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Sivagurunathan N, Calivarathan L. SARS-CoV-2 Infection to Premature Neuronal Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Is there any Connection with Hypoxia? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:431-448. [PMID: 37073650 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230418114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global concern as it leads to a spectrum of mild to severe symptoms and increases death tolls around the world. Severe COVID-19 results in acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxia, and multi- organ dysfunction. However, the long-term effects of post-COVID-19 infection are still unknown. Based on the emerging evidence, there is a high possibility that COVID-19 infection accelerates premature neuronal aging and increases the risk of age-related neurodegenerative diseases in mild to severely infected patients during the post-COVID period. Several studies correlate COVID-19 infection with neuronal effects, though the mechanism through which they contribute to the aggravation of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration is still under investigation. SARS-CoV-2 predominantly targets pulmonary tissues and interferes with gas exchange, leading to systemic hypoxia. The neurons in the brain require a constant supply of oxygen for their proper functioning, suggesting that they are more vulnerable to any alteration in oxygen saturation level that results in neuronal injury with or without neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that hypoxia is one of the major clinical manifestations of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection; it directly or indirectly contributes to premature neuronal aging, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration by altering the expression of various genes responsible for the survival of the cells. This review focuses on the interplay between COVID-19 infection, hypoxia, premature neuronal aging, and neurodegenerative diseases and provides a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadhaa Sivagurunathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur - 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Latchoumycandane Calivarathan
- Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur - 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Kumaria A, Noah A, Kirkman MA. Does covid-19 impair endogenous neurogenesis? J Clin Neurosci 2022; 105:79-85. [PMID: 36113246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells are thought to continue to generate new neurons throughout life in the human brain. Endogenous neurogenesis has been proposed to contribute to physiological roles in maintaining and regenerating olfaction, as well as promoting normal cognition, learning and memory. Specific impairments in these processes in COVID-19 - impaired olfaction and cognition - may implicate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in attenuating neurogenesis. Furthermore, neurogenesis has been linked with neuroregeneration; and impaired neuroregeneration has previously been linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence supports an association between COVID-19 infection and accelerated neurodegeneration. Also, structural changes indicating global reduction in brain size and specific reduction in the size of limbic structures - including orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory cortex and parahippocampal gyrus - as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been demonstrated. This paper proposes the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection may impair endogenous neural stem cell activity. An attenuation of neurogenesis may contribute to reduction in brain size and/or neurodegenerative processes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as neural stem cells are thought to be the cell of origin in glioma, better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with tumorigenic stem cells is indicated, with a view to informing therapeutic modulation. The subacute and chronic implications of attenuated endogenous neurogenesis are explored in the context of long COVID. Modulating endogenous neurogenesis may be a novel therapeutic strategy to address specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and potential applicability in tumour virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Kumaria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Abiodun Noah
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Academic Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthew A Kirkman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Benoit I, Di Curzio D, Civetta A, Douville RN. Drosophila as a Model for Human Viral Neuroinfections. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172685. [PMID: 36078091 PMCID: PMC9454636 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of human neurological infection faces many technical and ethical challenges. While not as common as mammalian models, the use of Drosophila (fruit fly) in the investigation of virus–host dynamics is a powerful research tool. In this review, we focus on the benefits and caveats of using Drosophila as a model for neurological infections and neuroimmunity. Through the examination of in vitro, in vivo and transgenic systems, we highlight select examples to illustrate the use of flies for the study of exogenous and endogenous viruses associated with neurological disease. In each case, phenotypes in Drosophila are compared to those in human conditions. In addition, we discuss antiviral drug screening in flies and how investigating virus–host interactions may lead to novel antiviral drug targets. Together, we highlight standardized and reproducible readouts of fly behaviour, motor function and neurodegeneration that permit an accurate assessment of neurological outcomes for the study of viral infection in fly models. Adoption of Drosophila as a valuable model system for neurological infections has and will continue to guide the discovery of many novel virus–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena Benoit
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Domenico Di Curzio
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Alberto Civetta
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
| | - Renée N. Douville
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, 599 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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4
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Nervous system manifestations related to COVID-19 and their possible mechanisms. Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:63-74. [PMID: 35772604 PMCID: PMC9236920 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection broke. With the gradual deepening understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, researchers and clinicians noticed that this disease is closely related to the nervous system and has complex effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). In this review, we summarize the effects and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system, including the pathways of invasion, direct and indirect effects, and associated neuropsychiatric diseases, to deepen our knowledge and understanding of the relationship between COVID-19 and the nervous system.
