1
|
Yan B, Liao P, Cheng F, Wang C, Zhang J, Han Z, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li M, Li D, Chen F, Lei P. Identification of toll-like receptor 2 as a key regulator of neuronal apoptosis in vascular dementia by bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Exp Gerontol 2024; 193:112464. [PMID: 38797288 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most prevalent type of dementia, lacks a well-defined cause and effective treatment. Our objective was to utilize bioinformatics analysis to discover the fundamental disease-causing genes and pathological mechanisms in individuals diagnosed with VaD. METHODS To identify potential pathogenic genes associated with VaD, we conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), differential expression analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. The exploration of potential biological mechanisms involved the utilization of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. Moreover, a bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model of VaD was established, and the expression of the hub gene, its relationship with cognitive function and its potential pathogenic mechanism were verified by cognitive behavior tests, cerebral blood flow measurement, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence experiments. RESULTS This study identified 293 DEGs from the brain cortex of VaD patients and healthy controls, among these genes, the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene was identified as hub gene, and it was associated with the apoptosis-related pathway PI3K/AKT.The BCAS model demonstrated that the use of TLR2 inhibitors greatly enhanced the cognitive function of the mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the brain cortex of the mice (p < 0.01). Moreover, significant alterations in the levels of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT pathway and cleaved-caspase3 proteins were detected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TLR2 plays a role in the pathophysiology of VaD by enhancing the neuronal apoptotic pathway, suggesting it could be a promising therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Pan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Conglin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Jieying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, 300052, China
| | - Zhaoli Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Yaru Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Meimei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China
| | - Fanglian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China..
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Anshan Road No. 154, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Trauma Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300462, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Chen R, Shen G, Yin J, Li Y, Zhao J, Nan F, Zhang S, Zhang H, Yang C, Wu M, Fan Y. Delayed CO 2 postconditioning promotes neurological recovery after cryogenic traumatic brain injury by downregulating IRF7 expression. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3378-3390. [PMID: 37208955 PMCID: PMC10580333 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Few treatments are available in the subacute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI) except rehabilitation training. We previously reported that transient CO2 inhalation applied within minutes after reperfusion has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, it was hypothesized that delayed CO2 postconditioning (DCPC) starting at the subacute phase may promote neurological recovery of TBI. METHODS Using a cryogenic TBI (cTBI) model, mice received DCPC daily by inhaling 5%/10%/20% CO2 for various time-courses (one/two/three cycles of 10-min inhalation/10-min break) at Days 3-7, 3-14 or 7-18 after cTBI. Beam walking and gait tests were used to assess the effect of DCPC. Lesion size, expression of GAP-43 and synaptophysin, amoeboid microglia number and glia scar area were detected. Transcriptome and recombinant interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7) adeno-associated virus were applied to investigate the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS DCPC significantly promoted recovery of motor function in a concentration and time-course dependent manner with a wide therapeutic time window of at least 7 days after cTBI. The beneficial effects of DCPC were blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of NaHCO3 . DCPC also increased puncta density of GAP-43 and synaptophysin, and reduced amoeboid microglia number and glial scar formation in the cortex surrounding the lesion. Transcriptome analysis showed many inflammation-related genes and pathways were altered by DCPC, and Irf7 was a hub gene, while overexpression of IRF7 blocked the motor function improvement of DCPC. CONCLUSIONS We first showed that DCPC promoted functional recovery and brain tissue repair, which opens a new therapeutic time window of postconditioning for TBI. Inhibition of IRF7 is a key molecular mechanism for the beneficial effects of DCPC, and IRF7 may be a potential therapeutic target for rehabilitation after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Gui‐Ping Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jing Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Fang Nan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Shu‐Han Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Hui‐Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Cai‐Hong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Mei‐Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of EducationShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yan‐Ying Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences CenterShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of EducationShanxi Medical UniversityTaiyuanChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Lv S, Zhou X, Niu X, Chen L, Yang Z, Peng D. Identification of TLR2 as a Key Target in Neuroinflammation in Vascular Dementia. Front Genet 2022; 13:860122. [PMID: 35873459 PMCID: PMC9296774 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.860122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common cause of dementia. At present, precise molecular processes of VaD are unclear. We attempted to discover the VaD relevant candidate genes, enrichment biological processes and pathways, key targets, and the underlying mechanism by microarray bioinformatic analysis. We selected GSE122063 related to the autopsy samples of VaD for analysis. We first took use of Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to achieve modules related to VaD and hub genes. Second, we filtered out significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Third, significant DEGs then went through Geno Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Fourth, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed. At last, we constructed the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The results showed that the yellow module had the strongest correlation with VaD, and we finally identified 21 hub genes. