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Souza SPM, Colet N, Fujiwara M, Fernandes AP, Tobar N, Dertkigil SSJ, Takahashi MES, Amorim BJ, Silva LS, Yasuda CL, Cendes F, de Souza TF, Rodrigues JT, Zantut-Wittmann DE, Ramos CD. Evidence of brain metabolism redistribution from neocortex to primitive brain structures in early acute COVID-19 respiratory syndrome. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:28. [PMID: 38472569 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 have been widely documented in patients with severe neurological symptoms during the chronic or subacute phase of the disease. However, it remains unclear whether subclinical changes in brain metabolism can occur early in the acute phase of the disease. The aim of this study was to identify and quantify changes in brain metabolism in patients hospitalized for acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 with no or mild neurological symptoms. RESULTS Twenty-three non-intubated patients (13 women; mean age 55.5 ± 12.1 years) hospitalized with positive nasopharyngeal swab test (RT-PCR) for COVID-19, requiring supplemental oxygen and no or mild neurological symptoms were studied. Serum C-reactive protein measured at admission ranged from 6.43 to 189.0 mg/L (mean: 96.9 ± 54.2 mg/L). The mean supplemental oxygen demand was 2.9 ± 1.4 L/min. [18F]FDG PET/CT images were acquired with a median of 12 (4-20) days of symptoms. After visual interpretation of the images, semiquantitative analysis of [18F]FDG uptake in multiple brain regions was evaluated using dedicated software and the standard deviation (SD) of brain uptake in each region was automatically calculated in comparison with reference values of a normal database. Evolutionarily ancient structures showed positive SD mean values of [18F]FDG uptake. Lenticular nuclei were bilaterally hypermetabolic (> 2 SD) in 21/23 (91.3%) patients, and thalamus in 16/23 (69.6%), bilaterally in 11/23 (47.8%). About half of patients showed hypermetabolism in brainstems, 40% in hippocampi, and 30% in cerebellums. In contrast, neocortical regions (frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes) presented negative SD mean values of [18F]FDG uptake and hypometabolism (< 2 SD) was observed in up to a third of patients. Associations were found between hypoxia, inflammation, coagulation markers, and [18F]FDG uptake in various brain structures. CONCLUSIONS Brain metabolism is clearly affected during the acute phase of COVID-19 respiratory syndrome in neurologically asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic patients. The most frequent finding is marked hypermetabolism in evolutionary ancient structures such as lenticular nucleus and thalami. Neocortical metabolism was reduced in up to one third of patients, suggesting a redistribution of brain metabolism from the neocortex to evolutionary ancient brain structures in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan P M Souza
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicoli Colet
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fujiwara
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alins P Fernandes
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Tobar
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio S J Dertkigil
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara J Amorim
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Silva
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Cendes
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago F de Souza
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano T Rodrigues
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise E Zantut-Wittmann
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso Dario Ramos
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Samuel VP, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, Saleem S, Khan R, Altwaijry N, Patel S, Patel A, Singh SK, Dua K. Immunopathology of herpes simplex virus-associated neuroinflammation: Unveiling the mysteries. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2491. [PMID: 37985599 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathology of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated neuroinflammation is a captivating and intricate field of study within the scientific community. HSV, renowned for its latent infection capability, gives rise to a spectrum of neurological expressions, ranging from mild symptoms to severe encephalitis. The enigmatic interplay between the virus and the host's immune responses profoundly shapes the outcome of these infections. This review delves into the multifaceted immune reactions triggered by HSV within neural tissues, intricately encompassing the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, this analysis delves into the delicate equilibrium between immune defence and the potential for immunopathology-induced neural damage. It meticulously dissects the roles of diverse immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines, unravelling the intricacies of neuroinflammation modulation and its subsequent effects. By exploring HSV's immune manipulation and exploitation mechanisms, this review endeavours to unveil the enigmas surrounding the immunopathology of HSV-associated neuroinflammation. This comprehensive understanding enhances our grasp of viral pathogenesis and holds promise for pioneering therapeutic strategies designed to mitigate the neurological ramifications of HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Kuthambakkam, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Vijaya Paul Samuel
- Department of Anatomy, RAK College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year for the Health Colleges, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Archita Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Zhang J, Liu J, Wang J, Gan J. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis secondary to acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by herpes simplex virus infection in infants: Case series. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2023; 233:107955. [PMID: 37689014 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe the clinical characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis secondary to acute necrotizing encephalopathy caused by herpes simplex virus encephalitis in infants, and aid in its early recognition, diagnosis and treatment. CASE PRESENTATION A total of 4 infants were included; all presented with fever, seizures, and progressive disturbances of consciousness and were diagnosed with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) encephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels progressively increased, and the head MRI showed necrotizing encephalopathy. There was no significant improvement or recurrence after treatment with acyclovir, dexamethasone, or immunoglobulins. CSF reexamination at 3 weeks to 3 months showed positive anti-NMDAR IgG antibodies and gradual improvement after high-dose methylprednisolone therapy. CONCLUSION Infants with ANE associated with HSV can develop secondary anti-NMDAR encephalitis, recognition of which is critical to ensure the appropriate institution of immunotherapy after active CNS infection has been ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Development and Maternal and Child Diseases of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Development and Maternal and Child Diseases of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Development and Maternal and Child Diseases of Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Gan
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Obstetrics & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of the Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Development and Maternal and Child Diseases of Sichuan Province, China.