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5
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Reis PA, Castro-Faria-Neto HC. Systemic Response to Infection Induces Long-Term Cognitive Decline: Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress as Therapeutical Targets. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:742158. [PMID: 35250433 PMCID: PMC8895724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.742158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to pathogens or damage signs, the immune system is activated in order to eliminate the noxious stimuli. The inflammatory response to infectious diseases induces systemic events, including cytokine storm phenomenon, vascular dysfunction, and coagulopathy, that can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction. The central nervous system (CNS) is one of the major organs affected, and symptoms such as sickness behavior (depression and fever, among others), or even delirium, can be observed due to activation of endothelial and glial cells, leading to neuroinflammation. Several reports have been shown that, due to CNS alterations caused by neuroinflammation, some sequels can be developed in special cognitive decline. There is still no any treatment to avoid cognitive impairment, especially those developed due to systemic infectious diseases, but preclinical and clinical trials have pointed out controlling neuroinflammatory events to avoid the development of this sequel. In this minireview, we point to the possible mechanisms that triggers long-term cognitive decline, proposing the acute neuroinflammatory events as a potential therapeutical target to treat this sequel that has been associated to several infectious diseases, such as malaria, sepsis, and, more recently, the new SARS-Cov2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Alves Reis
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Roberto Alcântara Gomes Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Patricia Alves Reis,
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6
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Clinical and Radiological Deterioration in a Case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Hints to Accelerated Age-Dependent Neurodegeneration. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111730. [PMID: 34829958 PMCID: PMC8615966 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation and the host immune responses associated with certain viral infections may accelerate the rate of neurodegeneration in patients with Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), a rare, transmissible neurodegenerative disease. However, the effects of the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 infection on the pathogenesis of CJD are unknown. In this study, we describe the case of an elderly female patient with sporadic CJD that exhibited clinical deterioration with the emergence of seizures and radiological neurodegenerative progression following an infection with SARS-CoV-2 and severe COVID-19. Despite efforts to control the progression of the disease, a dismal outcome ensued. This report further evidences the age-dependent neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and proposes a vulnerability to CJD and increased CJD progression following COVID-19.
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7
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McDonald JT, Enguita FJ, Taylor D, Griffin RJ, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Sajadi MM, Harris AD, Clement J, Dybas JM, Aykin-Burns N, Guarnieri JW, Singh LN, Grabham P, Baylin SB, Yousey A, Pearson AN, Corry PM, Saravia-Butler A, Aunins TR, Sharma S, Nagpal P, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Cerqueira B, Zaksas V, Singh U, Wurtele ES, Costes SV, Davanzo GG, Galeano D, Paccanaro A, Meinig SL, Hagan RS, Bowman NM, Wolfgang MC, Altinok S, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vanderburg C, Wallace DC, Schisler JC, Mason CE, Chatterjee A, Meller R, Beheshti A. Role of miR-2392 in driving SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109839. [PMID: 34624208 PMCID: PMC8481092 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provide an exciting avenue toward antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we determined that a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, is directly involved with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia, as well as promoting many symptoms associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. We demonstrate that miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of patients positive for COVID-19 but is not present in patients negative for COVID-19. These findings indicate the potential for developing a minimally invasive COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we design a miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters, and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyson McDonald
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Francisco J Enguita
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deanne Taylor
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK 72211, USA
| | - Waldemar Priebe
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mark R Emmett
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Anthony D Harris
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jean Clement
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Joseph M Dybas
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Joseph W Guarnieri
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Larry N Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Grabham
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Aliza Yousey
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | | | - Peter M Corry
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK 72211, USA
| | - Amanda Saravia-Butler
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Logyx LLC, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Sadhana Sharma
