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Temgire P, Arthur R, Kumar P. Neuroinflammation and the role of epigenetic-based therapies for Huntington's disease management: the new paradigm. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1791-1804. [PMID: 38653938 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, autosomal, neurodegenerative ailment that affects the striatum of the brain. Despite its debilitating effect on its patients, there is no proven cure for HD management as of yet. Neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and environmental factors have been reported to influence the regulation of gene expression by modifying epigenetic mechanisms. Aside focusing on the etiology, changes in epigenetic mechanisms have become a crucial factor influencing the interaction between HTT protein and epigenetically transcribed genes involved in neuroinflammation and HD. This review presents relevant literature on epigenetics with special emphasis on neuroinflammation and HD. It summarizes pertinent research on the role of neuroinflammation and post-translational modifications of chromatin, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and miRNAs. To achieve this about 1500 articles were reviewed via databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. They were reduced to 534 using MeSH words like 'epigenetics, neuroinflammation, and HD' coupled with Boolean operators. Results indicated that major contributing factors to the development of HD such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis are affected by epigenetic alterations. However, the association between neuroinflammation-altered epigenetics and the reported transcriptional changes in HD is unknown. Also, the link between epigenetically dysregulated genomic regions and specific DNA sequences suggests the likelihood that transcription factors, chromatin-remodeling proteins, and enzymes that affect gene expression are all disrupted simultaneously. Hence, therapies that target pathogenic pathways in HD, including neuroinflammation, transcriptional dysregulation, triplet instability, vesicle trafficking dysfunction, and protein degradation, need to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Temgire
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Richmond Arthur
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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2
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Singh R, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Keshri PK, Gupta NK, Prakash SAS, Zahra W, Singh S, Singh SP. HAT and HDAC: Enzyme with Contradictory Action in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6. [PMID: 38587698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In view of the increasing risk of neurodegenerative diseases, epigenetics plays a fundamental role in the field of neuroscience. Several modifications have been studied including DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone phosphorylation, etc. Histone acetylation and deacetylation regulate gene expression, and the regular activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) provides regulatory stages for gene expression and cell cycle. Imbalanced homeostasis in these enzymes causes a detrimental effect on neurophysiological function. Intriguingly, epigenetic remodelling via histone acetylation in certain brain areas has been found to play a key role in the neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. It has been demonstrated that a number of HATs have a role in crucial brain processes such regulating neuronal plasticity and memory formation. The most recent therapeutic methods involve the use of small molecules known as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors that antagonize HDAC activity thereby increase acetylation levels in order to prevent the loss of HAT function in neurodegenerative disorders. The target specificity of the HDAC inhibitors now in use raises concerns about their applicability, despite the fact that this strategy has demonstrated promising therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize the cross-linking between histone modification and its regulation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Furthermore, these findings also support the notion of new pharmacotherapies that target particular areas of the brain using histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Singh Ankit Satya Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Shekhar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (U.P.), India.
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Steinberg N, Galleguillos D, Zaidi A, Horkey M, Sipione S. Naïve Huntington's disease microglia mount a normal response to inflammatory stimuli but display a partially impaired development of innate immune tolerance that can be counteracted by ganglioside GM1. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:276. [PMID: 37996924 PMCID: PMC10668379 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation and dysfunction of microglia have been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is a genetic condition caused by a mutation that affects the folding and function of huntingtin (HTT). Signs of microglia activation have been observed in HD patients even before the onset of symptoms. It is unclear, however, whether pro-inflammatory microglia activation in HD results from cell-autonomous expression of mutant HTT, is the response of microglia to a diseased brain environment, or both. In this study, we used primary microglia isolated from HD knock-in (Q140) and wild-type (Q7) mice to investigate their response to inflammatory conditions in vitro in the absence of confounding effects arising from brain pathology. We show that naïve Q140 microglia do not undergo spontaneous pro-inflammatory activation and respond to inflammatory triggers, including stimulation of TLR4 and TLR2 and exposure to necrotic cells, with similar kinetics of pro-inflammatory gene expression as wild-type microglia. Upon termination of the inflammatory insult, the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines is tapered off in Q140 and wild-type microglia with similar kinetics. However, the ability of Q140 microglia to develop tolerance in response to repeated inflammatory stimulations is partially impaired in vitro and in vivo, potentially contributing to the establishment of chronic neuroinflammation in HD. We further show that ganglioside GM1, a glycosphingolipid with anti-inflammatory effects on wild-type microglia, not only decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in activated Q140 microglia, but also dramatically dampen microglia response to re-stimulation with LPS in an experimental model of tolerance. These effects are independent from the expression of interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 3 (Irak-3), a strong modulator of LPS signaling involved in the development of innate immune tolerance and previously shown to be upregulated by immune cell treatment with gangliosides. Altogether, our data suggest that external triggers are required for HD microglia activation, but a cell-autonomous dysfunction that affects the ability of HD microglia to acquire tolerance might contribute to the establishment of neuroinflammation in HD. Administration of GM1 might be beneficial to attenuate chronic microglia activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Glycomics Institute of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Danny Galleguillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Glycomics Institute of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Asifa Zaidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Glycomics Institute of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Glycomics Institute of Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Kench US, Sologova SS, Prassolov VS, Spirin PV. The Role of Autophagy in the Development of Pathological Conditions of the Body. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:37-49. [PMID: 37908768 PMCID: PMC10615188 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.23838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the process of lysosomal elimination of the cell organelles, cytoplasmic sites, and pathogenic microorganisms that enter the cell. This process is associated with both cell death regulation and an increase in cell survival chances. Autophagy is involved in the development of various diseases (Crohn disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, etc.). For these reasons, it is of significant interest to establish the molecular targets involved in autophagy regulation and the factors that mediate its participation in pathogenesis. The review describes the potential molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of autophagy, its contribution to the vital cell activity in a healthy organism, and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- U. S. Kench
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
- Department of Pharmacology, Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
| | - S. S. Sologova
- Department of Pharmacology, Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
| | - P. V. Spirin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russian Federation
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Jurcau A, Jurcau CM. Mitochondria in Huntington's disease: implications in pathogenesis and mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1472-1477. [PMID: 36571344 PMCID: PMC10075114 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a genetic disease caused by expanded CAG repeats on exon 1 of the huntingtin gene located on chromosome 4. Compelling evidence implicates impaired mitochondrial energetics, altered mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control, disturbed mitochondrial trafficking, oxidative stress and mitochondrial calcium dyshomeostasis in the pathogenesis of the disorder. Unfortunately, conventional mitochondrial-targeted molecules, such as cysteamine, creatine, coenzyme Q10, or triheptanoin, yielded negative or inconclusive results. However, future therapeutic strategies, aiming to restore mitochondrial biogenesis, improving the fission/fusion balance, and improving mitochondrial trafficking, could prove useful tools in improving the phenotype of Huntington's disease and, used in combination with genome-editing methods, could lead to a cure for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Jurcau
- Department of Psycho-Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea; Neurology 3 Ward, Clinical Emergency Hospital, Oradea, Romania
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Veverka P, Brom T, Janovič T, Stojaspal M, Pinkas M, Nováček J, Hofr C. Electron microscopy reveals toroidal shape of master neuronal cell differentiator REST - RE1-silencing transcription factor. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 21:731-741. [PMID: 36698979 PMCID: PMC9860152 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The RE1-Silencing Transcription factor (REST) is essential for neuronal differentiation. Here, we report the first 18.5-angstrom electron microscopy structure of human REST. The refined electron map suggests that REST forms a torus that can accommodate DNA double-helix in the central hole. Additionally, we quantitatively described REST binding to the canonical DNA sequence of the neuron-restrictive silencer element. We developed protocols for the expression and purification of full-length REST and the shortened variant REST-N62 produced by alternative splicing. We tested the mutual interaction of full-length REST and the splicing variant REST-N62. Revealed structure-function relationships of master neuronal repressor REST will allow finding new biological ways of prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and diseases.
