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Pan Q, Lv T, Xu H, Fang H, Li M, Zhu J, Wang Y, Fan X, Xu P, Wang X, Wang Q, Matsumoto H, Wang M. Gut pathobiome mediates behavioral and developmental disorders in biotoxin-exposed amphibians. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100415. [PMID: 38577706 PMCID: PMC10992726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a link between alterations in the gut microbiome and adverse health outcomes in the hosts exposed to environmental pollutants. Yet, the causal relationships and underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here we show that exposure to biotoxins can affect gut pathobiome assembly in amphibians, which in turn triggers the toxicity of exogenous pollutants. We used Xenopus laevis as a model in this study. Tadpoles exposed to tropolone demonstrated notable developmental impairments and increased locomotor activity, with a reduction in total length by 4.37%-22.48% and an increase in swimming speed by 49.96%-84.83%. Fusobacterium and Cetobacterium are predominant taxa in the gut pathobiome of tropolone-exposed tadpoles. The tropolone-induced developmental and behavioral disorders in the host were mediated by assembly of the gut pathobiome, leading to transcriptome reprogramming. This study not only advances our understanding of the intricate interactions between environmental pollutants, the gut pathobiome, and host health but also emphasizes the potential of the gut pathobiome in mediating the toxicological effects of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Pan
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tianxing Lv
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haorong Xu
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongda Fang
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiaping Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Institution of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiuguo Wang
- The Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Qiangwei Wang
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haruna Matsumoto
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mengcen Wang
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Global Education Program for AgriScience Frontiers, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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2
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Ryczko D. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region: Multiple Cell Types, Multiple Behavioral Roles, and Multiple Implications for Disease. Neuroscientist 2024; 30:347-366. [PMID: 36575956 PMCID: PMC11107129 DOI: 10.1177/10738584221139136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) controls locomotion in vertebrates. In humans with Parkinson disease, locomotor deficits are increasingly associated with decreased activity in the MLR. This brainstem region, commonly considered to include the cuneiform and pedunculopontine nuclei, has been explored as a target for deep brain stimulation to improve locomotor function, but the results are variable, from modest to promising. However, the MLR is a heterogeneous structure, and identification of the best cell type to target is only beginning. Here, I review the studies that uncovered the role of genetically defined MLR cell types, and I highlight the cells whose activation improves locomotor function in animal models of Parkinson disease. The promising cell types to activate comprise some glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform and caudal pedunculopontine nuclei, as well as some cholinergic neurons of the pedunculopontine nucleus. Activation of MLR GABAergic neurons should be avoided, since they stop locomotion or evoke bouts flanked with numerous stops. MLR is also considered a potential target in spinal cord injury, supranuclear palsy, primary progressive freezing of gait, or stroke. Better targeting of the MLR cell types should be achieved through optimized deep brain stimulation protocols, pharmacotherapy, or the development of optogenetics for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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3
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Spikol ED, Cheng J, Macurak M, Subedi A, Halpern ME. Genetically defined nucleus incertus neurons differ in connectivity and function. eLife 2024; 12:RP89516. [PMID: 38819436 PMCID: PMC11142643 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleus incertus (NI), a conserved hindbrain structure implicated in the stress response, arousal, and memory, is a major site for production of the neuropeptide relaxin-3. On the basis of goosecoid homeobox 2 (gsc2) expression, we identified a neuronal cluster that lies adjacent to relaxin 3a (rln3a) neurons in the zebrafish analogue of the NI. To delineate the characteristics of the gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons, we used CRISPR/Cas9 targeted integration to drive gene expression specifically in each neuronal group, and found that they differ in their efferent and afferent connectivity, spontaneous activity, and functional properties. gsc2 and rln3a NI neurons have widely divergent projection patterns and innervate distinct subregions of the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN). Whereas gsc2 neurons are activated more robustly by electric shock, rln3a neurons exhibit spontaneous fluctuations in calcium signaling and regulate locomotor activity. Our findings define heterogeneous neurons in the NI and provide new tools to probe its diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma D Spikol
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ji Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Michelle Macurak
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Abhignya Subedi
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Marnie E Halpern
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
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4
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Juárez Tello A, van der Zouwen CI, Dejas L, Duque-Yate J, Boutin J, Medina-Ortiz K, Suresh JS, Swiegers J, Sarret P, Ryczko D. Dopamine-sensitive neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor region control locomotion initiation, stop, and turns. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114187. [PMID: 38722743 PMCID: PMC11157412 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The locomotor role of dopaminergic neurons is traditionally attributed to their ascending projections to the basal ganglia, which project to the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). In addition, descending dopaminergic projections to the MLR are present from basal vertebrates to mammals. However, the neurons targeted in the MLR and their behavioral role are unknown in mammals. Here, we identify genetically defined MLR cells that express D1 or D2 receptors and control different motor behaviors in mice. In the cuneiform nucleus, D1-expressing neurons promote locomotion, while D2-expressing neurons stop locomotion. In the pedunculopontine nucleus, D1-expressing neurons promote locomotion, while D2-expressing neurons evoke ipsilateral turns. Using RNAscope, we show that MLR dopamine-sensitive neurons comprise a combination of glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic neurons, suggesting that different neurotransmitter-based cell types work together to control distinct behavioral modules. Altogether, our study uncovers behaviorally relevant cell types in the mammalian MLR based on the expression of dopaminergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Juárez Tello
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Cornelis Immanuel van der Zouwen
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Léonie Dejas
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Duque-Yate
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joël Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Medina-Ortiz
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jacinthlyn Sylvia Suresh
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jordan Swiegers
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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5
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Chaves T, Török B, Fazekas CL, Correia P, Sipos E, Várkonyi D, Tóth ZE, Dóra F, Dobolyi Á, Zelena D. The Dopaminergic Cells in the Median Raphe Region Regulate Social Behavior in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4315. [PMID: 38673899 PMCID: PMC11050709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
According to previous studies, the median raphe region (MRR) is known to contribute significantly to social behavior. Besides serotonin, there have also been reports of a small population of dopaminergic neurons in this region. Dopamine is linked to reward and locomotion, but very little is known about its role in the MRR. To address that, we first confirmed the presence of dopaminergic cells in the MRR of mice (immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR), and then also in humans (RT-PCR) using healthy donor samples to prove translational relevance. Next, we used chemogenetic technology in mice containing the Cre enzyme under the promoter of the dopamine transporter. With the help of an adeno-associated virus, designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were expressed in the dopaminergic cells of the MRR to manipulate their activity. Four weeks later, we performed an extensive behavioral characterization 30 min after the injection of the artificial ligand (Clozapine-N-Oxide). Stimulation of the dopaminergic cells in the MRR decreased social interest without influencing aggression and with an increase in social discrimination. Additionally, inhibition of the same cells increased the friendly social behavior during social interaction test. No behavioral changes were detected in anxiety, memory or locomotion. All in all, dopaminergic cells were present in both the mouse and human samples from the MRR, and the manipulation of the dopaminergic neurons in the MRR elicited a specific social response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Chaves
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pedro Correia
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, H1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Sipos
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dorottya Várkonyi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zsuzsanna E. Tóth
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and in Situ Hybridization, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Fanni Dóra
- Human Brain Tissue Bank, Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, H1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, H1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H7624 Pécs, Hungary; (T.C.); (B.T.); (C.L.F.); (P.C.); (D.V.)
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, H1083 Budapest, Hungary;
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6
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Reinshagen A. Grid cells: the missing link in understanding Parkinson's disease? Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1276714. [PMID: 38389787 PMCID: PMC10881698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1276714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) are complex and not fully understood, and the box-and-arrow model among other current models present significant challenges. This paper explores the potential role of the allocentric brain and especially its grid cells in several PD motor symptoms, including bradykinesia, kinesia paradoxa, freezing of gait, the bottleneck phenomenon, and their dependency on cueing. It is argued that central hubs, like the locus coeruleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, often narrowly interpreted in the context of PD, play an equally important role in governing the allocentric brain as the basal ganglia. Consequently, the motor and secondary motor (e.g., spatially related) symptoms of PD linked with dopamine depletion may be more closely tied to erroneous computation by grid cells than to the basal ganglia alone. Because grid cells and their associated central hubs introduce both spatial and temporal information to the brain influencing velocity perception they may cause bradykinesia or hyperkinesia as well. In summary, PD motor symptoms may primarily be an allocentric disturbance resulting from virtual faulty computation by grid cells revealed by dopamine depletion in PD.