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Quantum Biology Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Cem Meydan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | | | - Bianca Cerqueira
- COVID-19 International Research Team; KBR Space & Science, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA; United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX 78236, USA
| | - Viktorija Zaksas
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Urminder Singh
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Diego Galeano
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay
| | - Alberto Paccanaro
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Fundação Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, UK
| | - Suzanne L Meinig
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert S Hagan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Selin Altinok
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas C Wallace
- COVID-19 International Research Team; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- COVID-19 International Research Team; University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA; Sachi Bioworks Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA; Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Robert Meller
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Afshin Beheshti
- COVID-19 International Research Team; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
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8
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Nguyen HT, Falzarano D, Gerdts V, Liu Q. Construction of a Noninfectious SARS-CoV-2 Replicon for Antiviral-Drug Testing and Gene Function Studies. J Virol 2021; 95:e0068721. [PMID: 34191580 PMCID: PMC8387049 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00687-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread worldwide, resulting in global public health emergencies and economic crises. In the present study, a noninfectious and biosafety level 2 (BSL2)-compatible SARS-CoV-2 replicon expressing a nano luciferase (nLuc) reporter was constructed in a bacterial artificial chromosomal (BAC) vector by reverse genetics. The nLuc reporter is highly sensitive, easily quantifiable, and high throughput adaptable. Upon transfecting the SARS-CoV-2 replicon BAC plasmid DNA into Vero E6 cells, we could detect high levels of nLuc reporter activity and viral RNA transcript, suggesting the replication of the replicon. The replicon replication was further demonstrated by the findings that deleting nonstructural protein 15 or mutating its catalytic sites significantly reduced replicon replication, whereas providing the nucleocapsid protein in trans enhanced replicon replication in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we showed that remdesivir, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral drug, significantly inhibited the replication of the replicon, providing proof of principle for the application of our replicon as a useful tool for developing antivirals. Taken together, this study established a sensitive and BSL2-compatible reporter system in a single BAC plasmid for investigating the functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in viral replication and evaluating antiviral compounds. This should contribute to the global effort to combat this deadly viral pathogen. IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is having a catastrophic impact on human lives. Combatting the pandemic requires effective vaccines and antiviral drugs. In the present study, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 replicon system with a sensitive and easily quantifiable reporter. Unlike studies involving infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus that must be performed in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) facility, the replicon is noninfectious and thus can be safely used in BSL2 laboratories. The replicon will provide a valuable tool for testing antiviral drugs and studying SARS-CoV-2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Trong Nguyen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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9
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McDonald JT, Enguita FJ, Taylor D, Griffin RJ, Priebe W, Emmett MR, Sajadi MM, Harris AD, Clement J, Dybas JM, Aykin-Burns N, Guarnieri JW, Singh LN, Grabham P, Baylin SB, Yousey A, Pearson AN, Corry PM, Saravia-Butler A, Aunins TR, Sharma S, Nagpal P, Meydan C, Foox J, Mozsary C, Cerqueira B, Zaksas V, Singh U, Wurtele ES, Costes SV, Davanzo GG, Galeano D, Paccanaro A, Meinig SL, Hagan RS, Bowman NM, Wolfgang MC, Altinok S, Sapoval N, Treangen TJ, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vanderburg C, Wallace DC, Schisler J, Mason CE, Chatterjee A, Meller R, Beheshti A. The Great Deceiver: miR-2392's Hidden Role in Driving SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33948587 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.23.441024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation that have a major impact on many diseases and provides an exciting avenue towards antiviral therapeutics. From patient transcriptomic data, we have discovered a circulating miRNA, miR-2392, that is directly involved with SARS-CoV-2 machinery during host infection. Specifically, we show that miR-2392 is key in driving downstream suppression of mitochondrial gene expression, increasing inflammation, glycolysis, and hypoxia as well as promoting many symptoms associated with COVID-19 infection. We demonstrate miR-2392 is present in the blood and urine of COVID-19 positive patients, but not detected in COVID-19 negative patients. These findings indicate the potential for developing a novel, minimally invasive, COVID-19 detection method. Lastly, using in vitro human and in vivo hamster models, we have developed a novel miRNA-based antiviral therapeutic that targets miR-2392, significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 viability in hamsters and may potentially inhibit a COVID-19 disease state in humans.