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4
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Juby AG, Cunnane SC, Mager DR. Refueling the post COVID-19 brain: potential role of ketogenic medium chain triglyceride supplementation: an hypothesis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1126534. [PMID: 37415915 PMCID: PMC10320593 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection causes cognitive changes in the acute phase, but also after apparent recovery. Over fifty post (long)-COVID symptoms are described, including cognitive dysfunction ("brain fog") precluding return to pre-COVID level of function, with rates twice as high in females. Additionally, the predominant demographic affected by these symptoms is younger and still in the workforce. Lack of ability to work, even for six months, has significant socio-economic consequences. This cognitive dysfunction is associated with impaired cerebral glucose metabolism, assessed using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), showing brain regions that are abnormal compared to age and sex matched controls. In other cognitive conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), typical patterns of cerebral glucose hypometabolism, frontal hypometabolism and cerebellar hypermetabolism are common. Similar FDG-PET changes have also been observed in post-COVID-19, raising the possibility of a similar etiology. Ketone bodies (B-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and acetone) are produced endogenously with very low carbohydrate intake or fasting. They improve brain energy metabolism in the face of cerebral glucose hypometabolism in other conditions [mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD]. Long-term low carbohydrate intake or prolonged fasting is not usually feasible. Medium chain triglyceride (MCT) is an exogenous route to nutritional ketosis. Research has supported their efficacy in managing intractable seizures, and cognitive impairment in MCI and AD. We hypothesize that cerebral glucose hypometabolism associated with post COVID-19 infection can be mitigated with MCT supplementation, with the prediction that cognitive function would also improve. Although there is some suggestion that post COVID-19 cognitive symptoms may diminish over time, in many individuals this may take more than six months. If MCT supplementation is able to speed the cognitive recovery, this will impact importantly on quality of life. MCT is readily available and, compared to pharmaceutical interventions, is cost-effective. Research shows general tolerability with dose titration. MCT is a component of enteral and parenteral nutrition supplements, including in pediatrics, so has a long record of safety in vulnerable populations. It is not associated with weight gain or adverse changes in lipid profiles. This hypothesis serves to encourage the development of clinical trials evaluating the impact of MCT supplementation on the duration and severity of post COVID-19 cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela G. Juby
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen C. Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Diana R. Mager
- Agriculture Food and Nutrition Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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5
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Chen S, Ren H, Lin F, Fan S, Cao Y, Zhao W, Guan H. Anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 encephalitis: Five case reports and literature review. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3003. [PMID: 37060179 PMCID: PMC10175974 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and radiological characteristics of anti-metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) encephalitis. METHODS We reviewed the clinical data of five patients with anti-mGluR5 encephalitis, and performed a literature review. RESULTS The five cases included a 52-year-old man who developed a biphasic course of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis, a 22-year-old woman who showed bilateral basal ganglia lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and a 36-year-old man with mixed aphasia and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, a 51-year-old man presented with personality changes, hallucinations, delusions, sleeping disorders and a 58-year-old man with short-term memory deficits and absence seizures.. There are 16 reported cases of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis worldwide. Of all 21 patients, with a median onset age of 35 years old, the main neurological symptoms were cognitive impairment (85.7%, 18/21), psychiatric or behavior problems (76.2%, 16/21), seizures (57.1%, 12/21), sleeping disorders (52.4%, 11/21), different degrees of decreased consciousness (42.9%, 9/21), and movement disorders (23.8%, 5/21). Brain MRI was normal in 11 of 21 patients. Lesions of the limbic lobes were presented in 5 patients, while involvement of other extralimbic regions was also reported. Seven of 21 (33.3%) cases were combined with tumors. Elevated white blood cell counts or specific oligoclonal IgG bands in the cerebrospinal fluid were found in 18 of 21 patients, with marked improvements observed after immunotherapy. DISCUSSION Patients with anti-mGluR5 encephalitis typically present with diffuse, rather than purely limbic, encephalitis. Anti-mGluR5 encephalitis can be triggered by herpes simplex encephalitis. The risk of a combined tumor may be reduced in anti-mGluR5 encephalitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixian Chen