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7
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Cai J, Jiang Y, Xu Y, Jiang Z, Young C, Li H, Ortiz-Guzman J, Zhuo Y, Li Y, Xu Y, Arenkiel BR, Tong Q. An excitatory projection from the basal forebrain to the ventral tegmental area that underlies anorexia-like phenotypes. Neuron 2024; 112:458-472.e6. [PMID: 38056455 PMCID: PMC10922337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptation in balancing internal energy needs and external threat cues may result in eating disorders. However, brain mechanisms underlying such maladaptations remain elusive. Here, we identified that the basal forebrain (BF) sends glutamatergic projections to glutamatergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in mice. Glutamatergic neurons in both regions displayed correlated responses to various stressors. Notably, in vivo manipulation of BF terminals in the VTA revealed that the glutamatergic BF → VTA circuit reduces appetite, increases locomotion, and elicits avoidance. Consistently, activation of VTA glutamatergic neurons reduced body weight, blunted food motivation, and caused hyperactivity with behavioral signs of anxiety, all hallmarks of typical anorexia symptoms. Importantly, activation of BF glutamatergic terminals in the VTA reduced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. Collectively, our results point to overactivation of the glutamatergic BF → VTA circuit as a potential cause of anorexia-like phenotypes involving reduced dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Claire Young
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongli Li
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joshua Ortiz-Guzman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yizhou Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Xu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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8
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Gillespie B, Houghton MJ, Ganio K, McDevitt CA, Bennett D, Dunn A, Raju S, Schroeder A, Hill RA, Cardoso BR. Maternal selenium dietary supplementation alters sociability and reinforcement learning deficits induced by in utero exposure to maternal immune activation in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:349-361. [PMID: 38142918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy increases the risk for the unborn foetus to develop neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia later in life. MIA mouse models recapitulate behavioural and biological phenotypes relevant to both conditions, and are valuable models to test novel treatment approaches. Selenium (Se) has potent anti-inflammatory properties suggesting it may be an effective prophylactic treatment against MIA. The aim of this study was to determine if Se supplementation during pregnancy can prevent adverse effects of MIA on offspring brain and behaviour in a mouse model. Selenium was administered via drinking water (1.5 ppm) to pregnant dams from gestational day (GD) 9 to birth, and MIA was induced at GD17 using polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly-I:C, 20 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection). Foetal placenta and brain cytokine levels were assessed using a Luminex assay and brain elemental nutrients assessed using inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry. Adult offspring were behaviourally assessed using a reinforcement learning paradigm, the three-chamber sociability test and the open field test. MIA elevated placental IL-1β and IL-17, and Se supplementation successfully prevented this elevation. MIA caused an increase in foetal brain calcium, which was prevented by Se supplement. MIA caused in offspring a female-specific reduction in sociability, which was recovered by Se, and a male-specific reduction in social memory, which was not recovered by Se. Exposure to poly-I:C or selenium, but not both, reduced performance in the reinforcement learning task. Computational modelling indicated that this was predominantly due to increased exploratory behaviour, rather than reduced rate of learning the location of the food reward. This study demonstrates that while Se may be beneficial in ameliorating sociability deficits caused by MIA, it may have negative effects in other behavioural domains. Caution in the use of Se supplementation during pregnancy is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michael J Houghton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher A McDevitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Daniel Bennett
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Ariel Dunn
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Sharvada Raju
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Anna Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Hill
- Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Barbara R Cardoso
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia.
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9
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Frost-Nylén J, Thompson WS, Robertson B, Grillner S. The Basal Ganglia Downstream Control of Action - An Evolutionarily Conserved Strategy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1419-1430. [PMID: 37563813 PMCID: PMC11097981 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230810141746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The motor areas of the cortex and the basal ganglia both contribute to determining which motor actions will be recruited at any moment in time, and their functions are intertwined. Here, we review the basal ganglia mechanisms underlying the selection of behavior of the downstream control of motor centers in the midbrain and brainstem and show that the basic organization of the forebrain motor system is evolutionarily conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny. The output level of the basal ganglia (e.g. substantia nigra pars reticulata) has GABAergic neurons that are spontaneously active at rest and inhibit a number of specific motor centers, each of which can be relieved from inhibition if the inhibitory output neurons themselves become inhibited. The motor areas of the cortex act partially via the dorsolateral striatum (putamen), which has specific modules for the forelimb, hindlimb, trunk, etc. Each module operates in turn through the two types of striatal projection neurons that control the output modules of the basal ganglia and thereby the downstream motor centers. The mechanisms for lateral inhibition in the striatum are reviewed as well as other striatal mechanisms contributing to action selection. The motor cortex also exerts a direct excitatory action on specific motor centers. An overview is given of the basal ganglia control exerted on the different midbrain/brainstem motor centers, and the efference copy information fed back via the thalamus to the striatum and cortex, which is of importance for the planning of future movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Khalili A, Safarian N, van Wijngaarden E, Zoidl GS, Zoidl GR, Rezai P. Loss of Panx1 function in zebrafish alters motor behavior in a lab-on-chip model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1814-1825. [PMID: 37688406 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) forms ATP-permeable membrane channels that play roles in purinergic signaling in the nervous system. A link between Panx1 activity and neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD) has been suggested, but experimental evidence is limited. Here, a zebrafish model of PD was produced by exposing panx1a+/+ and panx1a-/- zebrafish larvae to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Electrical stimulation in a microfluidic chip and quantitative real-time-qPCR of zebrafish larvae tested the role of Panx1 in both pathological and normal conditions. After 72-h treatment with 6-OHDA, the electric-induced locomotor activity of 5 days post fertilization (5dpf) panx1a+/+ larvae were reduced, while the stimulus did not affect locomotor activity of age-matched panx1a-/- larvae. A RT-qPCR analysis showed an increase in the expression of genes that are functionally related to dopaminergic signaling, like the tyrosine hydroxylase (th2) and the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2). Extending the 6-OHDA treatment duration to 120 h caused a significant reduction in the locomotor response of 7dpf panx1a-/- larvae compared to the untreated panx1a-/- group. The RT-qPCR data showed a reduced expression of dopaminergic signaling genes in both genotypes. It was concluded that the absence of Panx1a channels compromised dopaminergic signaling in 6-OHDA-treated zebrafish larvae and that the increase in the expression of dopaminergic genes was transient, most likely due to a compensatory upregulation. We propose that zebrafish Panx1a models offer opportunities to shed light on PD's physiological and molecular basis. Panx1a might play a role on the progression of PD, and therefore deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Khalili
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nickie Safarian
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Georg S Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georg R Zoidl
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Liu ST, Horng JL, Lin LY, Chou MY. Fenpropathrin causes alterations in locomotion and social behaviors in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 265:106756. [PMID: 37952273 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fenpropathrin is one of the widely used pyrethroid pesticides in agriculture and is frequently detected in the environment, groundwater, and food. While fenpropathrin was found to have neurotoxic effects in mammals, it remains unclear whether it has similar effects on fish. Here, we used adult zebrafish to investigate the impacts of fenpropathrin on fish social behaviors and neural activity. Exposure of adult zebrafish to 500 ppb of fenpropathrin for 72 h increased anxiety levels but decreased physical fitness, as measured by a novel tank diving test and swimming tunnel test. Fish exposed to fenpropathrin appeared to spend more time in the conspecific zone of the tank, possibly seeking greater comfort from their companions. Although learning, memory, and aggressive behavior did not change, fish exposed to fenpropathrin appeared to have shorter fighting durations. The immunocytochemical results showed the tyrosine hydroxylase antibody-labeled dopaminergic neurons in the teleost posterior tuberculum decreased in the zebrafish brain. According to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of the brain, exposure to fenpropathrin resulted in a decrease in the messenger (m)RNA expression of monoamine oxidase (mao), an enzyme that facilitates the deamination of dopamine. In contrast, the mRNA expression of the sncga gene, which may trigger Parkinson's disease, was found to have increased. There were no changes observed in expressions of genes related to antioxidants and apoptosis between the control and fenpropathrin-exposed groups. We provide evidence to demonstrate the defect of the neurotoxicity of fenpropathrin toward dopaminergic neurons in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian-Tai Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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12
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Chhabra S, Mehan S, Khan Z, Gupta GD, Narula AS. Matrine mediated neuroprotective potential in experimental multiple sclerosis: Evidence from CSF, blood markers, brain samples and in-silico investigations. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 384:578200. [PMID: 37774554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating, inflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system influenced by environmental and genetic factors. Around 2.8 million people worldwide are affected by MS due to its challenging diagnosis and treatment. Our study investigates the role of the JAK/STAT and PPAR-gamma signaling pathways in the progression of multiple sclerosis. Inflammation and demyelination can be caused by dysregulation of these pathways. Modulating the STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-gamma signaling pathways may offer therapeutic potential for multiple sclerosis. Matrine (40 and 80 mg/kg, i.p.), a quinolizidine alkaloid derived from Sophora flavescens, has been investigated for its therapeutic potential in our laboratory. Matrine has been studied for its neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerative diseases. It inhibits inflammatory responses and promotes regeneration of damaged myelin sheaths, indicating its potential efficacy in treating multiple sclerosis. Matrine exerts its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting STAT-3 and mTOR and promoting PPAR-gamma expression.GW9662, a PPAR-gamma antagonist (2 mg/kg, i.p.), was administered to evaluate the involvement of PPAR-gamma and to compare the efficacy of matrine's potential neuroprotective effect. Matrine's interaction with the STAT-3, mTOR, and PPAR-gamma pathways in multiple Sclerosis was also validated and confirmed through insilico investigation. In addition, matrine altered the CBC profile, intensifying the clinical presentation of multiple sclerosis. In addition, we evaluated the diagnostic potential of various biological samples, including CSF, blood plasma, and brain homogenates (striatum, cortex, hippocampus, and midbrain). These samples were used to evaluate the neurochemical changes caused by neurobehavioral alterations during the progression of multiple sclerosis. These results indicate that matrine treatment ameliorated multiple sclerosis and that the mechanism underlying these effects may be closely related to the modulation of the STAT-3/mTOR/PPAR-gamma signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swesha Chhabra
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.
