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Ramirez DM, Whitesell JD, Bhagwat N, Thomas TL, Ajay AD, Nawaby A, Delatour B, Bay S, LaFaye P, Knox JE, Harris JA, Meeks JP, Diamond MI. Endogenous pathology in tauopathy mice progresses via brain networks. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.23.541792. [PMID: 37293074 PMCID: PMC10245958 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.541792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative tauopathies are hypothesized to propagate via brain networks. This is uncertain because we have lacked precise network resolution of pathology. We therefore developed whole-brain staining methods with anti-p-tau nanobodies and imaged in 3D PS19 tauopathy mice, which have pan-neuronal expression of full-length human tau containing the P301S mutation. We analyzed patterns of p-tau deposition across established brain networks at multiple ages, testing the relationship between structural connectivity and patterns of progressive pathology. We identified core regions with early tau deposition, and used network propagation modeling to determine the link between tau pathology and connectivity strength. We discovered a bias towards retrograde network-based propagation of tau. This novel approach establishes a fundamental role for brain networks in tau propagation, with implications for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M.O. Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer D. Whitesell
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience; Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nikhil Bhagwat
- Allen Institute for Brain Science; Seattle, WA, USA
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University; Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Talitha L. Thomas
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Apoorva D. Ajay
- Department of Neurology, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ariana Nawaby
- Department of Neurology, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Benoît Delatour
- Paris Brain Institute (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM U1127, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Bay
- Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523; Paris, France
| | - Pierre LaFaye
- Antibody Engineering Platform, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528; Paris, France
| | | | | | - Julian P. Meeks
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical School; Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Marc I. Diamond
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Chen M, Ingle L, Plautz EJ, Kong X, Tang R, Ghosh N, Romprey MK, Fenske WK, Goldberg MP. LZK-dependent stimulation of astrocyte reactivity promotes corticospinal axon sprouting. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:969261. [PMID: 36187291 PMCID: PMC9520579 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.969261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the adult mammalian central nervous system induces compensatory plasticity of spared axons-referred to as collateral axon sprouting-that can facilitate neural recovery. The contribution of reactive astrocytes to axon sprouting remains elusive. Here, we sought to investigate the role of axon degeneration-reactive astrocytes in the regulation of collateral axon sprouting that occurs in the mouse spinal cord after unilateral photothrombotic stroke of the primary motor cortex. We identified astrocytic leucine zipper-bearing kinase (LZK) as a positive regulator of astrocyte reactivity to corticospinal axon degeneration. Remarkably, genetic stimulation of astrocyte reactivity, via LZK overexpression in adult astrocytes, enhanced corticospinal axon sprouting. LZK promoted the production of astrocyte-derived ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that likely enhanced axon growth in mice with astrocytic LZK overexpression after injury. Our finding that LZK-dependent stimulation of astrocyte reactivity promotes corticospinal axon sprouting highlights the potential of engineering astrocytes to support injury-induced axon plasticity for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifan Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Laura Ingle
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Erik J. Plautz
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Neil Ghosh
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Megan K. Romprey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - William K. Fenske
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark P. Goldberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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3
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Manyande A, Wu D, Feng M, Xiang H. The connectome from the cerebral cortex to skeletal muscle using viral transneuronal tracers: a review. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:4864-4879. [PMID: 35958450 PMCID: PMC9360884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Connectomics has developed from an initial observation under an electron microscope to the present well-known medical imaging research approach. The emergence of the most popular transneuronal tracers has further advanced connectomics research. Researchers use the virus trans-nerve tracing method to trace the whole brain, mark the brain nerve circuit and nerve connection structure, and construct a complete nerve conduction pathway. This review assesses current methods of studying cortical to muscle connections using viral neuronal tracers and demonstrates their application in disease diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department of Interventional Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalian 116000, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yunhua Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineWuhan 430061, Hubei, P. R. China
