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Russo V, Bilucaglia M, Casiraghi C, Chiarelli S, Columbano M, Fici A, Rivetti F, Rossi C, Valesi R, Zito M. Neuroselling: applying neuroscience to selling for a new business perspective. An analysis on teleshopping advertising. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1238879. [PMID: 37854144 PMCID: PMC10579604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an innovative research project that aims to study the emotional factors influencing decision-making elicited by infomercials, a powerful sales technique that uses emotional communication to engage viewers, capture attention, and build trust. Using cutting-edge consumer neuroscience techniques, this study focuses on the identification of the variables that most impact the Call-to-Action and Purchase Intention. Forty participants were selected and divided into two groups, with each group exposed to one of two infomercials (condition A = male seller; condition B = female seller). EEG signals were recorded as well as Eye-tracking data. After the viewing, participants completed a self-report questionnaire. Results show that seller characteristics such as Performance and Trustworthiness, as well as Neurophysiological variables such as Approach-Withdrawal Index, Willingness to Pay, Attention and Engagement, significantly impact the final Call-to-Action, Purchase Intention, and infomercial Likeability responses. Moreover, eye-tracking data revealed that the more time is spent observing crucial areas of the infomercial, the more it will increase our Willingness to Pay and our interest and willingness to approach the infomercial and product. These findings highlight the importance of considering both the Seller attributes and the consumers' Neurophysiological responses to understand and predict their behaviors in response to marketing stimuli since they all seem to play a crucial role in shaping consumers' attitudes and purchase intentions. Overall, the study is a significant pilot in the new field of neuroselling, shedding light on crucial emotional aspects of the seller/buyer relationship and providing valuable insights for researchers and marketers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Russo
- Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behaviour “Carlo A. Ricciardi”, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bilucaglia
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Casiraghi
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Chiarelli
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Columbano
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fici
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiamma Rivetti
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Rossi
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valesi
- Department of Management, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Margherita Zito
- Department of Business, Law, Economics and Consumer Behaviour “Carlo A. Ricciardi”, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
- Behavior and Brain Lab IULM – Neuromarketing Research Center, Università IULM, Milan, Italy
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Christoforou C, Theodorou M, Fella A, Papadopoulos TC. RAN-related neural-congruency: a machine learning approach toward the study of the neural underpinnings of naming speed. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1076501. [PMID: 37408955 PMCID: PMC10319123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1076501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Naming speed, behaviorally measured via the serial Rapid automatized naming (RAN) test, is one of the most examined underlying cognitive factors of reading development and reading difficulties (RD). However, the unconstrained-reading format of serial RAN has made it challenging for traditional EEG analysis methods to extract neural components for studying the neural underpinnings of naming speed. The present study aims to explore a novel approach to isolate neural components during the serial RAN task that are (a) informative of group differences between children with dyslexia (DYS) and chronological age controls (CAC), (b) improve the power of analysis, and (c) are suitable for deciphering the neural underpinnings of naming speed. Methods We propose a novel machine-learning-based algorithm that extracts spatiotemporal neural components during serial RAN, termed RAN-related neural-congruency components. We demonstrate our approach on EEG and eye-tracking recordings from 60 children (30 DYS and 30 CAC), under phonologically or visually similar, and dissimilar control tasks. Results Results reveal significant differences in the RAN-related neural-congruency components between DYS and CAC groups in all four conditions. Conclusion Rapid automatized naming-related neural-congruency components capture the neural activity of cognitive processes associated with naming speed and are informative of group differences between children with dyslexia and typically developing children. Significance We propose the resulting RAN-related neural-components as a methodological framework to facilitate studying the neural underpinnings of naming speed and their association with reading performance and related difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Christoforou
- Division of Computer Science, Mathematics and Science, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Argyro Fella
- Department of Education, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Timothy C. Papadopoulos