| | - Zuber Khan
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | | | - Acharan S Narula
- Narula Research, LLC, 107 Boulder Bluff, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
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13
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Melo-Thomas L, Schwarting RKW. Paradoxical kinesia may no longer be a paradox waiting for 100 years to be unraveled. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:775-799. [PMID: 36933238 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by bradykinesia and akinesia. Interestingly, these motor disabilities can depend on the patient emotional state. Disabled PD patients remain able to produce normal motor responses in the context of urgent or externally driven situations or even when exposed to appetitive cues such as music. To describe this phenomenon Souques coined the term "paradoxical kinesia" a century ago. Since then, the mechanisms underlying paradoxical kinesia are still unknown due to a paucity of valid animal models that replicate this phenomenon. To overcome this limitation, we established two animal models of paradoxical kinesia. Using these models, we investigated the neural mechanisms of paradoxical kinesia, with the results pointing to the inferior colliculus (IC) as a key structure. Intracollicular electrical deep brain stimulation, glutamatergic and GABAergic mechanisms may be involved in the elaboration of paradoxical kinesia. Since paradoxical kinesia might work by activation of some alternative pathway bypassing basal ganglia, we suggest the IC as a candidate to be part of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Melo-Thomas
- Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (MCMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Behavioral Neurosciences Institute (INeC), Av. do Café, 2450, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, 14050-220, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Experimental and Biological Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Gutenbergstraße 18, 35032 Marburg, Germany
- Marburg Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (MCMBB), Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Smith ML, Sergi Z, Mignogna KM, Rodriguez NE, Tatom Z, MacLeod L, Choi KB, Philip V, Miles MF. Identification of Genetic and Genomic Influences on Progressive Ethanol Consumption in Diversity Outbred Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.554349. [PMID: 37745421 PMCID: PMC10515943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.554349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using 3-bottle choice intermittent access ethanol (IEA), we have employed the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse panel as a model of alcohol use disorder in a genetically diverse population. Through use of gene expression network analysis techniques, in combination with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, we have completed an extensive analysis of the influence of genetic background on gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This approach revealed that, in DO mice, genes whose expression was significantly disrupted by intermittent ethanol in the PFC also tended to be those whose expression correlated to intake. This finding is in contrast to previous studies of both mice and nonhuman primates. Importantly, these analyses identified genes involved in myelination in the PFC as significantly disrupted by IEA, correlated to ethanol intake, and having significant eQTLs. Genes that code for canonical components of the myelin sheath, such as Mbp, also emerged as key drivers of the gene expression response to intermittent ethanol drinking. Several regulators of myelination were also key drivers of gene expression, and had significant QTLs, indicating that genetic background may play an important role in regulation of brain myelination. These findings underscore the importance of disruption of normal myelination in the PFC in response to prolonged ethanol exposure, that genetic variation plays an important role in this response, and that this interaction between genetics and myelin disruption in the presence of ethanol may underlie previously observed behavioral changes under intermittent access ethanol drinking such as escalation of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K M Mignogna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - N E Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Tatom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - L MacLeod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K B Choi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - V Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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15
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Alwood JS, Mulavara AP, Iyer J, Mhatre SD, Rosi S, Shelhamer M, Davis C, Jones CW, Mao XW, Desai RI, Whitmire AM, Williams TJ. Circuits and Biomarkers of the Central Nervous System Relating to Astronaut Performance: Summary Report for a NASA-Sponsored Technical Interchange Meeting. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1852. [PMID: 37763256 PMCID: PMC10532466 DOI: 10.3390/life13091852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers, ranging from molecules to behavior, can be used to identify thresholds beyond which performance of mission tasks may be compromised and could potentially trigger the activation of countermeasures. Identification of homologous brain regions and/or neural circuits related to operational performance may allow for translational studies between species. Three discussion groups were directed to use operationally relevant performance tasks as a driver when identifying biomarkers and brain regions or circuits for selected constructs. Here we summarize small-group discussions in tables of circuits and biomarkers categorized by (a) sensorimotor, (b) behavioral medicine and (c) integrated approaches (e.g., physiological responses). In total, hundreds of biomarkers have been identified and are summarized herein by the respective group leads. We hope the meeting proceedings become a rich resource for NASA's Human Research Program (HRP) and the community of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janani Iyer
- Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Mark Shelhamer
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Catherine Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Rajeev I. Desai
- Integrative Neurochemistry Laboratory, Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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16
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Dubuc R, Cabelguen JM, Ryczko D. Locomotor pattern generation and descending control: a historical perspective. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:401-416. [PMID: 37465884 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00204.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate and control locomotor movements depends on complex interactions between many areas of the nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, and the environment. How the nervous system manages to accomplish this task has been the subject of investigation for more than a century. In vertebrates, locomotion is generated by neural networks located in the spinal cord referred to as central pattern generators. Descending inputs from the brain stem initiate, maintain, and stop locomotion as well as control speed and direction. Sensory inputs adapt locomotor programs to the environmental conditions. This review presents a comparative and historical overview of some of the neural mechanisms underlying the control of locomotion in vertebrates. We have put an emphasis on spinal mechanisms and descending control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réjean Dubuc
- Groupe de Recherche en Activité Physique Adaptée, Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Cabelguen
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U 1215-Neurocentre Magendie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Neurosciences Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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17
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Chatterjee SA, Seidler RD, Skinner JW, Lysne PE, Sumonthee C, Wu SS, Cohen RA, Rose DK, Woods AJ, Clark DJ. Effects of Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Retention of Performance Gains on an Obstacle Negotiation Task in Older Adults. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:829-839. [PMID: 35410769 PMCID: PMC9547038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.02.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Complex walking in older adults can be improved with task practice and might be further enhanced by pairing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We tested the hypothesis that a single session of practice of a complex obstacle negotiation task paired with active tDCS in older adults would produce greater within-session improvements in walking performance and retention of gains, compared to sham tDCS and no tDCS conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 older adults (mean age = 74.46 years ± 6.49) with self-reported walking difficulty were randomized to receive either active tDCS (active-tDCS group) or sham tDCS (sham-tDCS group) bilaterally to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or no tDCS (no-tDCS group). Each group performed ten practice trials of an obstacle negotiation task at their fastest safe speed. Retention of gains in walking performance was assessed with three trials conducted one week later. Within-session effects of practice and between-session retention effects on obstacle negotiation speed were examined. RESULTS At the practice session, all three groups exhibited significant within-session gains in walking speed (p ≤ 0.005). However, the gains were significantly greater in the sham-tDCS group than in the active-tDCS and no-tDCS groups (p ≤ 0.03) and were comparable between the active-tDCS and no-tDCS groups (p = 0.89). At one-week follow-up, the active-tDCS group exhibited significant between-session retention of gains and continued "offline" improvement in walking speed (p = 0.005). The active-tDCS group showed significantly greater retention of gains than the no-tDCS (p = 0.02) but not the sham-tDCS group (p = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS Pairing prefrontal active tDCS with a single session of obstacle negotiation practice may enhance one-week retention of gains in walking performance compared to no tDCS. However, the evidence is insufficient to suggest a benefit of active tDCS over sham tDCS for enhancing the gains in walking performance. Additional studies with a multisession intervention design and larger sample size are needed to further investigate these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The Clinicaltrials.gov registration number for the study is NCT03122236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna A Chatterjee
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jared W Skinner
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paige E Lysne
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chanoan Sumonthee
- College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samuel S Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ronald A Cohen
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dorian K Rose
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brooks Rehabilitation, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Clark
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Thane M, Paisios E, Stöter T, Krüger AR, Gläß S, Dahse AK, Scholz N, Gerber B, Lehmann DJ, Schleyer M. High-resolution analysis of individual Drosophila melanogaster larvae uncovers individual variability in locomotion and its neurogenetic modulation. Open Biol 2023; 13:220308. [PMID: 37072034 PMCID: PMC10113034 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronally orchestrated muscular movement and locomotion are defining faculties of multicellular animals. Due to its simple brain and genetic accessibility, the larva of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster allows one to study these processes at tractable levels of complexity. However, although the faculty of locomotion clearly pertains to the individual, most studies of locomotion in larvae use measurements aggregated across animals, or animals tested one by one, an extravagance for larger-scale analyses. This prevents grasping the inter- and intra-individual variability in locomotion and its neurogenetic determinants. Here, we present the IMBA (individual maggot behaviour analyser) for analysing the behaviour of individual larvae within groups, reliably resolving individual identity across collisions. We use the IMBA to systematically describe the inter- and intra-individual variability in locomotion of wild-type animals, and how the variability is reduced by associative learning. We then report a novel locomotion phenotype of an adhesion GPCR mutant. We further investigated the modulation of locomotion across repeated activations of dopamine neurons in individual animals, and the transient backward locomotion induced by brief optogenetic activation of the brain-descending 'mooncrawler' neurons. In summary, the IMBA is an easy-to-use toolbox allowing an unprecedentedly rich view of the behaviour and its variability of individual larvae, with utility in multiple biomedical research contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thane
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Simulation and Graphics, Otto von Guerike University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emmanouil Paisios
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Stöter
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Rosa Krüger
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gläß
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Dahse
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bertram Gerber
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dirk J. Lehmann
- Department of Simulation and Graphics, Otto von Guerike University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department for Information Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Ostfalia University of Applied Science, Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel, Germany
| | - Michael Schleyer
- Department Genetics of Learning and Memory, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Lacroix-Ouellette P, Dubuc R. Brainstem neural mechanisms controlling locomotion with special reference to basal vertebrates. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:910207. [PMID: 37063386 PMCID: PMC10098025 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.910207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 60 years, the basic neural circuitry responsible for the supraspinal control of locomotion has progressively been uncovered. Initially, significant progress was made in identifying the different supraspinal structures controlling locomotion in mammals as well as some of the underlying mechanisms. It became clear, however, that the complexity of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) prevented researchers from characterizing the detailed cellular mechanisms involved and that animal models with a simpler nervous system were needed. Basal vertebrate species such as lampreys, xenopus embryos, and zebrafish became models of choice. More recently, optogenetic approaches have considerably revived interest in mammalian models. The mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is an important brainstem region known to control locomotion in all vertebrate species examined to date. It controls locomotion through intermediary cells in the hindbrain, the reticulospinal neurons (RSNs). The MLR comprises populations of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurons and their specific contribution to the control of locomotion is not fully resolved yet. Moreover, the downward projections from the MLR to RSNs is still not fully understood. Reporting on discoveries made in different animal models, this review article focuses on the MLR, its projections to RSNs, and the contribution of these neural elements to the control of locomotion. Excellent and detailed reviews on the brainstem control of locomotion have been recently published with emphasis on mammalian species. The present review article focuses on findings made in basal vertebrates such as the lamprey, to help direct new research in mammals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Group for Adapted Physical Activity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Réjean Dubuc,
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Gadhave D, Gupta A, Khot S, Tagalpallewar A, Kokare C. Nose-to-brain delivery of paliperidone palmitate poloxamer-guar gum nanogel: Formulation, optimization and pharmacological studies in rats. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:315-333. [PMID: 36037930 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of paliperidone palmitate (PPD), a potent antipsychotic agent, has been reported with a potential risk of very serious drug-induced adverse events such as tachycardia, hyperprolactinemia, sexual dysfunction, and neutropenia. Alternatively, the potential of nasal delivery has also been explored to treat CNS complications by delivering the medicines directly to the brain bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Hence, the objectives of current work were to formulate, design, optimize, and investigate the therapeutic potency of PPD-loaded intranasal in-situ gel (PPGISG) in the treatment of schizophrenia. PPD-nanoemulsion (PNE) was fabricated using water titration technique, was further optimized via Box-Behnken design. Furthermore, the optimized PNE was evaluated for parameters such as globule size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and % entrapment efficiency were found to be 21.44±1.58nm, 0.268±0.02, -25.56±1.6mV, and 99.89±0.25%, respectively. PNE was further converted to PPGISG utilizing two polymers, poloxamer, and guar gum. Simultaneously, ex-vivo permeation for PNE, PPGISG, and PPD-suspension was found to be 211.40±4.8, 297.89±3.9 and 98.66±1.6μg/cm2, respectively. While PPGISG nanoparticles showed 1.58 and 5.65-folds more Jss than PNE and PPD-suspension. Behavioral studies confirmed that no extrapyramidal symptoms were observed in experimental animals post intranasal administration. Finally, the outcomes of the in-vivo hemato-compatibility study proved that intranasal formulation did not cause any alteration in leukocytes, RBCs, and neutrophils count. Therefore, intranasal delivery of PPGISG can be considered a novel tool for the safe delivery of PPD in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gadhave
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Dattakala Shikshan Sanstha's, Dattakala College of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Swami Chincholi, Daund, Pune, 413130, Maharashtra, India.