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Key Words
- CD, circular dichroism
- CoIP, coimmunoprecipitation
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- Differentiation
- EM
- EM, electron microscopy
- Electron microscopy
- IDRs, intrinsically disordered regions
- NRSE, neuron-restrictive silencer element
- NRSF
- NRSF, neuron-restrictive silencer factor
- Neuron-restrictive silencer factor
- Neuronal
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- RD1/2, repressor domain 1/2
- RE1, repressor element-1
- RE1-silencing transcription factor
- REST
- REST, RE1-silencing transcription factor
- REST-FL, full-length REST
- REST-N62
- REST-N62, splicing isoform of REST, also known as REST4 or REST4-S3
- REST4
- ZF, zinc finger
- aa, amino acid(s)
- bp, base pair(s)
- kDa, kilodaltons
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Veverka
- LifeB, FGP – NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brom
- LifeB, FGP – NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janovič
- LifeB, FGP – NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stojaspal
- LifeB, FGP – NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiří Nováček
- CEITEC, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Hofr
- LifeB, FGP – NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author.
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Younesian S, Yousefi AM, Momeny M, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. The DNA Methylation in Neurological Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:3439. [PMID: 36359835 PMCID: PMC9657829 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is critical for the normal development and functioning of the human brain, such as the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, synaptic plasticity, neuronal reparation, learning, and memory. Despite the physical stability of DNA and methylated DNA compared to other epigenetic modifications, some DNA methylation-based biomarkers have translated into clinical practice. Increasing reports indicate a strong association between DNA methylation profiles and various clinical outcomes in neurological diseases, making DNA methylation profiles valuable as novel clinical markers. In this review, we aim to discuss the latest evidence concerning DNA methylation alterations in the development of neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and neuropsychiatric diseases. We also highlighted the relationship of DNA methylation alterations with the disease progression and outcome in many neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samareh Younesian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
| | - Amir-Mohammad Yousefi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
| | - Majid Momeny
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713135, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1971653313, Iran
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Pupak A, Singh A, Sancho-Balsells A, Alcalá-Vida R, Espina M, Giralt A, Martí E, Ørom UAV, Ginés S, Brito V. Altered m6A RNA methylation contributes to hippocampal memory deficits in Huntington's disease mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:416. [PMID: 35819730 PMCID: PMC9276730 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulates many aspects of RNA metabolism and is involved in learning and memory processes. Yet, the impact of a dysregulation of post-transcriptional m6A editing on synaptic impairments in neurodegenerative disorders remains unknown. Here we investigated the m6A methylation pattern in the hippocampus of Huntington’s disease (HD) mice and the potential role of the m6A RNA modification in HD cognitive symptomatology. m6A modifications were evaluated in HD mice subjected to a hippocampal cognitive training task through m6A immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and the relative levels of m6A-modifying proteins (FTO and METTL14) by subcellular fractionation and Western blot analysis. Stereotaxic CA1 hippocampal delivery of AAV-shFTO was performed to investigate the effect of RNA m6A dysregulation in HD memory deficits. Our results reveal a m6A hypermethylation in relevant HD and synaptic related genes in the hippocampal transcriptome of Hdh+/Q111 mice. Conversely, m6A is aberrantly regulated in an experience-dependent manner in the HD hippocampus leading to demethylation of important components of synapse organization. Notably, the levels of RNA demethylase (FTO) and methyltransferase (METTL14) were modulated after training in the hippocampus of WT mice but not in Hdh+/Q111 mice. Finally, inhibition of FTO expression in the hippocampal CA1 region restored memory disturbances in symptomatic Hdh+/Q111 mice. Altogether, our results suggest that a differential RNA methylation landscape contributes to HD cognitive symptoms and uncover a role of m6A as a novel hallmark of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Pupak
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anna Sancho-Balsells
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Alcalá-Vida
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives (LNCA), University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Espina
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulàlia Martí
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Ginés
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Verónica Brito
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurosciències, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Kacher R, Mounier C, Caboche J, Betuing S. Altered Cholesterol Homeostasis in Huntington’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:797220. [PMID: 35517051 PMCID: PMC9063567 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.797220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by an expansion of the CAG repeat in the first exon of Huntingtin’s gene. The associated neurodegeneration mainly affects the striatum and the cortex at early stages and progressively spreads to other brain structures. Targeting HD at its earlier stages is under intense investigation. Numerous drugs were tested, with a rate of success of only 3.5% approved molecules used as symptomatic treatment. The restoration of cholesterol metabolism, which is central to the brain homeostasis and strongly altered in HD, could be an interesting disease-modifying strategy. Cholesterol is an essential membrane component in the central nervous system (CNS); alterations of its homeostasis have deleterious consequences on neuronal functions. The levels of several sterols, upstream of cholesterol, are markedly decreased within the striatum of HD mouse model. Transcription of cholesterol biosynthetic genes is reduced in HD cell and mouse models as well as post-mortem striatal and cortical tissues from HD patients. Since the dynamic of brain cholesterol metabolism is complex, it is essential to establish the best method to target it in HD. Cholesterol, which does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, is locally synthesized and renewed within the brain. All cell types in the CNS synthesize cholesterol during development but as they progress through adulthood, neurons down-regulate their cholesterol synthesis and turn to astrocytes for their full supply. Cellular levels of cholesterol reflect the dynamic balance between synthesis, uptake and export, all integrated into the context of the cross talk between neurons and glial cells. In this review, we describe the latest advances regarding the role of cholesterol deregulation in neuronal functions and how this could be a determinant factor in neuronal degeneration and HD progression. The pathways and major mechanisms by which cholesterol and sterols are regulated in the CNS will be described. From this overview, we discuss the main clinical strategies for manipulating cholesterol metabolism in the CNS, and how to reinstate a proper balance in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8246, Paris, France
- U1130, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Sandrine Betuing,
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10
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Belkozhayev AM, Al-Yozbaki M, George A, Niyazova RY, Sharipov KO, Byrne LJ, Wilson CM. Extracellular Vesicles, Stem Cells and the Role of miRNAs in Neurodegeneration. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1450-1478. [PMID: 34414870 PMCID: PMC9881087 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210817150141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different modalities of intercellular communication governed by cellular homeostasis. In this review, we will explore one of these forms of communication called extracellular vesicles (EVs). These vesicles are released by all cells in the body and are heterogeneous in nature. The primary function of EVs is to share information through their cargo consisting of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, dsDNA etc.) with other cells, which have a direct consequence on their microenvironment. We will focus on the role of EVs of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the nervous system and how these participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological function and provide neuroprotection. However, deregulation of this same communication system could play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, prion disease and Huntington's disease. The release of EVs from a cell provides crucial information to what is happening inside the cell and thus could be used in diagnostics and therapy. We will discuss and explore new avenues for the clinical applications of using engineered MSC-EVs and their potential therapeutic benefit in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaz M. Belkozhayev
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
- Structural and Functional Genomics Laboratory of M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Minnatallah Al-Yozbaki
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
| | - Alex George
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Raigul Ye Niyazova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Kamalidin O. Sharipov
- Structural and Functional Genomics Laboratory of M.A. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Lee J. Byrne
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
| | - Cornelia M. Wilson
- Canterbury Christ Church University, School of Human and Life Sciences, Life Sciences Industry Liaison Lab, Sandwich, UK
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11
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Megret L, Gris B, Sasidharan Nair S, Cevost J, Wertz M, Aaronson J, Rosinski J, Vogt TF, Wilkinson H, Heiman M, Neri C. Shape deformation analysis reveals the temporal dynamics of cell-type-specific homeostatic and pathogenic responses to mutant huntingtin. eLife 2021; 10:64984. [PMID: 33618800 PMCID: PMC7901871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of cellular homeostasis has been implicated in the etiology of several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this loss remain poorly understood on a systems level in each case. Here, using a novel computational approach to integrate dimensional RNA-seq and in vivo neuron survival data, we map the temporal dynamics of homeostatic and pathogenic responses in four striatal cell types of Huntington’s disease (HD) model mice. This map shows that most pathogenic responses are mitigated and most homeostatic responses are decreased over time, suggesting that neuronal death in HD is primarily driven by the loss of homeostatic responses. Moreover, different cell types may lose similar homeostatic processes, for example, endosome biogenesis and mitochondrial quality control in Drd1-expressing neurons and astrocytes. HD relevance is validated by human stem cell, genome-wide association study, and post-mortem brain data. These findings provide a new paradigm and framework for therapeutic discovery in HD and other NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Megret
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Gris
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lyons (LJLL), Paris, France
| | - Satish Sasidharan Nair
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Paris, France
| | - Jasmin Cevost
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Paris, France
| | - Mary Wertz
- MIT, Broad Institute, MIT, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Myriam Heiman
- MIT, Broad Institute, MIT, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, United States
| | - Christian Neri
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Paris, France
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12
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352
expr 820281011 + 880698691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α’s roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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13
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020352. [PMID: 33572179 PMCID: PMC7915819 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α's roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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14
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Detecting Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Disease Models and Patients. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3040066. [PMID: 32987935 PMCID: PMC7712543 DOI: 10.3390/mps3040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is prominent in many neurodegenerative diseases. Along with mitochondrial dysfunction and pathological protein aggregation, increased levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, together with impaired antioxidant defense mechanisms, are frequently observed in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The presence of oxidative stress markers in patients' plasma and cerebrospinal fluid may aid early disease diagnoses, as well as provide clues regarding the efficacy of experimental disease-modifying therapies in clinical trials. In preclinical animal models, the detection and localization of oxidatively damaged lipids, proteins and nucleic acids helps to identify most vulnerable neuronal populations and brain areas, and elucidate the molecular pathways and the timeline of pathology progression. Here, we describe the protocol for the detection of oxidative stress markers using immunohistochemistry on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, applicable to the analysis of postmortem samples and tissues from animal models. In addition, we provide a simple method for the detection of malondialdehyde in tissue lysates and body fluids, which is useful for screening and the identification of tissues and structures in the nervous system which are most affected by oxidative stress.