- Department of Psychology and Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Kosonogov V, Shelepenkov D, Rudenkiy N. EEG and peripheral markers of viewer ratings: a study of short films. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1148205. [PMID: 37378009 PMCID: PMC10291053 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1148205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cinema is an important part of modern culture, influencing millions of viewers. Research suggested many models for the prediction of film success, one of them being the use of neuroscientific tools. The aim of our study was to find physiological markers of viewer perception and correlate them to short film ratings given by our subjects. Short films are used as a test case for directors and screenwriters and can be created to raise funding for future projects; however, they have not been studied properly with physiological methods. Methods We recorded electroencephalography (18 sensors), facial electromyography (corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major), photoplethysmography, and skin conductance in 21 participants while watching and evaluating 8 short films (4 dramas and 4 comedies). Also, we used machine learning (CatBoost, SVR) to predict the exact rating of each film (from 1 to 10), based on all physiological indicators. In addition, we classified each film as low or high rated by our subjects (with Logistic Regression, KNN, decision tree, CatBoost, and SVC). Results The results showed that ratings did not differ between genres. Corrugator supercilii activity ("frowning" muscle) was larger when watching dramas; whereas zygomaticus major ("smiling" muscle) activity was larger during the watching of comedies. Of all somatic and vegetative markers, only zygomaticus major activity, PNN50, SD1/SD2 (heart rate variability parameters) positively correlated to the film ratings. The EEG engagement indices, beta/(alpha+theta) and beta/alpha correlated positively with the film ratings in the majority of sensors. Arousal (betaF3 + betaF4)/(alphaF3 + alphaF4), and valence (alphaF4/betaF4) - (alphaF3/betaF3) indices also correlated positively to film ratings. When we attempted to predict exact ratings, MAPE was 0.55. As for the binary classification, logistic regression yielded the best values (area under the ROC curve = 0.62) than other methods (0.51-0.60). Discussion Overall, we revealed EEG and peripheral markers, which reflect viewer ratings and can predict them to a certain extent. In general, high film ratings can reflect a fusion of high arousal and different valence, positive valence being more important. These findings broaden our knowledge about the physiological basis of viewer perception and can be potentially used at the stage of film production.
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Hakim A, Golan I, Yefet S, Levy DJ. DeePay: deep learning decodes EEG to predict consumer's willingness to pay for neuromarketing. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1153413. [PMID: 37342823 PMCID: PMC10277553 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1153413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing demand within consumer-neuroscience (or neuromarketing) for objective neural measures to quantify consumers' subjective valuations and predict responses to marketing campaigns. However, the properties of EEG raise difficulties for these aims: small datasets, high dimensionality, elaborate manual feature extraction, intrinsic noise, and between-subject variations. We aimed to overcome these limitations by combining unique techniques of Deep Learning Networks (DLNs), while providing interpretable results for neuroscientific and decision-making insight. In this study, we developed a DLN to predict subjects' willingness to pay (WTP) based on their EEG data. In each trial, 213 subjects observed a product's image, from 72 possible products, and then reported their WTP for the product. The DLN employed EEG recordings from product observation to predict the corresponding reported WTP values. Our results showed 0.276 test root-mean-square-error and 75.09% test accuracy in predicting high vs. low WTP, surpassing other models and a manual feature extraction approach. Network visualizations provided the predictive frequencies of neural activity, their scalp distributions, and critical timepoints, shedding light on the neural mechanisms involved with evaluation. In conclusion, we show that DLNs may be the superior method to perform EEG-based predictions, to the benefit of decision-making researchers and marketing practitioners alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hakim
- Neuroeconomics and Neuromarketing Lab, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Itamar Golan
- Amir Globerson Research Group, Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Sharon Yefet
- Neuroeconomics and Neuromarketing Lab, Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Dino J. Levy
- Neuroeconomics and Neuromarketing Lab, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Neuroeconomics and Neuromarketing Lab, Coller School of Management, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Meng X, Wang L. Do you like it or not? Identifying preference using an electroencephalogram during the viewing of short videos. Psych J 2023. [PMID: 37186458 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Accurately predicting whether a short video will be liked by viewers is a topic of interest to media researchers. This study used an electroencephalogram (EEG) to record neural activity in 109 participants as they watched short videos (16 clips per person) to see which neural signals reflected viewers' preferences. The results showed that, compared with the short videos they disliked, individuals would experience positive emotions [indexed by a higher theta power, lower (beta - theta)/(beta + theta) score], more relaxed states (indexed by a lower beta power), lower levels of mental engagement and alertness [indexed by a lower beta/(alpha + theta) score], and devote more attention (indexed by lower alpha/theta) when watching short videos they liked. We further used artificial neural networks to classify the neural signals of different preferences induced by short videos. The classification accuracy was the highest when using data from bands over the whole brain, which was 75.78%. These results may indicate the potential of EEG measurement to evaluate the subjective preferences of individuals for short videos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Media Convergence and Communication, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