- Clinical Medical College of Hubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhan 430061, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese MedicineWuhan 430061, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang He
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West LondonLondon, UK
| | - Duozhi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hainan General HospitalHaikou 570311, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Maohui Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, P. R. China
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Zhou F, Ebea P, Mutai E, Wang H, Sukreet S, Navazesh S, Dogan H, Li W, Cui J, Ji P, Ramirez DMO, Zempleni J. Small Extracellular Vesicles in Milk Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier in Murine Cerebral Cortex Endothelial Cells and Promote Dendritic Complexity in the Hippocampus and Brain Function in C57BL/6J Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:838543. [PMID: 35600828 PMCID: PMC9121399 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.838543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains large amounts of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their microRNA cargos, whereas infant formulas contain only trace amounts of sEVs and microRNAs. We assessed the transport of sEVs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and sEV accumulation in distinct regions of the brain in brain endothelial cells and suckling mice. We further assessed sEV-dependent gene expression profiles and effects on the dendritic complexity of hippocampal granule cells and phenotypes of EV depletion in neonate, juvenile and adult mice. The transfer of sEVs across the BBB was assessed by using fluorophore-labeled bovine sEVs in brain endothelial bEnd.3 monolayers and dual chamber systems, and in wild-type newborn pups fostered to sEV and cargo tracking (ECT) dams that express sEVs labeled with a CD63-eGFP fusion protein for subsequent analysis by serial two-photon tomography and staining with anti-eGFP antibodies. Effects of EVs on gene expression and dendritic architecture of granule cells was analyzed in hippocampi from juvenile mice fed sEV and RNA-depleted (ERD) and sEV and RNA-sufficient (ERS) diets by using RNA-sequencing analysis and Golgi-Cox staining followed by integrated neuronal tracing and morphological analysis of neuronal dendrites, respectively. Spatial learning and severity of kainic acid-induced seizures were assessed in mice fed ERD and ERS diets. bEnd.3 cells internalized sEVs by using a saturable transport mechanism and secreted miR-34a across the basal membrane. sEVs penetrated the entire brain in fostering experiments; major regions of accumulation included the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. Two hundred ninety-five genes were differentially expressed in hippocampi from mice fed ERD and ERS diets; high-confidence gene networks included pathways implicated in axon guidance and calcium signaling. Juvenile pups fed the ERD diet had reduced dendritic complexity of dentate granule cells in the hippocampus, scored nine-fold lower in the Barnes maze test of spatial learning and memory, and the severity of seizures was 5-fold higher following kainic acid administration in adult mice fed the ERD diet compared to mice fed the ERS diet. We conclude that sEVs cross the BBB and contribute toward optimal neuronal development, spatial learning and memory, and resistance to kainic acid-induced seizures in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Pearl Ebea
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Ezra Mutai
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Sonal Sukreet
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Shya Navazesh
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Haluk Dogan
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Juan Cui
- School of Computing, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Denise M. O. Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Janos Zempleni
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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5
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Zeng C, Chen Z, Yang H, Fan Y, Fei L, Chen X, Zhang M. Advanced high resolution three-dimensional imaging to visualize the cerebral neurovascular network in stroke. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:552-571. [PMID: 35002509 PMCID: PMC8741851 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important method to accurately and timely diagnose stroke and study physiological characteristics and pathological mechanism in it, imaging technology has gone through more than a century of iteration. The interaction of cells densely packed in the brain is three-dimensional (3D), but the flat images brought by traditional visualization methods show only a few cells and ignore connections outside the slices. The increased resolution allows for a more microscopic and underlying view. Today's intuitive 3D imagings of micron or even nanometer scale are showing its essentiality in stroke. In recent years, 3D imaging technology has gained rapid development. With the overhaul of imaging mediums and the innovation of imaging mode, the resolution has been significantly improved, endowing researchers with the capability of holistic observation of a large volume, real-time monitoring of tiny voxels, and quantitative measurement of spatial parameters. In this review, we will summarize the current methods of high-resolution 3D imaging applied in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chudai Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