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Siyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuze Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hongzhi Guan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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6
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Zhang L, Zhang L, Li F, Liu W, Tai Z, Yang J, Zhang H, Tuo J, Yu C, Xu Z. When herpes simplex virus encephalitis meets antiviral innate immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118236. [PMID: 36742325 PMCID: PMC9896518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the most common pathogen of infectious encephalitis, accounting for nearly half of the confirmed cases of encephalitis. Its clinical symptoms are often atypical. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid is helpful for diagnosis, and the prognosis is usually satisfactory after regular antiviral treatment. Interestingly, some patients with recurrent encephalitis have little antiviral effect. HSV PCR in cerebrospinal fluid is negative, but glucocorticoid has a significant effect after treatment. Specific antibodies, such as the NMDA receptor antibody, the GABA receptor antibody, and even some unknown antibodies, can be isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, proving that the immune system contributes to recurrent encephalitis, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Based on recent studies, we attempt to summarize the relationship between herpes simplex encephalitis and innate immunity, providing more clues for researchers to explore this field further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Fangjing Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Wanyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhenzhen Tai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haiqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jinmei Tuo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jinmei Tuo, ; Changyin Yu, ; Zucai Xu,
| | - Changyin Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jinmei Tuo, ; Changyin Yu, ; Zucai Xu,
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China,*Correspondence: Jinmei Tuo, ; Changyin Yu, ; Zucai Xu,
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7
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Unexplained Progressive Neurological Deficits after Corpus Callosotomy May Be Caused by Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case of Suspected Postoperative Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010135. [PMID: 36672116 PMCID: PMC9856623 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The main causes of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis are ovarian teratoma and herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. We present a rare case of suspected anti-NMDAR encephalitis caused by corpus callosotomy (CC). An 18-year-old woman with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome underwent CC. Although left hemiplegic due to cerebral hemorrhage and impaired consciousness due to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) appeared postoperatively, anticoagulant therapy quickly improved CVST and impaired consciousness. However, various unexplained symptoms such as insomnia, hallucination, impulsivity, impaired consciousness, and a new type of drug-resistant cluster seizures gradually developed over a 2-month period. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the gradual extension of a hyperintense area from the right frontal lobe on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse was initiated from postoperative day (POD) 74, followed by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy, although white blood cell counts were normal in all three cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations. After IVIg therapy, the above unexplained symptoms promptly improved. On POD 103, antibodies against NMDAR were revealed in both the serum and CSF collected before these immunotherapies. The patient was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital due to residual left hemiplegia. Psychiatric symptoms and a new onset of drug-resistant seizures may be suggestive of postoperative anti-NMDAR encephalitis, even if CSF findings are mild.