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15
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Khan A, Jahan S, Imtiyaz Z, Alshahrani S, Antar Makeen H, Mohammed Alshehri B, Kumar A, Arafah A, Rehman MU. Neuroprotection: Targeting Multiple Pathways by Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E284. [PMID: 32806490 PMCID: PMC7459826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in the expectancy of the life span of humans, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have imposed a considerable burden on the family, society, and nation. In defiance of the breakthroughs in the knowledge of the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of various NDs, very little success has been achieved in developing effective therapies. This review draws a bead on the availability of the nutraceuticals to date for various NDs (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, vascular cognitive impairment, Prion disease, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Spinal muscular atrophy, Frontotemporal dementia, and Pick's disease) focusing on their various mechanisms of action in various in vivo and in vitro models of NDs. This review is distinctive in its compilation to critically review preclinical and clinical studies of the maximum phytochemicals in amelioration and prevention of almost all kinds of neurodegenerative diseases and address their possible mechanism of action. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library searches were used for preclinical studies, while ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed were searched for clinical updates. The results from preclinical studies demonstrate the efficacious effects of the phytochemicals in various NDs while clinical reports showing mixed results with promise for phytochemical use as an adjunct to the conventional treatment in various NDs. These studies together suggest that phytochemicals can significantly act upon different mechanisms of disease such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptotic pathways, and gene regulation. However, further clinical studies are needed that should include the appropriate biomarkers of NDs and the effect of phytochemicals on them as well as targeting the appropriate population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sadaf Jahan
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 15341, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (B.M.A.)
| | - Zuha Imtiyaz
- Clinical Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hafiz Antar Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bader Mohammed Alshehri
- Medical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 15341, Saudi Arabia; (S.J.); (B.M.A.)
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase-10, Sector-64, Mohali 160062, India;
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (M.U.R.)
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16
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Salado-Manzano C, Perpiña U, Straccia M, Molina-Ruiz FJ, Cozzi E, Rosser AE, Canals JM. Is the Immunological Response a Bottleneck for Cell Therapy in Neurodegenerative Diseases? Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:250. [PMID: 32848630 PMCID: PMC7433375 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are characterized by a selective detrimental impact on neurons in a specific brain area. Currently, these diseases have no cures, although some promising trials of therapies that may be able to slow the loss of brain cells are underway. Cell therapy is distinguished by its potential to replace cells to compensate for those lost to the degenerative process and has shown a great potential to replace degenerated neurons in animal models and in clinical trials in PD and HD patients. Fetal-derived neural progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are the main cell sources that have been tested in cell therapy approaches. Furthermore, new strategies are emerging, such as the use of adult stem cells, encapsulated cell lines releasing trophic factors or cell-free products, containing an enriched secretome, which have shown beneficial preclinical outcomes. One of the major challenges for these potential new treatments is to overcome the host immune response to the transplanted cells. Immune rejection can cause significant alterations in transplanted and endogenous tissue and requires immunosuppressive drugs that may produce adverse effects. T-, B-lymphocytes and microglia have been recognized as the main effectors in striatal graft rejection. This review aims to summarize the preclinical and clinical studies of cell therapies in PD and HD. In addition, the precautions and strategies to ensure the highest quality of cell grafts, the lowest risk during transplantation and the reduction of a possible immune rejection will be outlined. Altogether, the wide-ranging possibilities of advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) could make therapeutic treatment of these incurable diseases possible in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Salado-Manzano
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Unai Perpiña
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J. Molina-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Transplant Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Anne E. Rosser
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Josep M. Canals
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Kacher R, Lamazière A, Heck N, Kappes V, Mounier C, Despres G, Dembitskaya Y, Perrin E, Christaller W, Sasidharan Nair S, Messent V, Cartier N, Vanhoutte P, Venance L, Saudou F, Néri C, Caboche J, Betuing S. CYP46A1 gene therapy deciphers the role of brain cholesterol metabolism in Huntington's disease. Brain 2020; 142:2432-2450. [PMID: 31286142 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in brain cholesterol homeostasis have been extensively related to brain disorders. The main pathway for brain cholesterol elimination is its hydroxylation into 24S-hydroxycholesterol by the cholesterol 24-hydrolase, CYP46A1. Increasing evidence suggests that CYP46A1 has a role in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, and that increasing its levels in the brain is neuroprotective. However, the mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection remain to be fully understood. Huntington's disease is a fatal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal CAG expansion in huntingtin's gene. Among the multiple cellular and molecular dysfunctions caused by this mutation, altered brain cholesterol homeostasis has been described in patients and animal models as a critical event in Huntington's disease. Here, we demonstrate that a gene therapy approach based on the delivery of CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation in the brain, has a long-lasting neuroprotective effect in Huntington's disease and counteracts multiple detrimental effects of the mutated huntingtin. In zQ175 Huntington's disease knock-in mice, CYP46A1 prevented neuronal dysfunctions and restored cholesterol homeostasis. These events were associated to a specific striatal transcriptomic signature that compensates for multiple mHTT-induced dysfunctions. We thus explored the mechanisms for these compensations and showed an improvement of synaptic activity and connectivity along with the stimulation of the proteasome and autophagy machineries, which participate to the clearance of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) aggregates. Furthermore, BDNF vesicle axonal transport and TrkB endosome trafficking were restored in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. These results highlight the large-scale beneficial effect of restoring cholesterol homeostasis in neurodegenerative diseases and give new opportunities for developing innovative disease-modifying strategies in Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Kacher
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- LBM, CNRS UMR7203/INSERM U1157, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Heck
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Kappes
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Coline Mounier
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Despres
- LBM, CNRS UMR7203/INSERM U1157, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Yulia Dembitskaya
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex Paris, France
| | - Elodie Perrin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex Paris, France
| | - Wilhelm Christaller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Satish Sasidharan Nair
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging (B2A), Team Compensation in Neurodegenerative and Aging (Brain-C), F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Messent
- Neuroplasticity of Reproductive Behaviors, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- Biotherapies for neurodegenerative diseases, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle (ICM) INSERM Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Peter Vanhoutte
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, College de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Saudou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Christian Néri
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit Biology of Adaptation and Aging (B2A), Team Compensation in Neurodegenerative and Aging (Brain-C), F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, CNRS UMR 8246/INSERM U1130., Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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Advantage of Using Spherical over Cartesian Coordinates in the Chromosome Territories 3D Modeling. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7302845 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50417-5_49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper shows results of chromosome territory modeling in two cases: when the implementation of the algorithm was based on Cartesian coordinates and when implementation was made with Spherical coordinates. In the article, the summary of measurements of computational times of simulation of chromatin decondensation process (which led to constitute the chromosome territory) was presented. Initially, when implementation was made with the use of Cartesian Coordinates, simulation takes a lot of time to create a model (mean 746.7[sec] with the median 569.1[sec]) and additionally requires restarts of the algorithm, also often exceeds acceptable (given a priori) time for the computational experiment. Because of that, authors attempted changing the coordinate system to Spherical Coordinates (in a few previous projects it leads to improving the efficiency of implementation). After changing the way that 3D point is represented in 3D space the time required to make a successful model reduced to the mean 25.3[sec] with a median 18.5[s] (alongside with lowering the number of necessary algorithm restarts) which gives a significant difference in the efficiency of model’s creation. Therefore we showed, that a more efficient way for implementation was the usage of spherical coordinates.
