1
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Kolić D, Kovarik Z. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Structure, function, and role in organophosphorus compound poisoning. Biofactors 2024; 50:868-884. [PMID: 38415801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning induces symptoms of the cholinergic crises with the occurrence of severe epileptic seizures. Seizures are induced by hyperstimulation of the cholinergic system, but are enhanced by hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system. Overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the elevated acetylcholine causes glutamatergic hyperexcitation and an increased influx of Ca2+ into neurons through a type of ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR). These excitotoxic signaling processes generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and activation of the neuroinflammatory response, which can lead to recurrent epileptic seizures, neuronal cell death, and long-term neurological damage. In this review, we illustrate the NMDAR structure, complexity of subunit composition, and the various receptor properties that change accordingly. Although NMDARs are in normal physiological conditions important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions, we elaborate the detrimental role NMDARs play in neurotoxicity of OPs and focus on the central role NMDAR inhibition plays in suppressing neurotoxicity and modulating the inflammatory response. The limited efficacy of current medical therapies for OP poisoning concerning the development of pharmacoresistance and mitigating proinflammatory response highlights the importance of NMDAR inhibitors in preventing neurotoxic processes and points to new avenues for exploring therapeutics for OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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2
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Wang S, He H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Cui T, Ma N. TRPV4 modulation participates in paraoxon-induced brain injury via NMDA and NLRP3 regulation. Brain Inj 2024; 38:848-857. [PMID: 38711413 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2351104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticide poisoning can lead to severe brain damage, but the specific mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Our research aims to elucidate the function of the TRPV4 ion channel in the development of brain injury induced by paraoxon (POX). METHODS In vivo, we examined the survival rate, behavioral seizures, histopathological alterations, NMDA receptor phosphorylation, as well as the expression of the NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1 complex and downstream inflammatory factors in the POX poisoning model following intervention with the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874. In vitro, we investigated the effects of GSK2193874 on NMDA-induced inward current, cell viability, cell death rate, and Ca2+ accumulation in primary hippocampal neurons. RESULTS The treatment with the TRPV4 antagonist increased the survival rate, suppressed the status epilepticus, improved pathological damage, and reduced the phosphorylation level of NMDA receptors after POX exposure. Additionally, it inhibited the upregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inflammatory cytokines expression after POX exposure. Moreover, the TRPV4 antagonist corrected the NMDA-induced increase in inward current and cell death rate, decrease in cell viability, and Ca2+ accumulation. CONCLUSION TRPV4 participates in the mechanisms of brain injury induced by POX exposure through NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Ninghong Ma
- College of Medicine, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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Zong P, Li CX, Feng J, Cicchetti M, Yue L. TRP Channels in Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1141-1159. [PMID: 37995056 PMCID: PMC11306852 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease that affects millions of patients worldwide. Unfortunately, there are no effective medications for mitigating brain injury after ischemic stroke. TRP channels are evolutionally ancient biosensors that detect external stimuli as well as tissue or cellular injury. To date, many members of the TRP superfamily have been reported to contribute to ischemic brain injury, including the TRPC subfamily (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), TRPV subfamily (1, 2, 3, 4) and TRPM subfamily (2, 4, 7). These TRP channels share structural similarities but have distinct channel functions and properties. Their activation during ischemic stroke can be beneficial, detrimental, or even both. In this review, we focus on discussing the interesting features of stroke-related TRP channels and summarizing the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for their involvement in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Zong
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
- Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, 337 Mansfield Road, Unit 1272, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Cindy X Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jianlin Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Mara Cicchetti
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, Calhoun Cardiology Center, School of Medicine (UConn Health), University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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4