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Tan BQM, Soh JXJ, Tay WL. Persistent Fever After Treatment of HSV Encephalitis - Is This Expected? Am J Med 2022; 135:e127-e129. [PMID: 35202567 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2022.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade Xiao Jue Soh
- Department of General Medicine, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wei Lin Tay
- Department of General Medicine, Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore
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9
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Wang L, Zhang R, Liu K, Xu Y, Song B, Xu Y. Facial Palsy as Initial Symptom in Glycine Receptor Antibody Positive Progressive Encephalomyelitis With Rigidity and Myoclonus: A Case Report. Front Neurol 2022; 13:866183. [PMID: 35547363 PMCID: PMC9084279 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.866183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM) is a rare and disabling syndrome characterized by painful spasms, myoclonic jerks, hyperekplexia, brainstem signs, and dysautonomia, which is considered to be a severe form of stiff person spectrum disorder (SPSD) and is mostly associated with glycine receptor antibodies. The PERM has an acute or subacute course, with complex and varied initial symptoms mainly manifest as stiffness and pain. The authors present the case of a male patient admitted for intractable stiffness and paroxysmal myoclonus of the lower extremities preceded by a 5-day history of facial weakness. After admission, his symptoms deteriorated rapidly. He developed progressive generalized hypertonia and painful spasms, which quickly spread to the upper extremities, and he suffered frequent paroxysmal myoclonus. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were tested by a cell-based assay, and both were positive for glycine receptor antibodies (GlyR-Abs). The patient developed complications, such as crushed teeth, lumbar vertebral compression fractures, and psoas major muscle abscess, during rapid disease progression, although he responded well after being treated with intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin. This report of PERM, initiated as facial palsy followed by acute progression, helps to expand the clinical spectrum of this rare autoimmune disorder and raise awareness of the prevention of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Luo H, Ding X, Li Y, Ma J, Liu B, Zhou L, Zheng Y, Jiang Y, Li X, Jiang L. Clinical Characteristics of Children With Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis After Japanese Encephalitis. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 130:46-52. [PMID: 35325660 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral encephalitis is an important trigger for anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of anti-NMDAR encephalitis after Japanese encephalitis (JE) in children. METHODS Clinical data of 185 children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a history of viral encephalitis other than JE or who were identified with other autoantibodies were excluded. RESULTS Twenty children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis after JE were enrolled with a median age of 6 years and 10 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 3 years to 11 years and 5 months). The median time from JE to anti-NMDAR encephalitis was 29 (IQR: 25 to 32) days. At 12 months, most patients (17 of 18) recovered to at least their baseline modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores caused by JE. One hundred forty two children with classical anti-NMDAR encephalitis were enrolled. Compared with classical anti-NMDAR encephalitis, patients after JE had significantly more decreased level of consciousness (50% vs 18.3%, P = 0.003), more autonomic dysfunction (30.0% vs 9.9%, P = 0.021), fewer psychiatric or behavioral symptoms (70.0% vs 90.8%, P = 0.016), fewer seizures (25.0% vs 68.3%, P < 0.001), lesser improvement 4 weeks after immunotherapy (35.0% vs 73.2%, P = 0.001), and worse outcomes at 12 months (median mRS: 1 vs 0, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Anti-NMDAR encephalitis after JE in children mainly occurred within two months. Their clinical manifestation may differ from classical anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The prognosis of children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis after JE probably depends on the neurological sequelae after JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhang Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiannan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Benke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Lvli Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
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11
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New variants and new symptoms in COVID-19: First episode psychosis and Cotard's Syndrome two months after infection with the B.1.1.7 variant of coronavirus. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:315-316. [PMID: 34176695 PMCID: PMC8206628 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Seery N, Butzkueven H, O'Brien TJ, Monif M. Contemporary advances in anti-NMDAR antibody (Ab)-mediated encephalitis. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103057. [PMID: 35092831 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study of antibody (Ab)-mediated encephalitis has advanced dramatically since the discovery of antibodies directed against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in association with a unique neuro-psychiatric syndrome, over a decade-and-a-half ago. Anti-NMDAR Ab-mediated encephalitis now represents the most well characterised form of autoimmune encephalitis. The disease most commonly manifests in young women, but all ages and both sexes can be affected. Autoantibodies may arise in the context of two well-recognised disease triggers in a proportion of patients, and ultimately facilitate NMDAR displacement from synapses. Various CSF cytokines, chemokines, and other molecules have been explored as candidate biomarkers but are limited in sensitivity and specificity. The clinical spectrum is diverse, with evolution and a combination of neuro-psychiatric abnormalities at disease nadir common. Anti-NMDAR Ab-mediated encephalitis is immunotherapy responsive, and a near-majority ultimately acquire a broadly favourable clinical outcome. The diagnosis, and more particularly, the management of the disease can still hold considerable challenges. Moreover, well-defined biomarkers remain elusive. The present review will therefore delineate pathogenic and clinical advances to date in anti-NMDAR antibody-mediated encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Seery