- Neuroscience and Intelligent Media Institute, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Xu
- School of Journalism, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangli Meng
- School of International Studies, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- School of Animation and Digital Art, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
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Ntoumanis I, Davydova A, Sheronova J, Panidi K, Kosonogov V, Shestakova AN, Jääskeläinen IP, Klucharev V. Neural mechanisms of expert persuasion on willingness to pay for sugar. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1147140. [PMID: 36992860 PMCID: PMC10040640 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1147140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sugar consumption is associated with many negative health consequences. It is, therefore, important to understand what can effectively influence individuals to consume less sugar. We recently showed that a healthy eating call by a health expert can significantly decrease the willingness to pay (WTP) for sugar-containing food. Here, we investigate which aspects of neural responses to the same healthy eating call can predict the efficacy of expert persuasion.Methods: Forty-five healthy participants performed two blocks of a bidding task, in which they had to bid on sugar-containing, sugar-free and non-edible products, while their electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. In between the two blocks, they listened to a healthy eating call by a nutritionist emphasizing the risks of sugar consumption.Results: We found that after listening to the healthy eating call, participants significantly decreased their WTP for sugar-containing products. Moreover, a higher intersubject correlation of EEG (a measure of engagement) during listening to the healthy eating call resulted in a larger decrease in WTP for sugar-containing food. Whether or not a participant’s valuation of a product was highly influenced by the healthy eating call could also be predicted by spatiotemporal patterns of EEG responses to the healthy eating call, using a machine learning classification model. Finally, the healthy eating call increased the amplitude of the P300 component of the visual event-related potential in response to sugar-containing food.Disussion: Overall, our results shed light on the neural basis of expert persuasion and demonstrate that EEG is a powerful tool to design and assess health-related advertisements before they are released to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ntoumanis
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Ioannis Ntoumanis
| | - Alina Davydova
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Sheronova
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Panidi
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kosonogov
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N. Shestakova
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iiro P. Jääskeläinen
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Vasily Klucharev
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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Central EEG Beta/Alpha Ratio Predicts the Population-Wide Efficiency of Advertisements. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010057. [PMID: 36672039 PMCID: PMC9856603 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the brain activity of a group of people can be used to forecast choices at the population level. In this study, we attempted to neuroforecast aggregate consumer behavior of Internet users. During our electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking study, participants were exposed to 10 banners that were also used in the real digital marketing campaign. In the separate online study, we additionally collected self-reported preferences for the same banners. We explored the relationship between the EEG, eye-tracking, and behavioral indexes obtained in our studies and the banners' aggregate efficiency provided by the large food retailer based on the decisions of 291,301 Internet users. An EEG-based engagement index (central beta/alpha ratio) significantly correlated with the aggregate efficiency of banners. Furthermore, our multiple linear regression models showed that a combination of eye-tracking, EEG and behavioral measurements better explained the market-level efficiency of banner advertisements than each measurement alone. Overall, our results confirm that neural signals of a relatively small number of individuals can forecast aggregate behavior at the population level.
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Byrne A, Bonfiglio E, Rigby C, Edelstyn N. A systematic review of the prediction of consumer preference using EEG measures and machine-learning in neuromarketing research. Brain Inform 2022; 9:27. [PMCID: PMC9663791 DOI: 10.1186/s40708-022-00175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The present paper discusses the findings of a systematic review of EEG measures in neuromarketing, identifying which EEG measures are the most robust predictor of customer preference in neuromarketing. The review investigated which TF effect (e.g., theta-band power), and ERP component (e.g., N400) was most consistently reflective of self-reported preference. Machine-learning prediction also investigated, along with the use of EEG when combined with physiological measures such as eye-tracking.
Methods
Search terms ‘neuromarketing’ and ‘consumer neuroscience’ identified papers that used EEG measures. Publications were excluded if they were primarily written in a language other than English or were not published as journal articles (e.g., book chapters). 174 papers were included in the present review.