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Guan PP, Cao LL, Yang Y, Wang P. Calcium Ions Aggravate Alzheimer's Disease Through the Aberrant Activation of Neuronal Networks, Leading to Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:757515. [PMID: 34924952 PMCID: PMC8674839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, leading to the formation of β-amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although calcium ions (Ca2+) promote the formation of APs and NFTs, no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD has been published. Therefore, the current review aimed to fill the gaps between elevated Ca2+ levels and the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we mainly focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the neuronal networks of neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Furthermore, the roles of Ca2+ transporters located in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosome in mediating the effects of Ca2+ on activating neuronal networks that ultimately contribute to the development and progression of AD are discussed. Finally, the drug candidates derived from herbs used as food or seasoning in Chinese daily life are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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5
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Kuppusamy M, Ottolini M, Sonkusare SK. Role of TRP ion channels in cerebral circulation and neurovascular communication. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136258. [PMID: 34560190 PMCID: PMC8572163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of blood flow is essential for meeting the high metabolic demands of the brain and maintaining brain function. Cerebral blood flow is regulated primarily by 1) the intrinsic mechanisms that determine vascular contractility and 2) signals from neurons and astrocytes that alter vascular contractility. Stimuli from neurons and astrocytes can also initiate a signaling cascade in the brain capillary endothelium to increase regional blood flow. Recent studies provide evidence that TRP channels in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, and perivascular nerves control cerebrovascular contractility and cerebral blood flow. TRP channels exert their functional effects either through cell membrane depolarization or by serving as a Ca2+ influx pathway. Endothelial cells and astrocytes also maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Both endothelial cells and astrocytes express TRP channels, and an increase in endothelial TRP channel activity has been linked with a disrupted endothelial barrier function. Therefore, TRP channels can play a potentially important role in regulating blood-brain barrier integrity. Here, we review the regulation of cerebrovascular contractility by TRP channels under healthy and disease conditions and their potential roles in maintaining blood-brain barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matteo Ottolini
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Serranito B, Cavalazzi M, Vidal P, Taurisson-Mouret D, Ciani E, Bal M, Rouvellac E, Servin B, Moreno-Romieux C, Tosser-Klopp G, Hall SJG, Lenstra JA, Pompanon F, Benjelloun B, Da Silva A. Local adaptations of Mediterranean sheep and goats through an integrative approach. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21363. [PMID: 34725398 PMCID: PMC8560853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminants are suited to a wide variety of habitats and thus represent promising study models for identifying genes underlying adaptations. Here, we considered local Mediterranean breeds of goats (n = 17) and sheep (n = 25) from Italy, France and Spain. Based on historical archives, we selected the breeds potentially most linked to a territory and defined their original cradle (i.e., the geographical area in which the breed has emerged), including transhumant pastoral areas. We then used the programs PCAdapt and LFMM to identify signatures of artificial and environmental selection. Considering cradles instead of current GPS coordinates resulted in a greater number of signatures identified by the LFMM analysis. The results, combined with a systematic literature review, revealed a set of genes with potentially key adaptive roles in relation to the gradient of aridity and altitude. Some of these genes have been previously implicated in lipid metabolism (SUCLG2, BMP2), hypoxia stress/lung function (BMPR2), seasonal patterns (SOX2, DPH6) or neuronal function (TRPC4, TRPC6). Selection signatures involving the PCDH9 and KLH1 genes, as well as NBEA/NBEAL1, were identified in both species and thus could play an important adaptive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Serranito
- INRA, EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Univ. Limoges, 87000, Limoges, France
- CRESCO, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), 35800, Dinard, France
| | | | - Pablo Vidal
- Universidad Catolica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dominique Taurisson-Mouret
- GEOLAB, UMR 6042, Univ. Limoges, Limoges, France
- CNRS, UMR 5815, Dynamiques du droit, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marie Bal
- GEOLAB, UMR 6042, Univ. Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Bertrand Servin
- GenPhySE, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Stephen J G Hall
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes A Lenstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - François Pompanon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Badr Benjelloun
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Regional Centre of Agronomic Research, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Anne Da Silva
- INRA, EA7500, USC1061 GAMAA, Univ. Limoges, 87000, Limoges, France.