| | - Zhuohui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
| | - Haojun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
| | - Yishu Fan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
| | - Lujing Fei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
| | - Xinghang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China, 410008.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, 410008
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6
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Zhang Y, Xing X, Long B, Cao Y, Hu S, Li X, Yu Y, Tian D, Sui B, Luo Z, Liu W, Lv L, Wu Q, Dai J, Zhou M, Han H, Fu ZF, Gong H, Bai F, Zhao L. A spatial and cellular distribution of rabies virus infection in the mouse brain revealed by fMOST and single-cell RNA sequencing. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e700. [PMID: 35051311 PMCID: PMC8776042 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotropic virus infection can cause serious damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in both humans and animals. The complexity of the CNS poses unique challenges to investigate the infection of these viruses in the brain using traditional techniques. METHODS In this study, we explore the use of fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to map the spatial and cellular distribution of a representative neurotropic virus, rabies virus (RABV), in the whole brain. Mice were inoculated with a lethal dose of a recombinant RABV encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under different infection routes, and a three-dimensional (3D) view of RABV distribution in the whole mouse brain was obtained using fMOST. Meanwhile, we pinpointed the cellular distribution of RABV by utilizing scRNA-seq. RESULTS Our fMOST data provided the 3D view of a neurotropic virus in the whole mouse brain, which indicated that the spatial distribution of RABV in the brain was influenced by the infection route. Interestingly, we provided evidence that RABV could infect multiple nuclei related to fear independent of different infection routes. More surprisingly, our scRNA-seq data revealed that besides neurons RABV could infect macrophages and the infiltrating macrophages played at least three different antiviral roles during RABV infection. CONCLUSION This study draws a comprehensively spatial and cellular map of typical neurotropic virus infection in the mouse brain, providing a novel and insightful strategy to investigate the pathogenesis of RABV and other neurotropic viruses.
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7
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Li Z, Li Z, Xu W, Li Y, Wang Q, Xu H, Manyande A, Wu D, Feng M, Xiang H. The connectome from the cerebral cortex to the viscera using viral transneuronal tracers. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12152-12167. [PMID: 34956443 PMCID: PMC8661218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging framework in neuroscience, brain connectomics is well suited for investigating key questions on brain complexity by combining viral transneuronal tracing and whole brain graphic methodologies using analytical tools of network science. Transsynaptic viral tract-tracing in the toolbox of neural labeling methods has been a significant development in the connectomics field to decipher the circuit-level architecture of the cerebral cortex. In the present work, we reviewed the current methods enabling structural connectivity from the viscera to the cerebral cortex mapping with viral transneuronal tracers and showed how such neuroanatomic connectomic data could be used to infer new structural and functional information in viscera-cerebral cortex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West LondonLondon W5 2NU, UK
| | - Duozhi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, People’s Hospital of Hainan ProvinceHaikou 570311, Hainan, China
| | - Maohui Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Wuhan Peritoneal Cancer Clinical Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study CenterWuhan 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbing Xiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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8
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Conner JM, Bohannon A, Igarashi M, Taniguchi J, Baltar N, Azim E. Modulation of tactile feedback for the execution of dexterous movement. Science 2021; 374:316-323. [PMID: 34648327 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Conner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Bohannon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Masakazu Igarashi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Taniguchi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Baltar