Results
Frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) was the most reliable TF signal of preference and was able to differentiate positive from negative consumer responses. Similarly, the late positive potential (LPP) was the most reliable ERP component, reflecting conscious emotional evaluation of products and advertising. However, there was limited consistency across papers, with each measure showing mixed results when related to preference and purchase behaviour.
Conclusions and implications
FAA and the LPP were the most consistent markers of emotional responses to marketing stimuli, consumer preference and purchase intention. Predictive accuracy of FAA and the LPP was greatly improved through the use of machine-learning prediction, especially when combined with eye-tracking or facial expression analyses.
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Montagud M, Li J, Cernigliaro G, El Ali A, Fernández S, Cesar P. Towards socialVR: evaluating a novel technology for watching videos together. VIRTUAL REALITY 2022; 26:1593-1613. [PMID: 35572185 PMCID: PMC9079854 DOI: 10.1007/s10055-022-00651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Social VR enables people to interact over distance with others in real-time. It allows remote people, typically represented as avatars, to communicate and perform activities together in a shared virtual environment, extending the capabilities of traditional social platforms like Facebook and Netflix. This paper explores the benefits and drawbacks provided by a lightweight and low-cost Social VR platform (SocialVR), in which users are captured by several cameras and reconstructed in real-time. In particular, the paper contributes with (1) the design and evaluation of an experimental protocol for Social VR experiences; (2) the report of a production workflow for this new type of media experiences; and (3) the results of experiments with both end-users (N = 15 pairs) and professionals (N = 22 companies) to evaluate the potential of the SocialVR platform. Results from the questionnaires and semi-structured interviews show that end-users rated positively towards the experiences provided by the SocialVR platform, which enabled them to sense emotions and communicate effortlessly. End-users perceived the photo-realistic experience of SocialVR similar to face-to-face scenarios and appreciated this new creative medium. From a commercial perspective, professionals confirmed the potential of this communication medium and encourage further research for the adoption of the platform in the commercial landscape. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10055-022-00651-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Montagud
- i2CAT Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de València (UV), València, Spain
| | - Jie Li
- Centrum Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Abdallah El Ali
- Centrum Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pablo Cesar
- Centrum Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
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Robaina-Calderín L, Martín-Santana JD. A review of research on neuromarketing using content analysis: key approaches and new avenues. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:923-938. [PMID: 34790262 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-021-09693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a growing interest in a deeper understanding of consumer behaviour. In this context, the union of different disciplines such as neuroscience and marketing has given birth to new fields of knowledge, e.g. neuromarketing. This study is mainly aimed at carrying out a systematic revision of the literature on neuromarketing from a holistic point of view, analysing its definition and processes, as well as more specific aspects such as its ethics and applications. Based on the results of our review, following a combined methodology with a base dictionary and text mining, our study presents both the current lines of research and the future lines of work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Robaina-Calderín
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira s/n, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Spain
| | - Josefa D Martín-Santana
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira s/n, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Spain
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Christoforou C, Fella A, Leppänen PHT, Georgiou GK, Papadopoulos TC. Fixation-related potentials in naming speed: A combined EEG and eye-tracking study on children with dyslexia. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2798-2807. [PMID: 34592558 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We combined electroencephalography (EEG) and eye-tracking recordings to examine the underlying factors elicited during the serial Rapid-Automatized Naming (RAN) task that may differentiate between children with dyslexia (DYS) and chronological age controls (CAC). METHODS Thirty children with DYS and 30 CAC (Mage = 9.79 years; age range 7.6 through 12.1 years) performed a set of serial RAN tasks. We extracted fixation-related potentials (FRPs) under phonologically similar (rime-confound) or visually similar (resembling lowercase letters) and dissimilar (non-confounding and discrete uppercase letters, respectively) control tasks. RESULTS Results revealed significant differences in FRP amplitudes between DYS and CAC groups under the phonologically similar and phonologically non-confounding conditions. No differences were observed in the case of the visual conditions. Moreover, regression analysis showed that the average amplitude of the extracted components significantly predicted RAN performance. CONCLUSION FRPs capture neural components during the serial RAN task informative of differences between DYS and CAC and establish a relationship between neurocognitive processes during serial RAN and dyslexia. SIGNIFICANCE We suggest our approach as a methodological model for the concurrent analysis of neurophysiological and eye-gaze data to decipher the role of RAN in reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoforos Christoforou
- Division of Computer Science, Mathematics and Science, St. John's University, New York, United States.
| | - Argyro Fella
- School of Education, University of Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | | | - George K Georgiou
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - Timothy C Papadopoulos
- Department of Psychology & Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Cyprus.