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Wang S, He H, Long J, Sui X, Yang J, Lin G, Wang Q, Wang Y, Luo Y. TRPV4 Regulates Soman-Induced Status Epilepticus and Secondary Brain Injury via NMDA Receptor and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:905-920. [PMID: 33761112 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve agents are used in civil wars and terrorist attacks, posing a threat to public safety. Acute exposure to nerve agents such as soman (GD) causes serious brain damage, leading to death due to intense seizures induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibition and neuronal injury resulting from increased excitatory amino-acid levels and neuroinflammation. However, data on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective efficacies of currently-used countermeasures are limited. Here, we evaluated the potential effects of transient receptor vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in the treatment of soman-induced status epilepticus (SE) and secondary brain injury. We demonstrated that TRPV4 expression was markedly up-regulated in rat hippocampus after soman-induced seizures. Administration of the TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 prior to soman exposure significantly decreased the mortality rate in rats and reduced SE intensity. TRPV4-knockout mice also showed lower incidence of seizures and higher survival rates than wild-type mice following soman exposure. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that blocking TRPV4 prevented NMDA receptor-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity. The protein levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and its downstream cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 increased in soman-exposed rat hippocampus. However, TRPV4 inhibition or deletion markedly reversed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. In conclusion, our study suggests that the blockade of TRPV4 protects against soman exposure and reduces brain injury following SE by decreasing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation. To our knowledge, this is the first study regarding the "dual-switch" function of TRPV4 in the treatment of soman intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jianhai Long
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Xin Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guodong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
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8
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Shekhar S, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhang H, Fang X, Zhang J, Fan L, Zheng B, Roman RJ, Wang Z, Fan F, Booz GW. Novel Mechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Impact of TRPC6 in Neurovascular Coupling and Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2074. [PMID: 33669830 PMCID: PMC7922996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most disabling diseases and a leading cause of death globally. Despite advances in medical care, the global burden of stroke continues to grow, as no effective treatments to limit or reverse ischemic injury to the brain are available. However, recent preclinical findings have revealed the potential role of transient receptor potential cation 6 (TRPC6) channels as endogenous protectors of neuronal tissue. Activating TRPC6 in various cerebral ischemia models has been found to prevent neuronal death, whereas blocking TRPC6 enhances sensitivity to ischemia. Evidence has shown that Ca2+ influx through TRPC6 activates the cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) response element-binding protein (CREB), an important transcription factor linked to neuronal survival. Additionally, TRPC6 activation may counter excitotoxic damage resulting from glutamate release by attenuating the activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors of neurons by posttranslational means. Unresolved though, are the roles of TRPC6 channels in non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and endothelial cells. Moreover, TRPC6 channels may have detrimental effects on the blood-brain barrier, although their exact role in neurovascular coupling requires further investigation. This review discusses evidence-based cell-specific aspects of TRPC6 in the brain to assess the potential targets for ischemic stroke management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Shekhar
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yedan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119048, Russia
| | - Letao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
| | - George W. Booz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.L.); (S.W.); (H.Z.); (X.F.); (J.Z.); (L.F.); (B.Z.); (R.J.R.); (F.F.); (G.W.B.)
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Zhong J, Li RW, Wang J, Wang Y, Ge HF, Xian JS, Feng H, Tan L. Neuroprotection by cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin beyond the time window of thrombolysis in ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:312-318. [PMID: 32859790 PMCID: PMC7896241 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin (CEGI) injection is known as a multi-target neuroprotective drug that contains numerous liposoluble molecules, such as polypeptides, monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside (GM-1), free amino acids, hypoxanthine and carnosine. CEGI has been approved by the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration and widely used in the treatments of various diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. However, the neuroprotective effects of CEGI beyond the time window of thrombolysis (within 4.5 hours) on acute ischemic stroke remain unclear. This study constructed a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model by suture-occluded method to simulate ischemic stroke. The first daily dose was intraperitoneally injected at 8 hours post-surgery and the CEGI treatments continued for 14 days. Results of the modified five-point Bederson scale, beam balance test and rotameric test showed the neurological function of ischemic stroke rats treated with 4 mL/kg/d CEGI improved significantly, but the mortality within 14 days did not change significantly. Brain MRI and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining confirmed that the infarct size in the 4 mL/kg/d CEGI-treated rats was significantly reduced compared with ischemic insult only. The results of transmission electron microscopy and double immunofluorescence staining showed that the hippocampal neuronal necrosis in the ischemic penumbra decreased whereas the immunopositivity of new neuronal-specific protein doublecortin and the percentage of Ki67/doublecortin positive cells increased in CEGI-treated rats compared with untreated rats. Our results suggest that CEGI has an effective neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke when administered after the time window of thrombolysis. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of The Third Military Medical University, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Rong-Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hong-Fei Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Shu Xian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Jeon J, Bu F, Sun G, Tian JB, Ting SM, Li J, Aronowski J, Birnbaumer L, Freichel M, Zhu MX. Contribution of TRPC Channels in Neuronal Excitotoxicity Associated With Neurodegenerative Disease and Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:618663. [PMID: 33490083 PMCID: PMC7820370 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.618663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The seven canonical members of transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins form cation channels that evoke membrane depolarization and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+] i ) rise, which are not only important for regulating cell function but their deregulation can also lead to cell damage. Recent studies have implicated complex roles of TRPC channels in neurodegenerative diseases including ischemic stroke. Brain ischemia reduces oxygen and glucose supply to neurons, i.e., Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation (OGD), resulting in [Ca2+] i elevation, ion dyshomeostasis, and excitotoxicity, which are also common in many forms of neurodegenerative diseases. Although ionotropic glutamate receptors, e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, are well established to play roles in excitotoxicity, the contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors and their downstream effectors, i.e., TRPC channels, should not be neglected. Here, we summarize the current findings about contributions of TRPC channels in neurodegenerative diseases, with a focus on OGD-induced neuronal death and rodent models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. TRPC channels play both detrimental and protective roles to neurodegeneration depending on the TRPC subtype and specific pathological conditions involved. When illustrated the mechanisms by which TRPC channels are involved in neuronal survival or death seem differ greatly, implicating diverse and complex regulation. We provide our own data showing that TRPC1/C4/C5, especially TRPC4, may be generally detrimental in OGD and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. We propose that although TRPC channels significantly contribute to ischemic neuronal death, detailed mechanisms and specific roles of TRPC subtypes in brain injury at different stages of ischemia/reperfusion and in different brain regions need to be carefully and systematically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaepyo Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fan Bu
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guanghua Sun
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jin-Bin Tian
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shun-Ming Ting
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED UCA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,School of Medical Sciences, Catholic University of Argentina (UCA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marc Freichel
- Department of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Prikhodko V, Chernyuk D, Sysoev Y, Zernov N, Okovityi S, Popugaeva E. Potential Drug Candidates to Treat TRPC6 Channel Deficiencies in the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Ischemia. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112351. [PMID: 33114455 PMCID: PMC7692306 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia are among the many causative neurodegenerative diseases that lead to disabilities in the middle-aged and elderly population. There are no effective disease-preventing therapies for these pathologies. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the TRPC6 channel to be a promising molecular target for the development of neuroprotective agents. TRPC6 channel is a non-selective cation plasma membrane channel that is permeable to Ca2+. Its Ca2+-dependent pharmacological effect is associated with the stabilization and protection of excitatory synapses. Downregulation as well as upregulation of TRPC6 channel functions have been observed in Alzheimer’s disease and brain ischemia models. Thus, in order to protect neurons from Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia, proper TRPC6 channels modulators have to be used. TRPC6 channels modulators are an emerging research field. New chemical structures modulating the activity of TRPC6 channels are being currently discovered. The recent publication of the cryo-EM structure of TRPC6 channels should speed up the discovery process even more. This review summarizes the currently available information about potential drug candidates that may be used as basic structures to develop selective, highly potent TRPC6 channel modulators to treat neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Prikhodko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Chernyuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Yurii Sysoev
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita Zernov
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
| | - Sergey Okovityi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.P.); (D.C.); (Y.S.); (N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Sipione S, Monyror J, Galleguillos D, Steinberg N, Kadam V. Gangliosides in the Brain: Physiology, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Applications. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:572965. [PMID: 33117120 PMCID: PMC7574889 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.572965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are glycosphingolipids highly abundant in the nervous system, and carry most of the sialic acid residues in the brain. Gangliosides are enriched in cell membrane microdomains ("lipid rafts") and play important roles in the modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signaling and in the communication among cells. The importance of gangliosides in the brain is highlighted by the fact that loss of function mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic enzymes result in severe neurodegenerative disorders, often characterized by very early or childhood onset. In addition, changes in the ganglioside profile (i.e., in the relative abundance of specific gangliosides) were reported in healthy aging and in common neurological conditions, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), stroke, multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. At least in HD, PD and in some forms of epilepsy, experimental evidence strongly suggests a potential role of gangliosides in disease pathogenesis and potential treatment. In this review, we will summarize ganglioside functions that are crucial to maintain brain health, we will review changes in ganglioside levels that occur in major neurological conditions and we will discuss their contribution to cellular dysfunctions and disease pathogenesis. Finally, we will review evidence of the beneficial roles exerted by gangliosides, GM1 in particular, in disease models and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents targeting TRP channels in CNS disorders. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105026. [PMID: 32562815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), stroke, epilepsy, depression, and bipolar disorder have a high impact on both medical and social problems due to the surge in their prevalence. All of these neuronal disorders share some common etiologies including disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins further disrupt the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis by disrupting the activity of several ion channels including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channel families include non-selective Ca2+ permeable channels, which act as cellular sensors activated by various physio-chemical stimuli, exogenous, and endogenous ligands responsible for maintaining the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. TRP channels are abundantly expressed in the neuronal cells and disturbance in their activity leads to various neuronal diseases. Under the pathological conditions when the activity of TRP channels is perturbed, there is a disruption of the neuronal homeostasis through increased inflammatory response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, there is a potential of pharmacological interventions targeting TRP channels in CNS disorders. This review focuses on the role of TRP channels in neurological diseases; also, we have highlighted the current insights into the pharmacological modulators targeting TRP channels.