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eiman Azim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Selvaraj UM, Ujas TA, Kong X, Kumar A, Plautz EJ, Zhang S, Xing C, Sudduth TL, Wilcock DM, Turchan-Cholewo J, Goldberg MP, Stowe AM. Delayed diapedesis of CD8 T cells contributes to long-term pathology after ischemic stroke in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:502-513. [PMID: 33964435 PMCID: PMC8221572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stroke is a debilitating disorder with significant annual mortality and morbidity rates worldwide. Immune cells are recruited to the injured brain within hours after stroke onset and can exhibit either protective or detrimental effects on recovery. However, immune cells, including CD8 T cells, persist in the injured brain for weeks, suggesting a longer-term role for the adaptive immune system during functional recovery. The aim of this study was to determine if the delayed secondary diapedesis of CD8 T cells into the ischemic brain negatively impacts functional recovery after transient ischemic stroke in male mice. RESULTS Mice exhibited an increased number of leukocytes in the ipsilesional hemispheres at 14 days (3-fold; p < 0.001) and 30 days (2.2-fold; p = 0.02) after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) compared to 8 days post-tMCAo, at which time acute neuroinflammation predominantly resolves. Moreover, mice with higher ipsilesional CD8 T cells at 30 days (R2 = 0.52, p < 0.01) exhibited worse functional recovery. To confirm a detrimental role of chronic CD8 T cell diapedesis on recovery, peripheral CD8 T cells were depleted beginning 10 days post-tMCAo. Delayed CD8 T cell depletion improved motor recovery on the rotarod (F(1,28) = 4.264; p = 0.048) compared to isotype control-treated mice. CD8 T cell-depleted mice also exhibited 2-fold (p < 0.001) reduced leukocyte infiltration at 30 days post-tMCAo. Specifically, macrophage, neutrophil, and CD4 T cell numbers were reduced in the ipsilesional hemisphere of the CD8 T cell-depleted mice independent of inflammatory status of the post-stroke CNS (e.g. microglial phenotype and cytokine production). RNAseq identified a unique profile for brain infiltrating CD8 T cells at 30 days post-tMCAo, with 46 genes differentially expressed relative to CD8 T cells at 3 days post-tMCAo. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a role for CD8 T cells in the chronic phase post-stroke that can be therapeutically targeted. We demonstrate long-term CD8 T cell recruitment into the ipsilesional hemisphere that affects both immune cell numbers present in the injured brain and functional recovery through one month after stroke onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas A Ujas
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Xiangmei Kong
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Erik J Plautz
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Shanrong Zhang
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tiffany L Sudduth
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Donna M Wilcock
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jadwiga Turchan-Cholewo
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark P Goldberg
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Translational Stroke Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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10
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Taranda J, Turcan S. 3D Whole-Brain Imaging Approaches to Study Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081897. [PMID: 33920839 PMCID: PMC8071100 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Brain tumors integrate into the brain and consist of tumor cells with different molecular alterations. During brain tumor pathogenesis, a variety of cell types surround the tumors to either inhibit or promote tumor growth. These cells are collectively referred to as the tumor microenvironment. Three-dimensional and/or longitudinal visualization approaches are needed to understand the growth of these tumors in time and space. In this review, we present three imaging modalities that are suitable or that can be adapted to study the volumetric distribution of malignant or tumor-associated cells in the brain. In addition, we highlight the potential clinical utility of some of the microscopy approaches for brain tumors using exemplars from solid tumors. Abstract Although our understanding of the two-dimensional state of brain tumors has greatly expanded, relatively little is known about their spatial structures. The interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) occur in a three-dimensional (3D) space. This volumetric distribution is important for elucidating tumor biology and predicting and monitoring response to therapy. While static 2D imaging modalities have been critical to our understanding of these tumors, studies using 3D imaging modalities are needed to understand how malignant cells co-opt the host brain. Here we summarize the preclinical utility of in vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy in brain tumors and present ex vivo approaches (light-sheet fluorescence microscopy and serial two-photon tomography) and highlight their current and potential utility in neuro-oncology using data from solid tumors or pathological brain as examples.