| | - A Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Khot
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Tagalpallewar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India; School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, MIT World Peace University, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - C Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sinhgad Technical Education Society's, Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
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Pathan AS, Jain PG, Kumawat VS, Katolkar UN, Surana SJ. Neuroprotective Effects of P-Coumaric Acid on Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy Through Ameliorating Oxidative Stress and Brain Dopamine Level. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221150837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effect of p-coumaric acid (p-CA) on haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Swiss albino male mice. Methods To induce catalepsy, haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) was administered for 21 consecutive days. p-CA (50, 75, and 100 mg/kg, PO) was administered 30 min before haloperidol injection for 21 consecutive days. For catalepsy, locomotor activity and motor coordination scores were recorded on the 17, 14, and 21 days of drug treatment, while the gait analysis score was recorded on day 21. After behavioral testing, animals were sacrificed, and various biochemical and histopathology tests of the brain were conducted. Dopamine, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activity were examined in the brain. Results Chronic administration of haloperidol significantly increased catalepsy in mice. It also produced hypolocomotion, motor coordination, and gait disturbance in mice. p-CA significantly inhibited haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Haloperidol significantly increased malondialdehyde levels in the brain. While dopamine levels in the brain dropped along with GSH, SOD, and catalase activity levels, which also had an impact on the histology of the brain. p-CA significantly reduced haloperidol-induced increases in brain oxidative stress, dopamine levels in the brain, and brain histology in mice. Discussion p-CA significantly reduced haloperidol-induced catalepsy, possibly through reducing oxidative stress and increasing brain dopamine levels. It can be a good candidate drug for extrapyramidal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease and adjuvant therapy with antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar S. Pathan
- Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pankaj G. Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vivek S. Kumawat
- Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ujwal N. Katolkar
- Department of Pharmacology, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay J. Surana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Maharashtra, India
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The Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus is not Important for Breathing Impairments Observed in a Parkinson's Disease Model. Neuroscience 2023; 512:32-46. [PMID: 36690033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder resulting from degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), with classical and non-classical symptoms such as respiratory instability. An important region for breathing control, the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus (PPTg), is composed of cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons. We hypothesize that degenerated PPTg neurons in a PD model contribute to the blunted respiratory activity. Adult mice (40 males and 29 females) that express the fluorescent green protein in cholinergic, glutamatergic or GABAergic cells were used (Chat-cre Ai6, Vglut2-cre Ai6 and Vgat-cre Ai6) and received bilateral intrastriatal injections of vehicle or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Ten days later, the animals were exposed to hypercapnia or hypoxia to activate PPTg neurons. Vglut2-cre Ai6 animals also received retrograde tracer injections (cholera toxin b) into the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) or preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) and anterograde tracer injections (AAV-mCherry) into the SNpc. In 6-OHDA-injected mice, there is a 77% reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc without changing the number of neurons in the PPTg. Hypercapnia activated fewer Vglut2 neurons in PD, and hypoxia did not activate PPTg neurons. PPTg neurons do not input RTN or preBötC regions but receive projections from SNpc. Although our results did not show a reduction in the number of glutamatergic neurons in PPTg, we observed a reduction in the number of neurons activated by hypercapnia in the PD animal model, suggesting that PPTg may participate in the hypercapnia ventilatory response.
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Napora P, Kobrzycka A, Pierzchała-Koziec K, Wieczorek M. Effect of selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors on animal behaviour and monoaminergic systems of the rat brain. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114143. [PMID: 36206821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The long-term effects of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1/2) inhibitors are usually tested in terms of the periphery of the organism. Therefore, we studied the effects of SC560 (selective COX-1 inhibitor) and celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) on the activity of brain monoaminergic systems and animal behaviour. Additionally, we tested the effect of these inhibitors during inflammation. We have observed that long-term administration of celecoxib reduces the activity of the noradrenergic system, increases the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, increases locomotor activity, and enhances the exploratory behaviour of rats. Administration of SC560 also increases the activity of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems but reduces locomotor activity and impairs the exploratory behaviour of rats. The mechanism responsible for decreased activity of the noradrenergic system may be related to the weakening of activity of the positive feedback loop between the paraventricular nucleus and coeruleus locus. We suggest that the effect of used inhibitors on the dopaminergic system is associated with a possible increase in anandamide concentration and its effect on dopamine reuptake in synaptic clefts. It also appears that cyclooxygenase peroxidase activity may play a role in this process. In turn, changes in the activity of the serotonergic system may be related to the activity of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, which decreases because of the decreased concentration of pro-inflammatory compounds. We believe that behavioural changes induced by COX inhibitors are the result of the modified activity of monoaminergic CNS systems in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and medial prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Napora
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Kobrzycka
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pierzchała-Koziec
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Adam Mickiewicz Avenue, 30-059 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Łódź, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, 141/143 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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Psychostimulant Drugs Activate Cell-type Specific and Topographic cFos Expression in the Lumbar Spinal Cord. Neuroscience 2023; 510:9-20. [PMID: 36502959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate, alter a wide range of behaviors including locomotor activity and somatosensory perception. These altered behaviors are accompanied by the activation of specific neuronal populations within reward-, emotion- and locomotion-related circuits. However, whether such regulation occurs at the level of the spinal cord, a key node for neural circuits integrating and coordinating sensory and motor functions has never been addressed. By evaluating the temporal and spatial expression pattern of the phosphorylated form of the immediate early gene cFos at Ser32 (pS32-cFos), used as a proxy of neuronal activation, we demonstrate that, in adult male mice, d-amphetamine increases pS32-cFos expression in both inhibitory and excitatory neurons in dorsal and ventral horns at the lumbar spinal cord level. Interestingly, a fraction of neurons activated by a first exposure to d-amphetamine can be re-activated following d-amphetamine re-exposure. Similar expression patterns were observed in response to cocaine and methylphenidate, but not following morphine and dozilcipine administration. Finally, the blockade of dopamine reuptake was sufficient to recapitulate the increase in pS32-cFos expression induced by psychostimulant drugs. Our work provides evidence that cFos expression can be activated in lumbar spinal cord in response to acute psychostimulants administration.