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) was the top hub gene and was strongly correlated with other possible candidate genes. In total, 456 significant DEGs were filtered out and these genes were found to be enriched in the Toll receptor signaling pathway and several other immune-related pathways. In addition, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results showed that similar pathways were significantly over-represented in TLR2-high samples. In the PPI network, TLR2 was still an important node with high weight and combined scores. We concluded that the TLR2 acts as a key target in neuroinflammation which may participate in the pathophysiological process of VaD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Lv
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Niu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Leian Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dantao Peng
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dantao Peng,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Walter J, Kovalenko O, Younsi A, Grutza M, Unterberg AW, Zweckberger K. Interleukin-4 reduces lesion volume and improves neurological function in the acute phase after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1262-1272. [PMID: 35505616 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the impact of Interleukin-4 (IL-4) on secondary brain damage in the acute phase after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Therefore, we evaluated the effect of IL-4-Knockout on structural damage as well as functional impairment in the acute phase after experimental TBI in mice. 28 C57Bl/6 wildtype and 20 C57BL/6-Il4tm1Nnt/J Interleukin-4-Knockout (IL-4-KO) mice were subjected to Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI). Contusion volumes, body weight and functional outcome (Video Open Field Test (VOF), Hole Board Test (HB), CatWalkXT®) were determined on postoperative days one (D1), three (D3) and seven (D7). Contusion volume (13.45 +/- 0.88 mm³ vs. 9.50 +/- 0.97 mm³, p=0.015) and weight loss (-2.92 +/- 0.52% vs. -0.85 +/- 0.67%, p=0.027) were significantly higher and exploration behavior significantly more impaired (e.g., 150.44 +/- 18.71 fields explored vs. 211.56 +/- 18.90 fields explored, p=0.028 in the VOF; 23.31 +/- 2.03 holes explored vs. 35.65 +/- 1.93 holes explored, p<0.001 in the HB) in IL-4-KO mice on D1. Gait impairment was significantly more pronounced in IL-4-KO mice throughout the first week after CCI (e.g., 0.07 +/- 0.01s vs. 0.00 +/- 0.01s, p=0.047 for right hindpaw Swing on D1; -1.76 +/- 1.34 U vs. 2.53 +/- 0.90 U, p=0.01 for right forepaw Mean Intensity on D3; -0.01 +/- 0.01cm² vs. 0.05 +/- 0.01cm², p=0.015 for left forepaw Mean Area on D7). In conclusion, IL-4 reduces structural damage and improves functional outcome in the acute phase after CCI. Neurobehavioral outcome assessment in IL-4-related studies should focus on motor function on the first three days after trauma induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Walter
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Olga Kovalenko
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Alexander Younsi
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Martin Grutza
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| | | | - Klaus Zweckberger
- University of Heidelberg, Department of Neurosurgery, Heidelberg, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schneider FI, Krieg SM, Lindauer U, Stoffel M, Ryang YM. Neuroprotective Effects of the Inert Gas Argon on Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury In Vivo with the Controlled Cortical Impact Model in Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020158. [PMID: 35205025 PMCID: PMC8869506 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Traumatic brain injuries remain one of the leading causes of death in the western world and developing countries. There is an urgent need for causal therapies for such injuries. The noble gas argon has already shown promising results in in-vitro models. The influence of argon on the extent of damage after a craniocerebral trauma will be investigated in this study, in vivo, in mice. After the trauma, the animals were examined for neurological impairments and their brains were removed to detect brain edema and microscopically detectable alterations. Abstract Argon has shown neuroprotective effects after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebral ischemia in vitro and in focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. The purpose of this study is to show whether argon beneficially impacts brain contusion volume (BCV) as the primary outcome parameter, as well as secondary outcome parameters, such as brain edema, intracranial pressure (ICP), neurological outcome, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in an in-vivo model. Subjects were randomly assigned to either argon treatment or room air. After applying controlled cortical impact (CCI) onto the dura with 8 m/s (displacement 1 mm, impact duration 150 ms), treatment was administered by a recovery chamber with 25%, 50%, or 75% argon and the rest being oxygen for 4 h after trauma. Two control groups received room air for 15 min and 24 h, respectively. Neurological testing and ICP measurements were performed 24 h after trauma, and brains were removed to measure secondary brain damage. The primary outcome parameter, BCV, and the secondary outcome parameter, brain edema, were not significantly reduced by argon treatment at any concentration. There was a highly significant decrease in ICP at 50% argon (p = 0.001), and significant neurological improvement (beamwalk missteps) at 25% and 50% argon (p = 0.01; p = 0.049 respectively) compared to control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz I. Schneider
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (F.I.S.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (Y.-M.R.)
