1
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Torabian S, Grossman ED. When shapes are more than shapes: perceptual, developmental, and neurophysiological basis for attributions of animacy and theory of mind. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1168739. [PMID: 37744598 PMCID: PMC10513434 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Among a variety of entities in their environment, what do humans consider alive or animate and how does this attribution of animacy promote development of more abstract levels of mentalizing? By decontextualizing the environment of bodily features, we review how physical movements give rise to perceived animacy in Heider-Simmel style animations. We discuss the developmental course of how perceived animacy shapes our interpretation of the social world, and specifically discuss when and how children transition from perceiving actions as goal-directed to attributing behaviors to unobservable mental states. This transition from a teleological stance, asserting a goal-oriented interpretation to an agent's actions, to a mentalistic stance allows older children to reason about more complex actions guided by hidden beliefs. The acquisition of these more complex cognitive behaviors happens developmentally at the same time neural systems for social cognition are coming online in young children. We review perceptual, developmental, and neural evidence to identify the joint cognitive and neural changes associated with when children begin to mentalize and how this ability is instantiated in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Torabian
- Visual Perception and Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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2
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Copeland A, Korja R, Nolvi S, Rajasilta O, Pulli EP, Kumpulainen V, Silver E, Saukko E, Hakanen H, Holmberg E, Kataja EL, Häkkinen S, Parkkola R, Lähdesmäki T, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Tuulari JJ. Maternal sensitivity at the age of 8 months associates with local connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in children at 5 years of age. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:920995. [PMID: 36188450 PMCID: PMC9520291 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.920995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of mother–child interaction, especially maternal sensitivity in caregiving behavior, plays an important role in a child’s later socioemotional development. Numerous studies have indicated associations between poor mother–child interaction and offspring brain structure and function, but more knowledge on how variation in the characteristics of early caregiving is associated with children’s brain structure and function is needed. We investigated whether maternal sensitivity at 8 or 30 months is associated with functional connectivity in a child’s brain at 5 years of age based on the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study (17 and 39 mother–child dyads at 8 and 30 months, respectively, with an overlap of 13 dyads). Maternal sensitivity was assessed during a free play interaction using the Emotional Availability Scales at 8 and 30 months of the children’s age. Task-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was acquired at the age of 5 years in 7-min scans while watching the Inscapes movie. Regional homogeneity (ReHo) maps were created from the fMRI data, and multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the relation between maternal sensitivity and ReHo. Maternal sensitivity at the age of 8 months was positively associated with children’s ReHo values within the medial prefrontal cortex. Distal connectivity of this region showed no significant association with maternal sensitivity in a seed-based connectivity analysis. No associations were found between maternal sensitivity during toddlerhood and brain functional connectivity. Together, these results suggest that maternal sensitivity, especially in infancy, may influence offspring brain functional connectivity. However, studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Copeland
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Anni Copeland,
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Nolvi
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Rajasilta
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elmo P. Pulli
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Venla Kumpulainen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eero Silver
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Saukko
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hetti Hakanen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva Holmberg
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Häkkinen
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuire Lähdesmäki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Center for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jetro J. Tuulari
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Turku Collegium for Science, Medicine and Technology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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3
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Sun Y, Ma J, Huang M, Yi Y, Wang Y, Gu Y, Lin Y, Li LMW, Dai Z. Functional connectivity dynamics as a function of the fluctuation of tension during film watching. Brain Imaging Behav 2022; 16:1260-1274. [PMID: 34988779 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To advance the understanding of the dynamic relationship between brain activities and emotional experiences, we examined the neural patterns of tension, a unique emotion that highly depends on how an event unfolds. Specifically, the present study explored the temporal relationship between functional connectivity patterns within and between different brain functional modules and the fluctuation in tension during film watching. Due to the highly contextualized and time-varying nature of tension, we expected that multiple neural networks would be involved in the dynamic tension experience. Using the neuroimaging data of 546 participants, we conducted a dynamic brain analysis to identify the intra- and inter-module functional connectivity patterns that are significantly correlated with the fluctuation of tension over time. The results showed that the inter-module connectivity of cingulo-opercular network, fronto-parietal network, and default mode network is involved in the dynamic experience of tension. These findings demonstrate a close relationship between brain functional connectivity patterns and emotional dynamics, which supports the importance of functional connectivity dynamics in understanding our cognitive and emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Sun
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junji Ma
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Miner Huang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yangyang Yi
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiheng Wang
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liman Man Wai Li
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Zhengjia Dai
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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4
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Su C, Zhou H, Wang C, Geng F, Hu Y. Individualized video recommendation modulates functional connectivity between large scale networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:5288-5299. [PMID: 34363282 PMCID: PMC8519862 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of AI‐powered recommender systems and their extensive use in the video streaming service, questions and concerns also arise. Why can recommended video content continuously capture users' attention? What is the impact of long‐term exposure to personalized video content on one's behaviors and brain functions? To address these questions, we designed an fMRI experiment presenting participants with personally recommended videos and generally recommended ones. To examine how large‐scale networks were modulated by personalized video content, graph theory analysis was applied to investigate the interaction between seven networks, including the ventral and dorsal attention networks (VAN, DAN), frontal–parietal network (FPN), salience network (SN), and three subnetworks of default mode network (dorsal medial prefrontal (dMPFC), Core, and medial temporal lobe (MTL)). Our results showed that viewing nonpersonalized video content mainly enhanced the connectivity in the DAN‐FPN‐Core pathway, whereas viewing personalized ones increased not only the connectivity in this pathway but also the DAN‐VAN‐dMPFC pathway. In addition, both personalized and nonpersonalized short videos decreased the couplings between SN and VAN as well as between two DMN subsystems, Core and MTL. Collectively, these findings uncovered distinct patterns of network interactions in response to short videos and provided insights into potential neural mechanisms by which human behaviors are biased by personally recommended content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Su
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Department of Psychology, School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengji Geng
- Department of Curriculum and Learning Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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The longitudinal relationship between BOLD signal variability changes and white matter maturation during early childhood. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118448. [PMID: 34358659 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-individual transient temporal fluctuations in brain signal, as measured by fMRI blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) variability, is increasingly considered an important signal rather than measurement noise. Evidence from computational and cognitive neuroscience suggests that signal variability is a good proxy-measure of brain functional integrity and information processing capacity. Here, we sought to explore across-participant and longitudinal relationships between BOLD variability, age, and white matter structure in early childhood. We measured standard deviation of BOLD signal, total white matter volume, global fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) during passive movie viewing in a sample of healthy children (aged 2-8 years; N = 83). We investigated how age and white matter development related to changes in BOLD variability both across- and within-participants. Our across-participant analyses using behavioural partial least squares (bPLS) revealed that the influence of age and white matter maturation on BOLD variability was highly interrelated. BOLD variability increased in widespread frontal, temporal and parietal regions, and decreased in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus with age and white matter development. Our longitudinal analyses using linear mixed effects modelling revealed significant associations between BOLD variability, age and white matter microstructure. Analyses using artificial neural networks demonstrated that BOLD variability and white matter micro and macro-structure at earlier ages were strong predictors of BOLD variability at later ages. By characterizing the across-participant and longitudinal features of the association between BOLD variability and white matter micro- and macrostructure in early childhood, our results provide a novel perspective to understand structure-function relationships in the developing brain.