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Leeuwis N, Pistone D, Flick N, van Bommel T. A Sound Prediction: EEG-Based Neural Synchrony Predicts Online Music Streams. Front Psychol 2021; 12:672980. [PMID: 34385953 PMCID: PMC8354316 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroforecasting predicts population-wide choices based on neural data of individuals and can be used, for example, in neuromarketing to estimate campaign successes. To deliver true value, the brain activity metrics should deliver predictive value above and beyond traditional stated preferences. Evidence from movie trailer research has proposed neural synchrony, which compares the similarity of brain responses across participants and has shown to be a promising tool in neuroforecasting for movie popularity. The music industry might also benefit from these increasingly accurate success predictors, but only one study has been forecasting music popularity, using functional magnetic resonance imaging measures. Current research validates the strength of neural synchrony as a predictive measure for popularity of music, making use of electroencephalogram to capture moment-to-moment neural similarity between respondents while they listen to music. Neural synchrony is demonstrated to be a significant predictor for public appreciation on Spotify 3 weeks and 10 months after the release of the albums, especially when combined with the release of a single. On an individual level, other brain measures were shown to relate to individual subjective likeability ratings, including Frontal Alpha Asymmetry and engagement when combined with the factors artist and single release. Our results show the predictive value of brain activity measures outperforms stated preferences. Especially, neural synchrony carries high predictive value for the popularity on Spotify, providing the music industry with an essential asset for efficient decision making and investments, in addition to other practical implications that include neuromarketing and advertising industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Leeuwis
- Unravel Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Daniela Pistone
- Applied Cognitive Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Piwowarski M, Gadomska-Lila K, Nermend K. Cognitive Neuroscience Methods in Enhancing Health Literacy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105331. [PMID: 34067790 PMCID: PMC8155837 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to identify the usefulness of cognitive neuroscience methods in assessing the effectiveness of social advertising and constructing messages referring to the generally understood health promotion, which is to contribute to the development of health awareness, and hence to health literacy. The presented research has also proven useful in the field of managing the processes that improve the communication between the organization and its environment. The researchers experimentally applied cognitive neuroscience methods, mainly EEG measurements, including a metric which is one of the most frequently used to measure the reception of advertising messages, i.e., frontal asymmetry. The purpose of the study was to test cognitive responses as expressed by neural indices (memorization, interest) to the reception of an advertisement for the construction of a hospice for adults. For comparative purposes, a questionnaire survey was also conducted. The research findings have confirmed that there are significant differences in remembering the advertisement in question by different groups of recipients (women/men). They also indicate a different level of interest in the advertisement, which may result from different preferences of the recipients concerning the nature of ads. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of how to design advertising messages concerning health, so that they increase the awareness of the recipients’ responsibility for their own health and induce specific behavior patterns aimed at supporting health-related initiatives, e.g., donating funds for building hospices or performing preventive tests. In this respect, the study findings help improve the organizations’ communication with their environment, thus enhancing their performance. The study has also confirmed the potential and innovativeness of cognitive neuroscience methods as well as their considerable possibilities for application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Piwowarski
- Department of Decision Support Methods and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Szczecin, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Kesra Nermend
- Department of Decision Support Methods and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Szczecin, 71-004 Szczecin, Poland;
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14
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Kalaganis FP, Georgiadis K, Oikonomou VP, Laskaris NA, Nikolopoulos S, Kompatsiaris I. Unlocking the Subconscious Consumer Bias: A Survey on the Past, Present, and Future of Hybrid EEG Schemes in Neuromarketing. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2021; 2:672982. [PMID: 38235255 PMCID: PMC10790945 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2021.672982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Fueled by early success stories, the neuromarketing domain advanced rapidly during the last 10 years. As exciting new techniques were being adapted from medical research to the commercial domain, many neuroscientists and marketing practitioners have taken the chance to exploit them so as to uncover the answers of the most important marketing questions. Among the available neuroimaging technologies, electroencephalography (EEG) stands out as the less invasive and most affordable method. While not equally precise as other neuroimaging technologies in terms of spatial resolution, it can capture brain activity almost at the speed of cognition. Hence, EEG constitutes a favorable candidate for recording and subsequently decoding the consumers' brain activity. However, despite its wide use in neuromarketing, it cannot provide the complete picture alone. In order to overcome the limitations imposed by a single monitoring method, researchers focus on more holistic approaches. The exploitation of hybrid EEG schemes (e.g., combining EEG with eye-tracking, electrodermal activity, heart rate, and/or other) is ever growing and will hopefully allow neuromarketing to uncover consumers' behavior. Our survey revolves around last-decade hybrid neuromarketing schemes that involve EEG as the dominant modality. Beyond covering the relevant literature and state-of-the-art findings, we also provide future directions on the field, present the limitations that accompany each of the commonly employed monitoring methods and briefly discuss the omni-present ethical scepticizm related to neuromarketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis P. Kalaganis
- MKLab, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Artificial Intelligence & Information Analysis Lab, Department of Informatics, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Georgiadis
- MKLab, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Artificial Intelligence & Information Analysis Lab, Department of Informatics, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vangelis P. Oikonomou
- Artificial Intelligence & Information Analysis Lab, Department of Informatics, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos A. Laskaris
- MKLab, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spiros Nikolopoulos
- Artificial Intelligence & Information Analysis Lab, Department of Informatics, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kompatsiaris
- Artificial Intelligence & Information Analysis Lab, Department of Informatics, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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15
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Movies and narratives as naturalistic stimuli in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117445. [PMID: 33059053 PMCID: PMC7805386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using movies and narratives as naturalistic stimuli in human neuroimaging studies has yielded significant advances in understanding of cognitive and emotional functions. The relevant literature was reviewed, with emphasis on how the use of naturalistic stimuli has helped advance scientific understanding of human memory, attention, language, emotions, and social cognition in ways that would have been difficult otherwise. These advances include discovering a cortical hierarchy of temporal receptive windows, which supports processing of dynamic information that accumulates over several time scales, such as immediate reactions vs. slowly emerging patterns in social interactions. Naturalistic stimuli have also helped elucidate how the hippocampus supports segmentation and memorization of events in day-to-day life and have afforded insights into attentional brain mechanisms underlying our ability to adopt specific perspectives during natural viewing. Further, neuroimaging studies with naturalistic stimuli have revealed the role of the default-mode network in narrative-processing and in social cognition. Finally, by robustly eliciting genuine emotions, these stimuli have helped elucidate the brain basis of both basic and social emotions apparently manifested as highly overlapping yet distinguishable patterns of brain activity.
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16
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Jääskeläinen IP, Klucharev V, Panidi K, Shestakova AN. Neural Processing of Narratives: From Individual Processing to Viral Propagation. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:253. [PMID: 32676019 PMCID: PMC7333591 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Narratives, in the form of, e.g., written stories, mouth-to-mouth accounts, audiobooks, fiction movies, and media-feeds, powerfully shape the perception of reality and widely influence human decision-making. In this review, we describe findings from recent neuroimaging studies unraveling how narratives influence the human brain, thus shaping perception, cognition, emotions, and decision-making. It appears that narrative sense-making relies on default-mode network (DMN) structures of the brain, especially precuneus. Activity in precuneus further seems to differ for fictitious vs. real narratives. Notably, high inter-subject correlation (ISC) of brain activity during narrative processing seems to predict the efficacy of a narrative. Factors that enhance the ISC of brain activity during narratives include higher levels of attention, emotional arousal, and negative emotional valence. Higher levels of attentional suspense seem to co-vary with activity in the temporoparietal junction, emotional arousal with activity in dorsal attention network, and negative emotional valence with activity in DMN. Lingering after-effects of emotional narratives have been further described in DMN, amygdala, and sensory cortical areas. Finally, inter-individual differences in personality, and cultural-background related analytical and holistic thinking styles, shape ISC of brain activity during narrative perception. Together, these findings offer promising leads for future studies elucidating the effects of narratives on the human brain, and how such effects might predict the efficacy of narratives in modulating decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.,International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasily Klucharev
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Panidi
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N Shestakova
- International Laboratory of Social Neurobiology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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17