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Sarkar A, Kumar L, Hameed R, Nazir A. Multiple checkpoints of protein clearance machinery are modulated by a common microRNA, miR-4813-3p, through its putative target genes: Studies employing transgenic C. elegans model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119342. [PMID: 35998789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain cellular homeostasis and a healthy state, aberrant and aggregated proteins are to be recognized and rapidly cleared from cells. Parkinson's disease, known to be associated with multiple factors; presents with impaired clearance of aggregated alpha synuclein as a key factor. We endeavored to study microRNA molecules with potential role on regulating multiple checkpoints of protein quality control within cells. Carrying out global miRNA profiling in a transgenic C. elegans model that expresses human alpha synuclein, we identified novel miRNA, miR-4813-3p, as a significantly downregulated molecule. Further studying its putative downstream target genes, we were able to mechanistically characterize six genes gbf-1, vha-5, cup-5, cpd-2, acs-1 and C27A12.7, which relate to endpoints associated with alpha synuclein expression, oxidative stress, locomotory behavior, autophagy and apoptotic pathways. Our study reveals the novel role of miR-4813-3p and provides potential functional characterization of its putative target genes, in regulating the various pathways associated with PQC network. miR-4813-3p modulates ERUPR, MTUPR, autophagosome-lysosomal-pathway and the ubiquitin-proteasomal-system, making this molecule an interesting target for further studies towards therapeutically addressing multifactorial aspect of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Sarkar
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Rohil Hameed
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Jang SH, Yeo SS, Cho MJ. Prediction of the gait function using the nigrostriatal and corticoreticulospinal tracts of the affected hemisphere in a cerebral infarct: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30788. [PMID: 36181118 PMCID: PMC9524926 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognosis predictability of the nigrostriatal tract (NST) and corticoreticulospinal tract (CRT) of affected hemisphere at early stage for gait function at chronic stage were investigated using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in patients with a cerebral infarction. Thirty consecutive patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory infarction were recruited. Functional ambulation category (FAC) was used to evaluate the gait function at chronic stage. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and tract volume (TV) of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT were determined to be DTT parameters at early stage. FAC score at chronic stage showed strong positive correlations with TVs of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT at early stage (ipsilesional NST R = 0.786; ipsilesional CRT R = 0.821; P < .05). According to regression model, FAC score at chronic stage was positively related to TVs of ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT at early stage (Adjusted R2 = 0.700, F = 34.905, P < .05). FAC score at chronic stage was associated more positively with TV of ipsilesional CRT (β = 0.532) than that of ipsilesional NST (β = 0.362). Ipsilesional NST and ipsilesional CRT at early stage had prognosis predictability for gait function at chronic stage in patients with an MCA infarction. Moreover, ipsilesional CRT had stronger predictability than ipsilesional NST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Yeo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Dankook University, Dongnamgu, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jye Cho
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Namku, Taegu, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Min Jye Cho, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University 317-1, Daemyung dong, Namgu, Daegu, 705-717, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Le Ray D, Bertrand SS, Dubuc R. Cholinergic Modulation of Locomotor Circuits in Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810738. [PMID: 36142651 PMCID: PMC9501616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a basic motor act essential for survival. Amongst other things, it allows animals to move in their environment to seek food, escape predators, or seek mates for reproduction. The neural mechanisms involved in the control of locomotion have been examined in many vertebrate species and a clearer picture is progressively emerging. The basic muscle synergies responsible for propulsion are generated by neural networks located in the spinal cord. In turn, descending supraspinal inputs are responsible for starting, maintaining, and stopping locomotion as well as for steering and controlling speed. Several neurotransmitter systems play a crucial role in modulating the neural activity during locomotion. For instance, cholinergic inputs act both at the spinal and supraspinal levels and the underlying mechanisms are the focus of the present review. Much information gained on supraspinal cholinergic modulation of locomotion was obtained from the lamprey model. Nicotinic cholinergic inputs increase the level of excitation of brainstem descending command neurons, the reticulospinal neurons (RSNs), whereas muscarinic inputs activate a select group of hindbrain neurons that project to the RSNs to boost their level of excitation. Muscarinic inputs also reduce the transmission of sensory inputs in the brainstem, a phenomenon that could help in sustaining goal directed locomotion. In the spinal cord, intrinsic cholinergic inputs strongly modulate the activity of interneurons and motoneurons to control the locomotor output. Altogether, the present review underlines the importance of the cholinergic inputs in the modulation of locomotor activity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Le Ray
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA), UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence: (D.L.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Sandrine S. Bertrand
- Institut des Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d’Aquitaine (INCIA), UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Réjean Dubuc
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Adapted Physical Activity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada
- Correspondence: (D.L.R.); (R.D.)
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Mhatre SD, Iyer J, Petereit J, Dolling-Boreham RM, Tyryshkina A, Paul AM, Gilbert R, Jensen M, Woolsey RJ, Anand S, Sowa MB, Quilici DR, Costes SV, Girirajan S, Bhattacharya S. Artificial gravity partially protects space-induced neurological deficits in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111279. [PMID: 36070701 PMCID: PMC10503492 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight poses risks to the central nervous system (CNS), and understanding neurological responses is important for future missions. We report CNS changes in Drosophila aboard the International Space Station in response to spaceflight microgravity (SFμg) and artificially simulated Earth gravity (SF1g) via inflight centrifugation as a countermeasure. While inflight behavioral analyses of SFμg exhibit increased activity, postflight analysis displays significant climbing defects, highlighting the sensitivity of behavior to altered gravity. Multi-omics analysis shows alterations in metabolic, oxidative stress and synaptic transmission pathways in both SFμg and SF1g; however, neurological changes immediately postflight, including neuronal loss, glial cell count alterations, oxidative damage, and apoptosis, are seen only in SFμg. Additionally, progressive neuronal loss and a glial phenotype in SF1g and SFμg brains, with pronounced phenotypes in SFμg, are seen upon acclimation to Earth conditions. Overall, our results indicate that artificial gravity partially protects the CNS from the adverse effects of spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhita D Mhatre
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Janani Iyer
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; KBR, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Juli Petereit
- Nevada Bioinformatics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Roberta M Dolling-Boreham
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA 94035, USA
| | - Anastasia Tyryshkina
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA 94035, USA; NASA Postdoctoral Program, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Daytona Beach, FL 32114, USA
| | - Rachel Gilbert
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; NASA Postdoctoral Program, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | - Sulekha Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA
| | - Marianne B Sowa
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - David R Quilici
- Nevada Proteomics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Biological and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington DC 20024, USA.
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McCabe JP, Pundik S, Daly JJ. Targeting CNS Neural Mechanisms of Gait in Stroke Neurorehabilitation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081055. [PMID: 36009118 PMCID: PMC9405607 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) control of human gait is complex, including descending cortical control, affective ascending neural pathways, interhemispheric communication, whole brain networks of functional connectivity, and neural interactions between the brain and spinal cord. Many important studies were conducted in the past, which administered gait training using externally targeted methods such as treadmill, weight support, over-ground gait coordination training, functional electrical stimulation, bracing, and walking aids. Though the phenomenon of CNS activity-dependent plasticity has served as a basis for more recently developed gait training methods, neurorehabilitation gait training has yet to be precisely focused and quantified according to the CNS source of gait control. Therefore, we offer the following hypotheses to the field: Hypothesis 1. Gait neurorehabilitation after stroke will move forward in important ways if research studies include brain structural and functional characteristics as measures of response to treatment. Hypothesis 2. Individuals with persistent gait dyscoordination after stroke will achieve greater recovery in response to interventions that incorporate the current and emerging knowledge of CNS function by directly engaging CNS plasticity and pairing it with peripherally directed, plasticity-based motor learning interventions. These hypotheses are justified by the increase in the study of neural control of motor function, with emerging research beginning to elucidate neural factors that drive recovery. Some are developing new measures of brain function. A number of groups have developed and are sharing sophisticated, curated databases containing brain images and brain signal data, as well as other types of measures and signal processing methods for data analysis. It will be to the great advantage of stroke survivors if the results of the current state-of-the-art and emerging neural function research can be applied to the development of new gait training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P. McCabe
- Brain Plasticity and NeuroRecovery Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Svetlana Pundik
- Brain Plasticity and NeuroRecovery Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
| | - Janis J. Daly
- Brain Plasticity and NeuroRecovery Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44016, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Correspondence: or
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Paradis M, Kucharowski N, Edwards Faret G, Maya Palacios SJ, Meyer C, Stümpges B, Jamitzky I, Kalinowski J, Thiele C, Bauer R, Paululat A, Sellin J, Bülow MH. The ER protein Creld regulates ER-mitochondria contact dynamics and respiratory complex 1 activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0155. [PMID: 35867795 PMCID: PMC9307246 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic contacts are formed between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria that enable the exchange of calcium and phospholipids. Disturbed contacts between ER and mitochondria impair mitochondrial dynamics and are a molecular hallmark of Parkinson's disease, which is also characterized by impaired complex I activity and dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Here, we analyzed the role of cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain (Creld), a poorly characterized risk gene for Parkinson's disease, in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and function. We found that loss of Creld leads to mitochondrial hyperfusion and reduced ROS signaling in Drosophila melanogaster, Xenopus tropicalis, and human cells. Creld fly mutants show differences in ER-mitochondria contacts and reduced respiratory complex I activity. The resulting low-hydrogen peroxide levels are linked to disturbed neuronal activity and lead to impaired locomotion, but not neurodegeneration, in Creld mutants. We conclude that Creld regulates ER-mitochondria communication and thereby hydrogen peroxide formation, which is required for normal neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paradis
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Kucharowski
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriela Edwards Faret
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Birgit Stümpges
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Jamitzky
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Kalinowski
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Digitalization and General Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen
| | - Margret Helene Bülow
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Kwon V, Cai P, Dixon CT, Hamlin V, Spencer CG, Rojas AM, Hamilton M, Shiau CE. Peripheral NOD-like receptor deficient inflammatory macrophages trigger neutrophil infiltration into the brain disrupting daytime locomotion. Commun Biol 2022; 5:464. [PMID: 35577844 PMCID: PMC9110401 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is known to disrupt normal behavior, yet the underlying neuroimmune interactions remain elusive. Here, we investigated whether inappropriate macrophage-evoked inflammation alters CNS control of daily-life animal locomotion using a set of zebrafish mutants selected for specific macrophage dysfunction and microglia deficiency. Large-scale genetic and computational analyses revealed that NOD-like receptor nlrc3l mutants are capable of normal motility and visuomotor response, but preferentially swim less in the daytime, suggesting possible low motivation rather than physical impairment. Examining their brain activities and structures implicates impaired dopaminergic descending circuits, where neutrophils abnormally infiltrate. Furthermore, neutrophil depletion recovered daytime locomotion. Restoring wild-type macrophages reversed behavioral and neutrophil aberrations, while three other microglia-lacking mutants failed to phenocopy nlrc3l mutants. Overall, we reveal how peripheral inflammatory macrophages with elevated pro-inflammatory cues (including il1β, tnfα, cxcl8a) in the absence of microglia co-opt neutrophils to infiltrate the brain, thereby potentially enabling local circuitry modulation affecting daytime locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Kwon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peiwen Cai
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cameron T Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Hamlin