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Boltze J, Aronowski JA, Badaut J, Buckwalter MS, Caleo M, Chopp M, Dave KR, Didwischus N, Dijkhuizen RM, Doeppner TR, Dreier JP, Fouad K, Gelderblom M, Gertz K, Golubczyk D, Gregson BA, Hamel E, Hanley DF, Härtig W, Hummel FC, Ikhsan M, Janowski M, Jolkkonen J, Karuppagounder SS, Keep RF, Koerte IK, Kokaia Z, Li P, Liu F, Lizasoain I, Ludewig P, Metz GAS, Montagne A, Obenaus A, Palumbo A, Pearl M, Perez-Pinzon M, Planas AM, Plesnila N, Raval AP, Rueger MA, Sansing LH, Sohrabji F, Stagg CJ, Stetler RA, Stowe AM, Sun D, Taguchi A, Tanter M, Vay SU, Vemuganti R, Vivien D, Walczak P, Wang J, Xiong Y, Zille M. New Mechanistic Insights, Novel Treatment Paradigms, and Clinical Progress in Cerebrovascular Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:623751. [PMID: 33584250 PMCID: PMC7876251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.623751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has brought tremendous progress in diagnostic and therapeutic options for cerebrovascular diseases as exemplified by the advent of thrombectomy in ischemic stroke, benefitting a steeply increasing number of stroke patients and potentially paving the way for a renaissance of neuroprotectants. Progress in basic science has been equally impressive. Based on a deeper understanding of pathomechanisms underlying cerebrovascular diseases, new therapeutic targets have been identified and novel treatment strategies such as pre- and post-conditioning methods were developed. Moreover, translationally relevant aspects are increasingly recognized in basic science studies, which is believed to increase their predictive value and the relevance of obtained findings for clinical application.This review reports key results from some of the most remarkable and encouraging achievements in neurovascular research that have been reported at the 10th International Symposium on Neuroprotection and Neurorepair. Basic science topics discussed herein focus on aspects such as neuroinflammation, extracellular vesicles, and the role of sex and age on stroke recovery. Translational reports highlighted endovascular techniques and targeted delivery methods, neurorehabilitation, advanced functional testing approaches for experimental studies, pre-and post-conditioning approaches as well as novel imaging and treatment strategies. Beyond ischemic stroke, particular emphasis was given on activities in the fields of traumatic brain injury and cerebral hemorrhage in which promising preclinical and clinical results have been reported. Although the number of neutral outcomes in clinical trials is still remarkably high when targeting cerebrovascular diseases, we begin to evidence stepwise but continuous progress towards novel treatment options. Advances in preclinical and translational research as reported herein are believed to have formed a solid foundation for this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Boltze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslaw A. Aronowski
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jerome Badaut
- NRS UMR 5287, INCIA, Brain Molecular Imaging Team, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Marion S. Buckwalter
- Departments of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Neurosurgery, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mateo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Nadine Didwischus
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Rick M. Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thorsten R. Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens P. Dreier
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karim Fouad
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine and Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Golubczyk
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara A. Gregson
- Neurosurgical Trials Group, Institute of Neuroscience, The University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Edith Hamel
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel F. Hanley
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C. Hummel
- Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Valais, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maulana Ikhsan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- Department of Neurology, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saravanan S. Karuppagounder
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard F. Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Inga K. Koerte
- Psychiatric Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zaal Kokaia
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Unidad de Investigación Neurovascular, Departamento Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerlinde A. S. Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Axel Montagne
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andre Obenaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Alex Palumbo
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Monica Pearl
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Miguel Perez-Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anna M. Planas
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Àrea de Neurociències, Barcelona, Spain
- Department d’Isquèmia Cerebral I Neurodegeneració, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nikolaus Plesnila
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Ami P. Raval
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Maria A. Rueger
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lauren H. Sansing
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women’s Health in Neuroscience Program, Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Charlotte J. Stagg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - R. Anne Stetler
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ann M. Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Dandan Sun
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Akihiko Taguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine Research, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mickael Tanter