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6
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Donnici C, Long X, Dewey D, Letourneau N, Landman B, Huo Y, Lebel C. Prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and amygdala structure and function in young children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4019. [PMID: 33597557 PMCID: PMC7889894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety symptoms are relatively common during pregnancy and are associated with behavioural problems in children. The amygdala is involved in emotion regulation, and its volume and function are associated with exposure to prenatal maternal depression. The associations between perinatal maternal anxiety and children's amygdala structure and function remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine associations between prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and amygdala structure and function in children. Maternal anxiety was measured during the second trimester of pregnancy and 12 weeks postpartum. T1-weighted anatomical data and functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 54 children (25 females), between the ages of 3-7 years. Amygdala volume was calculated and functional connectivity maps were created between the amygdalae and the rest of the brain. Spearman correlations were used to test associations between amygdala volume/functional connectivity and maternal anxiety symptoms, controlling for maternal depression symptoms. Second trimester maternal anxiety symptoms were negatively associated with functional connectivity between the left amygdala and clusters in bilateral parietal regions; higher maternal anxiety was associated with increased negative connectivity. Postnatal maternal anxiety symptoms were positively associated with child amygdala volume, but this finding did not remain significant while controlling for total brain volume. These functional connectivity differences may underlie behavioral outcomes in children exposed to maternal anxiety during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Donnici
- Neuroscience Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xiangyu Long
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bennett Landman
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuankai Huo
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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7
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Reh R, Williams LJ, Todd RM, Ward LM. Warped rhythms: Epileptic activity during critical periods disrupts the development of neural networks for human communication. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113016. [PMID: 33212087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that temporal lobe epilepsy-the most common and well-studied form of epilepsy-can impair communication by disrupting social-emotional and language functions. In pediatric epilepsy, where seizures co-occur with the development of critical brain networks, age of onset matters: The earlier in life seizures begin, the worse the disruption in network establishment, resulting in academic hardship and social isolation. Yet, little is known about the processes by which epileptic activity disrupts developing human brain networks. Here we take a synthetic perspective-reviewing a range of research spanning studies on molecular and oscillatory processes to those on the development of large-scale functional networks-in support of a novel model of how such networks can be disrupted by epilepsy. We seek to bridge the gap between research on molecular processes, on the development of human brain circuitry, and on clinical outcomes to propose a model of how epileptic activity disrupts brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Reh
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lynne J Williams
- BC Children's Hospital MRI Research Facility, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 0B3, Canada
| | - Rebecca M Todd
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Lawrence M Ward
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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8
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Vanderwal T, Eilbott J, Kelly C, Frew SR, Woodward TS, Milham MP, Castellanos FX. Stability and similarity of the pediatric connectome as developmental measures. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117537. [PMID: 33186720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patterns of functional connectivity are unique at the individual level, enabling test-retest matching algorithms to identify a subject from among a group using only their functional connectome. Recent findings show that accuracies of these algorithms in children increase with age. Relatedly, the persistence of functional connectivity (FC) patterns across tasks and rest also increases with age. This study investigated the hypothesis that within-subject stability and between-subject similarity of the whole-brain pediatric connectome are developmentally relevant outcomes. Using data from 210 help-seeking children and adolescents, ages 6-21 years (Healthy Brain Network Biobank), we computed whole-brain FC matrices for each participant during two different movies (MovieDM and MovieTP) and two runs of task-free rest (all from a single scan session) and fed these matrices to a test-retest matching algorithm. We replicated the finding that matching accuracies for children and youth (ages 6-21 years) are low (18-44%), and that cross-state and cross-movie accuracies were the lowest. Results also showed that parcellation resolution and the number of volumes used in each matrix affect fingerprinting accuracies. Next, we calculated three measures of whole-connectome stability for each subject: cross-rest (Rest1-Rest2), cross-state (MovieDM-Rest1), and cross-movie (MovieDM-MovieTP), and three measures of within-state between-subject connectome similarity for Rest1, MovieDM, and MovieTP. We show that stability and similarity were correlated, but that these measures were not related to age. A principal component analysis of these measures yielded two components that we used to test for brain-behavior correlations with IQ, general psychopathology, and social skills measures (n = 119). The first component was significantly correlated with the social skills measure (r=-0.26, p = 0.005). Post hoc correlations showed that the social skills measure correlated with both cross-rest stability (r=-0.29, p = 0.001) and with connectome similarity during MovieDM (r=-0.28, p = 0.002). These findings suggest that the stability and similarity of the whole-brain connectome relate to the development of social skills. We infer that the maturation of the functional connectome simultaneously achieves patterns of FC that are distinct at the individual subject level, that are shared across individuals, and that are persistent across states and across runs-features which presumably combine to optimize neural processing during development. Future longitudinal work could reveal the developmental trajectories of stability and similarity of the connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vanderwal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 2A1, BC, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey Eilbott