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14
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Liu L, Gu L, Chen M, Zheng Y, Xiong X, Zhu S. Novel Targets for Stroke Therapy: Special Focus on TRPC Channels and TRPC6. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:70. [PMID: 32256338 PMCID: PMC7093711 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death, disability, and medical care burden worldwide. However, transformation from laboratory findings toward effective pharmacological interventions for clinical stroke has been unsatisfactory. Novel evidence has been gained on the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential related to the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in several disorders. The TRP superfamily consists of a diverse group of Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channels. In particular, the members of TRP subfamilies, TRP canonical (TRPC) channels and TRPC6, have been found in different cell types in the whole body and have high levels of expression in the central nervous system (CNS). Notably, the TRPCs and TRPC6 channel have been implicated in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival during normal development and in a range of CNS pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that suppression of TRPC6 channel degradation prevents ischemic neuronal cell death in experimental stroke. Accumulating evidence supports the important functions of TRPC6 in brain ischemia. We have highlighted some crucial advancement that points toward an important involvement of TRPCs and TRPC6 in ischemic stroke. This review will make an overview of the TRP and TRPC channels due to their roles as targets for clinical trials and CNS disorders. Besides, the primary goal is to discuss and update the critical role of TRPC6 channels in stroke and provide a promising target for stroke prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Ai QD, Chen C, Chu S, Zhang Z, Luo Y, Guan F, Lin M, Liu D, Wang S, Chen N. IMM-H004 therapy for permanent focal ischemic cerebral injury via CKLF1/CCR4-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Transl Res 2019; 212:36-53. [PMID: 31176667 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a potential target for ischemic stroke therapy. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been postulated to mediate inflammatory responses during ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The compound IMM-H004 is a novel coumarin derivative that can improve cerebral I/R injury. This study aims to investigate the effects of IMM-H004 on ischemia stroke injury and further elucidate the molecular mechanisms. The standard pMCAO model of focal ischemia was used in this paper. Drugs were administered at 6 hours after ischemia, and behavioral assessment, euthanasia, and outcome measures were evaluated at 9 hours after ischemia. The effects of IMM-H004 on ischemic stroke injury were determined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, behavioral tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Nissl staining. Immunohistologic staining, immunofluorescence staining, quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and coimmunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assays were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. IMM-H004 treatment provided significant protection against ischemia stroke through a CKLF1-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway in rats. IMM-H004 downregulated the amount of CKLF1 binding with C-C chemokine receptor type 4, further suppressing the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the following inflammatory response, ultimately protecting the ischemic brain. This preclinical study established the efficacy of IMM-H004 as a potential therapeutic medicine for permanent cerebral ischemia. These results support further efforts to develop IMM-H004 for human clinical trials in acute cerebral ischemia, particularly for patients who are not suitable for reperfusion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q D Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-Class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shifeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medicine College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyu Lin
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-Class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Naihong Chen
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-Class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica and Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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16
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Li W, Yang F, Gao J, Tang Y, Wang J, Pan Y. Over-Expression of TRPC6 via CRISPR Based Synergistic Activation Mediator in BMSCs Ameliorates Brain Injury in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion. Neuroscience 2019; 415:147-160. [PMID: 31369718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major life-threatening and disabling disease with a restricted therapeutic approach. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) possess proliferative ability and a multi-directional differentiation potential, and secrete a range of trophic/growth factors that can protect neurons after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) is a family of non-selective channels permeable to Ca2+, with several functions including neuronal survival. Over-expression of TRPC6, a subtype of the TRPC family, was shown to protect neurons against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, it remains unclear whether over-expression of TRPC6 in BMSCs can further reduce brain injury after ischemia/reperfusion. In the present study, we report that over-expression of TRPC6 via a CRISPR-based synergistic activation mediator in BMSCs provided a greater reduction of brain injury in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion. Further, the improved neurofunctional outcomes were associated with increased TRPC6 and brain derived neurotrophic factor expression levels. Overall, these data suggest that TRPC6 over-expressing BMSCs may be a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Li