| | - Sandro M. Krieg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (F.I.S.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (Y.-M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-2151
| | - Ute Lindauer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (F.I.S.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (Y.-M.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum der RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Stoffel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (F.I.S.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (Y.-M.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Kliniken, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Yu-Mi Ryang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (F.I.S.); (U.L.); (M.S.); (Y.-M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wehn AC, Khalin I, Duering M, Hellal F, Culmsee C, Vandenabeele P, Plesnila N, Terpolilli NA. RIPK1 or RIPK3 deletion prevents progressive neuronal cell death and improves memory function after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:138. [PMID: 34404478 PMCID: PMC8369637 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes acute and subacute tissue damage, but is also associated with chronic inflammation and progressive loss of brain tissue months and years after the initial event. The trigger and the subsequent molecular mechanisms causing chronic brain injury after TBI are not well understood. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate the hypothesis that necroptosis, a form a programmed cell death mediated by the interaction of Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases (RIPK) 1 and 3, is involved in this process. Neuron-specific RIPK1- or RIPK3-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates were subjected to experimental TBI by controlled cortical impact. Posttraumatic brain damage and functional outcome were assessed longitudinally by repetitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and behavioral tests (beam walk, Barnes maze, and tail suspension), respectively, for up to three months after injury. Thereafter, brains were investigated by immunohistochemistry for the necroptotic marker phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase like protein(pMLKL) and activation of astrocytes and microglia. WT mice showed progressive chronic brain damage in cortex and hippocampus and increased levels of pMLKL after TBI. Chronic brain damage occurred almost exclusively in areas with iron deposits and was significantly reduced in RIPK1- or RIPK3-deficient mice by up to 80%. Neuroprotection was accompanied by a reduction of astrocyte and microglia activation and improved memory function. The data of the current study suggest that progressive chronic brain damage and cognitive decline after TBI depend on the expression of RIPK1/3 in neurons. Hence, inhibition of necroptosis signaling may represent a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of chronic post-traumatic brain damage.