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caroline G Spencer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alison M Rojas
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Hamilton
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Matsumura S, Miyakita M, Miyamori H, Kyo S, Shima D, Yokokawa T, Ishikawa F, Sasaki T, Jinno T, Tanaka J, Goto T, Momma K, Ishihara K, Berdeaux R, Inoue K. Stimulation of G s signaling in MC4R cells by DREADD increases energy expenditure, suppresses food intake, and increases locomotor activity in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E436-E445. [PMID: 35344393 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00439.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays an important role in the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure in humans and rodents. Impairment of MC4R signaling causes severe obesity. MC4R mainly couples to the G-protein Gs. Ligand binding to MC4R activates adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased intracellular cAMP levels. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger, regulating various cellular processes. MC4R can also couple with Gq and other signaling pathways. Therefore, the contribution of MC4R/Gs signaling to energy metabolism and appetite remains unclear. To study the effect of Gs signaling activation in MC4R cells on whole body energy metabolism and appetite, we generated a novel mouse strain that expresses a Gs-coupled designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs [Gs-DREADD (GsD)] selectively in MC4R-expressing cells (GsD-MC4R mice). Chemogenetic activation of the GsD by a designer drug [deschloroclozapine (DCZ); 0.01∼0.1 mg/kg body wt] in MC4R-expressing cells significantly increased oxygen consumption and locomotor activity. In addition, GsD activation significantly reduced the respiratory exchange ratio, promoting fatty acid oxidation, but did not affect core (rectal) temperature. A low dose of DCZ (0.01 mg/kg body wt) did not suppress food intake, but a high dose of DCZ (0.1 mg/kg body wt) suppressed food intake in MC4R-GsD mice, although either DCZ dose (0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg body wt) did not affect food intake in the control mice. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that the stimulation of Gs signaling in MC4R-expressing cells increases energy expenditure and locomotor activity and suppresses appetite.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report that Gs signaling in melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing cells regulates energy expenditure, appetite, and locomotor activity. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying the regulation of energy metabolism and locomotor activity by MC4R/cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Matsumura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motoki Miyakita
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyamori
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satomi Kyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shima
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fuka Ishikawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Jinno
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jin Tanaka
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Momma
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Department of Food Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
This article outlines a hypothetical sequence of evolutionary innovations, along the lineage that produced humans, which extended behavioural control from simple feedback loops to sophisticated control of diverse species-typical actions. I begin with basic feedback mechanisms of ancient mobile animals and follow the major niche transitions from aquatic to terrestrial life, the retreat into nocturnality in early mammals, the transition to arboreal life and the return to diurnality. Along the way, I propose a sequence of elaboration and diversification of the behavioural repertoire and associated neuroanatomical substrates. This includes midbrain control of approach versus escape actions, telencephalic control of local versus long-range foraging, detection of affordances by the dorsal pallium, diversified control of nocturnal foraging in the mammalian neocortex and expansion of primate frontal, temporal and parietal cortex to support a wide variety of primate-specific behavioural strategies. The result is a proposed functional architecture consisting of parallel control systems, each dedicated to specifying the affordances for guiding particular species-typical actions, which compete against each other through a hierarchy of selection mechanisms. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cisek
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Montreal CP 6123 Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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34
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Normalizing hyperactivity of the Gunn rat with bilirubin-induced neurological disorders via ketanserin. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:556-564. [PMID: 33790408 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia has been known to cause the clinical syndrome of kernicterus and a milder one the syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND). BIND clinically manifests itself after the neonatal period as developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and related behavioral and psychiatric disorders. The complete picture of BIND is not clear. METHODS The Gunn rat is a mutant strain of the Wistar rat with the BIND phenotype, and it demonstrates abnormal behavior. We investigated serotonergic dysfunction in Gunn rats by pharmacological analyses and ex vivo neurochemical analyses. RESULTS Ketanserin, the 5-HT2AR antagonist, normalizes hyperlocomotion of Gunn rats. Both serotonin and its metabolites in the frontal cortex of Gunn rats were higher in concentrations than in control Wistar rats. The 5-HT2AR mRNA expression was downregulated without alteration of the protein abundance in the Gunn rat frontal cortex. The TPH2 protein level in the Gunn rat raphe region was significantly higher than that in the Wistar rat. CONCLUSIONS It would be of value to be able to postulate that a therapeutic strategy for BIND disorders would be the restoration of brain regions affected by the serotonergic dysfunction to normal operation to prevent before or to normalize after onset of BIND manifestations. IMPACT We demonstrated serotonergic dysregulation underlying hyperlocomotion in Gunn rats. This finding suggests that a therapeutic strategy for bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) would be the restoration of brain regions affected by the serotonergic dysfunction to normal operation to prevent before or to normalize after the onset of the BIND manifestations. Ketanserin normalizes hyperlocomotion of Gunn rats. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a hyperlocomotion link to serotonergic dysregulation in Gunn rats.
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Masini D, Kiehn O. Targeted activation of midbrain neurons restores locomotor function in mouse models of parkinsonism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:504. [PMID: 35082287 PMCID: PMC8791953 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is a locomotor command area containing glutamatergic neurons that control locomotor initiation and maintenance. These motor actions are deficient in Parkinson’s disease (PD), where dopaminergic neurodegeneration alters basal ganglia activity. Being downstream of the basal ganglia, the PPN may be a suitable target for ameliorating parkinsonian motor symptoms. Here, we use in vivo cell-type specific PPN activation to restore motor function in two mouse models of parkinsonism made by acute pharmacological blockage of dopamine transmission. With a combination of chemo- and opto-genetics, we show that excitation of caudal glutamatergic PPN neurons can normalize the otherwise severe locomotor deficit in PD, whereas targeting the local GABAergic population only leads to recovery of slow locomotion. The motor rescue driven by glutamatergic PPN activation is independent of activity in nearby locomotor promoting glutamatergic Cuneiform neurons. Our observations point to caudal glutamatergic PPN neurons as a potential target for neuromodulatory restoration of locomotor function in PD. Here, the authors use cell-type specific stimulation of brainstem neurons within the caudal pedunculopontine nucleus to show that activation of excitatory neurons can normalize severe locomotor deficit in mouse models of parkinsonism. The study defines a potential target for neuromodulatory restoration of locomotor function in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Masini
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Kiehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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36
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Mortensen NP, Pathmasiri W, Snyder RW, Caffaro MM, Watson SL, Patel PR, Beeravalli L, Prattipati S, Aravamudhan S, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Oral administration of TiO 2 nanoparticles during early life impacts cardiac and neurobehavioral performance and metabolite profile in an age- and sex-related manner. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 34986857 PMCID: PMC8728993 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly incorporated in everyday products. To investigate the effects of early life exposure to orally ingested TiO2 NP, male and female Sprague-Dawley rat pups received four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NP (diameter: 21 ± 5 nm) or vehicle control (water) by gavage at three different pre-weaning ages: postnatal day (PND) 2-5, PND 7-10, or PND 17-20. Cardiac assessment and basic neurobehavioral tests (locomotor activity, rotarod, and acoustic startle) were conducted on PND 20. Pups were sacrificed at PND 21. Select tissues were collected, weighed, processed for neurotransmitter and metabolomics analyses. RESULTS Heart rate was found to be significantly decreased in female pups when dosed between PND 7-10 and PND 17-20. Females dosed between PND 2-5 showed decrease acoustic startle response and when dosed between PND 7-10 showed decreased performance in the rotarod test and increased locomotor activity. Male pups dosed between PND 17-20 showed decreased locomotor activity. The concentrations of neurotransmitters and related metabolites in brain tissue and the metabolomic profile of plasma were impacted by TiO2 NP administration for all dose groups. Metabolomic pathways perturbed by TiO2 NP administration included pathways involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Oral administration of TiO2 NP to rat pups impacted basic cardiac and neurobehavioral performance, neurotransmitters and related metabolites concentrations in brain tissue, and the biochemical profiles of plasma. The findings suggested that female pups were more likely to experience adverse outcome following early life exposure to oral TiO2 NP than male pups. Collectively the data from this exploratory study suggest oral administration of TiO2 NP cause adverse biological effects in an age- and sex-related manner, emphasizing the need to understand the short- and long-term effects of early life exposure to TiO2 NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Scott L Watson
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lakshmi Beeravalli
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Sharmista Prattipati
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 East Gate City Blvd., Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Susan J Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Paul AK, Smith CM, Rahmatullah M, Nissapatorn V, Wilairatana P, Spetea M, Gueven N, Dietis N. Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1091. [PMID: 34832873 PMCID: PMC8620360 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction and numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. As opium and opioids have been traditionally used as painkillers, the exact mechanisms of their adverse reactions over repeated use are multifactorial and not fully understood. Older adults suffer from cancer and non-cancer chronic pain more than younger adults, due to the physiological changes related to ageing and their reduced metabolic capabilities and thus show an increased number of adverse reactions to opioid drugs. All clinically used opioids are μ-opioid receptor agonists, and the major adverse effects are directly or potentially connected to this receptor. Multifunctional opioid ligands or peripherally restricted opioids may elicit fewer adverse effects, as shown in preclinical studies, but these results need reproducibility from further extensive clinical trials. The current review aims to overview various mechanisms involved in the adverse effects induced by opioids, to provide a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and, ultimately, to help develop an effective therapeutic strategy to better manage pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K. Paul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Craig M. Smith
- School of Medicine, Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Mohammed Rahmatullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- School of Allied Health Sciences, World Union for Herbal Drug Discovery (WUHeDD) and Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia;
| | - Nikolas Dietis
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus;
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Optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform nucleus controls locomotion in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110934118. [PMID: 34670837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110934118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), the loss of midbrain dopaminergic cells results in severe locomotor deficits, such as gait freezing and akinesia. Growing evidence indicates that these deficits can be attributed to the decreased activity in the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), a brainstem region controlling locomotion. Clinicians are exploring the deep brain stimulation of the MLR as a treatment option to improve locomotor function. The results are variable, from modest to promising. However, within the MLR, clinicians have targeted the pedunculopontine nucleus exclusively, while leaving the cuneiform nucleus unexplored. To our knowledge, the effects of cuneiform nucleus stimulation have never been determined in parkinsonian conditions in any animal model. Here, we addressed this issue in a mouse model of PD, based on the bilateral striatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, which damaged the nigrostriatal pathway and decreased locomotor activity. We show that selective optogenetic stimulation of glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform nucleus in mice expressing channelrhodopsin in a Cre-dependent manner in Vglut2-positive neurons (Vglut2-ChR2-EYFP mice) increased the number of locomotor initiations, increased the time spent in locomotion, and controlled locomotor speed. Using deep learning-based movement analysis, we found that the limb kinematics of optogenetic-evoked locomotion in pathological conditions were largely similar to those recorded in intact animals. Our work identifies the glutamatergic neurons of the cuneiform nucleus as a potentially clinically relevant target to improve locomotor activity in parkinsonian conditions. Our study should open avenues to develop the targeted stimulation of these neurons using deep brain stimulation, pharmacotherapy, or optogenetics.