- Institute of Physics for Medicine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Sabine U. Vay
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Denis Vivien
- UNICAEN, INSERM, INSERM UMR-S U1237, Physiopathology and Imaging for Neurological Disorders (PhIND), Normandy University, Caen, France
- CHU Caen, Clinical Research Department, CHU de Caen Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Marietta Zille
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology and Cell Technology, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Quick S, Moss J, Rajani RM, Williams A. A Vessel for Change: Endothelial Dysfunction in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 44:289-305. [PMID: 33308877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The blood vessels of the brain are lined with endothelial cells and it has been long known that these help to regulate blood flow to the brain. However, there is increasing evidence that these cells also interact with the surrounding brain tissue. These interactions change when the endothelial cells become dysfunctional and have an impact in diseases such as cerebral small vessel disease, the leading cause of vascular dementia. In this review, we focus on what endothelial dysfunction is, what causes it, how it leads to surrounding brain pathology, how researchers can investigate it with current models, and where this might lead in the future for dementia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Quick
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jonathan Moss
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rikesh M Rajani
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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13
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Young DM, Duhn C, Gilson M, Nojima M, Yuruk D, Kumar A, Yu W, Sanders SJ. Whole-Brain Image Analysis and Anatomical Atlas 3D Generation Using MagellanMapper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 94:e104. [PMID: 32981139 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MagellanMapper is a software suite designed for visual inspection and end-to-end automated processing of large-volume, 3D brain imaging datasets in a memory-efficient manner. The rapidly growing number of large-volume, high-resolution datasets necessitates visualization of raw data at both macro- and microscopic levels to assess the quality of data, as well as automated processing to quantify data in an unbiased manner for comparison across a large number of samples. To facilitate these analyses, MagellanMapper provides both a graphical user interface for manual inspection and a command-line interface for automated image processing. At the macroscopic level, the graphical interface allows researchers to view full volumetric images simultaneously in each dimension and to annotate anatomical label placements. At the microscopic level, researchers can inspect regions of interest at high resolution to build ground truth data of cellular locations such as nuclei positions. Using the command-line interface, researchers can automate cell detection across volumetric images, refine anatomical atlas labels to fit underlying histology, register these atlases to sample images, and perform statistical analyses by anatomical region. MagellanMapper leverages established open-source computer vision libraries and is itself open source and freely available for download and extension. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: MagellanMapper installation Alternate Protocol: Alternative methods for MagellanMapper installation Basic Protocol 2: Import image files into MagellanMapper Basic Protocol 3: Region of interest visualization and annotation Basic Protocol 4: Explore an atlas along all three dimensions and register to a sample brain Basic Protocol 5: Automated 3D anatomical atlas construction Basic Protocol 6: Whole-tissue cell detection and quantification by anatomical label Support Protocol: Import a tiled microscopy image in proprietary format into MagellanMapper.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Young
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Clif Duhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Gilson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mai Nojima
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Deniz Yuruk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aparna Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Weimiao Yu
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Stephan J Sanders
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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14
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Nakagomi T, Tanaka Y, Nakagomi N, Matsuyama T, Yoshimura S. How Long Are Reperfusion Therapies Beneficial for Patients after Stroke Onset? Lessons from Lethal Ischemia Following Early Reperfusion in a Mouse Model of Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176360. [PMID: 32887241 PMCID: PMC7504064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke caused by cerebral artery occlusion induces neurological deficits because of cell damage or death in the central nervous system. Given the recent therapeutic advances in reperfusion therapies, some patients can now recover from an ischemic stroke with no sequelae. Currently, reperfusion therapies focus on rescuing neural lineage cells that survive in spite of decreases in cerebral blood flow. However, vascular lineage cells are known to be more resistant to ischemia/hypoxia than neural lineage cells. This indicates that ischemic areas of the brain experience neural cell death but without vascular cell death. Emerging evidence suggests that if a vascular cell-mediated healing system is present within ischemic areas following reperfusion, the therapeutic time window can be extended for patients with stroke. In this review, we present our comments on this subject based upon recent findings from lethal ischemia following reperfusion in a mouse model of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakagomi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-798-45-6821; Fax: +81-798-45-6823