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Konovalova J, Gerasymchuk D, Parkkinen I, Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Interplay between MicroRNAs and Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20236055. [PMID: 31801298 PMCID: PMC6929013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20236055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, crucial for neuronal differentiation, survival, and activity. Age-related dysregulation of microRNA biogenesis increases neuronal vulnerability to cellular stress and may contribute to the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. All major neurodegenerative disorders are also associated with oxidative stress, which is widely recognized as a potential target for protective therapies. Albeit often considered separately, microRNA networks and oxidative stress are inextricably entwined in neurodegenerative processes. Oxidative stress affects expression levels of multiple microRNAs and, conversely, microRNAs regulate many genes involved in an oxidative stress response. Both oxidative stress and microRNA regulatory networks also influence other processes linked to neurodegeneration, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulation of proteostasis, and increased neuroinflammation, which ultimately lead to neuronal death. Modulating the levels of a relatively small number of microRNAs may therefore alleviate pathological oxidative damage and have neuroprotective activity. Here, we review the role of individual microRNAs in oxidative stress and related pathways in four neurodegenerative conditions: Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), Huntington’s (HD) disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We also discuss the problems associated with the use of oversimplified cellular models and highlight perspectives of studying microRNA regulation and oxidative stress in human stem cell-derived neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Konovalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Dmytro Gerasymchuk
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (J.K.); (D.G.); (I.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-50-448-4545
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20
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Dong X, Cong S. The Emerging Role of microRNAs in Polyglutamine Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:156. [PMID: 31275113 PMCID: PMC6593396 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding molecules that regulate a large amount of post-transcriptional repressor genes by recognizing semi-complementary target sequences that are normally located in the 3' UTR of the mRNA. Altered expression of miRNA has been related to several pathological processes, including polyglutamine (Poly Q) diseases. Specific expression patterns in the circulating fluids and brain parenchyma have been speculated as potential biomarkers for Poly Q disease diagnosis and prognosis. Several miRNAs have been consistently identified in diseases including Huntington's disease (HD) and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). In our review, we describe the emerging role of miRNAs in Poly Q diseases and provide an overview on general miRNA biology, implications in pathophysiology, and their potential roles as future biomarkers and applications for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Faragó A, Zsindely N, Bodai L. Mutant huntingtin disturbs circadian clock gene expression and sleep patterns in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7174. [PMID: 31073199 PMCID: PMC6509128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the sleep-wake cycle can accelerate the progression of Huntington's disease (HD) and exacerbate symptoms making it a target of investigation to better understand the molecular pathology of the disorder. In this study we analyzed sleep defects in a Drosophila model of HD and investigated whether disturbed sleep coincides with alterations in the molecular mechanism controlling circadian rhythm. To analyze sleep defects we recorded the daily activity of flies in 12:12 hours light:dark entrainment and in regard to the underlying molecular mechanism measured circadian "clock" gene expression. In HD flies we observed reduced amount of sleep, sleep fragmentation and prolonged sleep latency. We found changes in gene expression patterns of both transcriptional feedback loops of circadian regulation. We detected prolonged expression of the core feedback loop components period and timeless, whilst the secondary feedback loop member vrille had lower expression rates in general. Our results show that the Drosophila HD model recapitulates most of the sleep related symptoms reported in patients therefore it can be a potential tool to study the molecular background of sleep defects in HD. Altered expression of circadian "clock" genes suggests that disturbed sleep pattern in HD might be the consequence of disturbed circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Faragó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nóra Zsindely
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bodai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6726, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, Hungary.
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22
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Lane RM, Smith A, Baumann T, Gleichmann M, Norris D, Bennett CF, Kordasiewicz H. Translating Antisense Technology into a Treatment for Huntington's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1780:497-523. [PMID: 29856033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7825-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology and genetics have been used to elucidate the fundamental genetic mechanisms underlying central nervous system (CNS) diseases, yet disease-modifying therapies are currently unavailable for most CNS conditions. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are synthetic single stranded chains of nucleic acids that bind to a specific sequence on ribonucleic acid (RNA) and regulate posttranscriptional gene expression. Decreased gene expression with ASOs might be able to reduce production of the disease-causing protein underlying dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorders. Huntington's disease (HD), which is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene and leads to the pathogenic expansion of a polyglutamine (PolyQ ) tract in the N terminus of the huntingtin protein (Htt), is a prime candidate for ASO therapy.State-of-the art translational science techniques can be applied to the development of an ASO targeting HTT RNA, allowing for a data-driven, stepwise progression through the drug development process. A deep and wide-ranging understanding of the basic, preclinical, clinical, and epidemiologic components of drug development will improve the likelihood of success. This includes characterizing the natural history of the disease, including evolution of biomarkers indexing the underlying pathology; using predictive preclinical models to assess the putative gain-of-function of mutant Htt protein and any loss-of-function of the wild-type protein; characterizing toxicokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of ASOs in predictive animal models; developing sensitive and reliable biomarkers to monitor target engagement and effects on pathology that translate from animal models to patients with HD; establishing a drug delivery method that ensures reliable distribution to relevant CNS tissue; and designing clinical trials that move expeditiously from proof of concept to proof of efficacy. This review focuses on the translational science techniques that allow for efficient and informed development of an ASO for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Smith
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Norris
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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23
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Dong X, Cong S. Bioinformatic analysis of microRNA expression in Huntington's disease. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2857-2865. [PMID: 30015953 PMCID: PMC6102687 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited, progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG expansion in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene and various dysfunctions of biological processes in HD have been proposed. Although monogenic, the exact pathogenesis of HD currently remains unclear. To identify the synergistic microRNA (miRNA) pattern in HD, the miRNA expression profile dataset GSE64977 and the gene expression profile dataset GSE64810 were downloaded. Programming software R was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs). Target genes of DEMs were predicted using the TargetScan database. Gene ontology (GO) function of DEGs was generated using the FunRich and a miRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed using Cytoscape software. In total, 1,612 DEGs and 10 DEMs were identified. GO terms mainly included inflammatory response and immune response in DEGs. A total of 745 target genes were predicted from the DEMs and 33 overlaps were identified between these target genes and DEGs. The miRNA network demonstrated that hsa-miR-4488, hsa-miR-196a-5p, and hsa-miR-549a had a high degree and may be involved with the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Dong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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24