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mastura Monif
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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13
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Moura J, Duarte S, Sardoeira A, Neves-Maia J, Damásio J, Taipa R, Carneiro P, Neves E, Campar A, Santos E. Anti-NMDAr Encephalitis and COVID-19 in a Patient With Systemic pANCA-Vasculitis and Recurrent Varicella Zoster Infection. Neurohospitalist 2022; 12:383-387. [PMID: 35401915 PMCID: PMC8977756 DOI: 10.1177/19418744211063709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a complex interplay between systemic autoimmunity,
immunosuppression, and infections. Any or all of these can result in
neurologic manifestations, requiring diligence on the part of
neurologists. Case report We herein report a case of a patient on immunosuppressive treatment for a
vasculitis that resulted in zoster meningoencephalitis. This was further
complicated by the development of anti-NMDAr encephalitis, the etiology of
which is undetermined and further discussed in this paper. The patient
eventually developed COVID-19 during hospitalization, succumbing to the
respiratory infection. Conclusion This case emphasizes that post-infectious autoimmune disorders are becoming
increasingly recognized and that they should still be considered in patients
who are on immunosuppression. Practitioners should be aware of the complex
relationship between autoimmunity and immunosuppression and consider both
throughout the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Moura
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sardoeira
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Neves-Maia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Unniversitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Damásio
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
- Neuropathology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Carneiro
- Immunology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Neves
- Immunology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Campar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Unniversitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ernestina Santos
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Abstract
Since the first description of the case of H.M. in the mid-1950s, the debate over the contribution of the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) to human memory functioning has not ceased to stimulate new experimental work and the development of new theoretical models. The early demonstration that despite their devastating memory loss patients with hippocampal damage are still able to learn a number of visuo-motor and visuo-perceptual skills at a normal rate and to be normally primed by verbal and visual material suggested that the term "memory" is actually an umbrella concept that includes very different brain plasticity phenomena and that MTL damage actually impairs only one of these. Subsequent research, which capitalized on a detailed anatomical description of MTL structures and on the close analysis of memory-related phenomena, tried to define the unique role of the MTL structures in brain plasticity and in the government of human behavior. A first hypothesis identified this role in the conscious forms of memory as opposed to implicit ones. In the last two decades, the emphasis has moved to the relational role of the hippocampus in binding together different pieces of unimodal information to provide unitary, multimodal representations of personal experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Carlesimo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Clinical and Behavioral Neurology Laboratory, I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Giné-Servén E, Serra-Mestres J, Martinez-Ramirez M, Boix-Quintana E, Davi-Loscos E, Guanyabens N, Casado V, Muriana D, Torres-Rivas C, Cuevas-Esteban J, Labad J. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in older adults: A systematic review of case reports. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 74:71-77. [PMID: 34929551 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the clinical characteristics of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (NMDARE) in older patients. METHOD A systematic literature review using PubMed and Scopus of all published case reports of NMDARE was undertaken, from database inception to June 2020. From this, cases reporting on patients older than 65 years of age and whose diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of anti-NMDAR antibodies in CSF were selected. RESULTS 23 case reports fulfilling the study's criteria were found. Median age was 70.1 years (range 65-84), fourteen were female (60.9%), and mostly presented with acute behavioral and cognitive changes (95.7%). Atypical psychosis occurred in eleven patients (47.8%) with a sudden onset and fluctuating clinical pattern of delusions (39.1%), hallucinations (30.4%), and motility disturbances (34.8%) including catatonia (17.4%). Nine patients presented with seizures (39.1%). Pleocytosis in CSF (>5 WBC) was described in twelve cases (52.2%). Eleven cases (47.8%) had abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans with limbic inflammatory lesions. Thirteen patients had an abnormal EEG (56.5%). CONCLUSION NMDARE should be included in the differential diagnosis of older patients who present with new psychiatric episodes, especially when characterized by sudden onset psychotic polymorphic symptomatology, fluctuating course with marked cognitive decline, and with catatonic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi Giné-Servén
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain.