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Abstract
The olfactory system allows animals to navigate in their environment to feed, mate, and escape predators. It is well established that odorant exposure or electrical stimulation of the olfactory system induces stereotyped motor responses in fishes. However, the neural circuitry responsible for the olfactomotor transformations is only beginning to be unraveled. A neural substrate eliciting motor responses to olfactory inputs was identified in the lamprey, a basal vertebrate used extensively to examine the neural mechanisms underlying sensorimotor transformations. Two pathways were discovered from the olfactory organ in the periphery to the brainstem motor nuclei responsible for controlling swimming. The first pathway originates from sensory neurons located in the accessory olfactory organ and reaches a single population of projection neurons in the medial olfactory bulb, which, in turn, transmit the olfactory signals to the posterior tuberculum and then to downstream brainstem locomotor centers. A second pathway originates from the main olfactory epithelium and reaches the main olfactory bulb, the neurons of which project to the pallium/cortex. The olfactory signals are then conveyed to the posterior tuberculum and then to brainstem locomotor centers. Olfactomotor behavior can adapt, and studies were aimed at defining the underlying neural mechanisms. Modulation of bulbar neural activity by GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotoninergic inputs is likely to provide strong control over the hardwired circuits to produce appropriate motor behavior in response to olfactory cues. This review summarizes current knowledge relative to the neural circuitry producing olfactomotor behavior in lampreys and their modulatory mechanisms.
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40
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Pérez-Fernández J, Barandela M, Jiménez-López C. The Dopaminergic Control of Movement-Evolutionary Considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11284. [PMID: 34681941 PMCID: PMC8541398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is likely the most studied modulatory neurotransmitter, in great part due to characteristic motor deficits in Parkinson's disease that arise after the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The SNc, together with the ventral tegmental area (VTA), play a key role modulating motor responses through the basal ganglia. In contrast to the large amount of existing literature addressing the mammalian dopaminergic system, comparatively little is known in other vertebrate groups. However, in the last several years, numerous studies have been carried out in basal vertebrates, allowing a better understanding of the evolution of the dopaminergic system, especially the SNc/VTA. We provide an overview of existing research in basal vertebrates, mainly focusing on lampreys, belonging to the oldest group of extant vertebrates. The lamprey dopaminergic system and its role in modulating motor responses have been characterized in significant detail, both anatomically and functionally, providing the basis for understanding the evolution of the SNc/VTA in vertebrates. When considered alongside results from other early vertebrates, data in lampreys show that the key role of the SNc/VTA dopaminergic neurons modulating motor responses through the basal ganglia was already well developed early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pérez-Fernández
- Center for Biomedical Research (CINBIO), Neurocircuits Group, Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.B.); (C.J.-L.)
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Nabinger DD, Altenhofen S, Peixoto JV, da Silva JMK, Bonan CD. Long-lasting behavioral effects of quinpirole exposure on zebrafish. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 88:107034. [PMID: 34600099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The human brain matures into a complex structure, and to reach its complete development, connections must occur along exact paths. If at any stage, the processes are altered, interrupted, or inhibited, the consequences can be permanent. Dopaminergic signaling participates in the control of physiological functions and behavioral processes, and alterations in this signaling pathway are related to the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. For this reason, the use of pharmacological agents able to interact with the dopaminergic signaling may elucidate the biological bases of such disorders. We investigated the long-lasting behavioral effects on adult zebrafish after quinpirole (a dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist) exposure during early life stages of development (24 h exposure at 5 days post-fertilization, dpf) to better understand the mechanisms underlying neurological disorders related to the dopaminergic system. Quinpirole exposure at the early life stages of zebrafish led to late behavioral alterations. When evaluated at 120 dpf, zebrafish presented increased anxiety-like behaviors. At the open tank test, fish remained longer at the bottom of the tank, indicating anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, quinpirole-treated fish exhibited increased absolute turn angle, likely an indication of elevated erratic movements and a sign of increased fear or anxiety. Quinpirole-treated fish also showed altered swimming patterns, characterized by stereotypic swimming. During the open tank test, exposed zebrafish swims from corner to corner in a repetitive manner at the bottom of the tank. Moreover, quinpirole exposure led to memory impairment compared to control fish. However, quinpirole administration had no effects on social and aggressive behavior. These findings demonstrate that dopaminergic signaling altered by quinpirole administration in the early life stages of development led to late alterations in behavioral parameters of adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Dreher Nabinger
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Stefani Altenhofen
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Vasconcellos Peixoto
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Kuhl da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Cerebrais, Excitotoxicidade e Neuroproteção, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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42
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Iyer AA, Briggman KL. Amphibian behavioral diversity offers insights into evolutionary neurobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 71:19-28. [PMID: 34481981 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have served to emphasize the unique placement of amphibians, composed of more than 8000 species, in the evolution of the brain. We provide an overview of the three amphibian orders and their respective ecologies, behaviors, and brain anatomy. Studies have probed the origins of independently evolved parental care strategies in frogs and the biophysical principles driving species-specific differences in courtship vocalization patterns. Amphibians are also important models for studying the central control of movement, especially in the context of the vertebrate origin of limb-based locomotion. By highlighting the versatility of amphibians, we hope to see a further adoption of anurans, urodeles, and gymnophionans as model systems for the evolution and neural basis of behavior across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya A Iyer
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin L Briggman
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (Caesar), Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, Bonn, Germany.
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43
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Burton A, Won SM, Sohrabi AK, Stuart T, Amirhossein A, Kim JU, Park Y, Gabros A, Rogers JA, Vitale F, Richardson AG, Gutruf P. Wireless, battery-free, and fully implantable electrical neurostimulation in freely moving rodents. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:62. [PMID: 34567774 PMCID: PMC8433476 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Implantable deep brain stimulation (DBS) systems are utilized for clinical treatment of diseases such as Parkinson's disease and chronic pain. However, long-term efficacy of DBS is limited, and chronic neuroplastic changes and associated therapeutic mechanisms are not well understood. Fundamental and mechanistic investigation, typically accomplished in small animal models, is difficult because of the need for chronic stimulators that currently require either frequent handling of test subjects to charge battery-powered systems or specialized setups to manage tethers that restrict experimental paradigms and compromise insight. To overcome these challenges, we demonstrate a fully implantable, wireless, battery-free platform that allows for chronic DBS in rodents with the capability to control stimulation parameters digitally in real time. The devices are able to provide stimulation over a wide range of frequencies with biphasic pulses and constant voltage control via low-impedance, surface-engineered platinum electrodes. The devices utilize off-the-shelf components and feature the ability to customize electrodes to enable broad utility and rapid dissemination. Efficacy of the system is demonstrated with a readout of stimulation-evoked neural activity in vivo and chronic stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in freely moving rats to evoke characteristic head motion for over 36 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Burton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Arian Kolahi Sohrabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Tucker Stuart
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Amir Amirhossein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Yoonseok Park
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Andrew Gabros
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Department of Neurology, Bioengineering, Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Andrew G. Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Bio5 Institute and Neuroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
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44
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Evsiukova V, Antonov E, Kulikov AV. Effects of Sex and Group Size on Behavior and Brain Biogenic Amines in Short-Lived Turquoise Killifish ( Nothobranchius furzeri). Zebrafish 2021; 18:265-273. [PMID: 34324391 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-lived turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) becomes a popular model species for neuroscience. However, the effects of sex and rearing conditions on behavior and brain monoamines in N. furzeri are unknown. In this article, we study the body mass, behavior in the novel tank diving test, levels of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the brain of 108 day-old N. furzeri males and females reared in small (one male and one or two females in 4-L tanks) and large (four males and four females in 25-L tanks) groups. Males were heavier and had a lower NA level in the brain compared with females. The behavior of males and females did not differ in the novel tank diving test. Their DA, 5-HT, DOPAC, and 5-HIAA levels in the brain did not differ too. Males from small groups spent more time near the tank's bottom. Rearing in small groups reduced the DA level in the female brain and the DOPAC level in female and male brains. However, group size did not affect body mass, 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the brain. Thus, group size is important for behavior and neuroscience studies of N. furzeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Evsiukova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Egor Antonov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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45
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Suryanarayana SM, Pérez-Fernández J, Robertson B, Grillner S. The Lamprey Forebrain - Evolutionary Implications. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:318-333. [PMID: 34192700 DOI: 10.1159/000517492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The forebrain plays a critical role in a broad range of neural processes encompassing sensory integration and initiation/selection of behaviour. The forebrain functions through an interaction between different cortical areas, the thalamus, the basal ganglia with the dopamine system, and the habenulae. The ambition here is to compare the mammalian forebrain with that of the lamprey representing the oldest now living group of vertebrates, by a review of earlier studies. We show that the lamprey dorsal pallium has a motor, a somatosensory, and a visual area with retinotopic representation. The lamprey pallium was previously thought to be largely olfactory. There is also a detailed similarity between the lamprey and mammals with regard to other forebrain structures like the basal ganglia in which the general organisation, connectivity, transmitters and their receptors, neuropeptides, and expression of ion channels are virtually identical. These initially unexpected results allow for the possibility that many aspects of the basic design of the vertebrate forebrain had evolved before the lamprey diverged from the evolutionary line leading to mammals. Based on a detailed comparison between the mammalian forebrain and that of the lamprey and with due consideration of data from other vertebrate groups, we propose a compelling account of a pan-vertebrate schema for basic forebrain structures, suggesting a common ancestry of over half a billion years of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas M Suryanarayana