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Clare Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry at the School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon R Frew
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver V6T 2A1, BC, Canada; Behavioral & Cognitive Neuroscience Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Vandewouw MM, Dunkley BT, Lerch JP, Anagnostou E, Taylor MJ. Characterizing Inscapes and resting-state in MEG: Effects in typical and atypical development. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117524. [PMID: 33147510 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the brain at rest is a powerful approach used to understand the intrinsic properties of typical and disordered human brain function, yet task-free paradigms are associated with greater head motion, particularly in young and/or clinical populations such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Inscapes, a non-social and non-verbal movie paradigm, has been introduced to increase attention, thus mitigating head motion, while reducing the task-induced activations found during typical movie watching. Inscapes has not yet been validated for use in magnetoencephalography (MEG), and it has yet to be shown whether its effects are stable in clinical populations. Across typically developing (N = 32) children and adolescents and those with ASD (N = 46) and ADHD (N = 42), we demonstrate that head motion is reduced during Inscapes. Due to the task state evoked by movie paradigms, we also expectedly observed concomitant modulations in local neural activity (oscillatory power) and functional connectivity (phase and envelope coupling) in intrinsic resting-state networks and across the frequency spectra compared to a fixation cross resting-state. Increases in local activity were accompanied by decreases in low-frequency connectivity within and between resting-state networks, primarily the visual network, suggesting that task-state evoked by Inscapes moderates ongoing and spontaneous cortical inhibition that forms the idling intrinsic networks found during a fixation cross resting-state. Importantly, these effects were similar in ASD and ADHD, making Inscapes a well-suited advancement for investigations of resting brain function in young and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlee M Vandewouw
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Benjamin T Dunkley
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason P Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margot J Taylor
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada; Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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10
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Movies and narratives as naturalistic stimuli in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117445. [PMID: 33059053 PMCID: PMC7805386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using movies and narratives as naturalistic stimuli in human neuroimaging studies has yielded significant advances in understanding of cognitive and emotional functions. The relevant literature was reviewed, with emphasis on how the use of naturalistic stimuli has helped advance scientific understanding of human memory, attention, language, emotions, and social cognition in ways that would have been difficult otherwise. These advances include discovering a cortical hierarchy of temporal receptive windows, which supports processing of dynamic information that accumulates over several time scales, such as immediate reactions vs. slowly emerging patterns in social interactions. Naturalistic stimuli have also helped elucidate how the hippocampus supports segmentation and memorization of events in day-to-day life and have afforded insights into attentional brain mechanisms underlying our ability to adopt specific perspectives during natural viewing. Further, neuroimaging studies with naturalistic stimuli have revealed the role of the default-mode network in narrative-processing and in social cognition. Finally, by robustly eliciting genuine emotions, these stimuli have helped elucidate the brain basis of both basic and social emotions apparently manifested as highly overlapping yet distinguishable patterns of brain activity.
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11
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Sanchez-Alonso S, Aslin RN. Predictive modeling of neurobehavioral state and trait variation across development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100855. [PMID: 32942148 PMCID: PMC7501421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A key goal of human neurodevelopmental research is to map neural and behavioral trajectories across both health and disease. A growing number of developmental consortia have begun to address this gap by providing open access to cross-sectional and longitudinal 'big data' repositories. However, it remains challenging to develop models that enable prediction of both within-subject and between-subject neurodevelopmental variation. Here, we present a conceptual and analytical perspective of two essential ingredients for mapping neurodevelopmental trajectories: state and trait components of variance. We focus on mapping variation across a range of neural and behavioral measurements and consider concurrent alterations of state and trait variation across development. We present a quantitative framework for combining both state- and trait-specific sources of neurobehavioral variation across development. Specifically, we argue that non-linear mixed growth models that leverage state and trait components of variance and consider environmental factors are necessary to comprehensively map brain-behavior relationships. We discuss this framework in the context of mapping language neurodevelopmental changes in early childhood, with an emphasis on measures of functional connectivity and their reliability for establishing robust neurobehavioral relationships. The ultimate goal is to statistically unravel developmental trajectories of neurobehavioral relationships that involve a combination of individual differences and age-related changes.