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Gao
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushi Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Pan
- Department of Neurology, First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Room 501, Building 3, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Wang J, Sun R, Li Z, Pan Y. Combined bone marrow stromal cells and oxiracetam treatments ameliorates acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through TRPC6. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:767-777. [PMID: 31236585 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke has become one of the leading causes of deaths and disabilities all over the world. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of combined bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and oxiracetam treatments on acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. A rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by complete reperfusion, as well as a cortex neuron oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model was established. When compared with BMSCs or oxiracetam monotherapy, combination therapy significantly improved functional restoration with decreased infarct volume in observed ischemic brain. We propose that it may occur through the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)6 neuron survival pathway. The increased expression of TRPC6 along with the reduction of neuronal cell death in the OGD cortex neurons and combination therapy group indicated that the TRPC6 neuron survival pathway plays an important role in the combined BMSCs and oxiracetam treatments. We further tested the activity of the calpain proteolytic system, and the results suggested that oxiracetam could protect the integrity of TRPC6 neuron survival pathway by inhibiting TRPC6 degradation. The protein levels of phospho-cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) were tested. It was found that BMSCs play a role in the activation of the TRPC6 pathway. Our study suggests that the TRPC6 neuron survival pathway plays a significant role in the protective effect of combined BMSCs and oxiracetam treatments on acute cerebral I/R injury. Combined therapy could inhibit the abnormal degradation of TRPC6 via decreasing the activity of calpain and increasing the activation of TRPC6 neuron survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruohan Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenzhu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yujun Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First Clinical College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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18
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Chen C, Chu SF, Ai QD, Zhang Z, Guan FF, Wang SS, Dong YX, Zhu J, Jian WX, Chen NH. CKLF1 Aggravates Focal Cerebral Ischemia Injury at Early Stage Partly by Modulating Microglia/Macrophage Toward M1 Polarization Through CCR4. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:651-669. [PMID: 30982091 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CKLF1 is a chemokine with increased expression in ischemic brain, and targeting CKLF1 has shown therapeutic effects in cerebral ischemia model. Microglia/macrophage polarization is a mechanism involved in poststroke injury expansion. Considering the quick and obvious response of CKLF1 and expeditious evolution of stroke lesions, we focused on the effects of CKLF1 on microglial/macrophage polarization at early stage of ischemic stroke (IS). The present study is to investigate the CKLF1-mediated expression of microglia/macrophage phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, discussing the involved pathway. Primary microglia culture was used in vitro, and mice transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was adopted to mimic IS. CKLF1 was added to the primary microglia for 24 h, and we found that CKLF1 modulated primary microglia skew toward M1 phenotype. In mice transient IS model, CKLF1 was stereotactically microinjected to the lateral ventricle of ischemic hemisphere. CKLF1 aggravated ischemic injury, accompanied by promoting microglia/macrophage toward M1 phenotypic polarization. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed in mice subjected to cerebral ischemia and administrated with CKLF1. CKLF1-/- mice were used to confirm the effects of CKLF1. CKLF1-/- mice showed lighter cerebral damage and decreased M1 phenotype of microglia/macrophage compared with the WT control subjected to cerebral ischemia. Moreover, NF-κB activation enhancement was detected in CKLF1 treatment group. Our results demonstrated that CKLF1 is an important mediator that skewing microglia/macrophage toward M1 phenotype at early stage of cerebral ischemic injury, which further deteriorates followed inflammatory response, contributing to early expansion of cerebral ischemia injury. Targeting CKLF1 may be a novel way for IS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shi-Feng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qi-Di Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces & Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fei-Fei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, NHFPC, Peking Union Medicine College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030619, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Dong
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Jian
- DME Center, Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces & Hunan University of Chinese Medicine First-class Disciple Construction Project of Chinese Materia Medica, Changsha, 410208, China.