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Romo L, Ashar-Patel A, Pfister E, Aronin N. Alterations in mRNA 3' UTR Isoform Abundance Accompany Gene Expression Changes in Human Huntington's Disease Brains. Cell Rep 2018; 20:3057-3070. [PMID: 28954224 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The huntingtin gene has two mRNA isoforms that differ in their 3' UTR length. The relationship of these isoforms with Huntington's disease is not established. We provide evidence that the abundance of huntingtin 3' UTR isoforms differs between patient and control neural stem cells, fibroblasts, motor cortex, and cerebellum. Huntingtin 3' UTR isoforms, including a mid-3' UTR isoform, have different localizations, half-lives, polyA tail lengths, microRNA sites, and RNA-binding protein sites. Isoform shifts in Huntington's disease motor cortex are not limited to huntingtin; 11% of alternatively polyadenylated genes change the abundance of their 3' UTR isoforms. Altered expression of RNA-binding proteins may be associated with aberrant isoform abundance; knockdown of the RNA-binding protein CNOT6 in control fibroblasts leads to huntingtin isoform differences similar to those in disease fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate that mRNA 3' UTR isoform changes are a feature of molecular pathology in the Huntington's disease brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Romo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Ami Ashar-Patel
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Edith Pfister
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Neil Aronin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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25
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Darling AL, Uversky VN. Intrinsic Disorder and Posttranslational Modifications: The Darker Side of the Biological Dark Matter. Front Genet 2018; 9:158. [PMID: 29780404 PMCID: PMC5945825 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins and domains that devoid stable secondary and/or tertiary structure. IDPs/IDPRs are abundantly present in various proteomes, where they are involved in regulation, signaling, and control, thereby serving as crucial regulators of various cellular processes. Various mechanisms are utilized to tightly regulate and modulate biological functions, structural properties, cellular levels, and localization of these important controllers. Among these regulatory mechanisms are precisely controlled degradation and different posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Many normal cellular processes are associated with the presence of the right amounts of precisely activated IDPs at right places and in right time. However, wrecked regulation of IDPs/IDPRs might be associated with various human maladies, ranging from cancer and neurodegeneration to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Pathogenic transformations of IDPs/IDPRs are often triggered by altered PTMs. This review considers some of the aspects of IDPs/IDPRs and their normal and aberrant regulation by PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Darling
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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26
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Mutant Huntingtin Causes a Selective Decrease in the Expression of Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2C. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:747-758. [PMID: 29713895 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. Mutant Htt causes synaptic transmission dysfunctions by interfering in the expression of synaptic proteins, leading to early HD symptoms. Synaptic vesicle proteins 2 (SV2s), a family of synaptic vesicle proteins including 3 members, SV2A, SV2B, and SV2C, plays important roles in synaptic physiology. Here, we investigated whether the expression of SV2s is affected by mutant Htt in the brains of HD transgenic (TG) mice and Neuro2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2a cells) expressing mutant Htt. Western blot analysis showed that the protein levels of SV2A and SV2B were not significantly changed in the brains of HD TG mice expressing mutant Htt with 82 glutamine repeats. However, in the TG mouse brain there was a dramatic decrease in the protein level of SV2C, which has a restricted distribution pattern in regions particularly vulnerable in HD. Immunostaining revealed that the immunoreactivity of SV2C was progressively weakened in the basal ganglia and hippocampus of TG mice. RT-PCR demonstrated that the mRNA level of SV2C progressively declined in the TG mouse brain without detectable changes in the mRNA levels of SV2A and SV2B, indicating that mutant Htt selectively inhibits the transcriptional expression of SV2C. Furthermore, we found that only SV2C expression was progressively inhibited in N2a cells expressing a mutant Htt containing 120 glutamine repeats. These findings suggest that the synaptic dysfunction in HD results from the mutant Htt-mediated inhibition of SV2C transcriptional expression. These data also imply that the restricted distribution and decreased expression of SV2C contribute to the brain region-selective pathology of HD.
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27
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Di Pardo A, Maglione V. The S1P Axis: New Exciting Route for Treating Huntington's Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:468-480. [PMID: 29559169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a single-gene inheritable neurodegenerative disorder with an associated complex molecular pathogenic profile that renders it the most 'curable incurable' brain disorder. Continuous effort in the field has contributed to the recent discovery of novel potential pathogenic mechanisms. Findings in preclinical models of the disease as well as in human post-mortem brains from affected patients demonstrate that alteration of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) axis may represent a possible key player in the pathogenesis of the disease and may act as a potential actionable drug target for the development of more targeted and effective therapeutic approaches. The relevance of the path of this new 'therapeutic route' is underscored by the fact that some drugs targeting the S1P axis are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Di Pardo
- Centre for Neurogenetics and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Vittorio Maglione
- Centre for Neurogenetics and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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28
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Abstract
The dominant polyglutamine (polyQ) disorders are a group of progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorders, which are caused by unstable expanded CAG trinucleotide repeats in the coding regions of their respective causative genes. The most prevalent polyQ disorders worldwide are Huntington’s disease and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA regulation, regulate gene expression or genome function. Epigenetic dysregulation has been suggested to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of polyQ disorders. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of epigenetic changes present in several representative polyQ disorders and discuss the potentiality of miRNAs as therapeutic targets for the clinic therapy of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomics & Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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29
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Baronchelli S, La Spada A, Ntai A, Barbieri A, Conforti P, Jotti GS, Redaelli S, Bentivegna A, De Blasio P, Biunno I. Epigenetic and transcriptional modulation of WDR5, a chromatin remodeling protein, in Huntington's disease human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) model. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 82:46-57. [PMID: 28476540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) changes are of increasing relevance to neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease (HD). We performed genome-wide screening of possible DNAm changes occurring during striatal differentiation in human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from a HD patient (HD-hiPSCs) as cellular model. We identified 240 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) at promoters in fully differentiated HD-hiPSCs. Subsequently, we focused on the methylation differences in a subcluster of genes related to Jumonji Domain Containing 3 (JMJD3), a demethylase that epigenetically regulates neuronal differentiation and activates neuronal progenitor associated genes, which are indispensable for neuronal fate acquisition. Noticeably among these genes, WD repeat-containing protein 5 (WDR5) promoter was found hypermethylated in HD-hiPSCs, resulting in a significant down-modulation in its expression and of the encoded protein. A similar WDR5 expression decrease was seen in a small series of HD-hiPSC lines characterized by different CAG length. The decrease in WDR5 expression was particularly evident in HD-hiPSCs compared to hESCs and control-hiPSCs from healthy subjects. WDR5 is a core component of the MLL/SET1 chromatin remodeling complexes essential for H3K4me3, previously reported to play an important role in stem cells self-renewal and differentiation. These results suggest the existence of epigenetic mechanisms in HD and the identification of genes, which are able to modulate HD phenotype, is important both for biomarker discovery and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Baronchelli
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto La Spada
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Ntai
- Integrated Systems Engineering Srl, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Conforti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan and Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Padiglione Invernizzi, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Saccani Jotti
- Department of Biological Science, Biotechnology and Translational - S.Bi.Bi.T., University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Redaelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Milan, Italy; NeuroMI, Milan Center of Neuroscience, via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Pasquale De Blasio
- Integrated Systems Engineering Srl, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Ida Biunno
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, via Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy.