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang MS, Xu XJ, Zhang B, Niu F, Liu BY. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of rat versus mouse cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1235-1243. [PMID: 33318400 PMCID: PMC8284282 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.301028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced secondary injury has greatly hampered the development of effective treatments for TBI patients. Targeting common processes across species may be an innovative strategy to combat debilitating TBI. In the present study, a cross-species transcriptome comparison was performed for the first time to determine the fundamental processes of secondary brain injury in Sprague-Dawley rat and C57/BL6 mouse models of TBI, caused by acute controlled cortical impact. The RNA sequencing data from the mouse model of TBI were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (ID: GSE79441) at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. For the rat data, peri-injury cerebral cortex samples were collected for transcriptomic analysis 24 hours after TBI. Differentially expressed gene-based functional analysis revealed that common features between the two species were mainly involved in the regulation and activation of the innate immune response, including complement cascades as well as Toll-like and nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor pathways. These findings were further corroborated by gene set enrichment analysis. Moreover, transcription factor analysis revealed that the families of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT), basic leucine zipper (BZIP), Rel homology domain (RHD), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factors play vital regulatory roles in the pathophysiological processes of TBI, and are also largely associated with inflammation. These findings suggest that targeting the common innate immune response might be a promising therapeutic approach for TBI. The animal experimental procedures were approved by the Beijing Neurosurgical Institute Animal Care and Use Committee (approval No. 201802001) on June 6, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Yun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University; Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu Y, Sun X, Wang S, Zhou C, Lin L, Ding X, Han J, Zhou Y, Jin G, Wang Y, Zhang W, Shi H, Zhang Z, Yang X, Hua F. Toll-like receptor-2 gene knockout results in neurobehavioral dysfunctions and multiple brain structural and functional abnormalities in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:257-266. [PMID: 33069798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), a member of TLR family, plays an important role in the induction and regulation of immune/inflammation. TLR2 gene knockout (TLR2KO) mice have been widely used for animal models of neurological diseases. Since there is close relationship between immune system and neurobehavioral functions, it is important to clarify the exact role of TLR2 defect itself in neurobehavioral functions. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of TLR2KO on neurobehavioral functions in mice and the mechanisms underlying the observed changes. METHODS Male TLR2KO and wild type (WT) mice aged 3, 7, and 12 months were used for neurobehavioral testing and detection of protein expression by Western blot. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrophysiological recording, and Evans blue (EB) assay were applied to evaluate regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), synaptic function, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in 12-month-old TLR2KO and age-matched WT mice. RESULTS Compared to WT mice, TLR2KO mice showed decreased cognitive function and locomotor activity, as well as increased anxiety, which developed from middle age (before 7-month-old) to old age. In addition, significantly reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), inhibited long-term potentiation (LTP), and increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability were observed in 12-month-old TLR2KO mice. Furthermore, compared with age-matched WT mice, significant reduction in protein levels of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-5) and increased neurofilament protein (SMI32) were observed in 7 and 12-month-old TLR2KO mice, and that myelin basic protein (MBP) decreased in 12-month-old TLR2KO mice. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that TLR2 defect resulted in significantly observable neurobehavioral dysfunctions in mice starting from middle age, as well as multiple abnormalities in brain structure, function, and molecular metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Hu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiaohui Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shenyang Medical College, China
| | - Jingjing Han
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Guoliang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zuohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, China; Institute of Neurological Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neural Stem Cell Proliferation in Dentate Gyrus of Rats. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9814978. [PMID: 32879625 PMCID: PMC7448220 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9814978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It was not clear how and whether neural stem cells (NSCs) responded to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in the inflammatory environment after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The current study investigated the correlation of TLR2 and NSC proliferation in the dentate gyrus (DG) using the TBI model of rats. Immunofluorescence (IF) was used to observe the expression of BrdU, nestin, and TLR2 in the DG in morphology. Proliferating cells in the DG were labelled by thymidine analog 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Three-labelled BrdU, nestin, and DAPI was used for the identification of newly generated NSCs. Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to observe the expression of TLR2 from the level of protein and mRNA. We observed that BrdU+/nestin+/DAPI+ cells accounted for 84.30% ± 6.54% among BrdU+ cells; BrdU+ and nestin+ cells in the DG were also TLR2+ cells. BrdU+ cells and the expression of TLR2 (both protein and mRNA levels) both elevated immediately at 6 hours (h), 24 h, 3 days (d), and 7 d posttrauma and peaked in 3 d. Results indicated that TLR2 was expressed on proliferating cells in the DG (NSCs possibly) and there was a potential correlation between increased TLR2 and proliferated NSCs after TBI. Taken together, these findings suggested that TLR2 was involved in endogenous neurogenesis in the DG after TBI.