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García-Madariaga J, Moya I, Recuero N, Blasco MF. Revealing Unconscious Consumer Reactions to Advertisements That Include Visual Metaphors. A Neurophysiological Experiment. Front Psychol 2020; 11:760. [PMID: 32477206 PMCID: PMC7235424 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main challenge of advertising is to catch consumers' attention and evoke in them positive attitudes to consequently achieve product preference and higher purchase intentions. In modern advertising, visual metaphors are widely used due to their effects such as improving advertising recall, enhancing persuasiveness, and generating consumers' positive attitudes. Previous research has pointed out the existence of an "inverted U-curve" that describes a positive relationship between the conceptual complexity of metaphors and consumers' positive reactions to them, which ends where complexity outweighs comprehension. Despite the dominance of visual metaphors in modern advertising, academic research on this topic has been relatively sparse. The inverted U-curve pattern has been validated regarding ad appreciation, ad liking, and purchase intention by using declarative methods. However, at present, there is no evidence of consumers' neurophysiological responses to visual metaphors included in advertising. Given this gap, the aim of this research is to assess consumer neurophysiological responses to print advertisements that include visual metaphors, using neuroscience-based techniques. Forty-three participants (22W-21M) were exposed to 28 stimuli according to three levels of visual complexity, while their reactions were recorded with an electroencephalogram (EEG), eye tracking (ET), and galvanic skin response (GSR). The results indicated that, regardless of metaphor type, ads with metaphors evoke more positive reactions than non-metaphor ads. EEG results revealed a positive relationship between cognitive load and conceptual complexity that is not mediated by comprehension. This suggests that the cognitive load index could be a suitable indicator of complexity, as it reflects the amount of cognitive resources needed to process stimuli. ET results showed significant differences in the time dedicated to exploring the ads; however, comprehension doesn't mediate this relationship. Moreover, no cognitive load was detected from GSR. ET and GSR results suggest that neither methodology is a suitable measure of cognitive load in the case of visual metaphors. Instead, it seems that they are more related to the attention and/or emotion devoted to the stimuli. Our empirical analysis reveals the importance of using neurophysiological measures to analyze the appropriate use of visual metaphors and to find out how to maximize their impact on advertising effectiveness.
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18
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Chan HY, Smidts A, Schoots VC, Dietvorst RC, Boksem MAS. Neural similarity at temporal lobe and cerebellum predicts out-of-sample preference and recall for video stimuli. Neuroimage 2019; 197:391-401. [PMID: 31051296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which brains respond similarly to a specific stimulus, across a small group of individuals, has been previously found to predict out-of-sample aggregate preference for that stimulus. However, the location in the brain where neural similarity predicts out-of-sample preference remains unclear. In this article, we attempt to identify the neural substrates in three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. Two fMRI studies (N = 40 and 20), using previously broadcasted TV commercials, show that spatiotemporal neural similarity at temporal lobe and cerebellum predict out-of-sample preference and recall. A follow-up fMRI study (N = 28) with previously unseen movie-trailers replicated the predictive effect of neural similarity. Moreover, neural similarity provided unique information on out-of-sample preference above and beyond in-sample preference. Overall, the findings suggest that neural similarity at temporal lobe and cerebellum - traditionally associated with sensory integration and emotional processing - may reflect the level of engagement with video stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Yee Chan
- Department of Marketing Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ale Smidts
- Department of Marketing Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent C Schoots
- Department of Marketing Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten A S Boksem
- Department of Marketing Management, Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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19
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Song P, Lin H, Liu C, Jiang Y, Lin Y, Xue Q, Xu P, Wang Y. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to the Middle Frontal Gyrus During Attention Modes Induced Dynamic Module Reconfiguration in Brain Networks. Front Neuroinform 2019; 13:22. [PMID: 31001103 PMCID: PMC6456710 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between dorsal and ventral attention networks (VANs) is mediated by the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), which is functionally connected to both networks. However, the direct role of the MFG in selective and sustained attention remains controversial. In the current study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to probe the connectivity dynamic changes of MFG-associated regions during different attention modes. The participants underwent visual, selective, and sustained attention tasks to observe TMS-induced network changes. Twenty healthy participants received single-pulse TMS over the left or right MFG during tasks, while synchronous EEG data was acquired. Behavioral results were recorded and time-varying brain network analyses were performed. We found that the MFG is involved in attention processing and that sustained attention was preferentially controlled by the right MFG. Moreover, compared with the right hemisphere, the left hemisphere was associated with selective attention tasks. Visual and selective attention tasks induced MFG-related changes in network nodes were within the left hemisphere; however, sustained attention induced changes in network nodes were in the bilateral posterior MFG. Our findings indicated that the MFG plays a crucial role in regulating attention networks. In particular, TMS-induced MFG alterations influenced key nodes of the time-varying brain network, leading to the reorganization of brain network modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Song