| | - Yasue Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
| | - Nami Nakagomi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Matsuyama
- Department of Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawacho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan;
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15
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Bernstein DL, Gajghate S, Reichenbach NL, Winfield M, Persidsky Y, Heldt NA, Rom S. let-7g counteracts endothelial dysfunction and ameliorating neurological functions in mouse ischemia/reperfusion stroke model. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:543-555. [PMID: 32017988 PMCID: PMC7316629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a debilitating disease, accounting for almost 20% of all hospital visits, and 8% of all fatalities in the United States in 2017. Following an ischemic attack, inflammatory processes originating from endothelial cells within the brain microvasculature can induce many toxic effects into the impacted area, from both sides of the blood brain barrier (BBB). In addition to increased BBB permeability, impacted brain microvascular endothelial cells can recruit macrophages and other immune cells from the periphery and can also trigger the activation of microglia and astrocytes within the brain. We have identified a key microRNA, let-7g, which levels were drastically diminished as consequence of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro ischemia/reperfusion conditions, respectively. We have observed that let-7g* liposome-based delivery is capable of attenuating inflammation after stroke, reducing BBB permeability, limiting brain infiltration by CD3+CD4+ T-cells and Ly6G+ neutrophils, lessening microglia activation and neuronal death. These effects consequently improved clinical outcomes, shown by mitigating post-stroke gait asymmetry and extremity motor function. Due to the role of the endothelium in propagating the effects of stroke and other inflammation, treatments which can reduce endothelial inflammation and limit ischemic damage and improving recovery after a stroke are required. Our findings demonstrate a critical link between the CNS inflammation and the immune system reaction and lay important groundwork for future stroke pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sachin Gajghate
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nancy L Reichenbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Malika Winfield
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yuri Persidsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Nathan A Heldt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Slava Rom
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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16
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B cells migrate into remote brain areas and support neurogenesis and functional recovery after focal stroke in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4983-4993. [PMID: 32051245 PMCID: PMC7060723 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913292117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation occurs immediately after stroke onset in the ischemic infarct, but whether neuroinflammation occurs in remote regions supporting plasticity and functional recovery remains unknown. We used advanced imaging to quantify whole-brain diapedesis of B cells, an immune cell capable of producing neurotrophins. We identify bilateral B cell diapedesis into remote regions, outside of the injury, that support motor and cognitive recovery in young male mice. Poststroke depletion of B cells confirms a positive role in neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and recovery of motor coordination, spatial learning, and anxiety. More than 80% of stroke survivors have long-term disability uniquely affected by age and lifestyle factors. Thus, identifying beneficial neuroinflammation during long-term recovery increases the opportunity of therapeutic interventions to support functional recovery. Lymphocytes infiltrate the stroke core and penumbra and often exacerbate cellular injury. B cells, however, are lymphocytes that do not contribute to acute pathology but can support recovery. B cell adoptive transfer to mice reduced infarct volumes 3 and 7 d after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo), independent of changing immune populations in recipient mice. Testing a direct neurotrophic effect, B cells cocultured with mixed cortical cells protected neurons and maintained dendritic arborization after oxygen-glucose deprivation. Whole-brain volumetric serial two-photon tomography (STPT) and a custom-developed image analysis pipeline visualized and quantified poststroke B cell diapedesis throughout the brain, including remote areas supporting functional recovery. Stroke induced significant bilateral B cell diapedesis into remote brain regions regulating motor and cognitive functions and neurogenesis (e.g., dentate gyrus, hypothalamus, olfactory areas, cerebellum) in the whole-brain datasets. To confirm a mechanistic role for B cells in functional recovery, rituximab was given to human CD20+ (hCD20+) transgenic mice to continuously deplete hCD20+-expressing B cells following tMCAo. These mice experienced delayed motor recovery, impaired spatial memory, and increased anxiety through 8 wk poststroke compared to wild type (WT) littermates also receiving rituximab. B cell depletion reduced stroke-induced hippocampal neurogenesis and cell survival. Thus, B cell diapedesis occurred in areas remote to the infarct that mediated motor and cognitive recovery. Understanding the role of B cells in neuronal health and disease-based plasticity is critical for developing effective immune-based therapies for protection against diseases that involve recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the injured brain.
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