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Vigo, Spain
| | - Brita Robertson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Sten Grillner
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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46
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Perelmuter JT, Hom KN, Mohr RA, Demis L, Kim S, Chernenko A, Timothy M, Middleton MA, Sisneros JA, Forlano PM. Testosterone Treatment Mimics Seasonal Downregulation of Dopamine Innervation in the Auditory System of Female Midshipman Fish. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:269-282. [PMID: 33974077 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In seasonally breeding vertebrates, hormones coordinate changes in nervous system structure and function to facilitate reproductive readiness and success. Steroid hormones often exert their effects indirectly via regulation of neuromodulators, which in turn can coordinate the modulation of sensory input with appropriate motor output. Female plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) undergo increased peripheral auditory sensitivity in time for the summer breeding season, improving their ability to detect mates, which is regulated by steroid hormones. Reproductive females also show differences in catecholaminergic innervation of auditory circuitry compared with winter, non-reproductive females as measured by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholaminergic synthesis. Importantly, catecholaminergic input to the inner ear from a dopaminergic-specific forebrain nucleus is decreased in the summer and dopamine inhibits the sensitivity of the inner ear, suggesting that gonadal steroids may alter auditory sensitivity by regulating dopamine innervation. In this study, we gonadectomized non-reproductive females, implanted them with estradiol (E2) or testosterone (T), and measured TH immunoreactive (TH-ir) fibers in auditory nuclei where catecholaminergic innervation was previously shown to be seasonally plastic. We found that treatment with T, but not E2, reduced TH-ir innervation in the auditory hindbrain. T-treatment also reduced TH-ir fibers in the forebrain dopaminergic cell group that projects to the inner ear, and likely to the auditory hindbrain. Higher T plasma in the treatment group was correlated with reduced-ir TH terminals in the inner ear. These T-treatment induced changes in TH-ir fibers mimic the seasonal downregulation of dopamine in the midshipman inner ear and provide evidence that steroid hormone regulation of peripheral auditory sensitivity is mediated, in part, by dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Perelmuter
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Psychology Subprogram in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelsey N Hom
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Doctoral Program in Biology, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Biology Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert A Mohr
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lina Demis
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Spencer Kim
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alena Chernenko
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Miky Timothy
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mollie A Middleton
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph A Sisneros
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul M Forlano
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Psychology Subprogram in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Biology Subprogram in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Biology Subprogram in Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Aquatic Research and Environmental Assessment Center, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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47
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Alonso IP, Pino JA, Kortagere S, Torres GE, España RA. Dopamine transporter function fluctuates across sleep/wake state: potential impact for addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:699-708. [PMID: 33032296 PMCID: PMC8026992 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine transporter (DAT) has been implicated in a variety of arousal-related processes including the regulation of motor activity, learning, motivated behavior, psychostimulant abuse, and, more recently, sleep/wake state. We previously demonstrated that DAT uptake regulates fluctuations in extracellular dopamine (DA) in the striatum across the light/dark cycle with DA levels at their highest during the dark phase and lowest during the light phase. Despite this evidence, whether fluctuations in DA uptake across the light/dark cycle are associated with changes in sleep/wake has not been tested. To address this, we employed a combination of sleep/wake recordings, fast scan cyclic voltammetry, and western blotting to examine whether sleep/wake state and/or light/dark phase impact DA terminal neurotransmission in male rats. Further, we assessed whether variations in plasma membrane DAT levels and/or phosphorylation of the threonine 53 site on the DAT accounts for fluctuations in DA neurotransmission. Given the extensive evidence indicating that psychostimulants increase DA through interactions with the DAT, we also examined to what degree the effects of cocaine at inhibiting the DAT vary across sleep/wake state. Results demonstrated a significant association between individual sleep/wake states and DA terminal neurotransmission, with higher DA uptake rate, increased phosphorylation of the DAT, and enhanced cocaine potency observed after periods of sleep. These findings suggest that sleep/wake state influences DA neurotransmission in a manner that is likely to impact a host of DA-dependent processes including a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. P. Alonso
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
| | - J. A. Pino
- grid.440631.40000 0001 2228 7602Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, 1532502 Copiapó, Chile
| | - S. Kortagere
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
| | - G. E. Torres
- grid.254250.40000 0001 2264 7145Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, CUNY School of Medicine at the City College of New York, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - R. A. España
- grid.166341.70000 0001 2181 3113Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
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48
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Abstract
Ecstasy use is commonly combined with ethanol consumption. While combination drug use in general is correlated with a higher risk for toxicity, the risk of the specific combination of ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)) and ethanol is largely unknown. Therefore, we have reviewed the literature on changes in MDMA pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics due to concurrent ethanol exposure in human, animal and in vitro studies. MDMA pharmacokinetics appear unaffected: the MDMA blood concentration after concurrent exposure to MDMA and ethanol was comparable to lone MDMA exposure in multiple human placebo-controlled studies. In contrast, MDMA pharmacodynamics were affected: locomotor activity increased and body temperature decreased after concurrent exposure to MDMA and ethanol compared to lone MDMA exposure. Importantly, these additional ethanol effects were consistently observed in multiple animal studies. Additional ethanol effects have also been reported on other pharmacodynamic aspects, but are inconclusive due to a low number of studies or due to inconsistent findings. These investigated pharmacodynamic aspects include monoamine brain concentrations, neurological (psychomotor function, memory, anxiety, reinforcing properties), cardiovascular, liver and endocrine effects. Although only a single or a few studies were available investigating these aspects, most studies indicated an aggravation of MDMA-induced effects upon concurrent ethanol exposure. In summary, concurrent ethanol exposure appears to increase the risk for MDMA toxicity. Increased toxicity is due to an aggravation of MDMA pharmacodynamics, while MDMA pharmacokinetics is largely unaffected. Although a significant attenuation of the MDMA-induced increase of body temperature was observed in animal studies, its relevance for human exposure remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eefje Vercoulen
- Department of Drug Monitoring and Policy, Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Hondebrink
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Kumbhar SA, Kokare CR, Shrivastava B, Gorain B, Choudhury H. Antipsychotic Potential and Safety Profile of TPGS-Based Mucoadhesive Aripiprazole Nanoemulsion: Development and Optimization for Nose-To-Brain Delivery. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:1761-1778. [PMID: 33515583 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Delivering therapeutics to the brain using conventional dosage forms is always a challenge, thus the present study was aimed to formulate mucoadhesive nanoemulsion (MNE) of aripiprazole (ARP) for intranasal delivery to transport the drug directly to the brain. Therefore, a TPGS based ARP-MNE was formulated and optimized using the Box-Behnken statistical design. The improved in vitro release profile of the formulation was in agreement to enhanced ex vivo permeation through sheep mucous membranes with a maximum rate of permeation co-efficient (62.87 cm h-1 × 103) and flux (31.43 μg cm-2.h-1). The pharmacokinetic profile following single-dose administration showed the maximum concentration of drug in the brain (Cmax) of 15.19 ± 2.51 μg mL-1 and Tmax of 1 h in animals with ARP-MNE as compared to 10.57 ± 1.88 μg mL-1 and 1 h, and 2.52 ± 0.38 μg mL-1 and 3 h upon intranasal and intravenous administration of ARP-NE, respectively. Further, higher values of % drug targeting efficiency (96.9%) and % drug targeting potential (89.73%) of ARP-MNE through intranasal administration were investigated. The studies in Wistar rats showed no existence of extrapyramidal symptoms through the catalepsy test and forelimb retraction results. No ex vivo ciliotoxicity on nasal mucosa reflects the safety of the components and delivery tool. Further, findings on locomotor activity and hind-limb retraction test in ARP-MNE treated animals established its antipsychotic efficacy. Thus, it can be inferred that the developed ARP-MNE could effectively be explored as brain delivery cargo in the effective treatment of schizophrenia without producing any toxic manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Ashok Kumbhar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302 017, Rajasthan, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411 041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrakant R Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES's Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411 041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Birendra Shrivastava
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302 017, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre for Drug Delivery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Delivery, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University, Bukit jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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50
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Whole brain proton irradiation in adult Sprague Dawley rats produces dose dependent and non-dependent cognitive, behavioral, and dopaminergic effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21584. [PMID: 33299021 PMCID: PMC7726106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton radiotherapy causes less off-target effects than X-rays but is not without effect. To reduce adverse effects of proton radiotherapy, a model of cognitive deficits from conventional proton exposure is needed. We developed a model emphasizing multiple cognitive outcomes. Adult male rats (10/group) received a single dose of 0, 11, 14, 17, or 20 Gy irradiation (the 20 Gy group was not used because 50% died). Rats were tested once/week for 5 weeks post-irradiation for activity, coordination, and startle. Cognitive assessment began 6-weeks post-irradiation with novel object recognition (NOR), egocentric learning, allocentric learning, reference memory, and proximal cue learning. Proton exposure had the largest effect on activity and prepulse inhibition of startle 1-week post-irradiation that dissipated each week. 6-weeks post-irradiation, there were no effects on NOR, however proton exposure impaired egocentric (Cincinnati water maze) and allocentric learning and caused reference memory deficits (Morris water maze), but did not affect proximal cue learning or swimming performance. Proton groups also had reduced striatal levels of the dopamine transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase, and the dopamine receptor D1, effects consistent with egocentric learning deficits. This new model will facilitate investigations of different proton dose rates and drugs to ameliorate the cognitive sequelae of proton radiotherapy.
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