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30
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Wang JKT, Langfelder P, Horvath S, Palazzolo MJ. Exosomes and Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity Are Linked to Each other and to Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases by Database-Enabled Analyses of Comprehensively Curated Datasets. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:149. [PMID: 28611571 PMCID: PMC5374209 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive and autosomal dominant neurodegeneration caused by CAG expansion in the huntingtin gene (HTT), but the pathophysiological mechanism of mutant HTT (mHTT) remains unclear. To study HD using systems biological methodologies on all published data, we undertook the first comprehensive curation of two key PubMed HD datasets: perturbation genes that impact mHTT-driven endpoints and therefore are putatively linked causally to pathogenic mechanisms, and the protein interactome of HTT that reflects its biology. We perused PubMed articles containing co-citation of gene IDs and MeSH terms of interest to generate mechanistic gene sets for iterative enrichment analyses and rank ordering. The HD Perturbation database of 1,218 genes highly overlaps the HTT Interactome of 1,619 genes, suggesting links between normal HTT biology and mHTT pathology. These two HD datasets are enriched for protein networks of key genes underlying two mechanisms not previously implicated in HD nor in each other: exosome synaptic functions and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Moreover, proteins, possibly including HTT, and miRNA detected in exosomes from a wide variety of sources also highly overlap the HD datasets, suggesting both mechanistic and biomarker links. Finally, the HTT Interactome highly intersects protein networks of pathogenic genes underlying Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and eight non-HD polyglutamine diseases, ALS, and spinal muscular atrophy. These protein networks in turn highly overlap the exosome and homeostatic synaptic plasticity gene sets. Thus, we hypothesize that HTT and other neurodegeneration pathogenic genes form a large interlocking protein network involved in exosome and homeostatic synaptic functions, particularly where the two mechanisms intersect. Mutant pathogenic proteins cause dysfunctions at distinct points in this network, each altering the two mechanisms in specific fashion that contributes to distinct disease pathologies, depending on the gene mutation and the cellular and biological context. This protein network is rich with drug targets, and exosomes may provide disease biomarkers, thus enabling drug discovery. All the curated datasets are made available for other investigators. Elucidating the roles of pathogenic neurodegeneration genes in exosome and homeostatic synaptic functions may provide a unifying framework for the age-dependent, progressive and tissue selective nature of multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Palazzolo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Francelle L, Lotz C, Outeiro T, Brouillet E, Merienne K. Contribution of Neuroepigenetics to Huntington's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:17. [PMID: 28194101 PMCID: PMC5276857 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced epigenetic regulation is thought to contribute to the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD), a genetic disorder considered as a paradigm of epigenetic dysregulation. In this review, we attempt to address open questions regarding the role of epigenetic changes in HD, in the light of recent advances in neuroepigenetics. We particularly discuss studies using genome-wide scale approaches that provide insights into the relationship between epigenetic regulations, gene expression and neuronal activity in normal and diseased neurons, including HD neurons. We propose that cell-type specific techniques and 3D-based methods will advance knowledge of epigenome in the context of brain region vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying epigenetic changes and of their consequences in neurodegenerative diseases is required to design therapeutic strategies more effective than current strategies based on histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Researches in HD may play a driving role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Francelle
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Goettingen Goettingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Lotz
- CNRS UMR 7364, Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
| | - Tiago Outeiro
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Goettingen Goettingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Brouillet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de Recherche Fondamentale, Institut d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Molecular Imaging Center, Neurodegenerative diseases Laboratory, UMR 9199, CNRS Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Merienne
- CNRS UMR 7364, Laboratory of Cognitive and Adaptive Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
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32
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An Intrabody Drug (rAAV6-INT41) Reduces the Binding of N-Terminal Huntingtin Fragment(s) to DNA to Basal Levels in PC12 Cells and Delays Cognitive Loss in the R6/2 Animal Model. JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2016; 2016:7120753. [PMID: 27595037 PMCID: PMC4995342 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7120753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal progressive disease linked to expansion of glutamine repeats in the huntingtin protein and characterized by the progressive loss of cognitive and motor function. We show that expression of a mutant human huntingtin exon-1-GFP fusion construct results in nonspecific gene dysregulation that is significantly reduced by 50% due to coexpression of INT41, an intrabody specific for the proline-rich region of the huntingtin protein. Using stable PC12 cell lines expressing either inducible human mutant huntingtin (mHtt, Q73) or normal huntingtin (nHtt, Q23), we investigated the effect of rAAV6-INT41, an adeno-associated virus vector with the INT41 coding sequence, on the subcellular distribution of Htt. Compartmental fractionation 8 days after induction of Htt showed a 6-fold increased association of a dominate N-terminal mHtt fragment with DNA compared to N-terminal nHtt. Transduction with rAAV6-INT41 reduced DNA binding of N-terminal mHtt 6.5-fold in the nucleus and reduced nuclear translocation of the detected fragments. Subsequently, when rAAV6-INT41 is delivered to the striatum in the R6/2 mouse model, treated female mice exhibited executive function statistically indistinguishable from wild type, accompanied by reductions in Htt aggregates in the striatum, suggesting that rAAV6-INT41 is promising as a gene therapy for Huntington's disease.
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33
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Valekova I, Jarkovska K, Kotrcova E, Bucci J, Ellederova Z, Juhas S, Motlik J, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Revelation of the IFNα, IL-10, IL-8 and IL-1β as promising biomarkers reflecting immuno-pathological mechanisms in porcine Huntington's disease model. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:71-81. [PMID: 27049565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies on Huntington's disease (HD) demonstrated altered immune response in HD gene carriers. Using multiplexing immunoassay, we simultaneously investigated seven cytokines in secretomes of microglia and blood monocytes, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum collected from transgenic HD minipigs at pre-symptomatic disease stage. Decline in IFNα and IL-10 was observed in CSF and secretome of microglia whilst elevated IL-8 and IL-1β levels were secreted by microglia. Additionally, IL-8 was increased in serum. The proportion of mutant huntingtin in microglia may have causative impact on cytokine production. IFNα, IL-10, IL-8 and IL-1β represent promising biomarkers reflecting immuno-pathological mechanisms in porcine HD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Valekova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karla Jarkovska
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kotrcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John Bucci
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5791 Van Allen Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Juhas
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Motlik
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Suresh Jivan Gadher
- Thermo Fisher Scientific - Life Science Solutions, 7335 Executive Way, Frederick, MD 21704, USA
| | - Hana Kovarova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Rumburska 89, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic.
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34
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Boussicault L, Alves S, Lamazière A, Planques A, Heck N, Moumné L, Despres G, Bolte S, Hu A, Pagès C, Galvan L, Piguet F, Aubourg P, Cartier N, Caboche J, Betuing S. CYP46A1, the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol degradation, is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease. Brain 2016; 139:953-70. [PMID: 26912634 PMCID: PMC4766376 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin (Exp-HTT) leading to degeneration of striatal neurons. Altered brain cholesterol homeostasis has been implicated in Huntington’s disease, with increased accumulation of cholesterol in striatal neurons yet reduced levels of cholesterol metabolic precursors. To elucidate these two seemingly opposing dysregulations, we investigated the expression of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), the neuronal-specific and rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol conversion to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC). CYP46A1 protein levels were decreased in the putamen, but not cerebral cortex samples, of post-mortem Huntington’s disease patients when compared to controls.
Cyp46A1
mRNA and CYP46A1 protein levels were also decreased in the striatum of the R6/2 Huntington’s disease mouse model and in ST
hdh
Q111 cell lines.
In vivo
, in a wild-type context, knocking down CYP46A1 expression in the striatum, via an adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of selective shCYP46A1, reproduced the Huntington’s disease phenotype, with spontaneous striatal neuron degeneration and motor deficits, as assessed by rotarod.
In vitro
, CYP46A1 restoration protected ST
hdh
Q111 and Exp-HTT-expressing striatal neurons in culture from cell death. In the R6/2 Huntington’s disease mouse model, adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of CYP46A1 into the striatum decreased neuronal atrophy, decreased the number, intensity level and size of Exp-HTT aggregates and improved motor deficits, as assessed by rotarod and clasping behavioural tests. Adeno-associated virus-CYP46A1 infection in R6/2 mice also restored levels of cholesterol and lanosterol and increased levels of desmosterol.