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12
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Redcay E, Moraczewski D. Social cognition in context: A naturalistic imaging approach. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116392. [PMID: 31770637 PMCID: PMC7244370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social processing occurs within dynamic, complex, and multimodal contexts, but the study of social cognition typically involves static, artificial stimuli. Naturalistic approaches (e.g., movie viewing) can recapture the richness and complexity of real-world interactions. Novel analytic approaches allow for the investigation of functional brain organization in response to contextually embedded and extended events with a complex temporal structure during movie viewing or narrative processing. In addition to these within-brain measures, movies afford between-brain analyses such as inter-subject correlation, which allows for identification of stimulus-specific brain response through the correlation of brain activity between participants' brains. Research using these approaches offers both practical and theoretical advantages in understanding how we navigate our social world. Practically, movies are engaging stimuli that allow for more rapid presentation of multiple event types and improve compliance even in very young populations. Theoretically, studies have validated the use of these measures by demonstrating functional selectivity to contextually embedded stimuli. Naturalistic approaches also allow for novel insights. For example, regions associated with social cognition have longer temporal receptive windows, making them well suited to social-cognitive processes that require integration of information over longer timescales. Furthermore, the similarity in the temporal and spatial brain response between individuals during naturalistic viewing is related to age, predictive of friendships, and reduced in autism spectrum disorder. These findings offer first glimpses into the power of using these naturalistic, dynamic approaches to understand how we perceive, reason about, and interact with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Redcay
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Dustin Moraczewski
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA; Computation and Mathematics for Biological Networks, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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13
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Benischek A, Long X, Rohr CS, Bray S, Dewey D, Lebel C. Pre-reading language abilities and the brain’s functional reading network in young children. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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14
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Gilson M, Zamora-López G, Pallarés V, Adhikari MH, Senden M, Campo AT, Mantini D, Corbetta M, Deco G, Insabato A. Model-based whole-brain effective connectivity to study distributed cognition in health and disease. Netw Neurosci 2020; 4:338-373. [PMID: 32537531 PMCID: PMC7286310 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging techniques are now widely used to study human cognition. The functional associations between brain areas have become a standard proxy to describe how cognitive processes are distributed across the brain network. Among the many analysis tools available, dynamic models of brain activity have been developed to overcome the limitations of original connectivity measures such as functional connectivity. This goes in line with the many efforts devoted to the assessment of directional interactions between brain areas from the observed neuroimaging activity. This opinion article provides an overview of our model-based whole-brain effective connectivity to analyze fMRI data, while discussing the pros and cons of our approach with respect to other established approaches. Our framework relies on the multivariate Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (MOU) process and is thus referred to as MOU-EC. Once tuned, the model provides a directed connectivity estimate that reflects the dynamical state of BOLD activity, which can be used to explore cognition. We illustrate this approach using two applications on task-evoked fMRI data. First, as a connectivity measure, MOU-EC can be used to extract biomarkers for task-specific brain coordination, understood as the patterns of areas exchanging information. The multivariate nature of connectivity measures raises several challenges for whole-brain analysis, for which machine-learning tools present some advantages over statistical testing. Second, we show how to interpret changes in MOU-EC connections in a collective and model-based manner, bridging with network analysis. Our framework provides a comprehensive set of tools that open exciting perspectives to study distributed cognition, as well as neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gilson
- Center for Brain and Cognition and Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gorka Zamora-López
- Center for Brain and Cognition and Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallarés
- Center for Brain and Cognition and Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohit H. Adhikari
- Center for Brain and Cognition and Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Senden
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dante Mantini
- Neuroplasticity and Motor Control Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM) and Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition and Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Insabato
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS, Marseille, France
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15
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Ghahari S, Farahani N, Fatemizadeh E, Motie Nasrabadi A. Investigating time-varying functional connectivity derived from the Jackknife Correlation method for distinguishing between emotions in fMRI data. Cogn Neurodyn 2020; 14:457-471. [PMID: 32655710 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating human brain activity during expressing emotional states provides deep insight into complex cognitive functions and neurological correlations inside the brain. To be able to resemble the brain function in the best manner, a complex and natural stimulus should be applied as well, the method used for data analysis should have fewer assumptions, simplifications, and parameter adjustment. In this study, we examined a functional magnetic resonance imaging dataset obtained during an emotional audio-movie stimulus associated with human life. We used Jackknife Correlation (JC) method to derive a representation of time-varying functional connectivity. We applied different binary measures and thoroughly investigated two weighted measures to study different properties of binary and weighted temporal networks. Using this approach, we indicated different aspects of human brain function during expressing different emotions. The findings of global and nodal measures could demonstrate a significant difference between emotions and significant regions in each emotion, respectively. Also, the temporal centrality properties of nodes were different in emotional states. Ultimately, we showed that the resulting measures of temporal snapshots created by JC method can distinguish between different emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Ghahari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-Bioelectric, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naemeh Farahani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering-Bioelectric, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Technologies, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Emad Fatemizadeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Motie Nasrabadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Moraczewski D, Nketia J, Redcay E. Cortical temporal hierarchy is immature in middle childhood. Neuroimage 2020; 216:116616. [PMID: 32058003 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of successful social-cognitive abilities requires one to track, accumulate, and integrate knowledge of other people's mental states across time. Regions of the brain differ in their temporal scale (i.e., a cortical temporal hierarchy) and those receptive to long temporal windows may facilitate social-cognitive abilities; however, the cortical development of long timescale processing remains to be investigated. The current study utilized naturalistic viewing to examine cortical development of long timescale processing and its relation to social-cognitive abilities in middle childhood - a time of expanding social spheres and increasing social-cognitive abilities. We found that, compared to adults, children exhibited reduced low-frequency power in the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and reduced specialization for long timescale processing within the TPJ and other regions broadly implicated in the default mode network and higher-order visual processing. Further, specialization for long timescales within the right dorsal medial prefrontal cortex became more 'adult-like' as a function of children's comprehension of character mental states. These results suggest that cortical temporal hierarchy in middle childhood is immature and may be important for an accurate representation of complex naturalistic social stimuli during this age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Moraczewski
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Computation and Mathematics for Biological Networks, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Jazlyn Nketia
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Cognitive, Linguistics, And Psychological Sciences, Brown University, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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17
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Long X, Kar P, Gibbard B, Tortorelli C, Lebel C. The brain's functional connectome in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102082. [PMID: 31795047 PMCID: PMC6889793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used fMRI to study young children with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). We measured the functional connectome and its stability within and across participants. The PAE group had similar graph theory metrics to controls. The PAE group, but not controls, had increasing intra-participant stability with age. Controls, but not the PAE group, had increasing inter-participant stability with age.