Collapse
|
10
|
Morita A, Jullienne A, Salehi A, Hamer M, Javadi E, Alsarraj Y, Tang J, Zhang JH, Pearce WJ, Obenaus A. Temporal evolution of heme oxygenase-1 expression in reactive astrocytes and microglia in response to traumatic brain injury. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
11
|
Jha RM, Molyneaux BJ, Jackson TC, Wallisch JS, Park SY, Poloyac S, Vagni VA, Janesko-Feldman KL, Hoshitsuki K, Minnigh MB, Kochanek PM. Glibenclamide Produces Region-Dependent Effects on Cerebral Edema in a Combined Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2125-2135. [PMID: 29648981 PMCID: PMC6098411 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is critical to morbidity/mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is worsened by hypotension. Glibenclamide may reduce cerebral edema by inhibiting sulfonylurea receptor-1 (Sur1); its effect on diffuse cerebral edema exacerbated by hypotension/resuscitation is unknown. We aimed to determine if glibenclamide improves pericontusional and/or diffuse edema in controlled cortical impact (CCI) (5m/sec, 1 mm depth) plus hemorrhagic shock (HS) (35 min), and compare its effects in CCI alone. C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups (n = 10/group): naïve, CCI+vehicle, CCI+glibenclamide, CCI+HS+vehicle, and CCI+HS+glibenclamide. Intravenous glibenclamide (10 min post-injury) was followed by a subcutaneous infusion for 24 h. Brain edema in injured and contralateral hemispheres was subsequently quantified (wet-dry weight). This protocol brain water (BW) = 80.4% vehicle vs. 78.3% naïve, p < 0.01) but was not reduced by glibenclamide (I%BW = 80.4%). Ipsilateral edema also developed in CCI alone (I%BW = 80.2% vehicle vs. 78.3% naïve, p < 0.01); again unaffected by glibenclamide (I%BW = 80.5%). Contralateral (C) %BW in CCI+HS was increased in vehicle (78.6%) versus naive (78.3%, p = 0.02) but unchanged in CCI (78.3%). At 24 h, glibenclamide treatment in CCI+HS eliminated contralateral cerebral edema (C%BW = 78.3%) with no difference versus naïve. By 72 h, contralateral cerebral edema had resolved (C%BW = 78.5 ± 0.09% vehicle vs. 78.3 ± 0.05% naïve). Glibenclamide decreased 24 h contralateral cerebral edema in CCI+HS. This beneficial effect merits additional exploration in the important setting of TBI with polytrauma, shock, and resuscitation. Contralateral edema did not develop in CCI alone. Surprisingly, 24 h of glibenclamide treatment failed to decrease ipsilateral edema in either model. Interspecies dosing differences versus prior studies may play an important role in these findings. Mechanisms underlying brain edema may differ regionally, with pericontusional/osmolar swelling refractory to glibenclamide but diffuse edema (via Sur1) from combined injury and/or resuscitation responsive to this therapy. TBI phenotype may mandate precision medicine approaches to treat brain edema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira M. Jha
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bradley J. Molyneaux
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Travis C. Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica S. Wallisch
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Samuel Poloyac
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vincent A. Vagni
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keri L. Janesko-Feldman
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Keito Hoshitsuki
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - M. Beth Minnigh
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi H, Hua X, Kong D, Stein D, Hua F. Role of Toll-like receptor mediated signaling in traumatic brain injury. Neuropharmacology 2018; 145:259-267. [PMID: 30075158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. A great many studies have demonstrated that inflammatory cascades contribute to brain damage through the activation of immune/inflammatory responses, including the increased release of cytokines and chemokines, and the recruitment of leukocytes. The cells and tissues damaged by primary mechanical injury release a number of endogenous factors acting as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which initiate and perpetuate noninfectious inflammatory responses through transduction signaling pathways. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a transmembrane receptor family that can recognize the specific DAMPs released from damaged cells and recruit a set of adaptors leading to the activation of downstream kinases and nuclear factors which regulate the expression of inflammatory genes. The activation of inflammatory responses mediated by TLR signaling is closely associated with brain tissue damage and neurological dysfunction following TBI. TLRs and their downstream protein kinases may be potential targets for the treatment of TBI. Modulation of TLR-mediated signaling may attenuate brain damage and improve TBI outcome. In this review, we briefly discuss the role of TLR-mediated signaling in TBI and the new treatments targeting TLR signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Novel Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Xiaodong Hua
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30606, USA; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Delian Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Donald Stein
- Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30032, USA
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
| |
Collapse
|