In vitro
, lanosterol and desmosterol were found to protect striatal neurons expressing Exp-HTT from death. We conclude that restoring CYP46A1 activity in the striatum promises a new therapeutic approach in Huntington’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Boussicault
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandro Alves
- 2 INSERM U1169, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, MIRCEN CEA and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- 3 Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, INSERM ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, Sorbonne Universités- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CHU Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Anabelle Planques
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France 4 Development and Neuropharmacology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, INSERM CNRS 7141. Collège de France
| | - Nicolas Heck
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lara Moumné
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Despres
- 3 Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, INSERM ERL 1157, CNRS UMR 7203 LBM, Sorbonne Universités- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CHU Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Susanne Bolte
- 5 Cellular Imaging Facility, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine CNRS FR, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Amélie Hu
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France 6 Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Christiane Pagès
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurie Galvan
- 7 Semel Institute, University California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Francoise Piguet
- 8 Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), UMR 7104 CNRS/UdS, INSERM U964, BP 10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- 2 INSERM U1169, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, MIRCEN CEA and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- 2 INSERM U1169, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, MIRCEN CEA and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Betuing
- 1 Neuronal Signaling and Gene Regulation, Neurosciences Paris Seine, Institute of Biology Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, INSERM/UMR-S 1130, CNRS/UMR 8246, 75005 Paris, France
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Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is caused by the CAG (Q) expansion in exon 1 of the IT15 gene encoding a polyglutamine (poly-Q) stretch of the Huntingtin protein (Htt). In the wild type protein, the repeats specify a stretch of up 34 Q in the N-terminal portion of Htt. In the pathological protein (mHtt) the poly-Q tract is longer. Proteolytic cleavage of the protein liberates an N-terminal fragment containing the expanded poly-Q tract becomes harmful to cells, in particular to striatal neurons. The fragments cause the transcriptional dysfunction of genes that are essential for neuronal survival. Htt, however, could also have non-transcriptional effects, e.g. it could directly alter Ca2+ homeostasis and/or mitochondrial morphology and function. Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction are considered important in the molecular aetiology of the disease. Here we have analyzed the effect of the overexpression of Htt fragments (18Q, wild type form, wtHtt and 150Q mutated form, mHtt) on Ca2+ homeostasis in striatal neuronal precursor cells (Q7/7). We have found that the transient overexpression of the Htt fragments increases Ca2+ transients in the mitochondria of cells stimulated with Ca2+-mobilizing agonists. The bulk Ca2+ transients in the cytosol were unaffected, but the Ca2+ content of the endoplasmic reticulum was significantly decreased in the case of mHtt expression. To rule out possible transcriptional effects due to the presence of mHtt, we have measured the mRNA level of a subunit of the respiratory chain complex II, whose expression is commonly altered in many HD models. No effects on the mRNA level was found suggesting that, in our experimental condition, transcriptional action of Htt is not occurring and that the effects on Ca2+ homeostasis were dependent to non-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Cacabelos R, Torrellas C. Epigenetics of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30483-543. [PMID: 26703582 PMCID: PMC4691177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic variability (DNA methylation/demethylation, histone modifications, microRNA regulation) is common in physiological and pathological conditions. Epigenetic alterations are present in different tissues along the aging process and in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Epigenetics affect life span and longevity. AD-related genes exhibit epigenetic changes, indicating that epigenetics might exert a pathogenic role in dementia. Epigenetic modifications are reversible and can potentially be targeted by pharmacological intervention. Epigenetic drugs may be useful for the treatment of major problems of health (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disorders, brain disorders). The efficacy and safety of these and other medications depend upon the efficiency of the pharmacogenetic process in which different clusters of genes (pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, pleiotropic) are involved. Most of these genes are also under the influence of the epigenetic machinery. The information available on the pharmacoepigenomics of most drugs is very limited; however, growing evidence indicates that epigenetic changes are determinant in the pathogenesis of many medical conditions and in drug response and drug resistance. Consequently, pharmacoepigenetic studies should be incorporated in drug development and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Holm IE, Alstrup AKO, Luo Y. Genetically modified pig models for neurodegenerative disorders. J Pathol 2015; 238:267-87. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ida E Holm
- Department of Pathology; Randers Hospital; 8930 Randers Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | | | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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38
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Sharma S, Taliyan R. Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington's disease: The role of histone deacetylases. Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:157-69. [PMID: 26254871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurological disorder for which there are no disease-modifying treatments. Although, the exact underlying mechanism(s) leading to the neural cell death in HD still remains elusive, the transcriptional dysregulation is a major molecular feature. Recently, the transcriptional activation and repression regulated by chromatin acetylation has been found to be impaired in HD pathology. The acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins is carried out by opposing actions of histone acetyl-transferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), respectively. Studies carried out in cell culture, yeast, Drosophila and rodent model(s) have indicated that HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) might provide useful class of therapeutic agents for HD. Clinical trials have also reported the beneficial effects of HDACIs in patients suffering from HD. Therefore, the development of HDACIs as therapeutics for HD has been vigorously pursued. In this review, we highlight and summarize the putative role of HDACs in HD like pathology and further discuss the potential of HDACIs as new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacy Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
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39
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Cacabelos R. Epigenomic networking in drug development: from pathogenic mechanisms to pharmacogenomics. Drug Dev Res 2015; 75:348-65. [PMID: 25195579 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Different epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNA dysregulation) are associated with the phenotypic expression of complex disorders in which genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic changes, in conjunction with environmental factors, are involved. As epigenetic modifications are reversible and can be potentially targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions, a series of epigenetic drugs have been developed, including DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (nucleoside analogs, small molecules, bioproducts, antisense oligonucleotides, miRNAs), histone deacetylase inhibitors (short-chain fatty acids, hydroxamic acids, cyclic peptides, benzamides, ketones, sirtuin inhibitors, sirtuin activators), histone acetyltransferase modulators, histone methyltransferase inhibitors, histone demethylase inhibitors, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs), with potential effects against myelodysplastic syndromes, different types of cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies are required for the proper evaluation of efficacy and safety issues in clinical trials with epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, 28692, Spain; EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, 15165, Spain
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40
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Besson MT, Alegría K, Garrido-Gerter P, Barros LF, Liévens JC. Enhanced neuronal glucose transporter expression reveals metabolic choice in a HD Drosophila model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118765. [PMID: 25761110 PMCID: PMC4356621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by toxic insertions of polyglutamine residues in the Huntingtin protein and characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive and motor functions. Altered brain glucose metabolism has long been suggested and a possible link has been proposed in HD. However, the precise function of glucose transporters was not yet determined. Here, we report the effects of the specifically-neuronal human glucose transporter expression in neurons of a Drosophila model carrying the exon 1 of the human huntingtin gene with 93 glutamine repeats (HQ93). We demonstrated that overexpression of the human glucose transporter in neurons ameliorated significantly the status of HD flies by increasing their lifespan, reducing their locomotor deficits and rescuing eye neurodegeneration. Then, we investigated whether increasing the major pathways of glucose catabolism, glycolysis and pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) impacts HD. To mimic increased glycolytic flux, we overexpressed phosphofructokinase (PFK) which catalyzes an irreversible step in glycolysis. Overexpression of PFK did not affect HQ93 fly survival, but protected from photoreceptor loss. Overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the key enzyme of the PPP, extended significantly the lifespan of HD flies and rescued eye neurodegeneration. Since G6PD is able to synthesize NADPH involved in cell survival by maintenance of the redox state, we showed that tolerance to experimental oxidative stress was enhanced in flies co-expressing HQ93 and G6PD. Additionally overexpressions of hGluT3, G6PD or PFK were able to circumvent mitochondrial deficits induced by specific silencing of genes necessary for mitochondrial homeostasis. Our study confirms the involvement of bioenergetic deficits in HD course; they can be rescued by specific expression of a glucose transporter in neurons. Finally, the PPP and, to a lesser extent, the glycolysis seem to mediate the hGluT3 protective effects, whereas, in addition, the PPP provides increased protection to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Thérèse Besson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille cedex 15, Marseille, France
| | - Karin Alegría