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to altered brain function and structure, as well as lifelong cognitive, behavioral, and mental health difficulties. Previous research has shown reduced brain network efficiency in older children and adolescents with PAE, but no imaging studies have examined brain differences in young children with PAE, at an age when cognitive and behavioral problems often first become apparent. The present study aimed to investigate the brain's functional connectome in young children with PAE using passive viewing fMRI. We analyzed 34 datasets from 26 children with PAE aged 2–7 years and 215 datasets from 87 unexposed typically-developing children in the same age range. The whole brain functional connectome was constructed using functional connectivity analysis across 90 regions for each dataset. We examined intra- and inter-participant stability of the functional connectome, graph theoretical measurements, and their correlations with age. Children with PAE had similar inter- and intra-participant stability to controls. However, children with PAE, but not controls, showed increasing intra-participant stability with age, suggesting a lack of variability of intrinsic brain activity over time. Inter-participant stability increased with age in controls but not in children with PAE, indicating more variability of brain function across the PAE population. Global graph metrics were similar between children with PAE and controls, in line with previous studies in older children. This study characterizes the functional connectome in young children with PAE for the first time, suggesting that the increased brain variability seen in older children develops early in childhood, when participants with PAE fail to show the expected age-related increases in inter-individual stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Long
- Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary T3B6A8, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada
| | - Preeti Kar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada
| | - Ben Gibbard
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Catherine Lebel
- Alberta Children's Hospital, 28 Oki Drive NW, Calgary T3B6A8, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Canada.
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18
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Szabó D, Czeibert K, Kettinger Á, Gácsi M, Andics A, Miklósi Á, Kubinyi E. Resting-state fMRI data of awake dogs (Canis familiaris) via group-level independent component analysis reveal multiple, spatially distributed resting-state networks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15270. [PMID: 31649271 PMCID: PMC6813298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state networks are spatially distributed, functionally connected brain regions. Studying these networks gives us information about the large-scale functional organization of the brain and alternations in these networks are considered to play a role in a wide range of neurological conditions and aging. To describe resting-state networks in dogs, we measured 22 awake, unrestrained individuals of both sexes and carried out group-level spatial independent component analysis to explore whole-brain connectivity patterns. In this exploratory study, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we found several such networks: a network involving prefrontal, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate and hippocampal regions; sensorimotor (SMN), auditory (AUD), frontal (FRO), cerebellar (CER) and striatal networks. The network containing posterior cingulate regions, similarly to Primates, but unlike previous studies in dogs, showed antero-posterior connectedness with involvement of hippocampal and lateral temporal regions. The results give insight into the resting-state networks of awake animals from a taxon beyond rodents through a non-invasive method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Szabó
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Ethology, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Kálmán Czeibert
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Ethology, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Kettinger
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Ethology, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Andics
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Ethology, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE 'Lendület' Neuroethology of Communication Research Group, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Ethology, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Eötvös Loránd University, Department of Ethology, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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19
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Shapiro ALB, Johnson SL, Sutton B, Legget KT, Dabelea D, Tregellas JR. Eating in the absence of hunger in young children is related to brain reward network hyperactivity and reduced functional connectivity in executive control networks. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12502. [PMID: 30659756 PMCID: PMC6684353 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has implicated disinhibited eating behaviours (DEB) as a potential pathway toward obesity development in children. However, the underlying neurobiology of disinhibited eating behaviours in young, healthy weight children, prior to obesity development, remains unknown. OBJECTIVES This study tested the relationship between DEB and intrinsic neuronal activity and connectivity in young children without obesity. METHODS Brain networks implicated in overeating including reward, salience and executive control networks, and the default mode network were investigated. DEB was measured by the eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) paradigm with postlunch kilocalories consumed from highly palatable foods (EAH kcal) used as the predictor. Intrinsic neuronal activity within and connectivity between specified networks were measured via resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Eighteen typically developing children (mean age = 5.8 years) were included. RESULTS EAH kcal was positively associated with activity of the nucleus accumbens, a major reward network hub (P < 0.05, corrected). EAH kcal was negatively associated with intrinsic prefrontal cortex connectivity to the striatum (P < 0.01, corrected). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that neural aspects of DEB are detectable in young children without obesity, providing a potential tool to better understand the development of obesity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. B. Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-Anschutz)
| | | | - Brianne Sutton
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-Anschutz)
| | - Kristina T. Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-Anschutz)
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, CU-Anschutz
| | - Jason R. Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus (CU-Anschutz)
- Research Service, Denver Veteran’s Administration Medical Center
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20
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Richardson H. Development of brain networks for social functions: Confirmatory analyses in a large open source dataset. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 37:100598. [PMID: 30522854 PMCID: PMC6969289 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human observers show robust activity in distinct brain networks during movie-viewing. For example, scenes that emphasize characters' thoughts evoke activity in the "Theory of Mind" (ToM) network, whereas scenes that emphasize characters' bodily sensations evoke activity in the "Pain Matrix." A prior exploratory fMRI study used a naturalistic movie-viewing stimulus to study the developmental origins of this functional dissociation, and the links between cortical and cognitive changes in children's social development (Richardson et al., 2018). To replicate and extend this work, the current study utilized a large publicly available dataset (n = 241, ages 5-20 years) (Alexander et al., 2017) who viewed "The Present" (Frey, 2014) and completed a resting state scan (n = 200) while undergoing fMRI. This study provides confirmatory evidence that 1) ToM and pain networks are functionally dissociated early in development, 2) selectivity increases with age, and in ToM regions, with a behavioral index of social reasoning. Additionally, while inter-region correlations are similar when measured during the movie and at rest, only inter-region correlations measured during movie-viewing correlated with functional maturity. This study demonstrates the scientific benefits of open source data in developmental cognitive neuroscience, and provides insight into the relationship between functional and intrinsic properties of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Richardson
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 43 Vassar Street, 46-4021, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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21
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Rohr CS, Dimond D, Schuetze M, Cho IY, Lichtenstein-Vidne L, Okon-Singer H, Dewey D, Bray S. Girls’ attentive traits associate with cerebellar to dorsal attention and default mode network connectivity. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:84-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vanderwal T, Eilbott J, Castellanos FX. Movies in the magnet: Naturalistic paradigms in developmental functional neuroimaging. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100600. [PMID: 30551970 PMCID: PMC6969259 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of movie-watching as an acquisition state for functional connectivity (FC) MRI has recently enabled multiple groups to obtain rich data sets in younger children with both substantial sample sizes and scan durations. Using naturalistic paradigms such as movies has also provided analytic flexibility for these developmental studies that extends beyond conventional resting state approaches. This review highlights the advantages and challenges of using movies for developmental neuroimaging and explores some of the methodological issues involved in designing pediatric studies with movies. Emerging themes from movie-watching studies are discussed, including an emphasis on intersubject correlations, developmental changes in network interactions under complex naturalistic conditions, and dynamic age-related changes in both sensory and higher-order network FC even in narrow age ranges. Converging evidence suggests an enhanced ability to identify brain-behavior correlations in children when using movie-watching data relative to both resting state and conventional tasks. Future directions and cautionary notes highlight the potential and the limitations of using movies to study FC in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vanderwal
- University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2A1, Canada; Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven CT, 06519, United States.