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10
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Becker RC. Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor's page series. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:692-707. [PMID: 34403043 PMCID: PMC8367772 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a complex network of nerves originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, heart and extracardiac organs that regulates neural and physiological responses to internal and external environments and conditions. A common observation among patients with the 2019 Coronavirus (CoV) (SARS-severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2) (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 [CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019)] in the acute and chronic phases of the disease is tachycardia, labile blood pressure, muscular fatigue and shortness of breath. Because abnormalities in the ANS can contribute to each of these symptoms, herein a review of autonomic dysfunction in SARS-COV-2 infection is provided to guide diagnostic testing, patient care and research initiatives. Graphic abstract The autonomic nervous system is a complex network of nerves originating in the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, heart and extracardiac organs that regulates neural and physiological responses to internal and external environments and conditions. A common collection of signs and symptoms among patients with the 2019 Coronavirus (CoV) (SARS-severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2) (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 [CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019)] is tachycardia, labile blood pressure, muscular fatigue and shortness of breath. Abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) can contribute to each of these identifiers, potentially offering a unifying pathobiology for acute, subacute and the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) and a target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Becker
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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11
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The Influence of Virus Infection on Microglia and Accelerated Brain Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071836. [PMID: 34360004 PMCID: PMC8303900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system contributing substantially to health and disease. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory microglia may induce or accelerate brain aging, by interfering with physiological repair and remodeling processes. Many viral infections affect the brain and interfere with microglia functions, including human immune deficiency virus, flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and human herpes viruses. Especially chronic viral infections causing low-grade neuroinflammation may contribute to brain aging. This review elucidates the potential role of various neurotropic viruses in microglia-driven neurocognitive deficiencies and possibly accelerated brain aging.
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12
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Barbosa-Silva MC, Lima MN, Battaglini D, Robba C, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM, Maron-Gutierrez T. Infectious disease-associated encephalopathies. Crit Care 2021; 25:236. [PMID: 34229735 PMCID: PMC8259088 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03659-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases may affect brain function and cause encephalopathy even when the pathogen does not directly infect the central nervous system, known as infectious disease-associated encephalopathy. The systemic inflammatory process may result in neuroinflammation, with glial cell activation and increased levels of cytokines, reduced neurotrophic factors, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, neurotransmitter metabolism imbalances, and neurotoxicity, and behavioral and cognitive impairments often occur in the late course. Even though infectious disease-associated encephalopathies may cause devastating neurologic and cognitive deficits, the concept of infectious disease-associated encephalopathies is still under-investigated; knowledge of the underlying mechanisms, which may be distinct from those of encephalopathies of non-infectious cause, is still limited. In this review, we focus on the pathophysiology of encephalopathies associated with peripheral (sepsis, malaria, influenza, and COVID-19), emerging therapeutic strategies, and the role of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Barbosa-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Maiara N Lima
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Denise Battaglini
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Robba
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care, San Martino Policlinico Hospital, IRCCS for Oncology and Neuroscience, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Maron-Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão 108, sala 45, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
- Rio de Janeiro Network on Neuroinflammation, Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Supporting Research in the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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13
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Salari M, Etemadifar M. Can COVID-19 accelerate neurodegeneration? Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04433. [PMID: 34267913 PMCID: PMC8271265 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 may accelerate neurodegeneration in patients with neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Functional Neurosurgery Research CenterShohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of ExcellenceShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery Medical SchoolIsfahan University of Medical ScienceIsfahanIran
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14