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Garrido-Gerter
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, Chile; Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Jean-Charles Liévens
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M-UMR7286, 13344 Marseille cedex 15, Marseille, France
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41
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Walsh MJ, Cooper-Knock J, Dodd JE, Stopford MJ, Mihaylov SR, Kirby J, Shaw PJ, Hautbergue GM. Invited review: decoding the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie RNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders: a review of the current state of the art. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:109-34. [PMID: 25319671 PMCID: PMC4329338 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered RNA metabolism is a key pathophysiological component causing several neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic mutations causing neurodegeneration occur in coding and noncoding regions of seemingly unrelated genes whose products do not always contribute to the gene expression process. Several pathogenic mechanisms may coexist within a single neuronal cell, including RNA/protein toxic gain-of-function and/or protein loss-of-function. Genetic mutations that cause neurodegenerative disorders disrupt healthy gene expression at diverse levels, from chromatin remodelling, transcription, splicing, through to axonal transport and repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. We address neurodegeneration in repeat expansion disorders [Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, C9ORF72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)] and in diseases caused by deletions or point mutations (spinal muscular atrophy, most subtypes of familial ALS). Some neurodegenerative disorders exhibit broad dysregulation of gene expression with the synthesis of hundreds to thousands of abnormal messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. However, the number and identity of aberrant mRNAs that are translated into proteins - and how these lead to neurodegeneration - remain unknown. The field of RNA biology research faces the challenge of identifying pathophysiological events of dysregulated gene expression. In conclusion, we discuss current research limitations and future directions to improve our characterization of pathological mechanisms that trigger disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Walsh
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - J Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - J E Dodd
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - M J Stopford
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - S R Mihaylov
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - J Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - G M Hautbergue
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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42
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Kotrcova E, Jarkovska K, Valekova I, Zizkova M, Motlik J, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Challenges of Huntington's disease and quest for therapeutic biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 9:147-58. [PMID: 25290828 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is the most common inherited neurodegenerative disorder among polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases caused by cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene whose translation results in polyQ stretch in the N-terminus of the huntingtin protein (HD protein). This mutation significantly affects huntingtin conformation, proteolysis, PTMs, as well as its ability to bind interacting proteins. As a consequence, a variety of cellular mechanisms such as transcription, mitochondrial energy metabolism, axonal transport, neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and immune response are altered and involved in the pathogenesis of HD. Promising candidate molecular biomarkers of HD have emerged from proteomic studies. Recent analyses focused on HD protein itself, its PTM, and interacting proteins, which are of great importance for disease course. Furthermore, brain, body fluids, and immune system are intensively studied in order to search for additional proteins with a view to their use as a biomarker(s) or set of biomarkers in clinical trials in HD translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kotrcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov, Czech Republic; Research Center PIGMOD, Libechov, Czech Republic
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43
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Uversky VN. Wrecked regulation of intrinsically disordered proteins in diseases: pathogenicity of deregulated regulators. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:6. [PMID: 25988147 PMCID: PMC4428494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologically active proteins without stable tertiary structure are common in all known proteomes. Functions of these intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are typically related to regulation, signaling, and control. Cellular levels of these important regulators are tightly regulated by a variety mechanisms ranging from firmly controlled expression to precisely targeted degradation. Functions of IDPs are controlled by binding to specific partners, alternative splicing, and posttranslational modifications among other means. In the norm, right amounts of precisely activated IDPs have to be present in right time at right places. Wrecked regulation brings havoc to the ordered world of disordered proteins, leading to protein misfolding, misidentification, and missignaling that give rise to numerous human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Among factors inducing pathogenic transformations of IDPs are various cellular mechanisms, such as chromosomal translocations, damaged splicing, altered expression, frustrated posttranslational modifications, aberrant proteolytic degradation, and defective trafficking. This review presents some of the aspects of deregulated regulation of IDPs leading to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA ; Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
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44
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Uversky VN, Davé V, Iakoucheva LM, Malaney P, Metallo SJ, Pathak RR, Joerger AC. Pathological unfoldomics of uncontrolled chaos: intrinsically disordered proteins and human diseases. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6844-79. [PMID: 24830552 PMCID: PMC4100540 DOI: 10.1021/cr400713r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vrushank Davé
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lilia M. Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Prerna Malaney
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Steven J. Metallo
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Ravi Ramesh Pathak
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Andreas C. Joerger
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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45
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Muller M, Leavitt BR. Iron dysregulation in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2014; 130:328-50. [PMID: 24717009 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is one of many neurodegenerative diseases with reported alterations in brain iron homeostasis that may contribute to neuropathogenesis. Iron accumulation in the specific brain areas of neurodegeneration in HD has been proposed based on observations in post-mortem tissue and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Altered magnetic resonance imaging signal within specific brain regions undergoing neurodegeneration has been consistently reported and interpreted as altered levels of brain iron. Biochemical studies using various techniques to measure iron species in human samples, mouse tissue, or in vitro has generated equivocal data to support such an association. Whether elevated brain iron occurs in HD, plays a significant contributing role in HD pathogenesis, or is a secondary effect remains currently unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Muller
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia and Children's and Women's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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46
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Differential ubiquitination and degradation of huntingtin fragments modulated by ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5706-11. [PMID: 24706802 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402215111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination of misfolded proteins, a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases, is mediated by different lysine (K) residues in ubiquitin and alters the levels of toxic proteins. In Huntington disease, polyglutamine expansion causes N-terminal huntingtin (Htt) to misfold, inducing neurodegeneration. Here we report that shorter N-terminal Htt fragments are more stable than longer fragments and find differential ubiquitination via K63 of ubiquitin. Aging decreases proteasome-mediated Htt degradation, at the same time increasing K63-mediated ubiquitination and subsequent Htt aggregation in HD knock-in mice. The association of Htt with the K48-specific E3 ligase, Ube3a, is decreased in aged mouse brain. Overexpression of Ube3a in HD mouse brain reduces K63-mediated ubiquitination and Htt aggregation, enhancing its degradation via the K48 ubiquitin-proteasome system. Our findings suggest that aging-dependent Ube3a levels result in differential ubiquitination and degradation of Htt fragments, thereby contributing to the age-related neurotoxicity of mutant Htt.
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47
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Saab BJ, Mansuy IM. Neuroepigenetics of memory formation and impairment: the role of microRNAs. Neuropharmacology 2014; 80:61-9. [PMID: 24486712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs that primarily regulate protein synthesis through reversible translational repression or mRNA degradation. MiRNAs can act by translational control of transcription factors or via direct action on the chromatin, and thereby contribute to the non-genetic control of gene-environment interactions. MiRNAs that regulate components of pathways required for learning and memory further modulate the influence of epigenetics on cognition in the normal and diseased brain. This review summarizes recent data exemplifying the known roles of miRNAs in memory formation in different model organisms, and describes how neuronal plasticity regulates miRNA biogenesis, activity and degradation. It also examines the relevance of miRNAs for memory impairment in human, using recent clinical observations related to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases, and discusses the potential mechanisms by which these miRNAs may contribute to memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bechara J Saab
- Brain Research Institute, Neuroscience Center Zürich, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zürich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle M Mansuy
- Brain Research Institute, Neuroscience Center Zürich, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zürich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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48
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Montie HL, Durcan TM. The cell and molecular biology of neurodegenerative diseases: an overview. Front Neurol 2013; 4:194. [PMID: 24348458 PMCID: PMC3843120 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Montie
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Thomas M Durcan
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
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