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19
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Zhang Z, Yang JL, Zhang LL, Chen ZZ, Chen JO, Cao YG, Qu M, Lin XD, Ji XM, Han Z. 2-(2-Benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline treatment within 5 hours after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion protects the brain. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:2111-2118. [PMID: 30323139 PMCID: PMC6199951 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.241461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that administering 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazolin (2-BFI), an imidazoline I2 receptor agonist, immediately after ischemia onset can protect the brain from ischemic insult. However, immediate administration after stroke is difficult to realize in the clinic. Thus, the therapeutic time window of 2-BFI should be determined. Sprague-Dawley rats provided by Wenzhou Medical University in China received right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 minutes, and were treated with 2-BFI (3 mg/kg) through the caudal vein at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after reperfusion. Neurological function was assessed using the Longa's method. Infarct volume was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride assay. Morphological changes in the cortical penumbra were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining under transmission electron microscopy . The apoptosis levels in the ipsilateral cortex were examined with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. The protein expression of Bcl-2 and BAX was detected using immunohistochemistry. We found the following: Treatment with 2-BFI within 5 hours after reperfusion obviously improved neurological function. Administering 2-BFI within 9 hours after ischemia/reperfusion decreased infarct volume and alleviated apoptosis. 2-BFI administration at different time points after reperfusion alleviated the pathological damage of the ischemic penumbra and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons, but the protective effect was more obvious when administered within 5 hours. Administration of 2-BFI within 5 hours after reperfusion remarkably increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased BAX expression. To conclude, 2-BFI shows potent neuroprotective effects when administered within 5 hours after reperfusion, seemingly by up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating BAX expression. The time window provided clinical potential for ischemic stroke by 2-BFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shan Xian Central Hospital, Heze, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Chen
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Ou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun-Gang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Man Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Da Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Sun B, Ou H, Ren F, Huan Y, Zhong T, Gao M, Cai H. Propofol inhibited autophagy through Ca 2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway in OGD/R-induced neuron injury. Mol Med 2018; 24:58. [PMID: 30470173 PMCID: PMC6251140 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuroprotective role of propofol (PPF) in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) has recently been highlighted. This study aimed to explore whether the neuroprotective mechanisms of PPF were linked to its regulation of Ca2+/CaMKKβ (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β)/AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/autophagy pathway. Methods Cultured primary rat cerebral cortical neurons were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro. Results Compared with the control neurons, OGD/R exposure successfully induced neuronal I/R injury. Furthermore, OGD/R exposure notably caused autophagy induction, reflected by augmented LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin 1 expression, decreased p62 expression, and increased LC3 puncta formation. Moreover, OGD/R exposure induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). However, PPF treatment significantly antagonized OGD/R-triggered cell injury, autophagy induction, and [Ca2+]i elevation. Further investigation revealed that both autophagy induction by rapamycin and [Ca2+]i elevation by the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin significantly reversed the PPF-mediated amelioration of OGD/R-triggered cell injury. Importantly, ionomycin also significantly abrogated the PPF-mediated suppression of autophagy and CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR signaling in OGD/R-exposed neurons. Additionally, activation of CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR signaling abrogated the PPF-mediated autophagy suppression. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that PPF antagonized OGD/R-triggered neuronal injury, which might be mediated, at least in part, via inhibition of autophagy through Ca2+/CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0054-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Ou
