activity after mTBI. Twenty-four mTBI patients complaining of sleep-wake disturbances, with and without pain (8 and 16, respectively), were recruited 45 (±22.7) days post-trauma on average. Data were compared with those of 18 healthy controls (no sleep or pain complaints). The PSQI, sleep architecture, and qEEG activity were analyzed. Pain was assessed using questionnaires and a 100-mm visual analogue scale. Patients with mTBI reported three times poorer sleep quality than controls on the PSQI. Sleep architecture significantly differed between patients with mTBI and controls but was within normal range. Global qEEG showed lower delta (deep sleep) and higher beta and gamma power (arousal) at certain EEG derivations in patients with mTBI compared with controls (p<0.04). Patients with mTBI with pain, however, showed greater increase in rapid EEG frequency bands, mostly during REM sleep, and beta bands in non-REM sleep compared with patients with mTBI without pain and controls (p<0.001). Pain in patients with mTBI was associated with more rapid qEEG activity, mostly during REM sleep, suggesting that pain is associated with poor sleep and is a critical factor in managing post-concussion symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Khoury
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Sacré-Cœur Hôspital, Montreal, Québec H4J 1C5, Canada
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24
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Visualization of fast calcium oscillations in the parafascicular nucleus. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1327-40. [PMID: 23588378 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The parafascicular nucleus (Pf) is an ascending target of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and is part of the "non-specific" intralaminar thalamus. The PPN, part of the reticular activating system, is mainly involved in waking and rapid eye movement sleep. Gamma oscillations are evident in all Pf neurons and mediated by high threshold voltage-dependent N- and P/Q-type calcium channels. We tested the hypothesis that high-speed calcium imaging would reveal calcium-mediated oscillations in synchrony with patch clamp recorded oscillations during depolarizing current ramps. Patch-clamped 9 to 19-day-old rat Pf neurons (n = 148, dye filled n = 61, control n = 87) were filled with Fura 2, Bis Fura, or Oregon Green BAPTA-1. Calcium transients were generated during depolarizing current ramps and visualized with a high-speed, wide-field fluorescence imaging system. Cells manifested calcium transients with oscillations in both somatic and proximal dendrite fluorescence recordings. Fluorescent calcium transients were blocked with the nonspecific calcium channel blocker, cadmium, or the combination of ω-Agatoxin-IVA (AgA), a specific P/Q-type calcium channel blocker and ω-conotoxin-GVIA (CgTx), a specific N-type calcium channel blocker. We developed a viable methodology for studying high-speed oscillations without the use of multi-photon imaging systems.
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25
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Castro S, Falconi A, Chase MH, Torterolo P. Coherent neocortical 40-Hz oscillations are not present during REM sleep. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1330-9. [PMID: 23406153 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During cognitive processes there are extensive interactions between various regions of the cerebral cortex. Oscillations in the gamma frequency band (≈40 Hz) of the electroencephalogram (EEG) are involved in the binding of spatially separated but temporally correlated neural events, which results in a unified perceptual experience. The extent of these interactions can be examined by means of a mathematical algorithm called 'coherence', which reflects the 'strength' of functional interactions between cortical areas. The present study was conducted to analyse EEG coherence in the gamma frequency band of the cat during alert wakefulness (AW), quiet wakefulness (QW), non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Cats were implanted with electrodes in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices to monitor EEG activity. Coherence values within the gamma frequency (30-100 Hz) from pairs of EEG recordings were analysed. A large increase in coherence occurred between all cortical regions in the 30-45 Hz frequency band during AW compared with the other behavioral states. As the animal transitioned from AW to QW and from QW to NREM sleep, coherence decreased to a moderate level. Remarkably, there was practically no EEG coherence in the entire gamma band spectrum (30-100 Hz) during REM sleep. We conclude that functional interactions between cortical areas are radically different during sleep compared with wakefulness. The virtual absence of gamma frequency coherence during REM sleep may underlie the unique cognitive processing that occurs during dreams, which is principally a REM sleep-related phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Castro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, General Flores 2125, 11800, Montevideo, Uruguay
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26
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Bachmann T. Neurobiological mechanisms behind the spatiotemporal illusions of awareness used for advocating prediction or postdiction. Front Psychol 2013; 3:593. [PMID: 23293625 PMCID: PMC3537166 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that it takes time for the brain to process information from the changing environment underlies many experimental phenomena of awareness of spatiotemporal events, including a number of astonishing illusions. These phenomena have been explained from the predictive and postdictive theoretical perspectives. Here I describe the most extensively studied phenomena in order to see how well the two perspectives can explain them. Next, the neurobiological perceptual retouch mechanism of producing stimulation awareness is characterized and its work in causing the listed illusions is described. A perspective on how brain mechanisms of conscious perception produce the phenomena supportive of the postdictive view is presented in this article. At the same time, some of the phenomena cannot be explained by the traditional postdictive account, but can be interpreted from the perceptual retouch theory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talis Bachmann
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Public Law, University of Tartu (Tallinn branch)Tartu, Estonia
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27
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Kumar VM. Sleep is an Auto-Regulatory Global Phenomenon. Front Neurol 2012; 3:94. [PMID: 22707947 PMCID: PMC3374146 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Velayudhan Mohan Kumar
- Comprehensive Center for Sleep Disorders, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Datta S. The preconscious mind and gamma band activity in the reticular activating system. Front Neurol 2012; 3:16. [PMID: 22347211 PMCID: PMC3274707 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Subimal Datta
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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