| | - Jeffrey Eilbott
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven CT, 06519, United States
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- The Child Study Center at New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, United States; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, United States
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23
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Zhang H, Shen D, Lin W. Resting-state functional MRI studies on infant brains: A decade of gap-filling efforts. Neuroimage 2019; 185:664-684. [PMID: 29990581 PMCID: PMC6289773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) is one of the most prevalent brain functional imaging modalities. Previous rs-fMRI studies have mainly focused on adults and elderly subjects. Recently, infant rs-fMRI studies have become an area of active research. After a decade of gap filling studies, many facets of the brain functional development from early infancy to toddler has been uncovered. However, infant rs-fMRI is still in its infancy. The image analysis tools for neonates and young infants can be quite different from those for adults. From data analysis to result interpretation, more questions and issues have been raised, and new hypotheses have been formed. With the anticipated availability of unprecedented high-resolution rs-fMRI and dedicated analysis pipelines from the Baby Connectome Project (BCP), it is important now to revisit previous findings and hypotheses, discuss and comment existing issues and problems, and make a "to-do-list" for the future studies. This review article aims to comprehensively review a decade of the findings, unveiling hidden jewels of the fields of developmental neuroscience and neuroimage computing. Emphases will be given to early infancy, particularly the first few years of life. In this review, an end-to-end summary, from infant rs-fMRI experimental design to data processing, and from the development of individual functional systems to large-scale brain functional networks, is provided. A comprehensive summary of the rs-fMRI findings in developmental patterns is highlighted. Furthermore, an extensive summary of the neurodevelopmental disorders and the effects of other hazardous factors is provided. Finally, future research trends focusing on emerging dynamic functional connectivity and state-of-the-art functional connectome analysis are summarized. In next decade, early infant rs-fMRI and developmental connectome study could be one of the shining research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Dinggang Shen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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24
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Rohr CS, Vinette SA, Parsons KAL, Cho IYK, Dimond D, Benischek A, Lebel C, Dewey D, Bray S. Functional Connectivity of the Dorsal Attention Network Predicts Selective Attention in 4-7 year-old Girls. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4350-4360. [PMID: 27522072 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood is a period of profound neural development and remodeling during which attention skills undergo rapid maturation. Attention networks have been extensively studied in the adult brain, yet relatively little is known about changes in early childhood, and their relation to cognitive development. We investigated the association between age and functional connectivity (FC) within the dorsal attention network (DAN) and the association between FC and attention skills in early childhood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected during passive viewing in 44 typically developing female children between 4 and 7 years whose sustained, selective, and executive attention skills were assessed. FC of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the frontal eye fields (FEF) was computed across the entire brain and regressed against age. Age was positively associated with FC between core nodes of the DAN, the IPS and the FEF, and negatively associated with FC between the DAN and regions of the default-mode network. Further, controlling for age, FC between the IPS and FEF was significantly associated with selective attention. These findings add to our understanding of early childhood development of attention networks and suggest that greater FC within the DAN is associated with better selective attention skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Rohr
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8
| | - Sarah A Vinette
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8.,Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Kari A L Parsons
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8.,Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Ivy Y K Cho
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8.,Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Dennis Dimond
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8.,Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Alina Benischek
- Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8
| | - Catherine Lebel
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8.,Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Signe Bray
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.,Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3B 6A8.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T3B 6A8.,Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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25
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Kauttonen J, Hlushchuk Y, Jääskeläinen IP, Tikka P. Brain mechanisms underlying cue-based memorizing during free viewing of movie Memento. Neuroimage 2018; 172:313-325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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26
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On the relation between theory of mind and executive functioning: A developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:2119-2140. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-018-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Rohr CS, Arora A, Cho IYK, Katlariwala P, Dimond D, Dewey D, Bray S. Functional network integration and attention skills in young children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:200-211. [PMID: 29587178 PMCID: PMC6969078 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children acquire attention skills rapidly during early childhood as their brains undergo vast neural development. Attention is well studied in the adult brain, yet due to the challenges associated with scanning young children, investigations in early childhood are sparse. Here, we examined the relationship between age, attention and functional connectivity (FC) during passive viewing in multiple intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) in 60 typically developing girls between 4 and 7 years whose sustained, selective and executive attention skills were assessed. Visual, auditory, sensorimotor, default mode (DMN), dorsal attention (DAN), ventral attention (VAN), salience, and frontoparietal ICNs were identified via Independent Component Analysis and subjected to a dual regression. Individual spatial maps were regressed against age and attention skills, controlling for age. All ICNs except the VAN showed regions of increasing FC with age. Attention skills were associated with FC in distinct networks after controlling for age: selective attention positively related to FC in the DAN; sustained attention positively related to FC in visual and auditory ICNs; and executive attention positively related to FC in the DMN and visual ICN. These findings suggest distributed network integration across this age range and highlight how multiple ICNs contribute to attention skills in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Rohr
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Anish Arora
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ivy Y K Cho
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prayash Katlariwala
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Dimond
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Signe Bray
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Imaging Research Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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28