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Center of Sepsis, Department of Pathophysiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Huan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Center of Sepsis, Department of Pathophysiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Estrogen and propofol combination therapy inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress and remarkably attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD injury in hippocampus. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1596-1606. [PMID: 30372862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is vital in inducing apoptosis via caspase-12 and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) apoptotic pathway in the hippocampus after ischemia-reperfusion injury. The study aimed to estimate the efficacy of estrogen and propofol combination therapy against ERS-induced apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury in the hippocampus in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) strategy with ischemic intervention for 90 min and reperfusion for 24 h. Propofol processing ischemia-reperfusion group (Propofol group) infused 50 mg/kg/h of propofol via the femoral vein at the onset of reperfusion for 30 min. Estrogen processing ischemia-reperfusion group (estrogen group) received 0.0125 mg/kg of estrogen via tail vein at 30 min prior to MCAO. Combination therapy for ischemia-reperfusion group (combination group) received simultaneous processing with propofol and estrogen. In vitro, brain slices were randomly exposed to dimethylsulfoxide (DSMO), 10 μm of propofol, 10 nm of estrogen, or propofol and estrogen. Changes in the orthodromic population spike (OPS) at the end of reoxygenation were recorded. Neurological deficit examination, Nissl staining, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining were employed to evaluate the level of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The expression of caspase-3, caspase-12, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and CHOP were investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining assays. Neural apoptotic rate in hippocampus was detected by the flow cytometry trial. RESULTS Neurological deficit score, infarct volume, the expression of caspase-3 (P < 0.05), caspase-12, GRP78, CHOP, and neural apoptotic rate of I/R group increased markedly (P < 0.01). When obtaining drug treatment, neurological deficit score (P < 0.05), infarct volume, the expression levels of caspase-12 and GRP78, and neural apoptotic rate of the propofol group decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Furthermore, neurological deficit score, infarct volume, expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-12, GRP78, and CHOP (P < 0.05), and neural apoptotic rate decreased in the estrogen group (P < 0.01) and especially in the combination group (P < 0.01). Compared with the propofol group, the neurological deficit score (P < 0.05), infarct volume, caspase-3, caspase-12, GRP78, CHOP, and neural apoptotic rate of the combination group decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the estrogen group, the infarct volume, caspase-3 (P < 0.05), GRP78, CHOP, and neural apoptotic rate (P < 0.05) of the combination group decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with the propofol group, the infarct volume, caspase-3, caspase-12 (P < 0.05), and GRP78 (P < 0.05) of the estrogen group decreased (P < 0.01). Propofol and estrogen treatment can delay the abolishing time of OPS and increase the recovery rate and amplitude of OPS, compared with OGD group (P < 0.01), especially in the combination therapy (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The neuroprotection of propofol and estrogen combination therapy inhibited excessive ERS-induced apoptosis against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and OGD injury in the hippocampus of rats. Furthermore, the outcomes demonstrated that combination therapy yielded synergistic effects.
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Chen Z, Wang X, Ashraf U, Zheng B, Ye J, Zhou D, Zhang H, Song Y, Chen H, Zhao S, Cao S. Activation of neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor plays a pivotal role in Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuronal cell damage. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:238. [PMID: 30144801 PMCID: PMC6109458 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overstimulation of glutamate receptors, especially neuronal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), mediates excitatory neurotoxicity in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of NMDAR in the regulation of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-mediated neuropathogenesis remains undisclosed. The primary objective of this study was to understand the function of NMDAR to JEV-induced neuronal cell damage and inflammation in the central nervous system. METHODS The effect of JEV-induced NMDAR activation on the progression of Japanese encephalitis was evaluated using the primary mouse neuron/glia cultures and a mouse model of JEV infection. A high-affinity NMDAR antagonist MK-801 was employed to block the activity of NMDAR both in vitro and in vivo. The subsequent impact of NMDAR blockade was assessed by examining the neuronal cell death, glutamate and inflammatory cytokine production, and JEV-induced mice mortality. RESULTS JEV infection enhanced the activity of NMDAR which eventually led to increased neuronal cell damage. The data obtained from our in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that NMDAR blockade significantly abrogated the neuronal cell death and inflammatory response triggered by JEV infection. Moreover, administration of NMDAR antagonist protected the mice from JEV-induced lethality. CONCLUSION NMDAR plays an imperative role in regulating the JEV-induced neuronal cell damage and neuroinflammation. Thus, NMDAR targeting may constitute a captivating approach to rein in Japanese encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Usama Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dengyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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