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Van Rompay KKA, Olstad KJ, Sammak RL, Dutra J, Watanabe JK, Usachenko JL, Immareddy R, Verma A, Shaan Lakshmanappa Y, Schmidt BA, Roh JW, Elizaldi SR, Allen AM, Muecksch F, Lorenzi JCC, Lockwood S, Pollard RE, Yee JL, Nham PB, Ardeshir A, Deere JD, Patterson J, Dang Q, Hatziioannou T, Bieniasz PD, Iyer SS, Hartigan-O’Connor DJ, Nussenzweig MC, Reader JR. Early treatment with a combination of two potent neutralizing antibodies improves clinical outcomes and reduces virus replication and lung inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infected macaques. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009688. [PMID: 34228761 PMCID: PMC8284825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for effective therapeutic interventions against SARS-CoV-2, including new variants that continue to arise. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies have shown promise in clinical studies. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a combination of two potent monoclonal antibodies, C135-LS and C144-LS that carry half-life extension mutations, in the rhesus macaque model of COVID-19. Twelve young adult macaques (three groups of four animals) were inoculated intranasally and intra-tracheally with a high dose of SARS-CoV-2 and 24 hours later, treated intravenously with a high (40 mg/kg) or low (12 mg/kg) dose of the C135-LS and C144-LS antibody combination, or a control monoclonal antibody. Animals were monitored for 7 days. Compared to the control animals, animals treated with either dose of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies showed similarly improved clinical scores, lower levels of virus replication in upper and lower respiratory tract, and significantly reduced interstitial pneumonia, as measured by comprehensive lung histology. In conclusion, this study provides proof-of-concept in support of further clinical development of these monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 during early infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/pathology
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Lung/pathology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Multivariate Analysis
- Radiography
- Respiratory System/virology
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine J. Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Sammak
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Joseph Dutra
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Watanabe
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Jodie L. Usachenko
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Ramya Immareddy
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Anil Verma
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yashavanth Shaan Lakshmanappa
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Schmidt
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jamin W. Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sonny R. Elizaldi
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - A. Mark Allen
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julio C. C. Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah Lockwood
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Rachel E. Pollard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - JoAnn L. Yee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Nham
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Amir Ardeshir
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
| | - Jesse D. Deere
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jean Patterson
- Translational Research Section, Virology Branch, DMID/NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Que Dang
- Preclinical Research and Development Branch, Vaccine Research Program, DAIDS/NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis J. Hartigan-O’Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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15
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Lionetti V, Bollini S, Coppini R, Gerbino A, Ghigo A, Iaccarino G, Madonna R, Mangiacapra F, Miragoli M, Moccia F, Munaron L, Pagliaro P, Parenti A, Pasqua T, Penna C, Quaini F, Rocca C, Samaja M, Sartiani L, Soda T, Tocchetti CG, Angelone T. Understanding the heart-brain axis response in COVID-19 patients: A suggestive perspective for therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105581. [PMID: 33781873 PMCID: PMC7997688 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In-depth characterization of heart-brain communication in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory failure is attracting significant interest in the COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic era during intensive care unit (ICU) stay and after ICU or hospital discharge. Emerging research has provided new insights into pathogenic role of the deregulation of the heart-brain axis (HBA), a bidirectional flow of information, in leading to severe multiorgan disease syndrome (MODS) in patients with confirmed infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Noteworthy, HBA dysfunction may worsen the outcome of the COVID-19 patients. In this review, we discuss the critical role HBA plays in both promoting and limiting MODS in COVID-19. We also highlight the role of HBA as new target for novel therapeutic strategies in COVID-19 in order to open new translational frontiers of care. This is a translational perspective from the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lionetti
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; UOSVD Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sveva Bollini
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Andrea Gerbino
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Research, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fabio Mangiacapra
- Unit of Cardiovascular Science, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Miragoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Moccia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratory of General Physiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Astrid Parenti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Teresa Pasqua
- Department of Health Science, University of Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Penna
- Clinical and Biological Sciences Department, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Quaini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-Physiology, Department of Biology, E. and E.S., University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sartiani
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Teresa Soda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Research, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Cardiovascular Patho-Physiology, Department of Biology, E. and E.S., University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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