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Moraczewski D, Chen G, Redcay E. Inter-subject synchrony as an index of functional specialization in early childhood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2252. [PMID: 29396415 PMCID: PMC5797124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood is a time of significant change within multiple cognitive domains including social cognition, memory, executive function, and language; however, the corresponding neural changes remain poorly understood. This is likely due to the difficulty in acquiring artifact-free functional MRI data during complex task-based or unconstrained resting-state experiments in young children. In addition, task-based and resting state experiments may not capture dynamic real-world processing. Here we overcome both of these challenges through use of naturalistic viewing (i.e., passively watching a movie in the scanner) combined with inter-subject neural synchrony to examine functional specialization within 4- and 6-year old children. Using a novel and stringent crossed random effect statistical analysis, we find that children show more variable patterns of activation compared to adults, particularly within regions of the default mode network (DMN). In addition, we found partial evidence that child-to-adult synchrony increased as a function of age within a DMN region: the temporoparietal junction. Our results suggest age-related differences in functional brain organization within a cross-sectional sample during an ecologically valid context and demonstrate that neural synchrony during naturalistic viewing fMRI can be used to examine functional specialization during early childhood - a time when neural and cognitive systems are in flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Moraczewski
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Computation and Mathematics for Biological Networks, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Gang Chen
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Elizabeth Redcay
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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29
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Greene DJ, Koller JM, Hampton JM, Wesevich V, Van AN, Nguyen AL, Hoyt CR, McIntyre L, Earl EA, Klein RL, Shimony JS, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL, Fair DA, Dosenbach NUF. Behavioral interventions for reducing head motion during MRI scans in children. Neuroimage 2018; 171:234-245. [PMID: 29337280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A major limitation to structural and functional MRI (fMRI) scans is their susceptibility to head motion artifacts. Even submillimeter movements can systematically distort functional connectivity, morphometric, and diffusion imaging results. In patient care, sedation is often used to minimize head motion, but it incurs increased costs and risks. In research settings, sedation is typically not an ethical option. Therefore, safe methods that reduce head motion are critical for improving MRI quality, especially in high movement individuals such as children and neuropsychiatric patients. We investigated the effects of (1) viewing movies and (2) receiving real-time visual feedback about head movement in 24 children (5-15 years old). Children completed fMRI scans during which they viewed a fixation cross (i.e., rest) or a cartoon movie clip, and during some of the scans they also received real-time visual feedback about head motion. Head motion was significantly reduced during movie watching compared to rest and when receiving feedback compared to receiving no feedback. However, these results depended on age, such that the effects were largely driven by the younger children. Children older than 10 years showed no significant benefit. We also found that viewing movies significantly altered the functional connectivity of fMRI data, suggesting that fMRI scans during movies cannot be equated to standard resting-state fMRI scans. The implications of these results are twofold: (1) given the reduction in head motion with behavioral interventions, these methods should be tried first for all clinical and structural MRIs in lieu of sedation; and (2) for fMRI research scans, these methods can reduce head motion in certain groups, but investigators must keep in mind the effects on functional MRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Greene
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, United States.
| | - Jonathan M Koller
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Hampton
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Victoria Wesevich
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Andrew N Van
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Annie L Nguyen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Catherine R Hoyt
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Program in Occupational Therapy, United States
| | - Lindsey McIntyre
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Eric A Earl
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, United States
| | - Rachel L Klein
- Oregon Health and Science University, Psychiatry, United States
| | - Joshua S Shimony
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, United States
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Neuroscience, United States
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Neuroscience, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Pediatrics, United States
| | - Damien A Fair
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, United States; Oregon Health and Science University, Psychiatry, United States
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Pediatrics, United States; Washington University School of Medicine, Program in Occupational Therapy, United States.
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30
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Gilson M, Deco G, Friston KJ, Hagmann P, Mantini D, Betti V, Romani GL, Corbetta M. Effective connectivity inferred from fMRI transition dynamics during movie viewing points to a balanced reconfiguration of cortical interactions. Neuroimage 2017; 180:534-546. [PMID: 29024792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Our behavior entails a flexible and context-sensitive interplay between brain areas to integrate information according to goal-directed requirements. However, the neural mechanisms governing the entrainment of functionally specialized brain areas remain poorly understood. In particular, the question arises whether observed changes in the regional activity for different cognitive conditions are explained by modifications of the inputs to the brain or its connectivity? We observe that transitions of fMRI activity between areas convey information about the tasks performed by 19 subjects, watching a movie versus a black screen (rest). We use a model-based framework that explains this spatiotemporal functional connectivity pattern by the local variability for 66 cortical regions and the network effective connectivity between them. We find that, among the estimated model parameters, movie viewing affects to a larger extent the local activity, which we interpret as extrinsic changes related to the increased stimulus load. However, detailed changes in the effective connectivity preserve a balance in the propagating activity and select specific pathways such that high-level brain regions integrate visual and auditory information, in particular boosting the communication between the two brain hemispheres. These findings speak to a dynamic coordination underlying the functional integration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Gilson
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, Barcelona, 08018, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avanats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Hagmann
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland; Signal Processing Lab 5, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 11, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dante Mantini
- Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, 101 Tervuursevest, 3001, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, 15 Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Viviana Betti
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy; Fondazione Santa Lucia, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 00142, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Romani
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technologies - G. dAnnunzio University Foundation, Department of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Science, G. dAnnunzio University, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology, Anatomy of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, St Louis, USA
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31