| | | | - Maria Martinez-Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Ester Boix-Quintana
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Eva Davi-Loscos
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Nicolau Guanyabens
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Virginia Casado
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Desiree Muriana
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Cristina Torres-Rivas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain
| | - Jorge Cuevas-Esteban
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Labad
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Translational Neuroscience Research Unit I3PT-INc-UAB, Institut de Innovació i Investigació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Kolesnik M, Ballout AA, Hameed N, Najjar S. Case Report: HSV-2 Encephalitis Presenting With Chorea; Effects of Infection Alone or Combination of Infection and Autoimmunity? Front Neurol 2021; 12:790514. [PMID: 34956068 PMCID: PMC8709474 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.790514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chorea as a symptom of late-onset post-infectious autoimmune encephalitis has been reported with HSV-1 but not HSV-2 encephalitis. Extrapyramidal symptoms are typically associated with the presence of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies but may also exist in antibody-negative individuals. Case: This case highlights a patient who presented with mental status changes and chorea as the initial manifestation of HSV-2 encephalitis. The choreiform movements failed to respond to antiviral medications but were rapidly responsive to plasmapheresis, which, together with abnormal intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, suggests a potential contribution of parainfectious immune-mediated process. The patient made a full recovery and a complete resolution of the chorea. Discussion: This is the first case associating HSV-2 encephalitis presentation with chorea. The neurological complications, including chorea, are largely related to active CNS HSV-2 infection, possibly together with triggered CNS autoimmunity despite undetectable CSF neuronal autoantibodies and normal neuroimaging. Early diagnosis and treatment with antiviral agent and immune therapies might be pivotal to optimize the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kolesnik
- Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ahmad A Ballout
- Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, United States
| | - Natasha Hameed
- Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, United States
| | - Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Couto RAS, Moreira Gonçalves L. A medical algorithm for Cotard delusion based on more than 300 literature cases. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2021; 25:220-232. [PMID: 32935595 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2020.1819335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cotard delusion (CD) is a rare psychiatric disorder in which the patient believes to be dead, i.e., the patient holds nihilistic delusions concerning his/her own existence. Taking into account its rarity, and possible subdiagnosis due to unawareness, most of the literature consists of case studies, complicating a more systematic approach and leading to difficulties in deciding the best clinical guidance to offer the patient suffering from CD. The objective of this work is to review the literature and propose an algorithm to help the differential diagnosis and the management of this condition. METHOD To do so, an extensive literature research was performed using several bibliographic databases. Since data on this topic is scarce, references in every article were cross-checked, aiming to obtain all available peer-reviewed works on CD. RESULTS Research resulted in 328 cases. Several treatment modalities were reported to improve the symptoms of CD, from pharmacotherapy - mainly consisting of antipsychotics and antidepressants - to electroconvulsive therapy. CONCLUSIONS Despite its challenging diagnosis, the delusion can be treated with readily available care. Hopefully, this work can be a useful tool to doctors when encountering this odd affliction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A S Couto
- School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,REQUIMTE, LAQV, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Moreira Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Catroux M, Garcia M, Lévêque N, Page P, Moal GL, Boutolleau D, Roblot F, Burrel S. Post-herpetic encephalitis cerebral abscess: Viral reactivation or latency site within central nervous system? Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 69:103297. [PMID: 34139602 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpetic encephalitis results from central nervous system invasion by herpes simplex virus. We report the case of a man who developed a cerebral abscess fifteen months after initial Herpetic encephalitis. Retrospectively, antiviral should not have been associated with antibiotics during abscess episode, as transcriptomic analysis reported no viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Catroux
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
| | - Magali Garcia
- Virology and Mycobacteriology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France; EA 4331, LITEC, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Virology and Mycobacteriology Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France; EA 4331, LITEC, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
| | - Philippe Page
- Department of Neurosurgery, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
| | - Gwenael Le Moal
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
| | - David Boutolleau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), and AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Paris, France.
| | - France Roblot
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Poitiers University Hospital, Poitiers, France.
| | - Sonia Burrel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), and AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Paris, France.