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanling Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yicong Lin
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xue
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Beijing, China
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20
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Individual EEG measures of attention, memory, and motivation predict population level TV viewership and Twitter engagement. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214507. [PMID: 30921406 PMCID: PMC6438528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Television (TV) programming attracts ever-growing audiences and dominates the cultural zeitgeist. Viewership and social media engagement have become standard indices of programming success. However, accurately predicting individual episode success or future show performance using traditional metrics remains a challenge. Here we examine whether TV viewership and Twitter activity can be predicted using electroencephalography (EEG) measures, which are less affected by reporting biases and which are commonly associated with different cognitive processes. 331 participants watched an hour-long episode from one of nine prime-time shows (~36 participants per episode). Three frequency-based measures were extracted: fronto-central alpha/beta asymmetry (indexing approach motivation), fronto-central alpha/theta power (indexing attention), and fronto-central theta/gamma power (indexing memory processing). All three EEG measures and the composite EEG score significantly correlated across episode segments with the two behavioral measures of TV viewership and Twitter volume. EEG measures explained more variance than either of the behavioral metrics and mediated the relationship between the two. Attentional focus was integral for both audience retention and Twitter activity, while emotional motivation was specifically linked with social engagement and program segments with high TV viewership. These findings highlight the viability of using EEG measures to predict success of TV programming and identify cognitive processes that contribute to audience engagement with television shows.
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21
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Fischer NL, Peres R, Fiorani M. Frontal Alpha Asymmetry and Theta Oscillations Associated With Information Sharing Intention. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:166. [PMID: 30116183 PMCID: PMC6082926 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media has gained increasing importance in many aspects of everyday life, from building relationships to establishing collaborative networks between individuals worldwide. Sharing behavior is an essential part of maintaining these dynamic networks. However, the precise neural factors that could be related to sharing behavior in online communities remain unclear. In this study, we recorded electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations of human subjects while they were watching short videos. The subjects were later asked to evaluate the videos based on how much they liked them and whether they would share them. We found that, at the population level, subjects watching videos that would not be shared had higher power spectral density (PSD) amplitudes in the theta band (4-8 Hz), primarily over the frontal and parietal sites of the right hemisphere, than subjects watching videos that would be shared. Previous studies have associated task disengagement with an increase in scalp-wide theta activation, which can be interpreted as a mind-wandering effect. This might suggest that the decision to not share the video may lead to a more automatic/effortless neural pattern. We also found that watching videos that would be shared was associated with lower PSD amplitudes in the alpha band (8-12 Hz) over the central and right frontal sites, and with more negative scores of frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) index scores. These results may be related to previous work linking right-sided frontal EEG asymmetry to the pursuit of social conformity and avoidance of negative outcomes, such as social isolation. Finally, using support vector machine (SVM) algorithms, we show that these EEG parameters and preference rating scores can be used to improve the predictability of sharing information behavior. The information sharing-related EEG pattern described here could therefore improve our understanding of the neural markers associated with sharing behavior and contribute to studies about stimuli propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassja L. Fischer
- Laboratory of Cognition Physiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Medical School Souza Marques, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Peres
- Laboratory of Cognition Physiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario Fiorani
- Laboratory of Cognition Physiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Christoforou C, Hatzipanayioti A, Avraamides M. Perspective Taking vs Mental Rotation: CSP-Based Single-Trial Analysis for Cognitive Process Disambiguation. Brain Inform 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05587-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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