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Thompson GJ. Neural and metabolic basis of dynamic resting state fMRI. Neuroimage 2017; 180:448-462. [PMID: 28899744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) as a technique showed much initial promise for use in psychiatric and neurological diseases where diagnosis and treatment were difficult. To realize this promise, many groups have moved towards examining "dynamic rsfMRI," which relies on the assumption that rsfMRI measurements on short time scales remain relevant to the underlying neural and metabolic activity. Many dynamic rsfMRI studies have demonstrated differences between clinical or behavioral groups beyond what static rsfMRI measured, suggesting a neurometabolic basis. Correlative studies combining dynamic rsfMRI and other physiological measurements have supported this. However, they also indicate multiple mechanisms and, if using correlation alone, it is difficult to separate cause and effect. Hypothesis-driven studies are needed, a few of which have begun to illuminate the underlying neurometabolic mechanisms that shape observed differences in dynamic rsfMRI. While the number of potential noise sources, potential actual neurometabolic sources, and methodological considerations can seem overwhelming, dynamic rsfMRI provides a rich opportunity in systems neuroscience. Even an incrementally better understanding of the neurometabolic basis of dynamic rsfMRI would expand rsfMRI's research and clinical utility, and the studies described herein take the first steps on that path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth J Thompson
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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32
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Age-related functional brain changes in young children. Neuroimage 2017; 155:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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33
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Vanderwal T, Eilbott J, Finn ES, Craddock RC, Turnbull A, Castellanos FX. Individual differences in functional connectivity during naturalistic viewing conditions. Neuroimage 2017. [PMID: 28625875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturalistic viewing paradigms such as movies have been shown to reduce participant head motion and improve arousal during fMRI scanning relative to task-free rest, and have been used to study both functional connectivity and stimulus-evoked BOLD-signal changes. These task-based hemodynamic changes are synchronized across subjects and involve large areas of the cortex, and it is unclear whether individual differences in functional connectivity are enhanced or diminished under such naturalistic conditions. This work first aims to characterize variability in BOLD-signal based functional connectivity (FC) across 2 distinct movie conditions and eyes-open rest (n=31 healthy adults, 2 scan sessions each). We found that movies have higher within- and between-subject correlations in cluster-wise FC relative to rest. The anatomical distribution of inter-individual variability was similar across conditions, with higher variability occurring at the lateral prefrontal lobes and temporoparietal junctions. Second, we used an unsupervised test-retest matching algorithm that identifies individual subjects from within a group based on FC patterns, quantifying the accuracy of the algorithm across the three conditions. The movies and resting state all enabled identification of individual subjects based on FC matrices, with accuracies between 61% and 100%. Overall, pairings involving movies outperformed rest, and the social, faster-paced movie attained 100% accuracy. When the parcellation resolution, scan duration, and number of edges used were increased, accuracies improved across conditions, and the pattern of movies>rest was preserved. These results suggest that using dynamic stimuli such as movies enhances the detection of FC patterns that are unique at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Vanderwal
- Yale University, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Eilbott
- Yale University, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Emily S Finn
- Yale University, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - R Cameron Craddock
- Child Mind Institute, 445 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10022, USA; Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Adam Turnbull
- Yale University, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - F Xavier Castellanos
- Child Study Center at New York University Langone Medical Center, 1 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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34
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Engelhardt LE, Roe MA, Juranek J, DeMaster D, Harden KP, Tucker-Drob EM, Church JA. Children's head motion during fMRI tasks is heritable and stable over time. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:58-68. [PMID: 28223034 PMCID: PMC5478437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Head motion during fMRI scans negatively impacts data quality, and as post-acquisition techniques for addressing motion become increasingly stringent, data retention decreases. Studies conducted with adult participants suggest that movement acts as a relatively stable, heritable phenotype that serves as a marker for other genetically influenced phenotypes. Whether these patterns extend downward to childhood has critical implications for the interpretation and generalizability of fMRI data acquired from children. We examined factors affecting scanner motion in two samples: a population-based twin sample of 73 participants (ages 7–12 years) and a case-control sample of 32 non-struggling and 78 struggling readers (ages 8–11 years), 30 of whom were scanned multiple times. Age, but not ADHD symptoms, was significantly related to scanner movement. Movement also varied as a function of task type, run length, and session length. Twin pair concordance for head motion was high for monozygotic twins and moderate for dizygotic twins. Cross-session test-retest reliability was high. Together, these findings suggest that children’s head motion is a genetically influenced trait that has the potential to systematically affect individual differences in BOLD changes within and across groups. We discuss recommendations for future work and best practices for pediatric neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| | - Mary Abbe Roe
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Jenifer Juranek
- The Children's Learning Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - Dana DeMaster
- The Children's Learning Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, United States
| | - K Paige Harden
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States; Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Elliot M Tucker-Drob
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States; Population Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - Jessica A Church
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, United States; Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
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35
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Gao W, Lin W, Grewen K, Gilmore JH. Functional Connectivity of the Infant Human Brain: Plastic and Modifiable. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:169-184. [PMID: 26929236 PMCID: PMC5145769 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416635986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Infancy is a critical and immensely important period in human brain development. Subtle changes during this stage may be greatly amplified with the unfolding of different developmental processes, exerting far-reaching consequences. Studies of the structure and behavioral manifestations of the infant brain are fruitful. However, the specific functional brain mechanisms that enable the execution of different behaviors remained elusive until the advent of functional connectivity fMRI (fcMRI), which provides an unprecedented opportunity to probe the infant functional brain development in vivo. Since its inception, a burgeoning field of infant brain functional connectivity study has emerged and thrived during the past decade. In this review, we describe (1) findings of normal development of functional connectivity networks and their relationships to behaviors and (2) disruptions of the normative functional connectivity development due to identifiable genetic and/or environmental risk factors during the first 2 years of human life. Technical considerations of infant fcMRI are also provided. It is our hope to consolidate previous findings so that the field can move forward with a clearer picture toward the ultimate goal of fcMRI-based objective methods for early diagnosis/identification of risks and evaluation of early interventions to optimize developing functional connectivity networks in this critical developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- 1 Biomedical Imaging Research Institute (BIRI), Department of Biomedical Sciences and Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- 2 Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karen Grewen
- 3 Departments of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, and Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John H Gilmore
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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