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19
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Hu S, Lan T, Bai R, Jiang S, Cai J, Ren L. HSV encephalitis triggered anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a case report. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:857-861. [PMID: 33420613 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (AE) is a common cause of nonviral infectious encephalitis, which can be triggered by herpes simplex virus infection. Previous studies have shown that approximately 27% of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) patients produce anti-NMDAR antibodies within 3 months. Immunotherapy is recommended in this situation, but some symptoms usually remain in the 1-year follow-up. CASE PRESENTATION A previously healthy 23-year-old Chinese young woman developed epileptic attack followed by psychiatric symptoms of confusion and irritation as well as cognitive deficits. Brain MRI showed hyperintense lesions of the right temporal lobe on DWI and T2 without contrast enhancement effects. Twenty-one days of acyclovir was administered based on the primary diagnosis of HSE. The anti-NMDAR antibody (IgG) was detected positively on day 11 after disease onset. She had improved cognitive function but suffered another grand mal epilepsy after the first course of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy combined with 1000 mg intravenous methylprednisolone. After discussion, another course of IVIG was started for 5 days. Her symptoms were well controlled with only mild cognitive deficits at the 1-year follow-up (mRS = 1). CONCLUSIONS Our case indicated that anti-NMDAR antibodies could develop earlier after HSE compared with previous data from adults. We suggested detecting AE antibodies simultaneously with each CSF analysis. Meanwhile, the second course of IVIG therapy was reasonable when symptoms were not controlled after the first course of IVIG combined with IV steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Hu
- Neurology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Tao Lan
- Spine Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Runtao Bai
- Neurology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Shirui Jiang
- Neurology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Neurology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Lijie Ren
- Neurology Department of Shenzhen Second People's Hospital/First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
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20
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Canham L, Staniaszek L, Mortimer A, Nouri L, Kane N. Electroencephalographic (EEG) features of encephalopathy in the setting of Covid-19: A case series. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2020; 5:199-205. [PMID: 32838076 PMCID: PMC7329683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Covid-19 pandemic is a global challenge presenting clinicians with an evolving diagnostic landscape. We sought to describe EEG findings observed from local experience in a typical case series of patients with severe Covid-19. METHODS Ten cases of Covid-19 were identified in whom EEG recordings had been made during the course of admissions to Bristol hospitals which had required intensive care. Electro-clinical correlation between the EEG and available medical history, imaging and laboratory investigation results was explored. RESULTS The predominant EEG features in severe Covid-19 are of generalised symmetrical slowing, consistent with encephalopathy. CONCLUSIONS The presence of focal disturbances or irritative abnormalities may be a pointer away from a pure encephalopathy and warrant further investigation. SIGNIFICANCE A growing range of neurological sequelae from Covid-19 are now recognised to be common amongst patients hospitalised by with this condition, being seen to affect approximately one third of such cases. Electroencephalography has a unique place in the diagnostic work-up of impaired consciousness, a frequent feature of severe Covid-19. However, there is currently a paucity of literature describing typical EEG findings in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.J.W. Canham
- Grey Walter Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - L.E. Staniaszek
- Department of Neurophysiology, Bristol Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - A.M. Mortimer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust BS10 5NB, UK
| | - L.F. Nouri
- Grey Walter Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - N.M. Kane
- Grey Walter Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, BS10 5NB, UK
- Department of Neurophysiology, Bristol Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin St, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK
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21
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Pilotto A, Odolini S, Masciocchi S, Comelli A, Volonghi I, Gazzina S, Nocivelli S, Pezzini A, Focà E, Caruso A, Leonardi M, Pasolini MP, Gasparotti R, Castelli F, Ashton NJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Padovani A. Steroid-Responsive Encephalitis in Coronavirus Disease 2019. Ann Neurol 2020; 88:423-427. [PMID: 32418288 PMCID: PMC7276848 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection has the potential for targeting the central nervous system, and several neurological symptoms have been described in patients with severe respiratory distress. Here, we described the case of a 60-year-old patient with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection but only mild respiratory abnormalities who developed an akinetic mutism attributable to encephalitis. Magnetic resonance imaging was negative, whereas electroencephalography showed generalized theta slowing. Cerebrospinal fluid analyses during the acute stage were negative for SARS-CoV-2, positive for pleocytosis and hyperproteinorrachia, and showed increased interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations. Other infectious or autoimmune disorders were excluded. A progressive clinical improvement along with a reduction of cerebrospinal fluid parameters was observed after high-dose steroid treatment, thus arguing for an inflammatory-mediated brain involvement related to COVID-19. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:423-427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pilotto
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Parkinson's Disease Rehabilitation Centre, FERB ONLUS - S. Isidoro Hospital, Trescore Balneario (BG), Italy
| | - Silvia Odolini
- University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Masciocchi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Agnese Comelli
- University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Irene Volonghi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Neurophysiology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Nocivelli
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzini
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Focà
- University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matilde Leonardi
- Neurology, Public Health, Disability Unit - IRCCS Neurology Institute Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Pasolini
- Neurophysiology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gasparotti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- University Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Institute Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience & Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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